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diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 7c7af5eb..33dc1f01 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -14022,9 +14022,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Functions Summary, Prev: Indirect Calls, Up: Functions It is more straightforward in `gawk''s `gensub()' function, but that function still requires care in its use. - * User-defined functions provide important capabilities but come - with some syntactic inelegancies. In a function call, there cannot - be any space between the function name and the opening left + * User-defined functions provide important capabilities but come with + some syntactic inelegancies. In a function call, there cannot be + any space between the function name and the opening left parethesis of the argument list. Also, there is no provision for local variables, so the convention is to add extra parameters, and to separate them visually from the real parameters by extra @@ -14044,8 +14044,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Functions Summary, Prev: Indirect Calls, Up: Functions scalar values may be returned by a function. * If a variable that has never been used is passed to a user-defined - function, how that function treats the variable can set its - nature: either scalar or array. + function, how that function treats the variable can set its nature: + either scalar or array. * `gawk' provides indirect function calls using a special syntax. By setting a variable to the name of a user-defined function, you @@ -15961,6 +15961,7 @@ Library Functions::. * Running Examples:: How to run these examples. * Clones:: Clones of common utilities. * Miscellaneous Programs:: Some interesting `awk' programs. +* Programs Summary:: Summary of programs. File: gawk.info, Node: Running Examples, Next: Clones, Up: Sample Programs @@ -17176,7 +17177,7 @@ has already been reset by the time `endfile()' is called. characters, not bytes. -File: gawk.info, Node: Miscellaneous Programs, Prev: Clones, Up: Sample Programs +File: gawk.info, Node: Miscellaneous Programs, Next: Programs Summary, Prev: Clones, Up: Sample Programs 11.3 A Grab Bag of `awk' Programs ================================= @@ -18572,6 +18573,36 @@ truly desperate to understand it, see Chris Johansen's explanation, which is embedded in the Texinfo source file for this Info file.) +File: gawk.info, Node: Programs Summary, Prev: Miscellaneous Programs, Up: Sample Programs + +11.4 Summary +============ + + * The functions provided in this major node and the previous one + continue on the theme that reading programs is an excellent way to + learn Good Programming. + + * Using `#!' to make `awk' programs directly runnable makes them + easier to use. Otherwise, invoke the program using `awk -f ...'. + + * Reimplementing standard POSIX programs in `awk' is a pleasant + exercise; `awk''s expressive power lets you write such programs in + relatively few lines of code, yet they are functionally complete + and usable. + + * One of standard `awk''s weaknesses is working with individual + characters. The ability to use `split()' with the empty string as + the separator can considerably simplify such tasks. + + * The library functions from *note Library Functions::, proved their + usefulness for a number of real (if small) programs. + + * Besides reinventing POSIX wheels, other programs solved a + selection of interesting problems, such as finding duplicates + words in text, printing mailing labels, and finding anagrams. + + + File: gawk.info, Node: Advanced Features, Next: Internationalization, Prev: Sample Programs, Up: Top 12 Advanced Features of `gawk' @@ -18615,6 +18646,7 @@ own: * Two-way I/O:: Two-way communications with another process. * TCP/IP Networking:: Using `gawk' for network programming. * Profiling:: Profiling your `awk' programs. +* Advanced Features Summary:: Summary of advanced features. File: gawk.info, Node: Nondecimal Data, Next: Array Sorting, Up: Advanced Features @@ -19217,7 +19249,7 @@ much more complete introduction and discussion, as well as extensive examples. -File: gawk.info, Node: Profiling, Prev: TCP/IP Networking, Up: Advanced Features +File: gawk.info, Node: Profiling, Next: Advanced Features Summary, Prev: TCP/IP Networking, Up: Advanced Features 12.5 Profiling Your `awk' Programs ================================== @@ -19446,6 +19478,48 @@ without any execution counts. will change in the next major release. +File: gawk.info, Node: Advanced Features Summary, Prev: Profiling, Up: Advanced Features + +12.6 Summary +============ + + * The `--non-decimal-data' option causes `gawk' to treat octal- and + hexadecimal-looking input data as octal and hexadecimal. This + option should be used with caution or not at all; use of + `strtonum()' is preferable. + + * You can take over complete control of sorting in `for (INDX in + ARRAY)' array traversal by setting `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]' to the + name of a user-defined function that does the comparison of array + elements based on index and value. + + * Similarly, you can supply the name of a user-defined comparison + function as the third argument to either `asort()' or `asorti()' + to control how those functions sort arrays. Or you may provide one + of the predefined control strings that work for + `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]'. + + * You can use the `|&' operator to create a two-way pipe to a + co-process. You read from the co-process with `getline' and write + to it with `print' or `printf'. Use `close()' to close off the + co-process completely, or optionally, close off one side of the + two-way communications. + + * By using special "file names" with the `|&' operator, you can open + a TCP/IP (or UDP/IP) connection to remote hosts in the Internet. + `gawk' supports both IPv4 an IPv6. + + * You can generate statement count profiles of your program. This + can help you determine which parts of your program may be taking + the most time and let you tune them more easily. Sending the + `USR1' signal while profiling causes `gawk' to dump the profile + and keep going, including a function call stack. + + * You can also just "pretty print" the program. This currently also + runs the program, but that will change in the next major release. + + + File: gawk.info, Node: Internationalization, Next: Debugger, Prev: Advanced Features, Up: Top 13 Internationalization with `gawk' @@ -19475,6 +19549,7 @@ requirement. * Translator i18n:: Features for the translator. * I18N Example:: A simple i18n example. * Gawk I18N:: `gawk' is also internationalized. +* I18N Summary:: Summary of I18N stuff. File: gawk.info, Node: I18N and L10N, Next: Explaining gettext, Up: Internationalization @@ -20013,7 +20088,7 @@ and `bindtextdomain()' (*note I18N Portability::) are in a file named (1) Perhaps it would be better if it were called "Hippy." Ah, well. -File: gawk.info, Node: Gawk I18N, Prev: I18N Example, Up: Internationalization +File: gawk.info, Node: Gawk I18N, Next: I18N Summary, Prev: I18N Example, Up: Internationalization 13.6 `gawk' Can Speak Your Language =================================== @@ -20028,6 +20103,39 @@ writing, the latest version of GNU `gettext' is version 0.19.1 usage messages, warnings, and fatal errors in the local language. +File: gawk.info, Node: I18N Summary, Prev: Gawk I18N, Up: Internationalization + +13.7 Summary +============ + + * Internationalization means writing a program such that it can use + multiple languages without requiring source-code changes. + Localization means providing the data necessary for an + internationalized program to work in a particular language. + + * `gawk' uses GNU `gettext' to let you internationalize and localize + `awk' programs. A program's text domain identifies the program + for grouping all messages and other data together. + + * You mark a program's strings for translation by preceding them with + an underscore. Once that is done, the strings are extracted into a + `.pot' file. This file is copied for each langauge into a `.po' + file, and the `.po' files are compiled into `.gmo' files for use + at runtime. + + * You can use position specifications with `sprintf()' and `printf' + to rearrange the placement of argument values in formatted strings + and output. This is useful for the translations of format control + strings. + + * The internationalization features have been designed so that they + can be easily worked around in a standard `awk'. + + * `gawk' itself has been internationalized and ships with a number + of translations for its messages. + + + File: gawk.info, Node: Debugger, Next: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic, Prev: Internationalization, Up: Top 14 Debugging `awk' Programs @@ -20050,6 +20158,7 @@ program is easy. * List of Debugger Commands:: Main debugger commands. * Readline Support:: Readline support. * Limitations:: Limitations and future plans. +* Debugging Summary:: Debugging summary. File: gawk.info, Node: Debugging, Next: Sample Debugging Session, Up: Debugger @@ -21028,7 +21137,7 @@ Variable name completion -File: gawk.info, Node: Limitations, Prev: Readline Support, Up: Debugger +File: gawk.info, Node: Limitations, Next: Debugging Summary, Prev: Readline Support, Up: Debugger 14.5 Limitations and Future Plans ================================= @@ -21075,6 +21184,35 @@ features may be added, and of course feel free to try to add them yourself! +File: gawk.info, Node: Debugging Summary, Prev: Limitations, Up: Debugger + +14.6 Summary +============ + + * Programs rarely work correctly the first time. Finding bugs is + "debugging" and a program that helps you find bugs is a + "debugger". `gawk' has a built-in debugger that works very + similarly to the GNU Debugger, GDB. + + * Debuggers let you step through your program one statement at a + time, examine and change variable and array values, and do a + number of other things that let understand what your program is + actually doing (as opposed to what it is supposed to do). + + * Like most debuggers, the `gawk' debugger works in terms of stack + frames, and lets you set both breakpoints (stop at a point in the + code) and watchpoints (stop when a data value changes). + + * The debugger command set is fairly complete, providing control over + breakpoints, execution, viewing and changing data, working with + the stack, getting information, and other tasks. + + * If the `readline' library is available when `gawk' is compiled, it + is used by the debugger to provide command-line history and + editing. + + + File: gawk.info, Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic, Next: Dynamic Extensions, Prev: Debugger, Up: Top 15 Arithmetic and Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic with `gawk' @@ -31792,6 +31930,7 @@ Index * endgrent() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 216) * endpwent() function (C library): Passwd Functions. (line 210) * endpwent() user-defined function: Passwd Functions. (line 213) +* English, Steve: Advanced Features. (line 6) * ENVIRON array: Auto-set. (line 59) * environment variables used by gawk: Environment Variables. (line 6) @@ -32452,6 +32591,7 @@ Index * l debugger command (alias for list): Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 72) * labels.awk program: Labels Program. (line 51) +* Langston, Peter: Advanced Features. (line 6) * languages, data-driven: Basic High Level. (line 85) * Laurie, Dirk: Changing Precision. (line 6) * LC_ALL locale category: Explaining gettext. (line 121) @@ -33987,248 +34127,252 @@ Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1654108 Node: Walking Arrays654321 Node: Library Functions Summary656491 Node: Sample Programs657853 -Node: Running Examples658527 -Node: Clones659255 -Node: Cut Program660479 -Node: Egrep Program670340 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1678269 -Node: Id Program678379 -Node: Split Program682043 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1685574 -Node: Tee Program685702 -Node: Uniq Program688509 -Node: Wc Program695939 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1700207 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2700407 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs700499 -Node: Dupword Program701687 -Node: Alarm Program703718 -Node: Translate Program708532 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1712923 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2713193 -Node: Labels Program713327 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1716698 -Node: Word Sorting716782 -Node: History Sorting720825 -Node: Extract Program722661 -Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1730236 -Node: Simple Sed730365 -Node: Igawk Program733427 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1748603 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2748804 -Node: Anagram Program748942 -Node: Signature Program752010 -Node: Advanced Features753257 -Node: Nondecimal Data755143 -Node: Array Sorting756720 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal757417 -Node: Array Sorting Functions765697 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1769604 -Node: Two-way I/O769798 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1775314 -Node: TCP/IP Networking775396 -Node: Profiling778240 -Node: Internationalization785748 -Node: I18N and L10N787173 -Node: Explaining gettext787859 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1792999 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2793183 -Node: Programmer i18n793348 -Node: Translator i18n797573 -Node: String Extraction798367 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1799328 -Node: Printf Ordering799414 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1802196 -Node: I18N Portability802260 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1804709 -Node: I18N Example804772 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1807494 -Node: Gawk I18N807566 -Node: Debugger808183 -Node: Debugging809154 -Node: Debugging Concepts809595 -Node: Debugging Terms811451 -Node: Awk Debugging814048 -Node: Sample Debugging Session814940 -Node: Debugger Invocation815460 -Node: Finding The Bug816793 -Node: List of Debugger Commands823275 -Node: Breakpoint Control824607 -Node: Debugger Execution Control828271 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data831631 -Node: Execution Stack834989 -Node: Debugger Info836502 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands840496 -Node: Readline Support845680 -Node: Limitations846572 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic848820 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1850469 -Node: General Arithmetic850617 -Node: Floating Point Issues852337 -Node: String Conversion Precision853218 -Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1854923 -Node: Unexpected Results855032 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems857185 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1861006 -Node: Integer Programming861044 -Node: Floating-point Programming862855 -Ref: Floating-point 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+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31066199 +Node: Contributors1066420 +Node: Installation1071858 +Node: Gawk Distribution1072752 +Node: Getting1073236 +Node: Extracting1074062 +Node: Distribution contents1075704 +Node: Unix Installation1081421 +Node: Quick Installation1082038 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1084480 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1086218 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1088569 +Node: PC Installation1089027 +Node: PC Binary Installation1090338 +Node: PC Compiling1092186 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11095185 +Node: PC Testing1095290 +Node: PC Using1096466 +Node: Cygwin1100624 +Node: MSYS1101433 +Node: VMS Installation1101947 +Node: VMS Compilation1102743 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11103958 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1104016 +Node: VMS Installation Details1105389 +Node: VMS Running1107635 +Node: VMS GNV1110469 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1111192 +Node: Bugs1111662 +Node: Other Versions1115666 +Node: Notes1121891 +Node: Compatibility Mode1122691 +Node: Additions1123473 +Node: Accessing The Source1124398 +Node: Adding Code1125834 +Node: New Ports1132012 +Node: Derived Files1136493 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11141574 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21141608 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31142204 +Node: Future Extensions1142318 +Node: Implementation Limitations1142924 +Node: Extension Design1144172 +Node: Old Extension Problems1145326 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11146843 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1146900 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11150261 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1150450 +Node: Extension Future Growth1152556 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1153392 +Node: Basic Concepts1155132 +Node: Basic High Level1155813 +Ref: figure-general-flow1156085 +Ref: figure-process-flow1156684 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11159913 +Node: Basic Data Typing1160098 +Node: Glossary1163425 +Node: Copying1188577 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1226133 +Node: Index1251269 End Tag Table |