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diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 06d2dbb9..09828f4a 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -10036,6 +10036,154 @@ value, regardless of what the subarray itself contains, and all subarrays are treated as being equal to each other. Their order relative to each other is determined by their index strings. +8.1.5.2 Controlling Array Scanning Order With a User-defined Function +..................................................................... + +The value of `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]' can also be a function name that +will let you traverse an array based on any custom criterion. The +array elements are ordered according to the return value of this +function. This comparison function should be defined with at least +four arguments: + + function comp_func(i1, v1, i2, v2) + { + COMPARE ELEMENTS 1 AND 2 IN SOME FASHION + RETURN < 0; 0; OR > 0 + } + + Here, I1 and I2 are the indices, and V1 and V2 are the corresponding +values of the two elements being compared. Either V1 or V2, or both, +can be arrays if the array being traversed contains subarrays as +values. The three possible return values are interpreted this way: + + * If the return value of `comp_func(i1, v1, i2, v2)' is less than + 0, index I1 comes before index I2 during loop traversal. + + * If `comp_func(i1, v1, i2, v2)' returns 0, I1 and I2 come + together but relative order with respect to each other is + undefined. + + * If the return value of `comp_func(i1, v1, i2, v2)' is greater + than 0, I1 comes after I2. + + The following comparison function can be used to scan an array in +numerical order of the indices: + + function cmp_num_idx(i1, v1, i2, v2) + { + # numerical index comparison, ascending order + return (i1 - i2) + } + + This function will traverse an array based on an order by element +values rather than by indices: + + function cmp_str_val(i1, v1, i2, v2) + { + # string value comparison, ascending order + v1 = v1 "" + v2 = v2 "" + if (v1 < v2) return -1 + return (v1 != v2) + } + + A comparison function to make all numbers, and numeric strings +without any leading or trailing spaces come out first during loop +traversal: + + function cmp_num_str_val(i1, v1, i2, v2, n1, n2) + { + # numbers before string value comparison, ascending order + n1 = v1 + 0 + n2 = v2 + 0 + if (n1 == v1) + return (n2 == v2) ? (n1 - n2) : -1 + else if (n2 == v2) + return 1 + return (v1 < v2) ? -1 : (v1 != v2) + } + + Consider sorting the entries of a GNU/Linux system password file +according to login names. The following program which sorts records by +a specific field position can be used for this purpose: + + # sort.awk --- simple program to sort by field position + # field position is specified by POS + + function cmp_field(i1, v1, i2, v2) + { + # comparison by value, as string, and ascending order + return v1[POS] < v2[POS] ? -1 : (v1[POS] != v2[POS]) + } + + { + for (i = 1; i <= NF; i++) + a[NR][i] = $i + } + + END { + PROCINFO["sorted_in"] = "cmp_field" + if (POS < 1 || POS > NF) + POS = 1 + for (i in a) { + for (j = 1; j <= NF; j++) + printf("%s%c", a[i][j], j < NF ? ":" : "") + print "" + } + } + + The first field in each entry of the password file is the user's +login name, and the fields are seperated by colons. Running the +program produces the following output: + + $ gawk -vPOS=1 -F: -f sort.awk /etc/passwd + -| adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin + -| apache:x:48:48:Apache:/var/www:/sbin/nologin + -| avahi:x:70:70:Avahi daemon:/:/sbin/nologin + ... + + The comparison normally should always return the same value when +given a specific pair of array elements as its arguments. If +inconsistent results are returned then the order is undefined. This +behavior is sometimes exploited to introduce random order in otherwise +seemingly ordered data: + + function cmp_randomize(i1, v1, i2, v2) + { + # random order + return (2 - 4 * rand()) + } + + As mentioned above, the order of the indices is arbitrary if two +elements compare equal. This is usually not a problem, but letting the +tied elements come out in arbitrary order can be an issue, specially +when comparing item values. The partial ordering of the equal elements +may change during next loop traversal, if other elements are added or +removed from the array. One way to resolve ties when comparing elements +with otherwise equal values is to include the indices in the comparison +rules. Note that doing this may make the loop traversal less efficient, +so consider it only if necessary. The following comparison functions +will force a deterministic order, and are based on the fact that the +indices of two elements are never equal: + + function cmp_numeric(i1, v1, i2, v2) + { + # numerical value (and index) comparison, descending order + return (v1 != v2) ? (v2 - v1) : (i2 - i1) + } + + function cmp_string(i1, v1, i2, v2) + { + # string value (and index) comparison, descending order + v1 = v1 i1 + v2 = v2 i2 + return (v1 > v2) ? -1 : (v1 != v2) + } + + A custom comparison function can often simplify ordered loop +traversal, and the the sky is really the limit when it comes to +designing such a function. + When string comparisons are made during a sort, either for element values where one or both aren't numbers or for element indices handled as strings, the value of `IGNORECASE' (*note Built-in Variables::) @@ -10399,6 +10547,10 @@ the call to asort in the above example can be replaced with: asort(source, dest, "descending number") + The third argument to `asort()' can also be a user-defined function +name which is used to order the array elements before constructing the +result array. *Note Scanning an Array::, for more information. + Often, what's needed is to sort on the values of the _indices_ instead of the values of the elements. To do that, use the `asorti()' function. The interface is identical to that of `asort()', except that @@ -10813,7 +10965,10 @@ pound sign (`#'): value of HOW. If the `source' array contains subarrays as values, they will come out last(first) in the `dest' array for `ascending'(`descending') order specification. The value of - `IGNORECASE' affects the sorting. *Note Scanning an Array::, for + `IGNORECASE' affects the sorting. The third argument can also be + a user-defined function name in which case the value returned by + the function is used to order the array elements before + constructing the result array. *Note Scanning an Array::, for more information. For example, if the contents of `a' are as follows: @@ -24550,7 +24705,7 @@ Index * arrays, names of: Arrays. (line 18) * arrays, scanning: Scanning an Array. (line 6) * arrays, sorting: Array Sorting. (line 6) -* arrays, sorting, IGNORECASE variable and: Array Sorting. (line 81) +* arrays, sorting, IGNORECASE variable and: Array Sorting. (line 85) * arrays, sparse: Array Intro. (line 71) * arrays, subscripts: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 6) @@ -24563,7 +24718,7 @@ Index * asort() function (gawk) <1>: String Functions. (line 29) * asort() function (gawk): Array Sorting. (line 6) * asort() function (gawk), arrays, sorting: Array Sorting. (line 6) -* asorti() function (gawk): String Functions. (line 74) +* asorti() function (gawk): String Functions. (line 77) * assert() function (C library): Assert Function. (line 6) * assert() user-defined function: Assert Function. (line 28) * assertions: Assert Function. (line 6) @@ -24807,7 +24962,7 @@ Index * caret (^), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 16) * case keyword: Switch Statement. (line 6) * case sensitivity, array indices and: Array Intro. (line 92) -* case sensitivity, converting case: String Functions. (line 519) +* case sensitivity, converting case: String Functions. (line 522) * case sensitivity, example programs: Library Functions. (line 42) * case sensitivity, gawk: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) * case sensitivity, regexps and <1>: User-modified. (line 82) @@ -24882,7 +25037,7 @@ Index * common extensions, fflush() function: I/O Functions. (line 25) * common extensions, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 83) * common extensions, length() applied to an array: String Functions. - (line 193) + (line 196) * common extensions, nextfile statement: Nextfile Statement. (line 6) * common extensions, RS as a regexp: Records. (line 115) * common extensions, single character fields: Single Character Fields. @@ -24924,7 +25079,7 @@ Index * constants, types of: Constants. (line 6) * continue statement: Continue Statement. (line 6) * control statements: Statements. (line 6) -* converting, case: String Functions. (line 519) +* converting, case: String Functions. (line 522) * converting, dates to timestamps: Time Functions. (line 74) * converting, during subscripting: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 31) @@ -24982,7 +25137,7 @@ Index (line 20) * dark corner, input files: Records. (line 98) * dark corner, invoking awk: Command Line. (line 16) -* dark corner, length() function: String Functions. (line 179) +* dark corner, length() function: String Functions. (line 182) * dark corner, multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 35) * dark corner, NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 107) * dark corner, OFMT variable: OFMT. (line 27) @@ -24992,7 +25147,7 @@ Index (line 148) * dark corner, regexp constants, as arguments to user-defined functions: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) -* dark corner, split() function: String Functions. (line 358) +* dark corner, split() function: String Functions. (line 361) * dark corner, strings, storing: Records. (line 191) * dark corner, value of ARGV[0]: Auto-set. (line 35) * data, fixed-width: Constant Size. (line 9) @@ -25123,7 +25278,7 @@ Index * deleting elements in arrays: Delete. (line 6) * deleting entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) * dgawk: Debugger. (line 6) -* differences between gawk and awk: String Functions. (line 193) +* differences between gawk and awk: String Functions. (line 196) * differences in awk and gawk, ARGC/ARGV variables: ARGC and ARGV. (line 88) * differences in awk and gawk, ARGIND variable: Auto-set. (line 40) @@ -25163,7 +25318,7 @@ Index (line 34) * differences in awk and gawk, LINT variable: User-modified. (line 98) * differences in awk and gawk, match() function: String Functions. - (line 256) + (line 259) * differences in awk and gawk, next/nextfile statements: Nextfile Statement. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, print/printf statements: Format Modifiers. @@ -25179,11 +25334,11 @@ Index * differences in awk and gawk, single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, split() function: String Functions. - (line 346) + (line 349) * differences in awk and gawk, strings: Scalar Constants. (line 20) * differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: Records. (line 187) * differences in awk and gawk, strtonum() function (gawk): String Functions. - (line 401) + (line 404) * differences in awk and gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 153) * differences in awk and gawk, trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. @@ -25331,7 +25486,7 @@ Index * extensions, common, fflush() function: I/O Functions. (line 25) * extensions, common, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 83) * extensions, common, length() applied to an array: String Functions. - (line 193) + (line 196) * extensions, common, nextfile statement: Nextfile Statement. (line 6) * extensions, common, RS as a regexp: Records. (line 115) * extensions, common, single character fields: Single Character Fields. @@ -25593,7 +25748,7 @@ Index * gawk, functions, adding: Dynamic Extensions. (line 10) * gawk, hexadecimal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 42) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <1>: String Functions. (line 29) -* gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <2>: Array Sorting. (line 81) +* gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <2>: Array Sorting. (line 85) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <3>: Array Intro. (line 92) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <4>: User-modified. (line 82) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) @@ -25646,7 +25801,7 @@ Index (line 63) * General Public License (GPL): Glossary. (line 306) * General Public License, See GPL: Manual History. (line 11) -* gensub() function (gawk) <1>: String Functions. (line 83) +* gensub() function (gawk) <1>: String Functions. (line 86) * gensub() function (gawk): Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) * gensub() function (gawk), escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) @@ -25715,10 +25870,10 @@ Index * group database, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) * group file: Group Functions. (line 6) * groups, information about: Group Functions. (line 6) -* gsub() function <1>: String Functions. (line 136) +* gsub() function <1>: String Functions. (line 139) * gsub() function: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) -* gsub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 459) +* gsub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 462) * gsub() function, escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) * h debugger command (alias for help): Miscellaneous Dgawk Commands. (line 68) @@ -25752,11 +25907,11 @@ Index * igawk.sh program: Igawk Program. (line 124) * ignore debugger command: Breakpoint Control. (line 86) * IGNORECASE variable <1>: String Functions. (line 29) -* IGNORECASE variable <2>: Array Sorting. (line 81) +* IGNORECASE variable <2>: Array Sorting. (line 85) * IGNORECASE variable <3>: Array Intro. (line 92) * IGNORECASE variable <4>: User-modified. (line 82) * IGNORECASE variable: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) -* IGNORECASE variable, array sorting and: Array Sorting. (line 81) +* IGNORECASE variable, array sorting and: Array Sorting. (line 85) * IGNORECASE variable, array subscripts and: Array Intro. (line 92) * IGNORECASE variable, in example programs: Library Functions. (line 42) @@ -25773,7 +25928,7 @@ Index * in operator, arrays and: Reference to Elements. (line 37) * increment operators: Increment Ops. (line 6) -* index() function: String Functions. (line 152) +* index() function: String Functions. (line 155) * indexing arrays: Array Intro. (line 50) * indirect function calls: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * info debugger command: Dgawk Info. (line 12) @@ -25909,7 +26064,7 @@ Index (line 11) * left shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * leftmost longest match: Multiple Line. (line 26) -* length() function: String Functions. (line 163) +* length() function: String Functions. (line 166) * Lesser General Public License (LGPL): Glossary. (line 385) * LGPL (Lesser General Public License): Glossary. (line 385) * libmawk: Other Versions. (line 104) @@ -25993,9 +26148,9 @@ Index (line 6) * marked strings, extracting: String Extraction. (line 6) * Marx, Groucho: Increment Ops. (line 61) -* match() function: String Functions. (line 203) +* match() function: String Functions. (line 206) * match() function, RSTART/RLENGTH variables: String Functions. - (line 220) + (line 223) * matching, expressions, See comparison expressions: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * matching, leftmost longest: Multiple Line. (line 26) @@ -26194,7 +26349,7 @@ Index * parentheses (): Regexp Operators. (line 79) * parentheses (), pgawk program: Profiling. (line 141) * password file: Passwd Functions. (line 16) -* patsplit() function: String Functions. (line 290) +* patsplit() function: String Functions. (line 293) * patterns: Patterns and Actions. (line 6) * patterns, comparison expressions as: Expression Patterns. (line 14) @@ -26252,7 +26407,7 @@ Index * portability, gawk: New Ports. (line 6) * portability, gettext library and: Explaining gettext. (line 10) * portability, internationalization and: I18N Portability. (line 6) -* portability, length() function: String Functions. (line 172) +* portability, length() function: String Functions. (line 175) * portability, new awk vs. old awk: Conversion. (line 55) * portability, next statement in user-defined functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 91) @@ -26260,7 +26415,7 @@ Index * portability, operators: Increment Ops. (line 61) * portability, operators, not in POSIX awk: Precedence. (line 98) * portability, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 305) -* portability, substr() function: String Functions. (line 509) +* portability, substr() function: String Functions. (line 512) * portable object files <1>: Translator i18n. (line 6) * portable object files: Explaining gettext. (line 36) * portable object files, converting to message object files: I18N Example. @@ -26296,7 +26451,7 @@ Index * POSIX awk, field separators and: Fields. (line 6) * POSIX awk, FS variable and: User-modified. (line 66) * POSIX awk, function keyword in: Definition Syntax. (line 83) -* POSIX awk, functions and, length(): String Functions. (line 172) +* POSIX awk, functions and, length(): String Functions. (line 175) * POSIX awk, GNU long options and: Options. (line 15) * POSIX awk, interval expressions in: Regexp Operators. (line 135) * POSIX awk, next/nextfile statements and: Next Statement. (line 45) @@ -26434,7 +26589,7 @@ Index * recursive functions: Definition Syntax. (line 73) * redirection of input: Getline/File. (line 6) * redirection of output: Redirection. (line 6) -* reference counting, sorting arrays: Array Sorting. (line 75) +* reference counting, sorting arrays: Array Sorting. (line 79) * regexp constants <1>: Comparison Operators. (line 103) * regexp constants <2>: Regexp Constants. (line 6) @@ -26501,7 +26656,7 @@ Index * right shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * Ritchie, Dennis: Basic Data Typing. (line 74) * RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 205) -* RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 220) +* RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 223) * Robbins, Arnold <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <2>: Bugs. (line 32) * Robbins, Arnold <3>: Contributors. (line 106) @@ -26526,7 +26681,7 @@ Index * RS variable, multiline records and: Multiple Line. (line 17) * rshift() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 51) * RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 211) -* RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 220) +* RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 223) * RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 218) * RT variable <2>: Getline/Variable/File. (line 10) @@ -26553,7 +26708,7 @@ Index * search paths, for source files <2>: PC Using. (line 11) * search paths, for source files <3>: Igawk Program. (line 364) * search paths, for source files: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) -* searching: String Functions. (line 152) +* searching: String Functions. (line 155) * searching, files for regular expressions: Egrep Program. (line 6) * searching, for words: Dupword Program. (line 6) * sed utility <1>: Glossary. (line 12) @@ -26644,10 +26799,10 @@ Index * sparse arrays: Array Intro. (line 71) * Spencer, Henry: Glossary. (line 12) * split utility: Split Program. (line 6) -* split() function: String Functions. (line 312) +* split() function: String Functions. (line 315) * split() function, array elements, deleting: Delete. (line 57) * split.awk program: Split Program. (line 30) -* sprintf() function <1>: String Functions. (line 377) +* sprintf() function <1>: String Functions. (line 380) * sprintf() function: OFMT. (line 15) * sprintf() function, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 124) * sprintf() function, print/printf statements and: Round Function. @@ -26696,14 +26851,14 @@ Index * strings, null: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 43) * strings, numeric: Variable Typing. (line 6) -* strings, splitting: String Functions. (line 332) -* strtonum() function (gawk): String Functions. (line 384) +* strings, splitting: String Functions. (line 335) +* strtonum() function (gawk): String Functions. (line 387) * strtonum() function (gawk), --non-decimal-data option and: Nondecimal Data. (line 36) -* sub() function <1>: String Functions. (line 405) +* sub() function <1>: String Functions. (line 408) * sub() function: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) -* sub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 459) +* sub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 462) * sub() function, escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) * subscript separators: User-modified. (line 147) * subscripts in arrays, multidimensional: Multi-dimensional. (line 10) @@ -26716,7 +26871,7 @@ Index * SUBSEP variable: User-modified. (line 147) * SUBSEP variable, multidimensional arrays: Multi-dimensional. (line 16) -* substr() function: String Functions. (line 478) +* substr() function: String Functions. (line 481) * Sumner, Andrew: Other Versions. (line 55) * switch statement: Switch Statement. (line 6) * syntactic ambiguity: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. @@ -26767,8 +26922,8 @@ Index * timestamps, converting dates to: Time Functions. (line 74) * timestamps, formatted: Gettimeofday Function. (line 6) -* tolower() function: String Functions. (line 520) -* toupper() function: String Functions. (line 526) +* tolower() function: String Functions. (line 523) +* toupper() function: String Functions. (line 529) * tr utility: Translate Program. (line 6) * trace debugger command: Miscellaneous Dgawk Commands. (line 110) @@ -26791,9 +26946,9 @@ Index * troubleshooting, gawk, fatal errors, function arguments: Calling Built-in. (line 16) * troubleshooting, getline function: File Checking. (line 25) -* troubleshooting, gsub()/sub() functions: String Functions. (line 469) -* troubleshooting, match() function: String Functions. (line 285) -* troubleshooting, patsplit() function: String Functions. (line 308) +* troubleshooting, gsub()/sub() functions: String Functions. (line 472) +* troubleshooting, match() function: String Functions. (line 288) +* troubleshooting, patsplit() function: String Functions. (line 311) * troubleshooting, print statement, omitting commas: Print Examples. (line 31) * troubleshooting, printing: Redirection. (line 118) @@ -26802,7 +26957,7 @@ Index * troubleshooting, regexp constants vs. string constants: Computed Regexps. (line 38) * troubleshooting, string concatenation: Concatenation. (line 27) -* troubleshooting, substr() function: String Functions. (line 496) +* troubleshooting, substr() function: String Functions. (line 499) * troubleshooting, system() function: I/O Functions. (line 85) * troubleshooting, typographical errors, global variables: Options. (line 94) @@ -27164,215 +27319,215 @@ Node: Assigning Elements416450 Node: Array Example416941 Node: Scanning an Array418673 Node: Controlling Scanning421049 -Node: Delete424695 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1427130 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts427187 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts429370 -Node: Multi-dimensional430998 -Node: Multi-scanning434089 -Node: Array Sorting435673 -Ref: Array Sorting-Footnote-1439452 -Node: Arrays of Arrays439646 -Node: Functions444219 -Node: Built-in445041 -Node: Calling Built-in446119 -Node: Numeric Functions448107 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1451872 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2452229 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3452277 -Node: String Functions452546 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1475818 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2475947 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3476195 -Node: Gory Details476282 -Ref: table-sub-escapes477961 -Ref: table-posix-sub479275 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes480188 -Node: I/O Functions481359 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1488014 -Node: Time Functions488161 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1499053 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2499121 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3499279 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4499390 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5499502 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6499729 -Node: Bitwise Functions499995 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops500553 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1504713 -Node: Type Functions504897 -Node: I18N Functions505367 -Node: User-defined506994 -Node: Definition Syntax507798 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1512708 -Node: Function Example512777 -Node: Function Caveats515371 -Node: Calling A Function515792 -Node: Variable Scope516907 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference518882 -Node: Return Statement522322 -Node: Dynamic Typing525303 -Node: Indirect Calls526038 -Node: Internationalization535723 -Node: I18N and L10N537149 -Node: Explaining gettext537835 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1542901 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2543085 -Node: Programmer i18n543250 -Node: Translator i18n547450 -Node: String Extraction548243 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1549204 -Node: Printf Ordering549290 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1552074 -Node: I18N Portability552138 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1554587 -Node: I18N Example554650 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1557285 -Node: Gawk I18N557357 -Node: Advanced Features557974 -Node: Nondecimal Data559293 -Node: Two-way I/O560874 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1566308 -Node: TCP/IP Networking566378 -Node: Profiling569222 -Node: Library Functions576696 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1579703 -Node: Library Names579874 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1583345 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2583565 -Node: General Functions583651 -Node: Strtonum Function584604 -Node: Assert Function587534 -Node: Round Function590860 -Node: Cliff Random Function592403 -Node: Ordinal Functions593419 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1596489 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2596741 -Node: Join Function596950 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1598721 -Node: Gettimeofday Function598921 -Node: Data File Management602636 -Node: Filetrans Function603268 -Node: Rewind Function607407 -Node: File Checking608794 -Node: Empty Files609888 -Node: Ignoring Assigns612118 -Node: Getopt Function613671 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1624975 -Node: Passwd Functions625178 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1634153 -Node: Group Functions634241 -Node: Walking Arrays642325 -Node: Sample Programs643894 -Node: Running Examples644559 -Node: Clones645287 -Node: Cut Program646511 -Node: Egrep Program656356 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1664129 -Node: Id Program664239 -Node: Split Program667855 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1671374 -Node: Tee Program671502 -Node: Uniq Program674305 -Node: Wc Program681734 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1686000 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2686200 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs686292 -Node: Dupword Program687480 -Node: Alarm Program689511 -Node: Translate Program694260 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1698647 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2698875 -Node: Labels Program699009 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1702380 -Node: Word Sorting702464 -Node: History Sorting706348 -Node: Extract Program708187 -Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1715670 -Node: Simple Sed715798 -Node: Igawk Program718860 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1733893 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2734094 -Node: Anagram Program734232 -Node: Signature Program737300 -Node: Debugger738400 -Node: Debugging739311 -Node: Debugging Concepts739724 -Node: Debugging Terms741580 -Node: Awk Debugging744202 -Node: Sample dgawk session745094 -Node: dgawk invocation745586 -Node: Finding The Bug746768 -Node: List of Debugger Commands753254 -Node: Breakpoint Control754565 -Node: Dgawk Execution Control758201 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data761552 -Node: Dgawk Stack764889 -Node: Dgawk Info766349 -Node: Miscellaneous Dgawk Commands770297 -Node: Readline Support775725 -Node: Dgawk Limitations776563 -Node: Language History778752 -Node: V7/SVR3.1780190 -Node: SVR4782511 -Node: POSIX783953 -Node: BTL784961 -Node: 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