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diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index d7442017..6f84e273 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -4044,6 +4044,7 @@ have to be named on the `awk' command line (*note Getline::). * Command line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on the command line. * Input Summary:: Input summary. +* Input Exercises:: Exercises. File: gawk.info, Node: Records, Next: Fields, Up: Reading Files @@ -5854,7 +5855,7 @@ error. usable data from an `awk' program. -File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Prev: Command line directories, Up: Reading Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Next: Input Exercises, Prev: Command line directories, Up: Reading Files 4.12 Summary ============ @@ -5923,6 +5924,25 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Prev: Command line directories, Up: Rea +File: gawk.info, Node: Input Exercises, Prev: Input Summary, Up: Reading Files + +4.13 Exercises +============== + + 1. Using the `FIELDWIDTHS' variable (*note Constant Size::), write a + program to read election data, where each record represents one + voter's votes. Come up with a way to define which columns are + associated with each ballot item, and print the total votes, + including abstentions, for each item. + + 2. *note Plain Getline::, presented a program to remove C-style + comments (`/* ... */') from the input. That program does not work + if one comment ends on one line and another one starts later on + the same line. Write a program that does handle multiple comments + on the line. + + + File: gawk.info, Node: Printing, Next: Expressions, Prev: Reading Files, Up: Top 5 Printing Output @@ -5957,6 +5977,7 @@ function. descriptors. * Close Files And Pipes:: Closing Input and Output Files and Pipes. * Output Summary:: Output summary. +* Output exercises:: Exercises. File: gawk.info, Node: Print, Next: Print Examples, Up: Printing @@ -6548,11 +6569,6 @@ be emphasized by storing it in a variable, like this: printf format, "----", "------" } { printf format, $1, $2 }' mail-list - At this point, it would be a worthwhile exercise to use the `printf' -statement to line up the headings and table data for the -`inventory-shipped' example that was covered earlier in the minor node -on the `print' statement (*note Print::). - File: gawk.info, Node: Redirection, Next: Special Files, Prev: Printf, Up: Printing @@ -7017,7 +7033,7 @@ call. See the system manual pages for information on how to decode this value. -File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Prev: Close Files And Pipes, Up: Printing +File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output exercises, Prev: Close Files And Pipes, Up: Printing 5.9 Summary =========== @@ -7043,6 +7059,30 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Prev: Close Files And Pipes, Up: Print +File: gawk.info, Node: Output exercises, Prev: Output Summary, Up: Printing + +5.10 Exercises +============== + + 1. Rewrite the program: + + awk 'BEGIN { print "Month Crates" + print "----- ------" } + { print $1, " ", $2 }' inventory-shipped + + from *note Output Separators::, by using a new value of `OFS'. + + 2. Use the `printf' statement to line up the headings and table data + for the `inventory-shipped' example that was covered in *note + Print::. + + 3. What happens if you forget the double quotes when redirecting + output, as follows: + + BEGIN { print "Serious error detected!" > /dev/stderr } + + + File: gawk.info, Node: Expressions, Next: Patterns and Actions, Prev: Printing, Up: Top 6 Expressions @@ -14127,6 +14167,7 @@ for different implementations of `awk' is pretty straightforward. * Group Functions:: Functions for getting group information. * Walking Arrays:: A function to walk arrays of arrays. * Library Functions Summary:: Summary of library functions. +* Library exercises:: Exercises. ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -15012,12 +15053,6 @@ normal case. end of the command-line arguments. Note that the test in the condition of the `for' loop uses the `<=' operator, not `<'. - As an exercise, you might consider whether this same problem can be -solved without relying on `gawk''s `ARGIND' variable. - - As a second exercise, revise this code to handle the case where an -intervening value in `ARGV' is a variable assignment. - File: gawk.info, Node: Ignoring Assigns, Prev: Empty Files, Up: Data File Management @@ -15886,20 +15921,8 @@ value. Here is a main program to demonstrate: -| a[2][2] = 22 -| a[3] = 3 - Walking an array and processing each element is a general-purpose -operation. You might want to consider generalizing the `walk_array()' -function by adding an additional parameter named `process'. - - Then, inside the loop, instead of simply printing the array element's -index and value, use the indirect function call syntax (*note Indirect -Calls::) on `process', passing it the index and the value. - - When calling `walk_array()', you would pass the name of a -user-defined function that expects to receive an index and a value, and -then processes the element. - -File: gawk.info, Node: Library Functions Summary, Prev: Walking Arrays, Up: Library Functions +File: gawk.info, Node: Library Functions Summary, Next: Library exercises, Prev: Walking Arrays, Up: Library Functions 10.8 Summary ============ @@ -15936,6 +15959,37 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Library Functions Summary, Prev: Walking Arrays, Up: L +File: gawk.info, Node: Library exercises, Prev: Library Functions Summary, Up: Library Functions + +10.9 Exercises +============== + + 1. In *note Empty Files::, we presented the `zerofile.awk' program, + which made use of `gawk''s `ARGIND' variable. Can this problem be + solved without relying on `ARGIND'? If so, how? + + 2. As a related challenge, revise that code to handle the case where + an intervening value in `ARGV' is a variable assignment. + + 3. *note Walking Arrays::, presented a function that walked a + multidimensional array to print it out. However, walking an array + and processing each element is a general-purpose operation. + Generalize the `walk_array()' function by adding an additional + parameter named `process'. + + Then, inside the loop, instead of printing the array element's + index and value, use the indirect function call syntax (*note + Indirect Calls::) on `process', passing it the index and the value. + + When calling `walk_array()', you would pass the name of a + user-defined function that expects to receive an index and a value, + and then processes the element. + + Test your new version by printing the array; you should end up with + output identical to that of the original version. + + + File: gawk.info, Node: Sample Programs, Next: Advanced Features, Prev: Library Functions, Up: Top 11 Practical `awk' Programs @@ -34078,483 +34132,486 @@ Node: Leftmost Longest176321 Node: Computed Regexps177522 Node: Regexp Summary180894 Node: Reading Files182366 -Node: Records184415 -Node: awk split records185158 -Node: gawk split records190016 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1194537 -Node: Fields194574 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1197538 -Node: Nonconstant Fields197624 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1199854 -Node: Changing Fields200056 -Node: Field Separators206010 -Node: Default Field Splitting208712 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting209829 -Node: Single Character Fields213170 -Node: Command Line Field Separator214229 -Node: Full Line Fields217571 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1218079 -Node: Field Splitting Summary218125 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1221224 -Node: Constant Size221325 -Node: Splitting By Content225932 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1229682 -Node: Multiple Line229722 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1235578 -Node: Getline235757 -Node: Plain Getline237973 -Node: Getline/Variable240068 -Node: Getline/File241215 -Node: Getline/Variable/File242599 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1244198 -Node: Getline/Pipe244285 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe246984 -Node: Getline/Coprocess248091 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess249343 -Node: Getline Notes250080 -Node: Getline Summary252884 -Ref: table-getline-variants253292 -Node: Read Timeout254204 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1258031 -Node: Command line directories258089 -Node: Input Summary258993 -Node: Printing262107 -Node: Print263786 -Node: Print Examples265127 -Node: Output Separators267906 -Node: OFMT269922 -Node: Printf271280 -Node: Basic Printf272186 -Node: Control Letters273725 -Node: Format Modifiers277579 -Node: Printf Examples283606 -Node: Redirection286313 -Node: Special Files293285 -Node: Special FD293816 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1297440 -Node: Special Network297514 -Node: Special Caveats298364 -Node: Close Files And Pipes299160 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1306323 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2306471 -Node: Output Summary306621 -Node: Expressions307593 -Node: Values308778 -Node: Constants309454 -Node: Scalar Constants310134 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1310993 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers311243 -Node: Regexp Constants314243 -Node: Using Constant Regexps314718 -Node: Variables317788 -Node: Using Variables318443 -Node: Assignment Options320167 -Node: Conversion322042 -Ref: table-locale-affects327478 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1328102 -Node: All Operators328211 -Node: Arithmetic Ops328841 -Node: Concatenation331346 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1334142 -Node: Assignment Ops334262 -Ref: table-assign-ops339245 -Node: Increment Ops340562 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions344000 -Node: Truth Values345083 -Node: Typing and Comparison346132 -Node: Variable Typing346925 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1350825 -Node: Comparison Operators350947 -Ref: table-relational-ops351357 -Node: POSIX String Comparison354907 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1355991 -Node: Boolean Ops356129 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1360199 -Node: Conditional Exp360290 -Node: Function Calls362017 -Node: Precedence365775 -Node: Locales369444 -Node: Expressions Summary371075 -Node: Patterns and Actions373572 -Node: Pattern Overview374688 -Node: Regexp Patterns376365 -Node: Expression Patterns376908 -Node: Ranges380689 -Node: BEGIN/END383795 -Node: Using BEGIN/END384557 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1387293 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END387399 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE389684 -Node: Empty392615 -Node: Using Shell Variables392932 -Node: Action Overview395215 -Node: Statements397542 -Node: If Statement399390 -Node: While Statement400888 -Node: Do Statement402932 -Node: For Statement404088 -Node: Switch Statement407240 -Node: Break Statement409343 -Node: Continue Statement411398 -Node: Next Statement413191 -Node: Nextfile Statement415581 -Node: Exit Statement418236 -Node: Built-in Variables420640 -Node: User-modified421767 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1429452 -Node: Auto-set429514 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1442079 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2442284 -Node: ARGC and ARGV442340 -Node: Pattern Action Summary446194 -Node: Arrays448417 -Node: Array Basics449966 -Node: Array Intro450792 -Ref: figure-array-elements452765 -Node: Reference to Elements455172 -Node: Assigning Elements457445 -Node: Array Example457936 -Node: Scanning an Array459668 -Node: Controlling Scanning462683 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1467856 -Node: Delete468172 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1470937 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts470994 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts473177 -Node: Multidimensional474802 -Node: Multiscanning477895 -Node: Arrays of Arrays479484 -Node: Arrays Summary484147 -Node: Functions486252 -Node: Built-in487125 -Node: Calling Built-in488203 -Node: Numeric Functions490191 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1494025 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2494382 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3494430 -Node: String Functions494699 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1517710 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2517839 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3518087 -Node: Gory Details518174 -Ref: table-sub-escapes519843 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92521197 -Ref: table-sub-proposed522548 -Ref: table-posix-sub523902 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes525447 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1526623 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2526674 -Node: I/O Functions526825 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1533948 -Node: Time Functions534095 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1544559 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2544627 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3544785 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4544896 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5545008 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6545235 -Node: Bitwise Functions545501 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops546063 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1550308 -Node: Type Functions550492 -Node: I18N Functions551634 -Node: User-defined553279 -Node: Definition Syntax554083 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1559008 -Node: Function Example559077 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1561721 -Node: Function Caveats561743 -Node: Calling A Function562261 -Node: Variable Scope563216 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference566204 -Node: Return Statement569712 -Node: Dynamic Typing572696 -Node: Indirect Calls573625 -Node: Functions Summary583338 -Node: Library Functions585877 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1589452 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2589595 -Node: Library Names589766 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1593239 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2593459 -Node: General Functions593545 -Node: Strtonum Function594573 -Node: Assert Function597353 -Node: Round Function600679 -Node: Cliff Random Function602220 -Node: Ordinal Functions603236 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1606313 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2606565 -Node: Join Function606776 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1608547 -Node: Getlocaltime Function608747 -Node: Readfile Function612483 -Node: Data File Management614322 -Node: Filetrans Function614954 -Node: Rewind Function619023 -Node: File Checking620410 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1621542 -Node: Empty Files621743 -Node: Ignoring Assigns623973 -Node: Getopt Function625527 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1636830 -Node: Passwd Functions637033 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1646012 -Node: Group Functions646100 -Ref: 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Separators206053 +Node: Default Field Splitting208755 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting209872 +Node: Single Character Fields213213 +Node: Command Line Field Separator214272 +Node: Full Line Fields217614 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1218122 +Node: Field Splitting Summary218168 +Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1221267 +Node: Constant Size221368 +Node: Splitting By Content225975 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1229725 +Node: Multiple Line229765 +Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1235621 +Node: Getline235800 +Node: Plain Getline238016 +Node: Getline/Variable240111 +Node: Getline/File241258 +Node: Getline/Variable/File242642 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1244241 +Node: Getline/Pipe244328 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe247027 +Node: Getline/Coprocess248134 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess249386 +Node: Getline Notes250123 +Node: Getline Summary252927 +Ref: table-getline-variants253335 +Node: Read Timeout254247 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1258074 +Node: Command line directories258132 +Node: Input Summary259036 +Node: Input Exercises262174 +Node: Printing262907 +Node: Print264630 +Node: Print Examples265971 +Node: Output Separators268750 +Node: OFMT270766 +Node: Printf272124 +Node: Basic Printf273030 +Node: Control Letters274569 +Node: Format Modifiers278423 +Node: Printf Examples284450 +Node: Redirection286914 +Node: Special Files293886 +Node: Special FD294417 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1298041 +Node: Special Network298115 +Node: Special Caveats298965 +Node: Close Files And Pipes299761 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1306924 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2307072 +Node: Output Summary307222 +Node: Output exercises308219 +Node: Expressions308899 +Node: Values310084 +Node: Constants310760 +Node: Scalar Constants311440 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1312299 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers312549 +Node: Regexp Constants315549 +Node: Using Constant Regexps316024 +Node: Variables319094 +Node: Using Variables319749 +Node: Assignment Options321473 +Node: 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+Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1388599 +Node: I/O And BEGIN/END388705 +Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE390990 +Node: Empty393921 +Node: Using Shell Variables394238 +Node: Action Overview396521 +Node: Statements398848 +Node: If Statement400696 +Node: While Statement402194 +Node: Do Statement404238 +Node: For Statement405394 +Node: Switch Statement408546 +Node: Break Statement410649 +Node: Continue Statement412704 +Node: Next Statement414497 +Node: Nextfile Statement416887 +Node: Exit Statement419542 +Node: Built-in Variables421946 +Node: User-modified423073 +Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1430758 +Node: Auto-set430820 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1443385 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2443590 +Node: ARGC and ARGV443646 +Node: Pattern Action Summary447500 +Node: Arrays449723 +Node: Array Basics451272 +Node: Array Intro452098 +Ref: figure-array-elements454071 +Node: Reference to Elements456478 +Node: Assigning Elements458751 +Node: Array Example459242 +Node: Scanning an Array460974 +Node: Controlling 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Mechanism Goals1155162 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11158522 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1158711 +Node: Extension Future Growth1160817 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1161653 +Node: Notes summary1163415 +Node: Basic Concepts1164600 +Node: Basic High Level1165281 +Ref: figure-general-flow1165553 +Ref: figure-process-flow1166152 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11169381 +Node: Basic Data Typing1169566 +Node: Glossary1172893 +Node: Copying1198045 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1235601 +Node: Index1260737 End Tag Table |