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Diffstat (limited to 'doc/gawk.info')
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gawk.info | 943 |
1 files changed, 478 insertions, 465 deletions
diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 2b8c0e0b..07f283ff 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -7432,8 +7432,11 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Using Variables, Next: Assignment Options, Up: Variabl Variables let you give names to values and refer to them later. Variables have already been used in many of the examples. The name of a variable must be a sequence of letters, digits, or underscores, and -it may not begin with a digit. Case is significant in variable names; -`a' and `A' are distinct variables. +it may not begin with a digit. Here, a "letter" is any one of the 52 +upper- and lowercase English letters. Other characters that may be +defined as letters in non-English locales are not valid in variable +names. Case is significant in variable names; `a' and `A' are distinct +variables. A variable name is a valid expression by itself; it represents the variable's current value. Variables are given new values with @@ -9822,9 +9825,8 @@ complicating the rest of the program, write a "weed out" rule near the beginning, in the following manner: NF != 4 { - err = sprintf("%s:%d: skipped: NF != 4\n", FILENAME, FNR) - print err > "/dev/stderr" - next + printf("%s:%d: skipped: NF != 4\n", FILENAME, FNR) > "/dev/stderr" + next } Because of the `next' statement, the program's subsequent rules won't @@ -10303,8 +10305,11 @@ Options::), they are not special. `PROCINFO["identifiers"]' A subarray, indexed by the names of all identifiers used in - the text of the AWK program. For each identifier, the value - of the element is one of the following: + the text of the AWK program. An "identifier" is simply the + name of a variable (be it scalar or array), built-in + function, user-defined function, or extension function. For + each identifier, the value of the element is one of the + following: `"array"' The identifier is an array. @@ -13319,9 +13324,10 @@ starting to execute any of it. Here, NAME is the name of the function to define. A valid function name is like a valid variable name: a sequence of letters, digits, and -underscores that doesn't start with a digit. Within a single `awk' -program, any particular name can only be used as a variable, array, or -function. +underscores that doesn't start with a digit. Here too, only the 52 +upper- and lowercase English letters may be used in a function name. +Within a single `awk' program, any particular name can only be used as +a variable, array, or function. PARAMETER-LIST is an optional list of the function's arguments and local variable names, separated by commas. When the function is called, @@ -14431,8 +14437,8 @@ versions of `awk': ret = 0 for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) { c = substr(str, i, 1) - # index() returns 0 if c not in string, - # includes c == "0" + # index() returns 0 if c not in string, + # includes c == "0" k = index("1234567", c) ret = ret * 8 + k @@ -14445,8 +14451,8 @@ versions of `awk': for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) { c = substr(str, i, 1) c = tolower(c) - # index() returns 0 if c not in string, - # includes c == "0" + # index() returns 0 if c not in string, + # includes c == "0" k = index("123456789abcdef", c) ret = ret * 16 + k @@ -28543,8 +28549,8 @@ the derived files, because that keeps the repository less cluttered, and it is easier to see the substantive changes when comparing versions and trying to understand what changed between commits. - However, there are two reasons why the `gawk' maintainer likes to -have everything in the repository. + However, there are several reasons why the `gawk' maintainer likes +to have everything in the repository. First, because it is then easy to reproduce any given version completely, without relying upon the availability of (older, likely @@ -28597,6 +28603,13 @@ maintainer is no different than Jane User who wants to try to build Thus, the maintainer thinks that it's not just important, but critical, that for any given branch, the above incantation _just works_. + A third reason to have all the files is that without them, using `git +bisect' to try to find the commit that introduced a bug is exceedingly +difficult. The maintainer tried to do that on another project that +requires running bootstrapping scripts just to create `configure' and +so on; it was really painful. When the repository is self-contained, +using `git bisect' in it is very easy. + What are some of the consequences and/or actions to take? 1. We don't mind that there are differing files in the different @@ -31561,7 +31574,7 @@ Index * BEGIN pattern, getline and: Getline Notes. (line 19) * BEGIN pattern, headings, adding: Print Examples. (line 43) * BEGIN pattern, next/nextfile statements and <1>: Next Statement. - (line 45) + (line 44) * BEGIN pattern, next/nextfile statements and: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 36) * BEGIN pattern, OFS/ORS variables, assigning values to: Output Separators. @@ -31771,7 +31784,7 @@ Index * common extensions, \x escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 61) * common extensions, BINMODE variable: PC Using. (line 33) * common extensions, delete to delete entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) -* common extensions, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 92) +* common extensions, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 93) * common extensions, length() applied to an array: String Functions. (line 197) * common extensions, RS as a regexp: gawk split records. (line 6) @@ -31883,7 +31896,7 @@ Index (line 46) * dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 98) * dark corner, FILENAME variable: Getline Notes. (line 19) -* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 313) +* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 316) * dark corner, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) * dark corner, FS as null string: Single Character Fields. (line 20) @@ -32107,7 +32120,7 @@ Index (line 26) * differences in awk and gawk, RS/RT variables: gawk split records. (line 58) -* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 269) +* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 272) * differences in awk and gawk, single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, split() function: String Functions. @@ -32115,7 +32128,7 @@ Index * differences in awk and gawk, strings: Scalar Constants. (line 20) * differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: gawk split records. (line 77) -* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 273) +* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 276) * differences in awk and gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 152) * differences in awk and gawk, trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. @@ -32187,7 +32200,7 @@ Index * END pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 70) * END pattern, exit statement and: Exit Statement. (line 12) * END pattern, next/nextfile statements and <1>: Next Statement. - (line 45) + (line 44) * END pattern, next/nextfile statements and: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 36) * END pattern, operators and: Using BEGIN/END. (line 17) @@ -32271,7 +32284,7 @@ Index (line 6) * extension API version: Extension Versioning. (line 6) -* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 236) +* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 239) * extension example: Extension Example. (line 6) * extension registration: Registration Functions. (line 6) @@ -32290,7 +32303,7 @@ Index * extensions, common, BINMODE variable: PC Using. (line 33) * extensions, common, delete to delete entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) * extensions, common, fflush() function: I/O Functions. (line 43) -* extensions, common, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 92) +* extensions, common, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 93) * extensions, common, length() applied to an array: String Functions. (line 197) * extensions, common, RS as a regexp: gawk split records. (line 6) @@ -32423,7 +32436,7 @@ Index (line 12) * FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 107) * FNR variable: Records. (line 6) -* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 313) +* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 316) * for statement: For Statement. (line 6) * for statement, looping over arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 20) * fork() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. @@ -32509,7 +32522,7 @@ Index (line 6) * functions, names of <1>: Definition Syntax. (line 23) * functions, names of: Arrays. (line 18) -* functions, recursive: Definition Syntax. (line 82) +* functions, recursive: Definition Syntax. (line 83) * functions, string-translation: I18N Functions. (line 6) * functions, undefined: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 71) @@ -32520,11 +32533,11 @@ Index * functions, user-defined, next/nextfile statements and <1>: Nextfile Statement. (line 47) * functions, user-defined, next/nextfile statements and: Next Statement. - (line 45) + (line 44) * G-d: Acknowledgments. (line 92) * Garfinkle, Scott: Contributors. (line 34) * gawk program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 179) -* gawk version: Auto-set. (line 211) +* gawk version: Auto-set. (line 214) * gawk, ARGIND variable in: Other Arguments. (line 12) * gawk, awk and <1>: This Manual. (line 14) * gawk, awk and: Preface. (line 21) @@ -32601,14 +32614,14 @@ Index * gawk, regular expressions, operators: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 6) * gawk, regular expressions, precedence: Regexp Operators. (line 161) -* gawk, RT variable in <1>: Auto-set. (line 269) +* gawk, RT variable in <1>: Auto-set. (line 272) * gawk, RT variable in <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) * gawk, RT variable in: awk split records. (line 124) * gawk, See Also awk: Preface. (line 34) * gawk, source code, obtaining: Getting. (line 6) * gawk, splitting fields and: Constant Size. (line 88) * gawk, string-translation functions: I18N Functions. (line 6) -* gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 273) +* gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 276) * gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable in: User-modified. (line 152) * gawk, timestamps: Time Functions. (line 6) * gawk, uses for: Preface. (line 34) @@ -32694,7 +32707,7 @@ Index * Grigera, Juan: Contributors. (line 57) * group database, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) * group file: Group Functions. (line 6) -* group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 184) +* group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 187) * groups, information about: Group Functions. (line 6) * gsub <1>: String Functions. (line 139) * gsub: Using Constant Regexps. @@ -32988,7 +33001,7 @@ Index * mawk utility <3>: Concatenation. (line 36) * mawk utility <4>: Getline/Pipe. (line 62) * mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 132) -* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 225) +* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 228) * McIlroy, Doug: Glossary. (line 149) * McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 100) * message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 42) @@ -33001,7 +33014,7 @@ Index * messages from extensions: Printing Messages. (line 6) * metacharacters in regular expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 6) * metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 138) -* minimum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 228) +* minimum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 231) * mktime: Time Functions. (line 25) * modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6) * monetary information, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 104) @@ -33042,7 +33055,7 @@ Index * next statement, BEGIN/END patterns and: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 36) * next statement, BEGINFILE/ENDFILE patterns and: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 49) -* next statement, user-defined functions and: Next Statement. (line 45) +* next statement, user-defined functions and: Next Statement. (line 44) * nextfile statement: Nextfile Statement. (line 6) * nextfile statement, BEGIN/END patterns and: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 36) @@ -33063,7 +33076,7 @@ Index * not Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 132) * NR variable: Records. (line 6) -* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 313) +* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 316) * null strings <1>: Basic Data Typing. (line 26) * null strings <2>: Truth Values. (line 6) * null strings <3>: Regexp Field Splitting. @@ -33177,7 +33190,7 @@ Index * p debugger command (alias for print): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 36) * Papadopoulos, Panos: Contributors. (line 128) -* parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 193) +* parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 196) * parentheses (), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) * parentheses (), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 81) * password file: Passwd Functions. (line 16) @@ -33233,7 +33246,7 @@ Index (line 65) * portability, deleting array elements: Delete. (line 56) * portability, example programs: Library Functions. (line 42) -* portability, functions, defining: Definition Syntax. (line 108) +* portability, functions, defining: Definition Syntax. (line 109) * portability, gawk: New Ports. (line 6) * portability, gettext library and: Explaining gettext. (line 11) * portability, internationalization and: I18N Portability. (line 6) @@ -33279,12 +33292,12 @@ Index (line 40) * POSIX awk, field separators and: Fields. (line 6) * POSIX awk, FS variable and: User-modified. (line 60) -* POSIX awk, function keyword in: Definition Syntax. (line 92) +* POSIX awk, function keyword in: Definition Syntax. (line 93) * POSIX awk, functions and, gsub()/sub(): Gory Details. (line 90) * POSIX awk, functions and, length(): String Functions. (line 176) * POSIX awk, GNU long options and: Options. (line 15) * POSIX awk, interval expressions in: Regexp Operators. (line 135) -* POSIX awk, next/nextfile statements and: Next Statement. (line 45) +* POSIX awk, next/nextfile statements and: Next Statement. (line 44) * POSIX awk, numeric strings and: Variable Typing. (line 6) * POSIX awk, OFMT variable and <1>: Strings And Numbers. (line 57) * POSIX awk, OFMT variable and: OFMT. (line 27) @@ -33340,8 +33353,8 @@ Index * printing, unduplicated lines of text: Uniq Program. (line 6) * printing, user information: Id Program. (line 6) * private variables: Library Names. (line 11) -* process group idIDof gawk process: Auto-set. (line 187) -* process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 190) +* process group idIDof gawk process: Auto-set. (line 190) +* process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 193) * processes, two-way communications with: Two-way I/O. (line 6) * processing data: Basic High Level. (line 6) * PROCINFO array <1>: Passwd Functions. (line 6) @@ -33352,7 +33365,7 @@ Index * PROCINFO array, and user and group ID numbers: Id Program. (line 15) * PROCINFO array, testing the field splitting: Passwd Functions. (line 161) -* PROCINFO array, uses: Auto-set. (line 246) +* PROCINFO array, uses: Auto-set. (line 249) * PROCINFO, values of sorted_in: Controlling Scanning. (line 26) * profiling awk programs: Profiling. (line 6) @@ -33368,7 +33381,7 @@ Index * programming conventions, functions, calling: Calling Built-in. (line 10) * programming conventions, functions, writing: Definition Syntax. - (line 64) + (line 65) * programming conventions, gawk extensions: Internal File Ops. (line 45) * programming conventions, private variable names: Library Names. @@ -33438,7 +33451,7 @@ Index * records, splitting input into: Records. (line 6) * records, terminating: awk split records. (line 124) * records, treating files as: gawk split records. (line 92) -* recursive functions: Definition Syntax. (line 82) +* recursive functions: Definition Syntax. (line 83) * redirect gawk output, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 72) * redirection of input: Getline/File. (line 6) * redirection of output: Redirection. (line 6) @@ -33516,7 +33529,7 @@ Index * right shift: Bitwise Functions. (line 52) * right shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * Ritchie, Dennis: Basic Data Typing. (line 54) -* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 256) +* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 259) * RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 224) * Robbins, Arnold <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <2>: Bugs. (line 32) @@ -33542,9 +33555,9 @@ Index * RS variable: awk split records. (line 12) * RS variable, multiline records and: Multiple Line. (line 17) * rshift: Bitwise Functions. (line 52) -* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 262) +* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 265) * RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 224) -* RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 269) +* RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 272) * RT variable <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) * RT variable: awk split records. (line 124) * Rubin, Paul <1>: Contributors. (line 15) @@ -33564,7 +33577,7 @@ Index * scanning arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 6) * scanning multidimensional arrays: Multiscanning. (line 11) * Schorr, Andrew <1>: Contributors. (line 133) -* Schorr, Andrew <2>: Auto-set. (line 296) +* Schorr, Andrew <2>: Auto-set. (line 299) * Schorr, Andrew: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Schreiber, Bert: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Schreiber, Rita: Acknowledgments. (line 38) @@ -33608,7 +33621,7 @@ Index * set directory of message catalogs: I18N Functions. (line 12) * set watchpoint: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 67) -* shadowing of variable values: Definition Syntax. (line 70) +* shadowing of variable values: Definition Syntax. (line 71) * shell quoting, rules for: Quoting. (line 6) * shells, piping commands into: Redirection. (line 142) * shells, quoting: Using Shell Variables. @@ -33648,7 +33661,7 @@ Index (line 118) * sidebar, Changing FS Does Not Affect the Fields: Field Splitting Summary. (line 38) -* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 311) +* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 314) * sidebar, Controlling Output Buffering with system(): I/O Functions. (line 138) * sidebar, Escape Sequences for Metacharacters: Escape Sequences. @@ -33811,9 +33824,9 @@ Index * substr: String Functions. (line 479) * substring: String Functions. (line 479) * Sumner, Andrew: Other Versions. (line 64) -* supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 241) +* supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 244) * switch statement: Switch Statement. (line 6) -* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 273) +* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 276) * syntactic ambiguity: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 148) * system: I/O Functions. (line 75) @@ -33966,7 +33979,7 @@ Index * variables: Other Features. (line 6) * variables, assigning on command line: Assignment Options. (line 6) * variables, built-in <1>: Built-in Variables. (line 6) -* variables, built-in: Using Variables. (line 20) +* variables, built-in: Using Variables. (line 23) * variables, built-in, -v option, setting with: Options. (line 40) * variables, built-in, conveying information: Auto-set. (line 6) * variables, flag: Boolean Ops. (line 67) @@ -33979,22 +33992,22 @@ Index * variables, getline command into, using: Getline/Variable. (line 6) * variables, global, for library functions: Library Names. (line 11) * variables, global, printing list of: Options. (line 93) -* variables, initializing: Using Variables. (line 20) +* variables, initializing: Using Variables. (line 23) * variables, local to a function: Variable Scope. (line 6) * variables, names of: Arrays. (line 18) * variables, private: Library Names. (line 11) * variables, setting: Options. (line 32) -* variables, shadowing: Definition Syntax. (line 70) +* variables, shadowing: Definition Syntax. (line 71) * variables, types of: Assignment Ops. (line 40) * variables, types of, comparison expressions and: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * variables, uninitialized, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) * variables, user-defined: Variables. (line 6) -* version of gawk: Auto-set. (line 211) -* version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 236) -* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 222) -* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 218) +* version of gawk: Auto-set. (line 214) +* version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 239) +* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 225) +* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 221) * vertical bar (|): Regexp Operators. (line 70) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 9) @@ -34223,411 +34236,411 @@ Node: Regexp Constants318616 Node: Using Constant Regexps319141 Node: Variables322213 Node: Using Variables322868 -Node: Assignment Options324592 -Node: Conversion326467 -Node: Strings And Numbers326991 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1330053 -Node: Locale influences conversions330162 -Ref: table-locale-affects332879 -Node: All Operators333467 -Node: Arithmetic Ops334097 -Node: Concatenation336602 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1339421 -Node: Assignment Ops339527 -Ref: table-assign-ops344510 -Node: Increment Ops345813 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions349251 -Node: Truth Values350334 -Node: Typing and Comparison351383 -Node: Variable Typing352176 -Node: Comparison Operators355828 -Ref: table-relational-ops356238 -Node: POSIX String Comparison359788 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1360872 -Node: Boolean Ops361010 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1365349 -Node: Conditional Exp365440 -Node: Function Calls367167 -Node: Precedence371047 -Node: Locales374716 -Node: Expressions Summary376347 -Node: Patterns and Actions378888 -Node: Pattern Overview380004 -Node: Regexp Patterns381681 -Node: Expression Patterns382224 -Node: Ranges386004 -Node: BEGIN/END389110 -Node: Using BEGIN/END389872 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1392608 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END392714 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE394985 -Node: Empty397916 -Node: Using Shell Variables398233 -Node: Action Overview400516 -Node: Statements402843 -Node: If Statement404691 -Node: While Statement406189 -Node: Do Statement408233 -Node: For Statement409389 -Node: Switch Statement412541 -Node: Break Statement414929 -Node: Continue Statement416970 -Node: Next Statement418795 -Node: Nextfile Statement421185 -Node: Exit Statement423842 -Node: Built-in Variables426246 -Node: User-modified427373 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1435062 -Node: Auto-set435124 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1448143 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2448348 -Node: ARGC and ARGV448404 -Node: Pattern Action Summary452308 -Node: Arrays454531 -Node: Array Basics456080 -Node: Array Intro456906 -Ref: figure-array-elements458879 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1461403 -Node: Reference to Elements461531 -Node: Assigning Elements463981 -Node: Array Example464472 -Node: Scanning an Array466204 -Node: Controlling Scanning469205 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1474378 -Node: Delete474694 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1477445 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts477502 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts479685 -Node: Multidimensional481312 -Node: Multiscanning484425 -Node: Arrays of Arrays486014 -Node: Arrays Summary490677 -Node: Functions492782 -Node: Built-in493655 -Node: Calling Built-in494733 -Node: Numeric Functions496721 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1501557 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2501914 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3501962 -Node: String Functions502231 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1525228 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2525357 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3525605 -Node: Gory Details525692 -Ref: table-sub-escapes527465 -Ref: table-sub-proposed528985 -Ref: table-posix-sub530349 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes531889 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1533065 -Node: I/O Functions533216 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1540326 -Node: Time Functions540473 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1550937 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2551005 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3551163 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4551274 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5551386 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6551613 -Node: Bitwise Functions551879 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops552441 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1556686 -Node: Type Functions556870 -Node: I18N Functions558012 -Node: User-defined559657 -Node: Definition Syntax560461 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1565774 -Node: Function Example565843 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1568483 -Node: Function Caveats568505 -Node: Calling A Function569023 -Node: Variable Scope569978 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference572966 -Node: Return Statement576476 -Node: Dynamic Typing579460 -Node: Indirect Calls580389 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1590105 -Node: Functions Summary590233 -Node: Library Functions592883 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1596501 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2596644 -Node: Library Names596815 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1600288 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2600508 -Node: General Functions600594 -Node: Strtonum Function601622 -Node: Assert Function604496 -Node: Round Function607822 -Node: Cliff Random Function609363 -Node: Ordinal Functions610379 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1613444 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2613696 -Node: Join Function613907 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1615678 -Node: Getlocaltime Function615878 -Node: Readfile Function619614 -Node: Data File Management621453 -Node: Filetrans Function622085 -Node: Rewind Function626154 -Node: File Checking627712 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1628844 -Node: Empty Files629045 -Node: Ignoring Assigns631024 -Node: Getopt Function632578 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1643842 -Node: Passwd Functions644045 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1653024 -Node: Group Functions653112 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1661043 -Node: Walking Arrays661256 -Node: Library Functions Summary662859 -Node: Library Exercises664247 -Node: Sample Programs665527 -Node: Running Examples666297 -Node: Clones667025 -Node: Cut Program668249 -Node: Egrep Program678107 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1685694 -Node: Id Program685804 -Node: Split Program689458 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1692996 -Node: Tee Program693124 -Node: Uniq Program695911 -Node: Wc Program703334 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1707599 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs707691 -Node: Dupword Program708904 -Node: Alarm Program710935 -Node: Translate Program715739 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1720312 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2720582 -Node: Labels Program720721 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1724082 -Node: Word Sorting724166 -Node: History Sorting728209 -Node: Extract Program730045 -Node: Simple Sed737581 -Node: Igawk Program740643 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1754947 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2755148 -Node: Anagram Program755286 -Node: Signature Program758354 -Node: Programs Summary759601 -Node: Programs Exercises760816 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1764947 -Node: Advanced Features765038 -Node: Nondecimal Data766986 -Node: Array Sorting768563 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal769260 -Node: Array Sorting Functions777540 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1781447 -Node: Two-way I/O781641 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1786585 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2786764 -Node: TCP/IP Networking786846 -Node: Profiling789691 -Node: Advanced Features Summary797242 -Node: Internationalization799106 -Node: I18N and L10N800586 -Node: Explaining gettext801272 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1806298 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2806482 -Node: Programmer i18n806647 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1811441 -Node: Translator i18n811490 -Node: String Extraction812284 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1813417 -Node: Printf 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