From cb9faa8c276efc4e2b24378bdb941d007523fc22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Tue, 14 Oct 2014 21:45:21 +0300 Subject: Add new Foreword from Mike Brennan. --- doc/gawk.info | 1155 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 596 insertions(+), 559 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 94170939..fd3e19db 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". modify this GNU manual."  -File: gawk.info, Node: Top, Next: Foreword, Up: (dir) +File: gawk.info, Node: Top, Next: Foreword3, Up: (dir) General Introduction ******************** @@ -58,8 +58,9 @@ entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". * Menu: -* Foreword:: Some nice words about this +* Foreword3:: Some nice words about this Info file. +* Foreword4:: More nice words. * Preface:: What this Info file is about; brief history and acknowledgments. * Getting Started:: A basic introduction to using @@ -679,10 +680,10 @@ your life together with me. lives in innumerable ways.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Foreword, Next: Preface, Prev: Top, Up: Top +File: gawk.info, Node: Foreword3, Next: Foreword4, Prev: Top, Up: Top -Foreword -******** +Foreword to the Third Edition +***************************** Arnold Robbins and I are good friends. We were introduced in 1990 by circumstances--and our favorite programming language, AWK. The @@ -766,7 +767,41 @@ want to learn how, then read this book. March, 2001  -File: gawk.info, Node: Preface, Next: Getting Started, Prev: Foreword, Up: Top +File: gawk.info, Node: Foreword4, Next: Preface, Prev: Foreword3, Up: Top + +Foreword to the Fourth Edition +****************************** + +Some things don't change. Thirteen years ago I wrote: "If you use AWK +or want to learn how, then read this book." True then and still true +today. + + Learning to use a programming language is more than mastering the +syntax. One needs to acquire an understanding of how to use the +features of the language to solve practical programming problems. A +focus of this book is many examples that show how to use AWK. + + Some things do change. Our computers are much faster and have more +memory. Consequently, speed and storage inefficiencies of a high level +language matter less. Prototyping in AWK and then rewriting in C for +performance reasons happens less, because more often the prototype is +fast enough. + + Of course, there are computing operations that are best done in C or +C++. With `gawk' 4.1 and later, you do not have to choose between +writing your program in AWK or in C/C++. You can write most of your +program in AWK and the aspects that require C/C++ capabilities can be +written in C/C++ and then the pieces glued together when the `gawk' +module loads the C/C++ module as a dynamic plug-in. *note Dynamic +Extensions::, has all the details, and as expected, many examples to +help you learn the ins and outs. + + Michael Brennan + Author of `mawk' + October, 2014 + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Preface, Next: Getting Started, Prev: Foreword4, Up: Top Preface ******* @@ -31786,7 +31821,8 @@ Index * Brennan, Michael <2>: Simple Sed. (line 25) * Brennan, Michael <3>: Delete. (line 56) * Brennan, Michael <4>: Acknowledgments. (line 78) -* Brennan, Michael: Foreword. (line 83) +* Brennan, Michael <5>: Foreword4. (line 30) +* Brennan, Michael: Foreword3. (line 83) * Brian Kernighan's awk <1>: I/O Functions. (line 43) * Brian Kernighan's awk <2>: Gory Details. (line 19) * Brian Kernighan's awk <3>: String Functions. (line 491) @@ -34232,557 +34268,558 @@ Index  Tag Table: Node: Top1204 -Node: Foreword42103 -Node: Preface46450 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-149320 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-249427 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-349660 -Node: History49802 -Node: Names52150 -Ref: Names-Footnote-153244 -Node: This Manual53390 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-159219 -Node: Conventions59319 -Node: Manual History61659 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-164650 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-264691 -Node: How To Contribute64765 -Node: Acknowledgments66004 -Node: Getting Started70812 -Node: Running gawk73246 -Node: One-shot74436 -Node: Read Terminal75661 -Node: Long77688 -Node: Executable Scripts79204 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-181993 -Node: Comments82095 -Node: Quoting84568 -Node: DOS Quoting90074 -Node: Sample Data Files90749 -Node: Very Simple93342 -Node: Two Rules98233 -Node: More Complex100119 -Node: Statements/Lines102981 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1107437 -Node: Other Features107702 -Node: When108633 -Ref: When-Footnote-1110389 -Node: Intro Summary110454 -Node: Invoking Gawk111337 -Node: Command Line112852 -Node: Options113643 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1129538 -Node: Other Arguments129563 -Node: Naming Standard Input132524 -Node: Environment Variables133617 -Node: AWKPATH Variable134175 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1137027 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2137072 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable137332 -Node: Other Environment Variables138091 -Node: Exit Status141811 -Node: Include Files142486 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries146074 -Node: Obsolete147501 -Node: Undocumented148198 -Node: Invoking Summary148465 -Node: Regexp150131 -Node: Regexp Usage151590 -Node: Escape Sequences153623 -Node: Regexp Operators159640 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1167074 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2167221 -Node: Bracket Expressions167319 -Ref: table-char-classes169336 -Node: Leftmost Longest172276 -Node: Computed Regexps173578 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators176975 -Node: Case-sensitivity180677 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1183567 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2183802 -Node: Regexp Summary183910 -Node: Reading Files185379 -Node: Records187473 -Node: awk split records188205 -Node: gawk split records193119 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1197658 -Node: Fields197695 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1200493 -Node: Nonconstant Fields200579 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1202815 -Node: Changing Fields203017 -Node: Field Separators208949 -Node: Default Field Splitting211653 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting212770 -Node: Single Character Fields216120 -Node: Command Line Field Separator217179 -Node: Full Line Fields220391 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1220899 -Node: Field Splitting Summary220945 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1224076 -Node: Constant Size224177 -Node: Splitting By Content228783 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1232856 -Node: Multiple Line232896 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1238785 -Node: Getline238964 -Node: Plain Getline241175 -Node: Getline/Variable243815 -Node: Getline/File244962 -Node: Getline/Variable/File246346 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1247947 -Node: Getline/Pipe248034 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe250717 -Node: Getline/Coprocess251848 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess253100 -Node: Getline Notes253839 -Node: Getline Summary256631 -Ref: table-getline-variants257043 -Node: Read Timeout257872 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1261686 -Node: Command-line directories261744 -Node: Input Summary262648 -Node: Input Exercises265900 -Node: Printing266628 -Node: Print268405 -Node: Print Examples269862 -Node: Output Separators272641 -Node: OFMT274659 -Node: Printf276013 -Node: Basic Printf276798 -Node: Control Letters278369 -Node: Format Modifiers282353 -Node: Printf Examples288360 -Node: Redirection290842 -Node: Special FD297681 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1300838 -Node: Special Files300912 -Node: Other Inherited Files301528 -Node: Special Network302528 -Node: Special Caveats303389 -Node: Close Files And Pipes304340 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1311519 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2311667 -Node: Output Summary311817 -Node: Output Exercises312813 -Node: Expressions313493 -Node: Values314678 -Node: Constants315354 -Node: Scalar Constants316034 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1316893 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers317143 -Node: Regexp Constants320143 -Node: Using Constant Regexps320668 -Node: Variables323806 -Node: Using Variables324461 -Node: Assignment Options326371 -Node: Conversion328246 -Node: Strings And Numbers328770 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1331834 -Node: Locale influences conversions331943 -Ref: table-locale-affects334688 -Node: All Operators335276 -Node: Arithmetic Ops335906 -Node: Concatenation338411 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1341230 -Node: Assignment Ops341336 -Ref: table-assign-ops346319 -Node: Increment Ops347597 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions351035 -Node: Truth Values352118 -Node: Typing and Comparison353167 -Node: Variable Typing353960 -Node: Comparison Operators357612 -Ref: table-relational-ops358022 -Node: POSIX String Comparison361537 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1362609 -Node: Boolean Ops362747 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1367226 -Node: Conditional Exp367317 -Node: Function Calls369044 -Node: Precedence372924 -Node: Locales376592 -Node: Expressions Summary378223 -Node: Patterns and Actions380797 -Node: Pattern Overview381917 -Node: Regexp Patterns383596 -Node: Expression Patterns384139 -Node: Ranges387919 -Node: BEGIN/END391025 -Node: Using BEGIN/END391787 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1394524 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END394630 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE396944 -Node: Empty399845 -Node: Using Shell Variables400162 -Node: Action Overview402438 -Node: Statements404765 -Node: If Statement406613 -Node: While Statement408111 -Node: Do Statement410139 -Node: For Statement411281 -Node: Switch Statement414436 -Node: Break Statement416824 -Node: Continue Statement418865 -Node: Next Statement420690 -Node: Nextfile Statement423070 -Node: Exit Statement425700 -Node: Built-in Variables428103 -Node: User-modified429236 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1436916 -Node: Auto-set436978 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1450008 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2450213 -Node: ARGC and ARGV450269 -Node: Pattern Action Summary454473 -Node: Arrays456900 -Node: Array Basics458229 -Node: Array Intro459073 -Ref: figure-array-elements461037 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1463561 -Node: Reference to Elements463689 -Node: Assigning Elements466139 -Node: Array Example466630 -Node: Scanning an Array468388 -Node: Controlling Scanning471404 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1476593 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts476909 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts479094 -Node: Delete480711 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1483455 -Node: Multidimensional483512 -Node: Multiscanning486607 -Node: Arrays of Arrays488196 -Node: Arrays Summary492957 -Node: Functions495062 -Node: Built-in495935 -Node: Calling Built-in497013 -Node: Numeric Functions499001 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1503023 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2503380 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3503428 -Node: String Functions503697 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1527169 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2527298 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3527546 -Node: Gory Details527633 -Ref: table-sub-escapes529414 -Ref: table-sub-proposed530934 -Ref: table-posix-sub532298 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes533838 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1534670 -Node: I/O Functions534821 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1541922 -Node: Time Functions542069 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1552538 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2552606 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3552764 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4552875 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5552987 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6553214 -Node: Bitwise Functions553480 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops554042 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1558350 -Node: Type Functions558519 -Node: I18N Functions559668 -Node: User-defined561313 -Node: Definition Syntax562117 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1567523 -Node: Function Example567592 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1570509 -Node: Function Caveats570531 -Node: Calling A Function571049 -Node: Variable Scope572004 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference574992 -Node: Return Statement578502 -Node: Dynamic Typing581486 -Node: Indirect Calls582415 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1593719 -Node: Functions Summary593847 -Node: Library Functions596546 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1600164 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2600307 -Node: Library Names600478 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1603938 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2604158 -Node: General Functions604244 -Node: Strtonum Function605347 -Node: Assert Function608367 -Node: Round Function611691 -Node: Cliff Random Function613232 -Node: Ordinal Functions614248 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1617313 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2617565 -Node: Join Function617776 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1619547 -Node: Getlocaltime Function619747 -Node: Readfile Function623488 -Node: Shell Quoting625458 -Node: Data File Management626859 -Node: Filetrans Function627491 -Node: Rewind Function631550 -Node: File Checking632935 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1634263 -Node: Empty Files634464 -Node: Ignoring Assigns636443 -Node: Getopt Function637994 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1649454 -Node: Passwd Functions649657 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1658508 -Node: Group Functions658596 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1666499 -Node: Walking Arrays666712 -Node: Library Functions Summary668315 -Node: Library Exercises669716 -Node: Sample Programs670996 -Node: Running Examples671766 -Node: Clones672494 -Node: Cut Program673718 -Node: Egrep Program683448 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1690952 -Node: Id Program691062 -Node: Split Program694706 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1698152 -Node: Tee Program698280 -Node: Uniq Program701067 -Node: Wc Program708488 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1712736 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs712828 -Node: Dupword Program714041 -Node: Alarm Program716072 -Node: Translate Program720876 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1725440 -Node: Labels Program725710 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1729059 -Node: Word Sorting729143 -Node: History Sorting733213 -Node: Extract Program735049 -Node: Simple Sed742581 -Node: Igawk Program745643 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1759969 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2760170 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3760292 -Node: Anagram Program760407 -Node: Signature Program763469 -Node: Programs Summary764716 -Node: Programs Exercises765909 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1770040 -Node: Advanced Features770131 -Node: Nondecimal Data772079 -Node: Array Sorting773669 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal774366 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1782697 -Node: Array Sorting Functions782815 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1786707 -Node: Two-way I/O786901 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1791845 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2792031 -Node: TCP/IP Networking792113 -Node: Profiling794985 -Node: Advanced Features Summary802529 -Node: Internationalization804462 -Node: I18N and L10N805942 -Node: Explaining gettext806628 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1811657 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2811841 -Node: Programmer i18n812006 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1816872 -Node: Translator i18n816921 -Node: String Extraction817715 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1818846 -Node: Printf Ordering818932 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1821718 -Node: I18N Portability821782 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1824231 -Node: I18N Example824294 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1827094 -Node: Gawk I18N827166 -Node: I18N Summary827804 -Node: Debugger829143 -Node: Debugging830165 -Node: Debugging Concepts830606 -Node: Debugging Terms832463 -Node: Awk Debugging835038 -Node: Sample Debugging Session835930 -Node: Debugger Invocation836450 -Node: Finding The Bug837834 -Node: List of Debugger Commands844309 -Node: Breakpoint Control845641 -Node: Debugger Execution Control849333 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data852697 -Node: Execution Stack856062 -Node: Debugger Info857700 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands861717 -Node: Readline Support866909 -Node: Limitations867801 -Node: Debugging Summary869898 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic871066 -Node: Computer Arithmetic872482 -Ref: table-numeric-ranges876083 -Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1876942 -Node: Math Definitions876999 -Ref: table-ieee-formats880286 -Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1880890 -Node: MPFR features880995 -Node: FP Math Caution882666 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1883716 -Node: Inexactness of computations884085 -Node: Inexact representation885033 -Node: Comparing FP Values886388 -Node: Errors accumulate887461 -Node: Getting Accuracy888894 -Node: Try To Round891553 -Node: Setting precision892452 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings893136 -Node: Setting the rounding mode894930 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes895294 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1898748 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers898927 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1901918 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems902067 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1905943 -Node: Floating point summary905981 -Node: Dynamic Extensions908173 -Node: Extension Intro909725 -Node: Plugin License910991 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline911788 -Ref: figure-load-extension912216 -Ref: figure-register-new-function913696 -Ref: figure-call-new-function914700 -Node: Extension API Description916686 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction918136 -Node: General Data Types922972 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1928659 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions928958 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1931788 -Node: Constructor Functions931884 -Node: Registration Functions933618 -Node: Extension Functions934303 -Node: Exit Callback Functions936599 -Node: Extension Version String937847 -Node: Input Parsers938497 -Node: Output Wrappers948312 -Node: Two-way processors952828 -Node: Printing Messages955032 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1956109 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'956261 -Node: Requesting Values957001 -Ref: table-value-types-returned957729 -Node: Accessing Parameters958687 -Node: Symbol Table Access959918 -Node: Symbol table by name960432 -Node: Symbol table by cookie962412 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1966551 -Node: Cached values966614 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1970118 -Node: Array Manipulation970209 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1971307 -Node: Array Data Types971346 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1974003 -Node: Array Functions974095 -Node: Flattening Arrays977949 -Node: Creating Arrays984836 -Node: Extension API Variables989603 -Node: Extension Versioning990239 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables992140 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate993228 -Node: Finding Extensions997044 -Node: Extension Example997604 -Node: Internal File Description998376 -Node: Internal File Ops1002443 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11014101 -Node: Using Internal File Ops1014241 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11016624 -Node: Extension Samples1016897 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions1018421 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1026023 -Node: Extension Sample Fork1027505 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace1028718 -Node: Extension Sample Ord1030393 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir1031229 -Ref: table-readdir-file-types1032085 -Node: Extension Sample Revout1032896 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1033487 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array1034228 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile1036167 -Node: Extension Sample Time1037262 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests1038611 -Node: gawkextlib1039102 -Node: Extension summary1041752 -Node: Extension Exercises1045434 -Node: Language History1046156 -Node: V7/SVR3.11047813 -Node: SVR41049994 -Node: POSIX1051439 -Node: BTL1052828 -Node: POSIX/GNU1053562 -Node: Feature History1059131 -Node: Common Extensions1072222 -Node: Ranges and Locales1073546 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11078185 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21078212 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31078446 -Node: Contributors1078667 -Node: History summary1084207 -Node: Installation1085576 -Node: Gawk Distribution1086532 -Node: Getting1087016 -Node: Extracting1087840 -Node: Distribution contents1089482 -Node: Unix Installation1095199 -Node: Quick Installation1095816 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1098247 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1099987 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1102338 -Node: PC Installation1102796 -Node: PC Binary Installation1104122 -Node: PC Compiling1105970 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11108991 -Node: PC Testing1109096 -Node: PC Using1110272 -Node: Cygwin1114387 -Node: MSYS1115210 -Node: VMS Installation1115708 -Node: VMS Compilation1116500 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11117722 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1117780 -Node: VMS Installation Details1119464 -Node: VMS Running1121716 -Node: VMS GNV1124557 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1125291 -Node: Bugs1125761 -Node: Other Versions1129665 -Node: Installation summary1135878 -Node: Notes1136934 -Node: Compatibility Mode1137799 -Node: Additions1138581 -Node: Accessing The Source1139506 -Node: Adding Code1140942 -Node: New Ports1147114 -Node: Derived Files1151596 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11157071 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21157105 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31157701 -Node: Future Extensions1157815 -Node: Implementation Limitations1158421 -Node: Extension Design1159669 -Node: Old Extension Problems1160823 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11162340 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1162397 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11165757 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1165946 -Node: Extension Future Growth1168054 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1168890 -Node: Notes summary1170652 -Node: Basic Concepts1171838 -Node: Basic High Level1172519 -Ref: figure-general-flow1172791 -Ref: figure-process-flow1173390 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11176619 -Node: Basic Data Typing1176804 -Node: Glossary1180132 -Node: Copying1205290 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1242846 -Node: Index1267982 +Node: Foreword342156 +Node: Foreword446548 +Node: Preface47982 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-150853 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-250960 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-351193 +Node: History51335 +Node: Names53683 +Ref: Names-Footnote-154777 +Node: This Manual54923 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-160752 +Node: Conventions60852 +Node: Manual History63192 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-166183 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-266224 +Node: How To Contribute66298 +Node: Acknowledgments67537 +Node: Getting Started72345 +Node: Running gawk74779 +Node: One-shot75969 +Node: Read Terminal77194 +Node: Long79221 +Node: Executable Scripts80737 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-183526 +Node: Comments83628 +Node: Quoting86101 +Node: DOS Quoting91607 +Node: Sample Data Files92282 +Node: Very Simple94875 +Node: Two Rules99766 +Node: More Complex101652 +Node: Statements/Lines104514 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1108970 +Node: Other Features109235 +Node: When110166 +Ref: When-Footnote-1111922 +Node: Intro Summary111987 +Node: Invoking Gawk112870 +Node: Command Line114385 +Node: Options115176 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1131071 +Node: Other Arguments131096 +Node: Naming Standard Input134057 +Node: Environment Variables135150 +Node: AWKPATH Variable135708 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1138560 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2138605 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable138865 +Node: Other Environment Variables139624 +Node: Exit Status143344 +Node: Include Files144019 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries147607 +Node: Obsolete149034 +Node: Undocumented149731 +Node: Invoking Summary149998 +Node: Regexp151664 +Node: Regexp Usage153123 +Node: Escape Sequences155156 +Node: Regexp Operators161173 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1168607 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2168754 +Node: Bracket Expressions168852 +Ref: table-char-classes170869 +Node: Leftmost Longest173809 +Node: Computed Regexps175111 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators178508 +Node: Case-sensitivity182210 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1185100 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2185335 +Node: Regexp Summary185443 +Node: Reading Files186912 +Node: Records189006 +Node: awk split records189738 +Node: gawk split records194652 +Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1199191 +Node: Fields199228 +Ref: Fields-Footnote-1202026 +Node: Nonconstant Fields202112 +Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1204348 +Node: Changing Fields204550 +Node: Field Separators210482 +Node: Default Field Splitting213186 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting214303 +Node: Single Character Fields217653 +Node: Command Line Field Separator218712 +Node: Full Line Fields221924 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1222432 +Node: Field Splitting Summary222478 +Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1225609 +Node: Constant Size225710 +Node: Splitting By Content230316 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1234389 +Node: Multiple Line234429 +Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1240318 +Node: Getline240497 +Node: Plain Getline242708 +Node: Getline/Variable245348 +Node: Getline/File246495 +Node: Getline/Variable/File247879 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1249480 +Node: Getline/Pipe249567 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe252250 +Node: Getline/Coprocess253381 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess254633 +Node: Getline Notes255372 +Node: Getline Summary258164 +Ref: table-getline-variants258576 +Node: Read Timeout259405 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1263219 +Node: Command-line directories263277 +Node: Input Summary264181 +Node: Input Exercises267433 +Node: Printing268161 +Node: Print269938 +Node: Print Examples271395 +Node: Output Separators274174 +Node: OFMT276192 +Node: Printf277546 +Node: Basic Printf278331 +Node: Control Letters279902 +Node: Format Modifiers283886 +Node: Printf Examples289893 +Node: Redirection292375 +Node: Special FD299214 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1302371 +Node: Special Files302445 +Node: Other Inherited Files303061 +Node: Special Network304061 +Node: Special Caveats304922 +Node: Close Files And Pipes305873 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1313052 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2313200 +Node: Output Summary313350 +Node: Output Exercises314346 +Node: Expressions315026 +Node: Values316211 +Node: Constants316887 +Node: Scalar Constants317567 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1318426 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers318676 +Node: Regexp Constants321676 +Node: Using Constant Regexps322201 +Node: Variables325339 +Node: Using Variables325994 +Node: Assignment Options327904 +Node: Conversion329779 +Node: Strings And Numbers330303 +Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1333367 +Node: Locale influences conversions333476 +Ref: table-locale-affects336221 +Node: All Operators336809 +Node: Arithmetic Ops337439 +Node: Concatenation339944 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1342763 +Node: Assignment Ops342869 +Ref: table-assign-ops347852 +Node: Increment Ops349130 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions352568 +Node: Truth Values353651 +Node: Typing and Comparison354700 +Node: Variable Typing355493 +Node: Comparison Operators359145 +Ref: table-relational-ops359555 +Node: POSIX String Comparison363070 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1364142 +Node: Boolean Ops364280 +Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1368759 +Node: Conditional Exp368850 +Node: Function Calls370577 +Node: Precedence374457 +Node: Locales378125 +Node: Expressions Summary379756 +Node: Patterns and Actions382330 +Node: Pattern Overview383450 +Node: Regexp Patterns385129 +Node: Expression Patterns385672 +Node: Ranges389452 +Node: BEGIN/END392558 +Node: Using BEGIN/END393320 +Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1396057 +Node: I/O And BEGIN/END396163 +Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE398477 +Node: Empty401378 +Node: Using Shell Variables401695 +Node: Action Overview403971 +Node: Statements406298 +Node: If Statement408146 +Node: While Statement409644 +Node: Do Statement411672 +Node: For Statement412814 +Node: Switch Statement415969 +Node: Break Statement418357 +Node: Continue Statement420398 +Node: Next Statement422223 +Node: Nextfile Statement424603 +Node: Exit Statement427233 +Node: Built-in Variables429636 +Node: User-modified430769 +Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1438449 +Node: Auto-set438511 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1451541 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2451746 +Node: ARGC and ARGV451802 +Node: Pattern Action Summary456006 +Node: Arrays458433 +Node: Array Basics459762 +Node: Array Intro460606 +Ref: figure-array-elements462570 +Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1465094 +Node: Reference to Elements465222 +Node: Assigning Elements467672 +Node: Array Example468163 +Node: Scanning an Array469921 +Node: Controlling Scanning472937 +Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1478126 +Node: Numeric Array Subscripts478442 +Node: Uninitialized Subscripts480627 +Node: Delete482244 +Ref: Delete-Footnote-1484988 +Node: Multidimensional485045 +Node: Multiscanning488140 +Node: Arrays of Arrays489729 +Node: Arrays Summary494490 +Node: Functions496595 +Node: Built-in497468 +Node: Calling Built-in498546 +Node: Numeric Functions500534 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1504556 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2504913 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3504961 +Node: String Functions505230 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1528702 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2528831 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3529079 +Node: Gory Details529166 +Ref: table-sub-escapes530947 +Ref: table-sub-proposed532467 +Ref: table-posix-sub533831 +Ref: table-gensub-escapes535371 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1536203 +Node: I/O Functions536354 +Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1543455 +Node: Time Functions543602 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1554071 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2554139 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3554297 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4554408 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5554520 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6554747 +Node: Bitwise Functions555013 +Ref: table-bitwise-ops555575 +Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1559883 +Node: Type Functions560052 +Node: I18N Functions561201 +Node: User-defined562846 +Node: Definition Syntax563650 +Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1569056 +Node: Function Example569125 +Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1572042 +Node: Function Caveats572064 +Node: Calling A Function572582 +Node: Variable Scope573537 +Node: Pass By Value/Reference576525 +Node: Return Statement580035 +Node: Dynamic Typing583019 +Node: Indirect Calls583948 +Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1595252 +Node: Functions Summary595380 +Node: Library Functions598079 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1601697 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2601840 +Node: Library Names602011 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1605471 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2605691 +Node: General Functions605777 +Node: Strtonum Function606880 +Node: Assert Function609900 +Node: Round Function613224 +Node: Cliff Random Function614765 +Node: Ordinal Functions615781 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1618846 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2619098 +Node: Join Function619309 +Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1621080 +Node: Getlocaltime Function621280 +Node: Readfile Function625021 +Node: Shell Quoting626991 +Node: Data File Management628392 +Node: Filetrans Function629024 +Node: Rewind Function633083 +Node: File Checking634468 +Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1635796 +Node: Empty Files635997 +Node: Ignoring Assigns637976 +Node: Getopt Function639527 +Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1650987 +Node: Passwd Functions651190 +Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1660041 +Node: Group Functions660129 +Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1668032 +Node: Walking Arrays668245 +Node: Library Functions Summary669848 +Node: Library Exercises671249 +Node: Sample Programs672529 +Node: Running Examples673299 +Node: Clones674027 +Node: Cut Program675251 +Node: Egrep Program684981 +Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1692485 +Node: Id Program692595 +Node: Split Program696239 +Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1699685 +Node: Tee Program699813 +Node: Uniq Program702600 +Node: Wc Program710021 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1714269 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs714361 +Node: Dupword Program715574 +Node: Alarm Program717605 +Node: Translate Program722409 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1726973 +Node: Labels Program727243 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1730592 +Node: Word Sorting730676 +Node: History Sorting734746 +Node: Extract Program736582 +Node: Simple Sed744114 +Node: Igawk Program747176 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1761502 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2761703 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3761825 +Node: Anagram Program761940 +Node: Signature Program765002 +Node: Programs Summary766249 +Node: Programs Exercises767442 +Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1771573 +Node: Advanced Features771664 +Node: Nondecimal Data773612 +Node: Array Sorting775202 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal775899 +Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1784230 +Node: Array Sorting Functions784348 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1788240 +Node: Two-way I/O788434 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1793378 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2793564 +Node: TCP/IP Networking793646 +Node: Profiling796518 +Node: Advanced Features Summary804062 +Node: Internationalization805995 +Node: I18N and L10N807475 +Node: Explaining gettext808161 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1813190 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2813374 +Node: Programmer i18n813539 +Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1818405 +Node: Translator i18n818454 +Node: String Extraction819248 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1820379 +Node: Printf Ordering820465 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1823251 +Node: I18N Portability823315 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1825764 +Node: I18N Example825827 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1828627 +Node: Gawk I18N828699 +Node: I18N Summary829337 +Node: Debugger830676 +Node: Debugging831698 +Node: Debugging Concepts832139 +Node: Debugging Terms833996 +Node: Awk Debugging836571 +Node: Sample Debugging Session837463 +Node: Debugger Invocation837983 +Node: Finding The Bug839367 +Node: List of Debugger Commands845842 +Node: Breakpoint Control847174 +Node: Debugger Execution Control850866 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data854230 +Node: Execution Stack857595 +Node: Debugger Info859233 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands863250 +Node: Readline Support868442 +Node: Limitations869334 +Node: Debugging Summary871431 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic872599 +Node: Computer Arithmetic874015 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges877616 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1878475 +Node: Math Definitions878532 +Ref: table-ieee-formats881819 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1882423 +Node: MPFR features882528 +Node: FP Math Caution884199 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1885249 +Node: Inexactness of computations885618 +Node: Inexact representation886566 +Node: Comparing FP Values887921 +Node: Errors accumulate888994 +Node: Getting Accuracy890427 +Node: Try To Round893086 +Node: Setting precision893985 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings894669 +Node: Setting the rounding mode896463 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes896827 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1900281 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers900460 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1903451 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems903600 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1907476 +Node: Floating point summary907514 +Node: Dynamic Extensions909706 +Node: Extension Intro911258 +Node: Plugin License912524 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline913321 +Ref: figure-load-extension913749 +Ref: figure-register-new-function915229 +Ref: figure-call-new-function916233 +Node: Extension API Description918219 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction919669 +Node: General Data Types924505 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1930192 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions930491 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1933321 +Node: Constructor Functions933417 +Node: Registration Functions935151 +Node: Extension Functions935836 +Node: Exit Callback Functions938132 +Node: Extension Version String939380 +Node: Input Parsers940030 +Node: Output Wrappers949845 +Node: Two-way processors954361 +Node: Printing Messages956565 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1957642 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'957794 +Node: Requesting Values958534 +Ref: table-value-types-returned959262 +Node: Accessing Parameters960220 +Node: Symbol Table Access961451 +Node: Symbol table by name961965 +Node: Symbol table by cookie963945 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1968084 +Node: Cached values968147 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1971651 +Node: Array Manipulation971742 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1972840 +Node: Array Data Types972879 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1975536 +Node: Array Functions975628 +Node: Flattening Arrays979482 +Node: Creating Arrays986369 +Node: Extension API Variables991136 +Node: Extension Versioning991772 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables993673 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate994761 +Node: Finding Extensions998577 +Node: Extension Example999137 +Node: Internal File Description999909 +Node: Internal File Ops1003976 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11015634 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1015774 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11018157 +Node: Extension Samples1018430 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1019954 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1027556 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1029038 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1030251 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1031926 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1032762 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1033618 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1034429 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1035020 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1035761 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1037700 +Node: Extension Sample Time1038795 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1040144 +Node: gawkextlib1040635 +Node: Extension summary1043285 +Node: Extension Exercises1046967 +Node: Language History1047689 +Node: V7/SVR3.11049346 +Node: SVR41051527 +Node: POSIX1052972 +Node: BTL1054361 +Node: POSIX/GNU1055095 +Node: Feature History1060664 +Node: Common Extensions1073755 +Node: Ranges and Locales1075079 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11079718 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21079745 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31079979 +Node: Contributors1080200 +Node: History summary1085740 +Node: Installation1087109 +Node: Gawk Distribution1088065 +Node: Getting1088549 +Node: Extracting1089373 +Node: Distribution contents1091015 +Node: Unix Installation1096732 +Node: Quick Installation1097349 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1099780 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1101520 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1103871 +Node: PC Installation1104329 +Node: PC Binary Installation1105655 +Node: PC Compiling1107503 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11110524 +Node: PC Testing1110629 +Node: PC Using1111805 +Node: Cygwin1115920 +Node: MSYS1116743 +Node: VMS Installation1117241 +Node: VMS Compilation1118033 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11119255 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1119313 +Node: VMS Installation Details1120997 +Node: VMS Running1123249 +Node: VMS GNV1126090 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1126824 +Node: Bugs1127294 +Node: Other Versions1131198 +Node: Installation summary1137411 +Node: Notes1138467 +Node: Compatibility Mode1139332 +Node: Additions1140114 +Node: Accessing The Source1141039 +Node: Adding Code1142475 +Node: New Ports1148647 +Node: Derived Files1153129 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11158604 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21158638 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31159234 +Node: Future Extensions1159348 +Node: Implementation Limitations1159954 +Node: Extension Design1161202 +Node: Old Extension Problems1162356 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11163873 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1163930 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11167290 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1167479 +Node: Extension Future Growth1169587 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1170423 +Node: Notes summary1172185 +Node: Basic Concepts1173371 +Node: Basic High Level1174052 +Ref: figure-general-flow1174324 +Ref: figure-process-flow1174923 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11178152 +Node: Basic Data Typing1178337 +Node: Glossary1181665 +Node: Copying1206823 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1244379 +Node: Index1269515  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 74ee0dcab17240a1626b77ed998b07f0f6560a48 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Wed, 15 Oct 2014 11:40:12 +0300 Subject: Sanitize handling of AWKPATH / AWKLIBPATH. --- doc/gawk.info | 1071 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 543 insertions(+), 528 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index fd3e19db..00a8adcb 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -2874,17 +2874,17 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: AWKPATH Variable, Next: AWKLIBPATH Variable, Up: Envir The previous minor node described how `awk' program files can be named on the command line with the `-f' option. In most `awk' -implementations, you must supply a precise path name for each program -file, unless the file is in the current directory. But in `gawk', if +implementations, you must supply a precise pathname for each program +file, unless the file is in the current directory. But with `gawk', if the file name supplied to the `-f' or `-i' options does not contain a directory separator `/', then `gawk' searches a list of directories (called the "search path"), one by one, looking for a file with the specified name. The search path is a string consisting of directory names separated by -colons(1). `gawk' gets its search path from the `AWKPATH' environment -variable. If that variable does not exist, `gawk' uses a default path, -`.:/usr/local/share/awk'.(2) +colons.(1) `gawk' gets its search path from the `AWKPATH' environment +variable. If that variable does not exist, or if it has an empty value, +`gawk' uses a default path (described shortly). The search path feature is particularly helpful for building libraries of useful `awk' functions. The library files can be placed @@ -2892,15 +2892,13 @@ in a standard directory in the default path and then specified on the command line with a short file name. Otherwise, you would have to type the full file name for each file. - By using the `-i' option, or the `-e' and `-f' options, your -command-line `awk' programs can use facilities in `awk' library files -(*note Library Functions::). Path searching is not done if `gawk' is -in compatibility mode. This is true for both `--traditional' and -`--posix'. *Note Options::. + By using the `-i' or `-f' options, your command-line `awk' programs +can use facilities in `awk' library files (*note Library Functions::). +Path searching is not done if `gawk' is in compatibility mode. This is +true for both `--traditional' and `--posix'. *Note Options::. If the source code file is not found after the initial search, the -path is searched again after adding the default `.awk' suffix to the -file name. +path is searched again after adding the suffix `.awk' to the file name. `gawk''s path search mechanism is similar to the shell's. (See `The Bourne-Again SHell manual' (http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/).) @@ -2908,15 +2906,23 @@ It treats a null entry in the path as indicating the current directory. (A null entry is indicated by starting or ending the path with a colon or by placing two colons next to each other [`::'].) - NOTE: `gawk' always looks in the current directory _before_ - searching `AWKPATH'. Thus, while you can include the current - directory in the search path, either explicitly or with a null - entry, there is no real reason to do so. + NOTE: To include the current directory in the path, either place + `.' as an entry in the path or write a null entry in the path. - If `AWKPATH' is not defined in the environment, `gawk' places its -default search path into `ENVIRON["AWKPATH"]'. This makes it easy to -determine the actual search path that `gawk' used from within an `awk' -program. + Different past versions of `gawk' would also look explicitly in + the current directory, either before or after the path search. As + of version 4.1.2, this no longer happens, and if you wish to look + in the current directory, you must include `.' either as a separate + entry, or as a null entry in the search path. + + The default value for `AWKPATH' is `.:/usr/local/share/awk'.(2) +Since `.' is included at the beginning, `gawk' searches first in the +current directory and then in `/usr/local/share/awk'. In practice, +this means that you will rarely need to change the value of `AWKPATH'. + + `gawk' places the value of the search path that it used into +`ENVIRON["AWKPATH"]'. This provides access to the actual search path +value from within an `awk' program. While you can change `ENVIRON["AWKPATH"]' within your `awk' program, this has no effect on the running program's behavior. This makes @@ -2948,6 +2954,15 @@ platform. For example, on GNU/Linux systems, the suffix `.so' is used. The search path specified is also used for extensions loaded via the `@load' keyword (*note Loading Shared Libraries::). + If `AWKLIBPATH' does not exist in the environment, or if it has an +empty value, `gawk' uses a default path; this is typically +`/usr/local/lib/gawk', although it can vary depending upon how `gawk' +was built. + + `gawk' places the value of the search path that it used into +`ENVIRON["AWKLIBPATH"]'. This provides access to the actual search path +value from within an `awk' program. +  File: gawk.info, Node: Other Environment Variables, Prev: AWKLIBPATH Variable, Up: Environment Variables @@ -34313,513 +34328,513 @@ Node: Other Arguments131096 Node: Naming Standard Input134057 Node: Environment Variables135150 Node: AWKPATH Variable135708 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1138560 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2138605 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable138865 -Node: Other Environment Variables139624 -Node: Exit Status143344 -Node: Include Files144019 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries147607 -Node: Obsolete149034 -Node: Undocumented149731 -Node: Invoking Summary149998 -Node: Regexp151664 -Node: Regexp Usage153123 -Node: Escape Sequences155156 -Node: Regexp Operators161173 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1168607 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2168754 -Node: Bracket Expressions168852 -Ref: table-char-classes170869 -Node: Leftmost Longest173809 -Node: Computed Regexps175111 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators178508 -Node: Case-sensitivity182210 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1185100 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2185335 -Node: Regexp Summary185443 -Node: Reading Files186912 -Node: Records189006 -Node: awk split records189738 -Node: gawk split records194652 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1199191 -Node: Fields199228 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1202026 -Node: Nonconstant Fields202112 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1204348 -Node: Changing Fields204550 -Node: Field Separators210482 -Node: Default Field Splitting213186 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting214303 -Node: Single Character Fields217653 -Node: Command Line Field Separator218712 -Node: Full Line Fields221924 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1222432 -Node: Field Splitting Summary222478 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1225609 -Node: Constant Size225710 -Node: Splitting By Content230316 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1234389 -Node: Multiple Line234429 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1240318 -Node: Getline240497 -Node: Plain Getline242708 -Node: Getline/Variable245348 -Node: Getline/File246495 -Node: Getline/Variable/File247879 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1249480 -Node: Getline/Pipe249567 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe252250 -Node: Getline/Coprocess253381 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess254633 -Node: Getline Notes255372 -Node: Getline Summary258164 -Ref: table-getline-variants258576 -Node: Read Timeout259405 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1263219 -Node: Command-line directories263277 -Node: Input Summary264181 -Node: Input Exercises267433 -Node: Printing268161 -Node: Print269938 -Node: Print Examples271395 -Node: Output Separators274174 -Node: OFMT276192 -Node: Printf277546 -Node: Basic Printf278331 -Node: Control Letters279902 -Node: Format Modifiers283886 -Node: Printf Examples289893 -Node: Redirection292375 -Node: Special FD299214 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1302371 -Node: Special Files302445 -Node: Other Inherited Files303061 -Node: Special Network304061 -Node: Special Caveats304922 -Node: Close 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-Node: Comparison Operators359145 -Ref: table-relational-ops359555 -Node: POSIX String Comparison363070 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1364142 -Node: Boolean Ops364280 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1368759 -Node: Conditional Exp368850 -Node: Function Calls370577 -Node: Precedence374457 -Node: Locales378125 -Node: Expressions Summary379756 -Node: Patterns and Actions382330 -Node: Pattern Overview383450 -Node: Regexp Patterns385129 -Node: Expression Patterns385672 -Node: Ranges389452 -Node: BEGIN/END392558 -Node: Using BEGIN/END393320 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1396057 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END396163 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE398477 -Node: Empty401378 -Node: Using Shell Variables401695 -Node: Action Overview403971 -Node: Statements406298 -Node: If Statement408146 -Node: While Statement409644 -Node: Do Statement411672 -Node: For Statement412814 -Node: Switch Statement415969 -Node: Break Statement418357 -Node: Continue Statement420398 -Node: Next Statement422223 -Node: Nextfile 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values-Footnote-1972483 +Node: Array Manipulation972574 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1973672 +Node: Array Data Types973711 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1976368 +Node: Array Functions976460 +Node: Flattening Arrays980314 +Node: Creating Arrays987201 +Node: Extension API Variables991968 +Node: Extension Versioning992604 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables994505 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate995593 +Node: Finding Extensions999409 +Node: Extension Example999969 +Node: Internal File Description1000741 +Node: Internal File Ops1004808 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11016466 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1016606 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11018989 +Node: Extension Samples1019262 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1020786 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1028388 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1029870 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1031083 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1032758 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1033594 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1034450 +Node: 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+Node: Configuration Philosophy1102352 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1104703 +Node: PC Installation1105161 +Node: PC Binary Installation1106487 +Node: PC Compiling1108335 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11111356 +Node: PC Testing1111461 +Node: PC Using1112637 +Node: Cygwin1116752 +Node: MSYS1117575 +Node: VMS Installation1118073 +Node: VMS Compilation1118865 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11120087 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1120145 +Node: VMS Installation Details1121829 +Node: VMS Running1124081 +Node: VMS GNV1126922 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1127656 +Node: Bugs1128126 +Node: Other Versions1132030 +Node: Installation summary1138243 +Node: Notes1139299 +Node: Compatibility Mode1140164 +Node: Additions1140946 +Node: Accessing The Source1141871 +Node: Adding Code1143307 +Node: New Ports1149479 +Node: Derived Files1153961 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11159436 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21159470 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31160066 +Node: Future Extensions1160180 +Node: Implementation Limitations1160786 +Node: Extension Design1162034 +Node: Old Extension Problems1163188 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11164705 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1164762 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11168122 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1168311 +Node: Extension Future Growth1170419 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1171255 +Node: Notes summary1173017 +Node: Basic Concepts1174203 +Node: Basic High Level1174884 +Ref: figure-general-flow1175156 +Ref: figure-process-flow1175755 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11178984 +Node: Basic Data Typing1179169 +Node: Glossary1182497 +Node: Copying1207655 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1245211 +Node: Index1270347  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 92b1be4a48425e584f29e223a56b261dddb4cdd5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2014 09:59:58 +0300 Subject: Doc updates. --- doc/gawk.info | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 00a8adcb..f0b336bc 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -20551,8 +20551,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Gawk I18N, Next: I18N Summary, Prev: I18N Example, Up `gawk' itself has been internationalized using the GNU `gettext' package. (GNU `gettext' is described in complete detail in *note (GNU `gettext' utilities)Top:: gettext, GNU gettext tools.) As of this -writing, the latest version of GNU `gettext' is version 0.19.2 -(ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.19.2.tar.gz). +writing, the latest version of GNU `gettext' is version 0.19.3 +(ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.19.3.tar.gz). If a translation of `gawk''s messages exists, then `gawk' produces usage messages, warnings, and fatal errors in the local language. -- cgit v1.2.3 From 2c84999804e28517cf467a6ed6788aea06e146c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2014 13:55:12 +0300 Subject: More minor doc updates. --- doc/gawk.info | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index f0b336bc..4919b2fe 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -32095,6 +32095,8 @@ Index * dark corner, multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 35) * dark corner, NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 107) * dark corner, OFMT variable: OFMT. (line 27) +* dark corner, regexp as second argument to index(): String Functions. + (line 164) * dark corner, regexp constants: Using Constant Regexps. (line 6) * dark corner, regexp constants, /= operator and: Assignment Ops. -- cgit v1.2.3 From 50f8512202d7a52effe43422323e2f0c7184afe0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Sat, 25 Oct 2014 20:16:06 +0300 Subject: Typo fixes in the doc. --- doc/gawk.info | 174 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 87 insertions(+), 87 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 4919b2fe..0583554f 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -25688,8 +25688,8 @@ returned as a record. number and the file name, separated by a forward slash character. On systems where the directory entry contains the file type, the record has a third field (also separated by a slash) which is a single letter -indicating the type of the file. The letters are file types are shown -in *note table-readdir-file-types::. +indicating the type of the file. The letters and their corresponding +file types are shown in *note table-readdir-file-types::. Letter File Type -------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -26791,7 +26791,7 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'. - The `-M' and `--bignum' options enable MPFR. - - The `-o' only does pretty-printing. + - The `-o' option only does pretty-printing. - The `-p' option is used for profiling. @@ -34754,89 +34754,89 @@ Node: Extension Sample Fork1029870 Node: Extension Sample Inplace1031083 Node: Extension Sample Ord1032758 Node: Extension Sample Readdir1033594 -Ref: table-readdir-file-types1034450 -Node: Extension Sample Revout1035261 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1035852 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array1036593 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile1038532 -Node: Extension Sample Time1039627 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests1040976 -Node: gawkextlib1041467 -Node: Extension summary1044117 -Node: Extension Exercises1047799 -Node: Language History1048521 -Node: V7/SVR3.11050178 -Node: SVR41052359 -Node: POSIX1053804 -Node: BTL1055193 -Node: POSIX/GNU1055927 -Node: Feature History1061496 -Node: Common Extensions1074587 -Node: Ranges and Locales1075911 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11080550 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21080577 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31080811 -Node: Contributors1081032 -Node: History summary1086572 -Node: Installation1087941 -Node: Gawk Distribution1088897 -Node: Getting1089381 -Node: Extracting1090205 -Node: Distribution contents1091847 -Node: Unix Installation1097564 -Node: Quick Installation1098181 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1100612 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1102352 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1104703 -Node: PC Installation1105161 -Node: PC Binary Installation1106487 -Node: PC Compiling1108335 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11111356 -Node: PC Testing1111461 -Node: PC Using1112637 -Node: Cygwin1116752 -Node: MSYS1117575 -Node: VMS Installation1118073 -Node: VMS Compilation1118865 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11120087 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1120145 -Node: VMS Installation Details1121829 -Node: VMS Running1124081 -Node: VMS GNV1126922 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1127656 -Node: Bugs1128126 -Node: Other Versions1132030 -Node: Installation summary1138243 -Node: Notes1139299 -Node: Compatibility Mode1140164 -Node: Additions1140946 -Node: Accessing The Source1141871 -Node: Adding Code1143307 -Node: New Ports1149479 -Node: Derived Files1153961 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11159436 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21159470 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31160066 -Node: Future Extensions1160180 -Node: Implementation Limitations1160786 -Node: Extension Design1162034 -Node: Old Extension Problems1163188 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11164705 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1164762 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11168122 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1168311 -Node: Extension Future Growth1170419 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1171255 -Node: Notes summary1173017 -Node: Basic Concepts1174203 -Node: Basic High Level1174884 -Ref: figure-general-flow1175156 -Ref: figure-process-flow1175755 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11178984 -Node: Basic Data Typing1179169 -Node: Glossary1182497 -Node: Copying1207655 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1245211 -Node: Index1270347 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1034470 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1035281 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1035872 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1036613 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1038552 +Node: Extension Sample Time1039647 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1040996 +Node: gawkextlib1041487 +Node: Extension summary1044137 +Node: Extension Exercises1047819 +Node: Language History1048541 +Node: V7/SVR3.11050198 +Node: SVR41052379 +Node: POSIX1053824 +Node: BTL1055213 +Node: POSIX/GNU1055947 +Node: Feature History1061516 +Node: Common Extensions1074614 +Node: Ranges and Locales1075938 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11080577 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21080604 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31080838 +Node: Contributors1081059 +Node: History summary1086599 +Node: Installation1087968 +Node: Gawk Distribution1088924 +Node: Getting1089408 +Node: Extracting1090232 +Node: Distribution contents1091874 +Node: Unix Installation1097591 +Node: Quick Installation1098208 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1100639 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1102379 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1104730 +Node: PC Installation1105188 +Node: PC Binary Installation1106514 +Node: PC Compiling1108362 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11111383 +Node: PC Testing1111488 +Node: PC Using1112664 +Node: Cygwin1116779 +Node: MSYS1117602 +Node: VMS Installation1118100 +Node: VMS Compilation1118892 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11120114 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1120172 +Node: VMS Installation Details1121856 +Node: VMS Running1124108 +Node: VMS GNV1126949 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1127683 +Node: Bugs1128153 +Node: Other Versions1132057 +Node: Installation summary1138270 +Node: Notes1139326 +Node: Compatibility Mode1140191 +Node: Additions1140973 +Node: Accessing The Source1141898 +Node: Adding Code1143334 +Node: New Ports1149506 +Node: Derived Files1153988 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11159463 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21159497 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31160093 +Node: Future Extensions1160207 +Node: Implementation Limitations1160813 +Node: Extension Design1162061 +Node: Old Extension Problems1163215 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11164732 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1164789 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11168149 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1168338 +Node: Extension Future Growth1170446 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1171282 +Node: Notes summary1173044 +Node: Basic Concepts1174230 +Node: Basic High Level1174911 +Ref: figure-general-flow1175183 +Ref: figure-process-flow1175782 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11179011 +Node: Basic Data Typing1179196 +Node: Glossary1182524 +Node: Copying1207682 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1245238 +Node: Index1270374  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 8554673ddcb41cad3634eeced649d3ad53b99ee8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Sat, 25 Oct 2014 20:19:52 +0300 Subject: Additional doc fix. --- doc/gawk.info | 1082 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 549 insertions(+), 533 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index ee73b940..d574aa8b 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -3422,14 +3422,15 @@ sequences apply to both string constants and regexp constants: hexadecimal digits (`0'-`9', and either `A'-`F' or `a'-`f'). A maximum of two digts are allowed after the `\x'. Any further hexadecimal digits are treated as simple letters or numbers. - (c.e.) + (c.e.) (The `\x' escape sequence is not allowed in POSIX awk.) CAUTION: In ISO C, the escape sequence continues until the first nonhexadecimal digit is seen. For many years, `gawk' would continue incorporating hexadecimal digits into the value until a non-hexadecimal digit or the end of the string was encountered. However, using more than two hexadecimal - digits produces + digits produced undefined results. As of version *FIXME:* + 4.3.0, only two digits are processed. `\/' A literal slash (necessary for regexp constants only). This @@ -19868,8 +19869,7 @@ output. They are as follows: you typed when you wrote it. This is because `gawk' creates the profiled version by "pretty printing" its internal representation of the program. The advantage to this is that `gawk' can produce a -standard representation. The disadvantage is that all source-code -comments are lost. Also, things such as: +standard representation. Also, things such as: /foo/ @@ -19931,6 +19931,22 @@ without any execution counts. NOTE: Once upon a time, the `--pretty-print' option would also run your program. This is is no longer the case. + There is a significant difference between the output created when +profiling, and that created when pretty-printing. Pretty-printed output +preserves the original comments that were in the program, although their +placement may not correspond exactly to their original locations in the +source code. + + However, as a deliberate design decision, profiling output _omits_ +the original program's comments. This allows you to focus on the +execution count data and helps you avoid the temptation to use the +profiler for pretty-printing. + + Additionally, pretty-printed output does not have the leading +indentation that the profiling output does. This makes it easy to +pretty-print your code once development is completed, and then use the +result as the final version of your program. +  File: gawk.info, Node: Advanced Features Summary, Prev: Profiling, Up: Advanced Features @@ -31509,10 +31525,10 @@ Index (line 8) * [] (square brackets), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 56) * \ (backslash): Comments. (line 50) -* \ (backslash), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 84) +* \ (backslash), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 85) * \ (backslash), \' operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 56) -* \ (backslash), \/ escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 75) +* \ (backslash), \/ escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 76) * \ (backslash), \< operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 30) * \ (backslash), \> operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. @@ -31552,7 +31568,7 @@ Index * \ (backslash), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) * \ (backslash), in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6) * \ (backslash), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. - (line 120) + (line 121) * \ (backslash), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 29) * \ (backslash), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) * \ (backslash), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) @@ -31778,10 +31794,10 @@ Index * awkvars.out file: Options. (line 93) * b debugger command (alias for break): Breakpoint Control. (line 11) * backslash (\): Comments. (line 50) -* backslash (\), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 84) +* backslash (\), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 85) * backslash (\), \' operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 56) -* backslash (\), \/ escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 75) +* backslash (\), \/ escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 76) * backslash (\), \< operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 30) * backslash (\), \> operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. @@ -31821,7 +31837,7 @@ Index * backslash (\), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) * backslash (\), in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6) * backslash (\), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. - (line 120) + (line 121) * backslash (\), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 29) * backslash (\), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) * backslash (\), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) @@ -31927,7 +31943,7 @@ Index (line 67) * Brian Kernighan's awk <12>: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 83) -* Brian Kernighan's awk <13>: Escape Sequences. (line 124) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <13>: Escape Sequences. (line 125) * Brian Kernighan's awk: When. (line 21) * Brian Kernighan's awk, extensions: BTL. (line 6) * Brian Kernighan's awk, source code: Other Versions. (line 13) @@ -32152,7 +32168,7 @@ Index * dark corner, CONVFMT variable: Strings And Numbers. (line 40) * dark corner, escape sequences: Other Arguments. (line 38) * dark corner, escape sequences, for metacharacters: Escape Sequences. - (line 142) + (line 143) * dark corner, exit statement: Exit Statement. (line 30) * dark corner, field separators: Field Splitting Summary. (line 46) @@ -32430,7 +32446,7 @@ Index * dump debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 9) * dupword.awk program: Dupword Program. (line 31) -* dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 179) +* dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 178) * dynamically loaded extensions: Dynamic Extensions. (line 6) * e debugger command (alias for enable): Breakpoint Control. (line 73) * EBCDIC: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) @@ -32801,7 +32817,7 @@ Index (line 44) * G-d: Acknowledgments. (line 94) * Garfinkle, Scott: Contributors. (line 34) -* gawk program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 179) +* gawk program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 178) * gawk version: Auto-set. (line 214) * gawk, ARGIND variable in: Other Arguments. (line 15) * gawk, awk and <1>: This Manual. (line 14) @@ -32825,7 +32841,7 @@ Index * gawk, ERRNO variable in <4>: Close Files And Pipes. (line 140) * gawk, ERRNO variable in: Getline. (line 19) -* gawk, escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 132) +* gawk, escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 133) * gawk, extensions, disabling: Options. (line 254) * gawk, features, adding: Adding Code. (line 6) * gawk, features, advanced: Advanced Features. (line 6) @@ -32992,7 +33008,7 @@ Index * history expansion, in debugger: Readline Support. (line 6) * histsort.awk program: History Sorting. (line 25) * Hughes, Phil: Acknowledgments. (line 43) -* HUP signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 211) +* HUP signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 210) * hyphen (-), - operator: Precedence. (line 52) * hyphen (-), -- operator <1>: Precedence. (line 46) * hyphen (-), -- operator: Increment Ops. (line 48) @@ -33072,7 +33088,7 @@ Index * installing gawk: Installation. (line 6) * instruction tracing, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 89) * int: Numeric Functions. (line 38) -* INT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) +* INT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) * integer array indices: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 31) * integers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Integers. @@ -33128,7 +33144,7 @@ Index * Kernighan, Brian <9>: Acknowledgments. (line 78) * Kernighan, Brian <10>: Conventions. (line 38) * Kernighan, Brian: History. (line 17) -* kill command, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 188) +* kill command, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 187) * Knights, jedi: Undocumented. (line 6) * Kwok, Conrad: Contributors. (line 34) * l debugger command (alias for list): Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. @@ -33264,7 +33280,7 @@ Index * mawk utility <2>: Nextfile Statement. (line 47) * mawk utility <3>: Concatenation. (line 36) * mawk utility <4>: Getline/Pipe. (line 62) -* mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 132) +* mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 133) * maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 228) * McIlroy, Doug: Glossary. (line 149) * McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 100) @@ -33277,7 +33293,7 @@ Index (line 54) * messages from extensions: Printing Messages. (line 6) * metacharacters in regular expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 6) -* metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 138) +* metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 139) * minimum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 231) * mktime: Time Functions. (line 25) * modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6) @@ -33494,14 +33510,14 @@ Index * plus sign (+), += operator: Assignment Ops. (line 82) * plus sign (+), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 105) * pointers to functions: Indirect Calls. (line 6) -* portability: Escape Sequences. (line 102) +* portability: Escape Sequences. (line 103) * portability, #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 33) * portability, ** operator and: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81) * portability, **= operator and: Assignment Ops. (line 143) * portability, ARGV variable: Executable Scripts. (line 59) * portability, backslash continuation and: Statements/Lines. (line 30) * portability, backslash in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. - (line 120) + (line 121) * portability, close() function and: Close Files And Pipes. (line 81) * portability, data files as single record: gawk split records. @@ -33540,7 +33556,7 @@ Index * POSIX awk, < operator and: Getline/File. (line 26) * POSIX awk, arithmetic operators and: Arithmetic Ops. (line 30) * POSIX awk, backslashes in string constants: Escape Sequences. - (line 120) + (line 121) * POSIX awk, BEGIN/END patterns: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 16) * POSIX awk, bracket expressions and: Bracket Expressions. (line 26) * POSIX awk, bracket expressions and, character classes: Bracket Expressions. @@ -33635,7 +33651,7 @@ Index * PROCINFO, values of sorted_in: Controlling Scanning. (line 26) * profiling awk programs: Profiling. (line 6) -* profiling awk programs, dynamically: Profiling. (line 179) +* profiling awk programs, dynamically: Profiling. (line 178) * program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 155) * program, definition of: Getting Started. (line 21) * programming conventions, --non-decimal-data option: Nondecimal Data. @@ -33671,7 +33687,7 @@ Index * QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 135) * quit debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 99) -* QUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) +* QUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) * quoting in gawk command lines: Long. (line 26) * quoting in gawk command lines, tricks for: Quoting. (line 91) * quoting, for small awk programs: Comments. (line 27) @@ -33923,14 +33939,14 @@ Index * sidebar, A Constant's Base Does Not Affect Its Value: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 64) * sidebar, Backslash Before Regular Characters: Escape Sequences. - (line 118) + (line 119) * sidebar, Changing FS Does Not Affect the Fields: Field Splitting Summary. (line 38) * sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 319) * sidebar, Controlling Output Buffering with system(): I/O Functions. (line 137) * sidebar, Escape Sequences for Metacharacters: Escape Sequences. - (line 136) + (line 137) * sidebar, FS and IGNORECASE: Field Splitting Summary. (line 64) * sidebar, Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering: I/O Functions. @@ -33952,15 +33968,15 @@ Index (line 57) * sidebar, Using close()'s Return Value: Close Files And Pipes. (line 130) -* SIGHUP signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 211) -* SIGINT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) -* signals, HUP/SIGHUP, for profiling: Profiling. (line 211) -* signals, INT/SIGINT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) -* signals, QUIT/SIGQUIT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) -* signals, USR1/SIGUSR1, for profiling: Profiling. (line 188) +* SIGHUP signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 210) +* SIGINT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) +* signals, HUP/SIGHUP, for profiling: Profiling. (line 210) +* signals, INT/SIGINT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) +* signals, QUIT/SIGQUIT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) +* signals, USR1/SIGUSR1, for profiling: Profiling. (line 187) * signature program: Signature Program. (line 6) -* SIGQUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) -* SIGUSR1 signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 188) +* SIGQUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) +* SIGUSR1 signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 187) * silent debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 10) * sin: Numeric Functions. (line 91) @@ -34158,7 +34174,7 @@ Index (line 37) * troubleshooting, awk uses FS not IFS: Field Separators. (line 30) * troubleshooting, backslash before nonspecial character: Escape Sequences. - (line 120) + (line 121) * troubleshooting, division: Arithmetic Ops. (line 44) * troubleshooting, fatal errors, field widths, specifying: Constant Size. (line 23) @@ -34214,7 +34230,7 @@ Index * uniq.awk program: Uniq Program. (line 65) * Unix: Glossary. (line 611) * Unix awk, backslashes in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. - (line 132) + (line 133) * Unix awk, close() function and: Close Files And Pipes. (line 132) * Unix awk, password files, field separators and: Command Line Field Separator. @@ -34234,7 +34250,7 @@ Index * user-modifiable variables: User-modified. (line 6) * users, information about, printing: Id Program. (line 6) * users, information about, retrieving: Passwd Functions. (line 16) -* USR1 signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 188) +* USR1 signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 187) * values, numeric: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) * values, string: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) * variable assignments and input files: Other Arguments. 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values-Footnote-1976138 +Node: Array Manipulation976229 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1977327 +Node: Array Data Types977366 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1980023 +Node: Array Functions980115 +Node: Flattening Arrays983969 +Node: Creating Arrays990856 +Node: Extension API Variables995623 +Node: Extension Versioning996259 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables998160 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate999248 +Node: Finding Extensions1003064 +Node: Extension Example1003624 +Node: Internal File Description1004396 +Node: Internal File Ops1008463 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11020121 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1020261 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11022644 +Node: Extension Samples1022917 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1024441 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1032043 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1033525 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1034738 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1036413 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1037249 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1038125 +Node: 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+Node: Configuration Philosophy1106147 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1108498 +Node: PC Installation1108956 +Node: PC Binary Installation1110282 +Node: PC Compiling1112130 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11115151 +Node: PC Testing1115256 +Node: PC Using1116432 +Node: Cygwin1120547 +Node: MSYS1121370 +Node: VMS Installation1121868 +Node: VMS Compilation1122660 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11123882 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1123940 +Node: VMS Installation Details1125624 +Node: VMS Running1127876 +Node: VMS GNV1130717 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1131451 +Node: Bugs1131921 +Node: Other Versions1135825 +Node: Installation summary1142038 +Node: Notes1143094 +Node: Compatibility Mode1143959 +Node: Additions1144741 +Node: Accessing The Source1145666 +Node: Adding Code1147102 +Node: New Ports1153274 +Node: Derived Files1157756 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11163231 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21163265 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31163861 +Node: Future Extensions1163975 +Node: Implementation Limitations1164581 +Node: Extension Design1165829 +Node: Old Extension Problems1166983 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11168500 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1168557 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11171917 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1172106 +Node: Extension Future Growth1174214 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1175050 +Node: Notes summary1176812 +Node: Basic Concepts1177998 +Node: Basic High Level1178679 +Ref: figure-general-flow1178951 +Ref: figure-process-flow1179550 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11182779 +Node: Basic Data Typing1182964 +Node: Glossary1186292 +Node: Copying1211450 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1249006 +Node: Index1274142  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 0d487f23486bae6721650e37b746fdb1d1a67977 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Tue, 28 Oct 2014 20:32:33 +0200 Subject: Doc fixes. --- doc/gawk.info | 1042 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 521 insertions(+), 521 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 0583554f..6b851441 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -2501,10 +2501,10 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: `--debug'[`='FILE] Enable debugging of `awk' programs (*note Debugging::). By default, the debugger reads commands interactively from the - keyboard. The optional FILE argument allows you to specify a file - with a list of commands for the debugger to execute - non-interactively. No space is allowed between the `-D' and FILE, - if FILE is supplied. + keyboard (standard input). The optional FILE argument allows you + to specify a file with a list of commands for the debugger to + execute non-interactively. No space is allowed between the `-D' + and FILE, if FILE is supplied. `-e' PROGRAM-TEXT `--source' PROGRAM-TEXT @@ -29479,6 +29479,10 @@ Bourne Shell shells (Bash, `ksh', `pdksh', `zsh') are generally upwardly compatible with the Bourne shell. +Braces + The characters `{' and `}'. Braces are used in `awk' for + delimiting actions, compound statements, and function bodies. + Built-in Function The `awk' language provides built-in functions that perform various numerical, I/O-related, and string computations. Examples are @@ -29497,10 +29501,6 @@ Built-in Variable them affects `awk''s running environment. (*Note Built-in Variables::.) -Braces - The characters `{' and `}'. Braces are used in `awk' for - delimiting actions, compound statements, and function bodies. - C The system programming language that most GNU software is written in. The `awk' programming language has C-like syntax, and this @@ -34325,518 +34325,518 @@ Node: Intro Summary111987 Node: Invoking Gawk112870 Node: Command Line114385 Node: Options115176 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1131071 -Node: Other Arguments131096 -Node: Naming Standard Input134057 -Node: Environment Variables135150 -Node: AWKPATH Variable135708 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1139008 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2139053 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable139313 -Node: Other Environment Variables140456 -Node: Exit Status144176 -Node: Include Files144851 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries148439 -Node: Obsolete149866 -Node: Undocumented150563 -Node: Invoking Summary150830 -Node: Regexp152496 -Node: Regexp Usage153955 -Node: Escape Sequences155988 -Node: Regexp Operators162005 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1169439 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2169586 -Node: Bracket Expressions169684 -Ref: table-char-classes171701 -Node: Leftmost Longest174641 -Node: Computed Regexps175943 -Node: GNU Regexp 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-Node: Contributors1081059 -Node: History summary1086599 -Node: Installation1087968 -Node: Gawk Distribution1088924 -Node: Getting1089408 -Node: Extracting1090232 -Node: Distribution contents1091874 -Node: Unix Installation1097591 -Node: Quick Installation1098208 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1100639 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1102379 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1104730 -Node: PC Installation1105188 -Node: PC Binary Installation1106514 -Node: PC Compiling1108362 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11111383 -Node: PC Testing1111488 -Node: PC Using1112664 -Node: Cygwin1116779 -Node: MSYS1117602 -Node: VMS Installation1118100 -Node: VMS Compilation1118892 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11120114 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1120172 -Node: VMS Installation Details1121856 -Node: VMS Running1124108 -Node: VMS GNV1126949 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1127683 -Node: Bugs1128153 -Node: Other Versions1132057 -Node: Installation summary1138270 -Node: Notes1139326 -Node: Compatibility Mode1140191 -Node: Additions1140973 -Node: Accessing The Source1141898 -Node: Adding Code1143334 -Node: New Ports1149506 -Node: Derived Files1153988 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11159463 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21159497 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31160093 -Node: Future Extensions1160207 -Node: Implementation Limitations1160813 -Node: Extension Design1162061 -Node: Old Extension Problems1163215 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11164732 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1164789 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11168149 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1168338 -Node: Extension Future Growth1170446 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1171282 -Node: Notes summary1173044 -Node: Basic Concepts1174230 -Node: Basic High Level1174911 -Ref: figure-general-flow1175183 -Ref: figure-process-flow1175782 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11179011 -Node: Basic Data Typing1179196 -Node: Glossary1182524 -Node: Copying1207682 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1245238 -Node: Index1270374 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1131088 +Node: Other Arguments131113 +Node: Naming Standard Input134074 +Node: Environment Variables135167 +Node: AWKPATH Variable135725 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1139025 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2139070 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable139330 +Node: Other Environment Variables140473 +Node: Exit Status144193 +Node: Include Files144868 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries148456 +Node: Obsolete149883 +Node: Undocumented150580 +Node: Invoking Summary150847 +Node: Regexp152513 +Node: Regexp Usage153972 +Node: Escape Sequences156005 +Node: Regexp Operators162022 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1169456 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2169603 +Node: Bracket Expressions169701 +Ref: table-char-classes171718 +Node: Leftmost Longest174658 +Node: Computed Regexps175960 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators179357 +Node: Case-sensitivity183059 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1185949 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2186184 +Node: Regexp Summary186292 +Node: Reading Files187761 +Node: Records189855 +Node: awk split records190587 +Node: gawk split records195501 +Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1200040 +Node: Fields200077 +Ref: Fields-Footnote-1202875 +Node: Nonconstant Fields202961 +Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1205197 +Node: Changing Fields205399 +Node: Field Separators211331 +Node: Default Field Splitting214035 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting215152 +Node: Single Character Fields218502 +Node: Command Line Field Separator219561 +Node: Full Line Fields222773 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1223281 +Node: Field Splitting Summary223327 +Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1226458 +Node: Constant Size226559 +Node: Splitting By Content231165 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1235238 +Node: Multiple Line235278 +Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1241167 +Node: Getline241346 +Node: Plain Getline243557 +Node: Getline/Variable246197 +Node: Getline/File247344 +Node: Getline/Variable/File248728 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1250329 +Node: Getline/Pipe250416 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe253099 +Node: Getline/Coprocess254230 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess255482 +Node: Getline Notes256221 +Node: Getline Summary259013 +Ref: table-getline-variants259425 +Node: Read Timeout260254 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1264068 +Node: Command-line directories264126 +Node: Input Summary265030 +Node: Input Exercises268282 +Node: Printing269010 +Node: Print270787 +Node: Print Examples272244 +Node: Output Separators275023 +Node: OFMT277041 +Node: Printf278395 +Node: Basic Printf279180 +Node: Control Letters280751 +Node: Format Modifiers284735 +Node: Printf Examples290742 +Node: Redirection293224 +Node: Special FD300063 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1303220 +Node: Special Files303294 +Node: Other Inherited Files303910 +Node: Special Network304910 +Node: Special Caveats305771 +Node: Close Files And Pipes306722 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1313901 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2314049 +Node: Output Summary314199 +Node: Output Exercises315195 +Node: Expressions315875 +Node: Values317060 +Node: Constants317736 +Node: Scalar Constants318416 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1319275 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers319525 +Node: Regexp Constants322525 +Node: Using Constant Regexps323050 +Node: Variables326188 +Node: Using Variables326843 +Node: Assignment Options328753 +Node: Conversion330628 +Node: Strings And Numbers331152 +Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1334216 +Node: Locale influences conversions334325 +Ref: table-locale-affects337070 +Node: All Operators337658 +Node: Arithmetic Ops338288 +Node: Concatenation340793 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1343612 +Node: Assignment Ops343718 +Ref: table-assign-ops348701 +Node: Increment Ops349979 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions353417 +Node: Truth Values354500 +Node: Typing and Comparison355549 +Node: Variable Typing356342 +Node: Comparison Operators359994 +Ref: table-relational-ops360404 +Node: POSIX String Comparison363919 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1364991 +Node: Boolean Ops365129 +Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1369608 +Node: Conditional Exp369699 +Node: Function Calls371426 +Node: Precedence375306 +Node: Locales378974 +Node: Expressions Summary380605 +Node: Patterns and Actions383179 +Node: Pattern Overview384299 +Node: Regexp Patterns385978 +Node: Expression Patterns386521 +Node: Ranges390301 +Node: BEGIN/END393407 +Node: Using BEGIN/END394169 +Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1396906 +Node: I/O And BEGIN/END397012 +Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE399326 +Node: Empty402227 +Node: Using Shell Variables402544 +Node: Action Overview404820 +Node: Statements407147 +Node: If Statement408995 +Node: While Statement410493 +Node: Do Statement412521 +Node: For Statement413663 +Node: Switch Statement416818 +Node: Break Statement419206 +Node: Continue Statement421247 +Node: Next Statement423072 +Node: Nextfile Statement425452 +Node: Exit Statement428082 +Node: Built-in Variables430485 +Node: User-modified431618 +Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1439298 +Node: Auto-set439360 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1452390 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2452595 +Node: ARGC and ARGV452651 +Node: Pattern Action Summary456855 +Node: Arrays459282 +Node: Array Basics460611 +Node: Array Intro461455 +Ref: figure-array-elements463419 +Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1465943 +Node: Reference to Elements466071 +Node: Assigning Elements468521 +Node: Array Example469012 +Node: Scanning an Array470770 +Node: Controlling Scanning473786 +Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1478975 +Node: Numeric Array Subscripts479291 +Node: Uninitialized Subscripts481476 +Node: Delete483093 +Ref: Delete-Footnote-1485837 +Node: Multidimensional485894 +Node: Multiscanning488989 +Node: Arrays of Arrays490578 +Node: Arrays Summary495339 +Node: Functions497444 +Node: Built-in498317 +Node: Calling Built-in499395 +Node: Numeric Functions501383 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1505405 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2505762 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3505810 +Node: String Functions506079 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1529551 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2529680 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3529928 +Node: Gory Details530015 +Ref: table-sub-escapes531796 +Ref: table-sub-proposed533316 +Ref: table-posix-sub534680 +Ref: table-gensub-escapes536220 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1537052 +Node: I/O Functions537203 +Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1544304 +Node: Time Functions544451 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1554920 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2554988 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3555146 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4555257 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5555369 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6555596 +Node: Bitwise Functions555862 +Ref: table-bitwise-ops556424 +Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1560732 +Node: Type Functions560901 +Node: I18N Functions562050 +Node: User-defined563695 +Node: Definition Syntax564499 +Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1569905 +Node: Function Example569974 +Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1572891 +Node: Function Caveats572913 +Node: Calling A Function573431 +Node: Variable Scope574386 +Node: Pass By Value/Reference577374 +Node: Return Statement580884 +Node: Dynamic Typing583868 +Node: Indirect Calls584797 +Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1596101 +Node: Functions Summary596229 +Node: Library Functions598928 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1602546 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2602689 +Node: Library Names602860 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1606320 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2606540 +Node: General Functions606626 +Node: Strtonum Function607729 +Node: Assert Function610749 +Node: Round Function614073 +Node: Cliff Random Function615614 +Node: Ordinal Functions616630 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1619695 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2619947 +Node: Join Function620158 +Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1621929 +Node: Getlocaltime Function622129 +Node: Readfile Function625870 +Node: Shell Quoting627840 +Node: Data File Management629241 +Node: Filetrans Function629873 +Node: Rewind Function633932 +Node: File Checking635317 +Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1636645 +Node: Empty Files636846 +Node: Ignoring Assigns638825 +Node: Getopt Function640376 +Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1651836 +Node: Passwd Functions652039 +Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1660890 +Node: Group Functions660978 +Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1668881 +Node: Walking Arrays669094 +Node: Library Functions Summary670697 +Node: Library Exercises672098 +Node: Sample Programs673378 +Node: Running Examples674148 +Node: Clones674876 +Node: Cut Program676100 +Node: Egrep Program685830 +Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1693334 +Node: Id Program693444 +Node: Split Program697088 +Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1700534 +Node: Tee Program700662 +Node: Uniq Program703449 +Node: Wc Program710870 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1715118 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs715210 +Node: Dupword Program716423 +Node: Alarm Program718454 +Node: Translate Program723258 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1727822 +Node: Labels Program728092 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1731441 +Node: Word Sorting731525 +Node: History Sorting735595 +Node: Extract Program737431 +Node: Simple Sed744963 +Node: Igawk Program748025 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1762351 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2762552 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3762674 +Node: Anagram Program762789 +Node: Signature Program765851 +Node: Programs Summary767098 +Node: Programs Exercises768291 +Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1772422 +Node: Advanced Features772513 +Node: Nondecimal Data774461 +Node: Array Sorting776051 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal776748 +Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1785079 +Node: Array Sorting Functions785197 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1789089 +Node: Two-way I/O789283 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1794227 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2794413 +Node: TCP/IP Networking794495 +Node: Profiling797367 +Node: Advanced Features Summary804911 +Node: Internationalization806844 +Node: I18N and L10N808324 +Node: Explaining gettext809010 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1814039 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2814223 +Node: Programmer i18n814388 +Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1819254 +Node: Translator i18n819303 +Node: String Extraction820097 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1821228 +Node: Printf Ordering821314 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1824100 +Node: I18N Portability824164 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1826613 +Node: I18N Example826676 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1829476 +Node: Gawk I18N829548 +Node: I18N Summary830186 +Node: Debugger831525 +Node: Debugging832547 +Node: Debugging Concepts832988 +Node: Debugging Terms834845 +Node: Awk Debugging837420 +Node: Sample Debugging Session838312 +Node: Debugger Invocation838832 +Node: Finding The Bug840216 +Node: List of Debugger Commands846691 +Node: Breakpoint Control848023 +Node: Debugger Execution Control851715 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data855079 +Node: Execution Stack858444 +Node: Debugger Info860082 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands864099 +Node: Readline Support869291 +Node: Limitations870183 +Node: Debugging Summary872280 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic873448 +Node: Computer Arithmetic874864 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges878465 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1879324 +Node: Math Definitions879381 +Ref: table-ieee-formats882668 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1883272 +Node: MPFR features883377 +Node: FP Math Caution885048 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1886098 +Node: Inexactness of computations886467 +Node: Inexact representation887415 +Node: Comparing FP Values888770 +Node: Errors accumulate889843 +Node: Getting Accuracy891276 +Node: Try To Round893935 +Node: Setting precision894834 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings895518 +Node: Setting the rounding mode897312 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes897676 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1901130 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers901309 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1904300 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems904449 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1908325 +Node: Floating point summary908363 +Node: Dynamic Extensions910555 +Node: Extension Intro912107 +Node: Plugin License913373 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline914170 +Ref: figure-load-extension914598 +Ref: figure-register-new-function916078 +Ref: figure-call-new-function917082 +Node: Extension API Description919068 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction920518 +Node: General Data Types925354 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1931041 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions931340 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1934170 +Node: Constructor Functions934266 +Node: Registration Functions936000 +Node: Extension Functions936685 +Node: Exit Callback Functions938981 +Node: Extension Version String940229 +Node: Input Parsers940879 +Node: Output Wrappers950694 +Node: Two-way processors955210 +Node: Printing Messages957414 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1958491 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'958643 +Node: Requesting Values959383 +Ref: table-value-types-returned960111 +Node: Accessing Parameters961069 +Node: Symbol Table Access962300 +Node: Symbol table by name962814 +Node: Symbol table by cookie964794 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1968933 +Node: Cached values968996 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1972500 +Node: Array Manipulation972591 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1973689 +Node: Array Data Types973728 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1976385 +Node: Array Functions976477 +Node: Flattening Arrays980331 +Node: Creating Arrays987218 +Node: Extension API Variables991985 +Node: Extension Versioning992621 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables994522 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate995610 +Node: Finding Extensions999426 +Node: Extension Example999986 +Node: Internal File Description1000758 +Node: Internal File Ops1004825 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11016483 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1016623 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11019006 +Node: Extension Samples1019279 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1020803 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1028405 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1029887 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1031100 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1032775 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1033611 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1034487 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1035298 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1035889 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1036630 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1038569 +Node: Extension Sample Time1039664 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1041013 +Node: gawkextlib1041504 +Node: Extension summary1044154 +Node: Extension Exercises1047836 +Node: Language History1048558 +Node: V7/SVR3.11050215 +Node: SVR41052396 +Node: POSIX1053841 +Node: BTL1055230 +Node: POSIX/GNU1055964 +Node: Feature History1061533 +Node: Common Extensions1074631 +Node: Ranges and Locales1075955 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11080594 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21080621 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31080855 +Node: Contributors1081076 +Node: History summary1086616 +Node: Installation1087985 +Node: Gawk Distribution1088941 +Node: Getting1089425 +Node: Extracting1090249 +Node: Distribution contents1091891 +Node: Unix Installation1097608 +Node: Quick Installation1098225 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1100656 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1102396 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1104747 +Node: PC Installation1105205 +Node: PC Binary Installation1106531 +Node: PC Compiling1108379 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11111400 +Node: PC Testing1111505 +Node: PC Using1112681 +Node: Cygwin1116796 +Node: MSYS1117619 +Node: VMS Installation1118117 +Node: VMS Compilation1118909 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11120131 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1120189 +Node: VMS Installation Details1121873 +Node: VMS Running1124125 +Node: VMS GNV1126966 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1127700 +Node: Bugs1128170 +Node: Other Versions1132074 +Node: Installation summary1138287 +Node: Notes1139343 +Node: Compatibility Mode1140208 +Node: Additions1140990 +Node: Accessing The Source1141915 +Node: Adding Code1143351 +Node: New Ports1149523 +Node: Derived Files1154005 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11159480 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21159514 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31160110 +Node: Future Extensions1160224 +Node: Implementation Limitations1160830 +Node: Extension Design1162078 +Node: Old Extension Problems1163232 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11164749 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1164806 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11168166 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1168355 +Node: Extension Future Growth1170463 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1171299 +Node: Notes summary1173061 +Node: Basic Concepts1174247 +Node: Basic High Level1174928 +Ref: figure-general-flow1175200 +Ref: figure-process-flow1175799 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11179028 +Node: Basic Data Typing1179213 +Node: Glossary1182541 +Node: Copying1207699 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1245255 +Node: Index1270391  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 22e694149f4ffb9118de16127169ca80b26137d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Andrew J. Schorr" Date: Wed, 29 Oct 2014 21:52:41 -0400 Subject: Add extras directory with shell startup files containing path manipulation functions. --- doc/gawk.info | 1170 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------- 1 file changed, 613 insertions(+), 557 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 2be2c24f..ae3c6f8c 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -615,6 +615,7 @@ entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". * Unix Installation:: Installing `gawk' under various versions of Unix. * Quick Installation:: Compiling `gawk' under Unix. +* Shell Startup Files:: Shell convenience functions. * Additional Configuration Options:: Other compile-time options. * Configuration Philosophy:: How it's all supposed to work. * Non-Unix Installation:: Installation on Other Operating @@ -2918,6 +2919,9 @@ Since `.' is included at the beginning, `gawk' searches first in the current directory and then in `/usr/local/share/awk'. In practice, this means that you will rarely need to change the value of `AWKPATH'. + *Note Shell Startup Files::, for information on functions that help +to manipulate the `AWKPATH' variable. + `gawk' places the value of the search path that it used into `ENVIRON["AWKPATH"]'. This provides access to the actual search path value from within an `awk' program. @@ -2957,6 +2961,9 @@ empty value, `gawk' uses a default path; this is typically `/usr/local/lib/gawk', although it can vary depending upon how `gawk' was built. + *Note Shell Startup Files::, for information on functions that help +to manipulate the `AWKLIBPATH' variable. + `gawk' places the value of the search path that it used into `ENVIRON["AWKLIBPATH"]'. This provides access to the actual search path value from within an `awk' program. @@ -27468,6 +27475,13 @@ Various `.c', `.y', and `.h' files sample extensions included with `gawk'. *Note Dynamic Extensions::, for more information. +`extras/*' + Additional non-essential files. Currently, this directory + contains some shell startup files to be installed in + `/etc/profile.d' to aid in manipulating the `AWKPATH' and + `AWKLIBPATH' environment variables. *Note Shell Startup Files::, + for more information. + `posix/*' Files needed for building `gawk' on POSIX-compliant systems. @@ -27498,11 +27512,12 @@ configure `gawk' for your system yourself. * Menu: * Quick Installation:: Compiling `gawk' under Unix. +* Shell Startup Files:: Shell convenience functions. * Additional Configuration Options:: Other compile-time options. * Configuration Philosophy:: How it's all supposed to work.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Quick Installation, Next: Additional Configuration Options, Up: Unix Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: Quick Installation, Next: Shell Startup Files, Up: Unix Installation B.2.1 Compiling `gawk' for Unix-like Systems -------------------------------------------- @@ -27559,9 +27574,43 @@ will be asked for your password, and you will have to have been set up previously as a user who is allowed to run the `sudo' command.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Additional Configuration Options, Next: Configuration Philosophy, Prev: Quick Installation, Up: Unix Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: Shell Startup Files, Next: Additional Configuration Options, Prev: Quick Installation, Up: Unix Installation + +B.2.2 Shell Startup Files +------------------------- + +The distribution contains shell startup files `gawk.sh' and `gawk.csh' +containing functions to aid in manipulating the `AWKPATH' and +`AWKLIBPATH' environment variables. On a Fedora system, these files +should be installed in `/etc/profile.d'; on other platforms, the +appropriate location may be different. + +`gawkpath_default' + Reset the `AWKPATH' environment variable to its default value. + +`gawkpath_prepend' + Add the argument to the front of the `AWKPATH' environment + variable. + +`gawkpath_append' + Add the argument to the end of the `AWKPATH' environment variable. + +`gawklibpath_default' + Reset the `AWKLIBPATH' environment variable to its default value. + +`gawklibpath_prepend' + Add the argument to the front of the `AWKLIBPATH' environment + variable. + +`gawklibpath_append' + Add the argument to the end of the `AWKLIBPATH' environment + variable. + + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Additional Configuration Options, Next: Configuration Philosophy, Prev: Shell Startup Files, Up: Unix Installation -B.2.2 Additional Configuration Options +B.2.3 Additional Configuration Options -------------------------------------- There are several additional options you may use on the `configure' @@ -27603,7 +27652,7 @@ that `configure' supplies.  File: gawk.info, Node: Configuration Philosophy, Prev: Additional Configuration Options, Up: Unix Installation -B.2.3 The Configuration Process +B.2.4 The Configuration Process ------------------------------- This minor node is of interest only if you know something about using @@ -32910,6 +32959,12 @@ Index (line 63) * gawkextlib: gawkextlib. (line 6) * gawkextlib project: gawkextlib. (line 6) +* gawklibpath_append shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 29) +* gawklibpath_default shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 22) +* gawklibpath_prepend shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 25) +* gawkpath_append shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 19) +* gawkpath_default shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 12) +* gawkpath_prepend shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 15) * General Public License (GPL): Glossary. (line 305) * General Public License, See GPL: Manual History. (line 11) * generate time values: Time Functions. (line 25) @@ -34377,558 +34432,559 @@ Index  Tag Table: Node: Top1204 -Node: Foreword342156 -Node: Foreword446548 -Node: Preface47982 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-150853 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-250960 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-351193 -Node: History51335 -Node: Names53683 -Ref: Names-Footnote-154777 -Node: This Manual54923 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-160752 -Node: Conventions60852 -Node: Manual History63192 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-166183 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-266224 -Node: How To Contribute66298 -Node: Acknowledgments67537 -Node: Getting Started72345 -Node: Running gawk74779 -Node: One-shot75969 -Node: Read Terminal77194 -Node: Long79221 -Node: Executable Scripts80737 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-183526 -Node: Comments83628 -Node: Quoting86101 -Node: DOS Quoting91607 -Node: Sample Data Files92282 -Node: Very Simple94875 -Node: Two Rules99766 -Node: More Complex101652 -Node: Statements/Lines104514 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1108970 -Node: Other Features109235 -Node: When110166 -Ref: When-Footnote-1111922 -Node: Intro Summary111987 -Node: Invoking Gawk112870 -Node: Command Line114385 -Node: Options115176 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1130959 -Node: Other Arguments130984 -Node: Naming Standard Input133945 -Node: Environment Variables135038 -Node: AWKPATH Variable135596 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1138896 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2138941 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable139201 -Node: Other Environment Variables140344 -Node: Exit Status143835 -Node: Include Files144510 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries148098 -Node: Obsolete149525 -Node: Undocumented150222 -Node: Invoking Summary150489 -Node: Regexp152155 -Node: Regexp Usage153614 -Node: Escape Sequences155647 -Node: Regexp Operators161895 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1169329 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2169476 -Node: Bracket Expressions169574 -Ref: table-char-classes171591 -Node: Leftmost Longest174531 -Node: Computed Regexps175833 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators179230 -Node: Case-sensitivity182932 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1185822 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2186057 -Node: Regexp Summary186165 -Node: Reading Files187634 -Node: Records189728 -Node: awk split records190460 -Node: gawk split records195374 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1199913 -Node: Fields199950 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1202748 -Node: Nonconstant Fields202834 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1205070 -Node: Changing Fields205272 -Node: Field Separators211204 -Node: Default Field Splitting213908 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting215025 -Node: Single Character Fields218375 -Node: Command Line Field Separator219434 -Node: Full Line Fields222646 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1223154 -Node: Field Splitting Summary223200 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1226331 -Node: Constant Size226432 -Node: Splitting By Content231038 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1235111 -Node: Multiple Line235151 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1241040 -Node: Getline241219 -Node: Plain Getline243430 -Node: Getline/Variable246070 -Node: Getline/File247217 -Node: Getline/Variable/File248601 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1250202 -Node: Getline/Pipe250289 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe252972 -Node: Getline/Coprocess254103 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess255355 -Node: Getline Notes256094 -Node: Getline Summary258886 -Ref: table-getline-variants259298 -Node: Read Timeout260127 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1263941 -Node: Command-line directories263999 -Node: Input Summary264903 -Node: Input Exercises268155 -Node: Printing268883 -Node: Print270660 -Node: Print Examples272117 -Node: Output Separators274896 -Node: OFMT276914 -Node: Printf278268 -Node: Basic Printf279053 -Node: Control Letters280624 -Node: Format Modifiers284608 -Node: Printf Examples290615 -Node: Redirection293097 -Node: Special FD299936 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1303093 -Node: Special Files303167 -Node: Other Inherited Files303783 -Node: Special Network304783 -Node: Special Caveats305644 -Node: Close Files And Pipes306595 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1313774 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2313922 -Node: Output Summary314072 -Node: Output Exercises315068 -Node: Expressions315748 -Node: Values316933 -Node: Constants317609 -Node: Scalar Constants318289 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1319148 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers319398 -Node: Regexp Constants322398 -Node: Using Constant Regexps322923 -Node: Variables326061 -Node: Using Variables326716 -Node: Assignment Options328626 -Node: Conversion330501 -Node: Strings And Numbers331025 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1334089 -Node: Locale influences conversions334198 -Ref: table-locale-affects336943 -Node: All Operators337531 -Node: Arithmetic Ops338161 -Node: Concatenation340666 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1343485 -Node: Assignment Ops343591 -Ref: table-assign-ops348574 -Node: Increment Ops349852 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions353290 -Node: Truth Values354373 -Node: Typing and Comparison355422 -Node: Variable Typing356215 -Node: Comparison Operators359867 -Ref: table-relational-ops360277 -Node: POSIX String Comparison363792 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1364864 -Node: Boolean Ops365002 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1369481 -Node: Conditional Exp369572 -Node: Function Calls371299 -Node: Precedence375179 -Node: Locales378847 -Node: Expressions Summary380478 -Node: Patterns and Actions383052 -Node: Pattern Overview384172 -Node: Regexp Patterns385851 -Node: Expression Patterns386394 -Node: Ranges390174 -Node: BEGIN/END393280 -Node: Using BEGIN/END394042 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1396779 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END396885 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE399199 -Node: Empty402100 -Node: Using Shell Variables402417 -Node: Action Overview404693 -Node: Statements407020 -Node: If Statement408868 -Node: While Statement410366 -Node: Do Statement412394 -Node: For Statement413536 -Node: Switch Statement416691 -Node: Break Statement419079 -Node: Continue Statement421120 -Node: Next Statement422945 -Node: Nextfile Statement425325 -Node: Exit Statement427955 -Node: Built-in Variables430358 -Node: User-modified431491 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1439171 -Node: Auto-set439233 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1452600 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2452805 -Node: ARGC and ARGV452861 -Node: Pattern Action Summary457065 -Node: Arrays459492 -Node: Array Basics460821 -Node: Array Intro461665 -Ref: figure-array-elements463629 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1466153 -Node: Reference to Elements466281 -Node: Assigning Elements468731 -Node: Array Example469222 -Node: Scanning an Array470980 -Node: Controlling Scanning473996 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1479185 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts479501 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts481686 -Node: Delete483303 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1486047 -Node: Multidimensional486104 -Node: Multiscanning489199 -Node: Arrays of Arrays490788 -Node: Arrays Summary495549 -Node: Functions497654 -Node: Built-in498527 -Node: Calling Built-in499605 -Node: Numeric Functions501593 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1506417 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2506774 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3506822 -Node: String Functions507091 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1530563 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2530692 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3530940 -Node: Gory Details531027 -Ref: table-sub-escapes532808 -Ref: table-sub-proposed534328 -Ref: table-posix-sub535692 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes537232 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1538064 -Node: I/O Functions538215 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1545316 -Node: Time Functions545463 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1555932 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2556000 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3556158 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4556269 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5556381 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6556608 -Node: Bitwise Functions556874 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops557436 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1561744 -Node: Type Functions561913 -Node: I18N Functions563062 -Node: User-defined564707 -Node: Definition Syntax565511 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1570917 -Node: Function Example570986 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1573903 -Node: Function Caveats573925 -Node: Calling A Function574443 -Node: Variable Scope575398 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference578386 -Node: Return Statement581896 -Node: Dynamic Typing584880 -Node: Indirect Calls585809 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1597113 -Node: Functions Summary597241 -Node: Library Functions599940 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1603558 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2603701 -Node: Library Names603872 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1607332 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2607552 -Node: General Functions607638 -Node: Strtonum Function608741 -Node: Assert Function611761 -Node: Round Function615085 -Node: Cliff Random Function616626 -Node: Ordinal Functions617642 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1620707 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2620959 -Node: Join Function621170 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1622941 -Node: Getlocaltime Function623141 -Node: Readfile Function626882 -Node: Shell Quoting628852 -Node: Data File Management630253 -Node: Filetrans Function630885 -Node: Rewind Function634944 -Node: File Checking636329 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1637657 -Node: Empty Files637858 -Node: Ignoring Assigns639837 -Node: Getopt Function641388 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1652848 -Node: Passwd Functions653051 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1661902 -Node: Group Functions661990 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1669893 -Node: Walking Arrays670106 -Node: Library Functions Summary671709 -Node: Library Exercises673110 -Node: Sample Programs674390 -Node: Running Examples675160 -Node: Clones675888 -Node: Cut Program677112 -Node: Egrep Program686842 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1694346 -Node: Id Program694456 -Node: Split Program698100 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1701546 -Node: Tee Program701674 -Node: Uniq Program704461 -Node: Wc Program711882 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1716130 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs716222 -Node: Dupword Program717435 -Node: Alarm Program719466 -Node: Translate Program724270 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1728834 -Node: Labels Program729104 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1732453 -Node: Word Sorting732537 -Node: History Sorting736607 -Node: Extract Program738443 -Node: Simple Sed745975 -Node: Igawk Program749037 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1763363 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2763564 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3763686 -Node: Anagram Program763801 -Node: Signature Program766863 -Node: Programs Summary768110 -Node: Programs Exercises769303 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1773434 -Node: Advanced Features773525 -Node: Nondecimal Data775473 -Node: Array Sorting777063 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal777760 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1786091 -Node: Array Sorting Functions786209 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1790101 -Node: Two-way I/O790295 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1795239 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2795425 -Node: TCP/IP Networking795507 -Node: Profiling798379 -Node: Advanced Features Summary806653 -Node: Internationalization808586 -Node: I18N and L10N810066 -Node: Explaining gettext810752 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1815781 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2815965 -Node: Programmer i18n816130 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1820996 -Node: Translator i18n821045 -Node: String Extraction821839 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1822970 -Node: Printf Ordering823056 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1825842 -Node: I18N Portability825906 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1828355 -Node: I18N Example828418 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1831218 -Node: Gawk I18N831290 -Node: I18N Summary831928 -Node: Debugger833267 -Node: Debugging834289 -Node: Debugging Concepts834730 -Node: Debugging Terms836587 -Node: Awk Debugging839162 -Node: Sample Debugging Session840054 -Node: Debugger Invocation840574 -Node: Finding The Bug841958 -Node: List of Debugger Commands848433 -Node: Breakpoint Control849765 -Node: Debugger Execution Control853457 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data856821 -Node: Execution Stack860186 -Node: Debugger Info861824 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands865841 -Node: Readline Support871033 -Node: Limitations871925 -Node: Debugging Summary874022 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic875190 -Node: Computer Arithmetic876606 -Ref: table-numeric-ranges880207 -Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1881066 -Node: Math Definitions881123 -Ref: table-ieee-formats884410 -Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1885014 -Node: MPFR features885119 -Node: FP Math Caution886790 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1887840 -Node: Inexactness of computations888209 -Node: Inexact representation889157 -Node: Comparing FP Values890512 -Node: Errors accumulate891585 -Node: Getting Accuracy893018 -Node: Try To Round895677 -Node: Setting precision896576 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings897260 -Node: Setting the rounding mode899054 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes899418 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1902872 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers903051 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1907955 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems908104 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1911980 -Node: Floating point summary912018 -Node: Dynamic Extensions914210 -Node: Extension Intro915762 -Node: Plugin License917028 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline917825 -Ref: figure-load-extension918253 -Ref: figure-register-new-function919733 -Ref: figure-call-new-function920737 -Node: Extension API Description922723 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction924173 -Node: General Data Types929009 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1934696 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions934995 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1937825 -Node: Constructor Functions937921 -Node: Registration Functions939655 -Node: Extension Functions940340 -Node: Exit Callback Functions942636 -Node: Extension Version String943884 -Node: Input Parsers944534 -Node: Output Wrappers954349 -Node: Two-way processors958865 -Node: Printing Messages961069 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1962146 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'962298 -Node: Requesting Values963038 -Ref: table-value-types-returned963766 -Node: Accessing Parameters964724 -Node: Symbol Table Access965955 -Node: Symbol table by name966469 -Node: Symbol table by cookie968449 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1972588 -Node: Cached values972651 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1976155 -Node: Array Manipulation976246 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1977344 -Node: Array Data Types977383 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1980040 -Node: Array Functions980132 -Node: Flattening Arrays983986 -Node: Creating Arrays990873 -Node: Extension API Variables995640 -Node: Extension Versioning996276 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables998177 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate999265 -Node: Finding Extensions1003081 -Node: Extension Example1003641 -Node: Internal File Description1004413 -Node: Internal File Ops1008480 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11020138 -Node: Using Internal File Ops1020278 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11022661 -Node: Extension Samples1022934 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions1024458 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1032060 -Node: Extension Sample Fork1033542 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace1034755 -Node: Extension Sample Ord1036430 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir1037266 -Ref: table-readdir-file-types1038142 -Node: Extension Sample Revout1038953 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1039544 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array1040285 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile1042224 -Node: Extension Sample Time1043319 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests1044668 -Node: gawkextlib1045159 -Node: Extension summary1047809 -Node: Extension Exercises1051491 -Node: Language History1052213 -Node: V7/SVR3.11053870 -Node: SVR41056051 -Node: POSIX1057496 -Node: BTL1058885 -Node: POSIX/GNU1059619 -Node: Feature History1065248 -Node: Common Extensions1078346 -Node: Ranges and Locales1079670 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11084309 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21084336 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31084570 -Node: Contributors1084791 -Node: History summary1090331 -Node: Installation1091700 -Node: Gawk Distribution1092656 -Node: Getting1093140 -Node: Extracting1093964 -Node: Distribution contents1095606 -Node: Unix Installation1101376 -Node: Quick Installation1101993 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1104424 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1106164 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1108515 -Node: PC Installation1108973 -Node: PC Binary Installation1110299 -Node: PC Compiling1112147 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11115168 -Node: PC Testing1115273 -Node: PC Using1116449 -Node: Cygwin1120564 -Node: MSYS1121387 -Node: VMS Installation1121885 -Node: VMS Compilation1122677 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11123899 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1123957 -Node: VMS Installation Details1125641 -Node: VMS Running1127893 -Node: VMS GNV1130734 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1131468 -Node: Bugs1131938 -Node: Other Versions1135842 -Node: Installation summary1142055 -Node: Notes1143111 -Node: Compatibility Mode1143976 -Node: Additions1144758 -Node: Accessing The Source1145683 -Node: Adding Code1147119 -Node: New Ports1153291 -Node: Derived Files1157773 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11163248 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21163282 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31163878 -Node: Future Extensions1163992 -Node: Implementation Limitations1164598 -Node: Extension Design1165846 -Node: Old Extension Problems1167000 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11168517 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1168574 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11171934 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1172123 -Node: Extension Future Growth1174231 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1175067 -Node: Notes summary1176829 -Node: Basic Concepts1178015 -Node: Basic High Level1178696 -Ref: figure-general-flow1178968 -Ref: figure-process-flow1179567 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11182796 -Node: Basic Data Typing1182981 -Node: Glossary1186309 -Node: Copying1211467 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1249023 -Node: Index1274159 +Node: Foreword342225 +Node: Foreword446617 +Node: Preface48051 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-150922 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-251029 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-351262 +Node: History51404 +Node: Names53752 +Ref: Names-Footnote-154846 +Node: This Manual54992 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-160821 +Node: Conventions60921 +Node: Manual History63261 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-166252 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-266293 +Node: How To Contribute66367 +Node: Acknowledgments67606 +Node: Getting Started72414 +Node: Running gawk74848 +Node: One-shot76038 +Node: Read Terminal77263 +Node: Long79290 +Node: Executable Scripts80806 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-183595 +Node: Comments83697 +Node: Quoting86170 +Node: DOS Quoting91676 +Node: Sample Data Files92351 +Node: Very Simple94944 +Node: Two Rules99835 +Node: More Complex101721 +Node: Statements/Lines104583 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1109039 +Node: Other Features109304 +Node: When110235 +Ref: When-Footnote-1111991 +Node: Intro Summary112056 +Node: Invoking Gawk112939 +Node: Command Line114454 +Node: Options115245 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1131028 +Node: Other Arguments131053 +Node: Naming Standard Input134014 +Node: Environment Variables135107 +Node: AWKPATH Variable135665 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1139075 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2139120 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable139380 +Node: Other Environment Variables140636 +Node: Exit Status144127 +Node: Include Files144802 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries148390 +Node: Obsolete149817 +Node: Undocumented150514 +Node: Invoking Summary150781 +Node: Regexp152447 +Node: Regexp Usage153906 +Node: Escape Sequences155939 +Node: Regexp Operators162187 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1169621 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2169768 +Node: Bracket Expressions169866 +Ref: table-char-classes171883 +Node: Leftmost Longest174823 +Node: Computed Regexps176125 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators179522 +Node: Case-sensitivity183224 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1186114 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2186349 +Node: Regexp Summary186457 +Node: Reading Files187926 +Node: Records190020 +Node: awk split records190752 +Node: gawk split records195666 +Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1200205 +Node: Fields200242 +Ref: Fields-Footnote-1203040 +Node: Nonconstant Fields203126 +Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1205362 +Node: Changing Fields205564 +Node: Field Separators211496 +Node: Default Field Splitting214200 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting215317 +Node: Single Character Fields218667 +Node: Command Line Field Separator219726 +Node: Full Line Fields222938 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1223446 +Node: Field Splitting Summary223492 +Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1226623 +Node: Constant Size226724 +Node: Splitting By Content231330 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1235403 +Node: Multiple Line235443 +Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1241332 +Node: Getline241511 +Node: Plain Getline243722 +Node: Getline/Variable246362 +Node: Getline/File247509 +Node: Getline/Variable/File248893 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1250494 +Node: Getline/Pipe250581 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe253264 +Node: Getline/Coprocess254395 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess255647 +Node: Getline Notes256386 +Node: Getline Summary259178 +Ref: table-getline-variants259590 +Node: Read Timeout260419 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1264233 +Node: Command-line directories264291 +Node: Input Summary265195 +Node: Input Exercises268447 +Node: Printing269175 +Node: Print270952 +Node: Print Examples272409 +Node: Output Separators275188 +Node: OFMT277206 +Node: Printf278560 +Node: Basic Printf279345 +Node: Control Letters280916 +Node: Format Modifiers284900 +Node: Printf Examples290907 +Node: Redirection293389 +Node: Special FD300228 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1303385 +Node: Special Files303459 +Node: Other Inherited Files304075 +Node: Special Network305075 +Node: Special Caveats305936 +Node: Close Files And Pipes306887 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1314066 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2314214 +Node: Output Summary314364 +Node: Output Exercises315360 +Node: Expressions316040 +Node: Values317225 +Node: Constants317901 +Node: Scalar Constants318581 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1319440 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers319690 +Node: Regexp Constants322690 +Node: Using Constant Regexps323215 +Node: Variables326353 +Node: Using Variables327008 +Node: Assignment Options328918 +Node: Conversion330793 +Node: Strings And Numbers331317 +Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1334381 +Node: Locale influences conversions334490 +Ref: table-locale-affects337235 +Node: All Operators337823 +Node: Arithmetic Ops338453 +Node: Concatenation340958 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1343777 +Node: Assignment Ops343883 +Ref: table-assign-ops348866 +Node: Increment Ops350144 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions353582 +Node: Truth Values354665 +Node: Typing and Comparison355714 +Node: Variable Typing356507 +Node: Comparison Operators360159 +Ref: table-relational-ops360569 +Node: POSIX String Comparison364084 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1365156 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Robbins" Date: Sun, 2 Nov 2014 21:28:38 +0200 Subject: Doc fix w.r.t. awk.info domain. --- doc/gawk.info | 1077 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 537 insertions(+), 540 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 6b851441..32d86905 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -1258,9 +1258,6 @@ for several years. world, please see `http://awk.info/?contribute' for how to contribute it to the web site. - As of this writing, this website is in search of a maintainer; please -contact me if you are interested. -  File: gawk.info, Node: Acknowledgments, Prev: How To Contribute, Up: Preface @@ -34301,542 +34298,542 @@ Node: Manual History63192 Ref: Manual History-Footnote-166183 Ref: Manual History-Footnote-266224 Node: How To Contribute66298 -Node: Acknowledgments67537 -Node: Getting Started72345 -Node: Running gawk74779 -Node: One-shot75969 -Node: Read Terminal77194 -Node: Long79221 -Node: 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Dynamic Extensions910447 +Node: Extension Intro911999 +Node: Plugin License913265 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline914062 +Ref: figure-load-extension914490 +Ref: figure-register-new-function915970 +Ref: figure-call-new-function916974 +Node: Extension API Description918960 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction920410 +Node: General Data Types925246 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1930933 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions931232 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1934062 +Node: Constructor Functions934158 +Node: Registration Functions935892 +Node: Extension Functions936577 +Node: Exit Callback Functions938873 +Node: Extension Version String940121 +Node: Input Parsers940771 +Node: Output Wrappers950586 +Node: Two-way processors955102 +Node: Printing Messages957306 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1958383 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'958535 +Node: Requesting Values959275 +Ref: table-value-types-returned960003 +Node: Accessing Parameters960961 +Node: Symbol Table Access962192 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Extension Sample Inplace1030992 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1032667 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1033503 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1034379 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1035190 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1035781 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1036522 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1038461 +Node: Extension Sample Time1039556 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1040905 +Node: gawkextlib1041396 +Node: Extension summary1044046 +Node: Extension Exercises1047728 +Node: Language History1048450 +Node: V7/SVR3.11050107 +Node: SVR41052288 +Node: POSIX1053733 +Node: BTL1055122 +Node: POSIX/GNU1055856 +Node: Feature History1061425 +Node: Common Extensions1074523 +Node: Ranges and Locales1075847 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11080486 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21080513 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31080747 +Node: Contributors1080968 +Node: History summary1086508 +Node: Installation1087877 +Node: Gawk Distribution1088833 +Node: Getting1089317 +Node: Extracting1090141 +Node: Distribution contents1091783 +Node: Unix Installation1097500 +Node: Quick Installation1098117 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1100548 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1102288 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1104639 +Node: PC Installation1105097 +Node: PC Binary Installation1106423 +Node: PC Compiling1108271 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11111292 +Node: PC Testing1111397 +Node: PC Using1112573 +Node: Cygwin1116688 +Node: MSYS1117511 +Node: VMS Installation1118009 +Node: VMS Compilation1118801 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11120023 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1120081 +Node: VMS Installation Details1121765 +Node: VMS Running1124017 +Node: VMS GNV1126858 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1127592 +Node: Bugs1128062 +Node: Other Versions1131966 +Node: Installation summary1138179 +Node: Notes1139235 +Node: Compatibility Mode1140100 +Node: Additions1140882 +Node: Accessing The Source1141807 +Node: Adding Code1143243 +Node: New Ports1149415 +Node: Derived Files1153897 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11159372 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21159406 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31160002 +Node: Future Extensions1160116 +Node: Implementation Limitations1160722 +Node: Extension Design1161970 +Node: Old Extension Problems1163124 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11164641 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1164698 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11168058 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1168247 +Node: Extension Future Growth1170355 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1171191 +Node: Notes summary1172953 +Node: Basic Concepts1174139 +Node: Basic High Level1174820 +Ref: figure-general-flow1175092 +Ref: figure-process-flow1175691 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11178920 +Node: Basic Data Typing1179105 +Node: Glossary1182433 +Node: Copying1207591 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1245147 +Node: Index1270283  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From f35c7514dda9bf9cf06580ab5870af13e0e58103 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Mon, 17 Nov 2014 11:11:29 +0200 Subject: Rebuild derived doc files, add ChangeLog entry. --- doc/gawk.info | 4127 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 2067 insertions(+), 2060 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 32d86905..e01a794b 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -690,24 +690,24 @@ circumstances--and our favorite programming language, AWK. The circumstances started a couple of years earlier. I was working at a new job and noticed an unplugged Unix computer sitting in the corner. No one knew how to use it, and neither did I. However, a couple of days -later it was running, and I was `root' and the one-and-only user. That -day, I began the transition from statistician to Unix programmer. +later, it was running, and I was `root' and the one-and-only user. +That day, I began the transition from statistician to Unix programmer. On one of many trips to the library or bookstore in search of books -on Unix, I found the gray AWK book, a.k.a. Aho, Kernighan and -Weinberger, `The AWK Programming Language', Addison-Wesley, 1988. -AWK's simple programming paradigm--find a pattern in the input and then -perform an action--often reduced complex or tedious data manipulations -to a few lines of code. I was excited to try my hand at programming in -AWK. +on Unix, I found the gray AWK book, a.k.a. Alfred V. Aho, Brian W. +Kernighan, and Peter J. Weinberger's `The AWK Programming Language' +(Addison-Wesley, 1988). `awk''s simple programming paradigm--find a +pattern in the input and then perform an action--often reduced complex +or tedious data manipulations to a few lines of code. I was excited to +try my hand at programming in AWK. Alas, the `awk' on my computer was a limited version of the -language described in the AWK book. I discovered that my computer had -"old `awk'" and the AWK book described "new `awk'." I learned that -this was typical; the old version refused to step aside or relinquish -its name. If a system had a new `awk', it was invariably called -`nawk', and few systems had it. The best way to get a new `awk' was to -`ftp' the source code for `gawk' from `prep.ai.mit.edu'. `gawk' was a +language described in the gray book. I discovered that my computer had +"old `awk'" and the book described "new `awk'." I learned that this +was typical; the old version refused to step aside or relinquish its +name. If a system had a new `awk', it was invariably called `nawk', +and few systems had it. The best way to get a new `awk' was to `ftp' +the source code for `gawk' from `prep.ai.mit.edu'. `gawk' was a version of new `awk' written by David Trueman and Arnold, and available under the GNU General Public License. @@ -718,14 +718,15 @@ almost any system; my wife uses `gawk' on her VMS box.) My Unix system started out unplugged from the wall; it certainly was not plugged into a network. So, oblivious to the existence of `gawk' and the Unix community in general, and desiring a new `awk', I wrote my -own, called `mawk'. Before I was finished I knew about `gawk', but it +own, called `mawk'. Before I was finished, I knew about `gawk', but it was too late to stop, so I eventually posted to a `comp.sources' newsgroup. A few days after my posting, I got a friendly email from Arnold introducing himself. He suggested we share design and algorithms and attached a draft of the POSIX standard so that I could update `mawk' to -support language extensions added after publication of the AWK book. +support language extensions added after publication of `The AWK +Programming Language'. Frankly, if our roles had been reversed, I would not have been so open and we probably would have never met. I'm glad we did meet. He @@ -739,9 +740,9 @@ a definitive reference to the AWK language as defined by the 1987 Bell Laboratories release and codified in the 1992 POSIX Utilities standard. On the other hand, the novice AWK programmer can study a wealth of -practical programs that emphasize the power of AWK's basic idioms: data -driven control-flow, pattern matching with regular expressions, and -associative arrays. Those looking for something new can try out +practical programs that emphasize the power of AWK's basic idioms: +data-driven control flow, pattern matching with regular expressions, +and associative arrays. Those looking for something new can try out `gawk''s interface to network protocols via special `/inet' files. The programs in this book make clear that an AWK program is @@ -764,7 +765,7 @@ want to learn how, then read this book. Michael Brennan Author of `mawk' - March, 2001 + March 2001  File: gawk.info, Node: Foreword4, Next: Preface, Prev: Foreword3, Up: Top @@ -798,7 +799,7 @@ help you learn the ins and outs. Michael Brennan Author of `mawk' - October, 2014 + October 2014  File: gawk.info, Node: Preface, Next: Getting Started, Prev: Foreword4, Up: Top @@ -814,12 +815,12 @@ rest of the file alone. Such jobs are often easy with `awk'. The makes it easy to handle simple data-reformatting jobs. The GNU implementation of `awk' is called `gawk'; if you invoke it -with the proper options or environment variables it is fully compatible -with the POSIX(1) specification of the `awk' language and with the Unix -version of `awk' maintained by Brian Kernighan. This means that all -properly written `awk' programs should work with `gawk'. So most of -the time, we don't distinguish between `gawk' and other `awk' -implementations. +with the proper options or environment variables, it is fully +compatible with the POSIX(1) specification of the `awk' language and +with the Unix version of `awk' maintained by Brian Kernighan. This +means that all properly written `awk' programs should work with `gawk'. +So most of the time, we don't distinguish between `gawk' and other +`awk' implementations. Using `awk' you can: @@ -892,7 +893,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: History, Next: Names, Up: Preface History of `awk' and `gawk' =========================== - Recipe For A Programming Language + Recipe for a Programming Language 1 part `egrep' 1 part `snobol' 2 parts `ed' 3 parts C @@ -904,7 +905,7 @@ release. Document very well and release. The name `awk' comes from the initials of its designers: Alfred V. -Aho, Peter J. Weinberger and Brian W. Kernighan. The original version +Aho, Peter J. Weinberger, and Brian W. Kernighan. The original version of `awk' was written in 1977 at AT&T Bell Laboratories. In 1985, a new version made the programming language more powerful, introducing user-defined functions, multiple input streams, and computed regular @@ -924,7 +925,7 @@ Circa 1994, I became the primary maintainer. Current development focuses on bug fixes, performance improvements, standards compliance and, occasionally, new features. - In May of 1997, Ju"rgen Kahrs felt the need for network access from + In May 1997, Ju"rgen Kahrs felt the need for network access from `awk', and with a little help from me, set about adding features to do this for `gawk'. At that time, he also wrote the bulk of `TCP/IP Internetworking with `gawk'' (a separate document, available as part of @@ -946,7 +947,7 @@ A Rose by Any Other Name The `awk' language has evolved over the years. Full details are provided in *note Language History::. The language described in this -Info file is often referred to as "new `awk'". By analogy, the +Info file is often referred to as "new `awk'." By analogy, the original version of `awk' is referred to as "old `awk'." Today, on most systems, when you run the `awk' utility, you get some @@ -1001,110 +1002,120 @@ heading "sidebar." the more advanced sections show only the part of the `awk' program that illustrates the concept being described. - While this Info file is aimed principally at people who have not been -exposed to `awk', there is a lot of information here that even the `awk' -expert should find useful. In particular, the description of POSIX -`awk' and the example programs in *note Library Functions::, and in -*note Sample Programs::, should be of interest. + Although this Info file is aimed principally at people who have not +been exposed to `awk', there is a lot of information here that even the +`awk' expert should find useful. In particular, the description of +POSIX `awk' and the example programs in *note Library Functions::, and +in *note Sample Programs::, should be of interest. This Info file is split into several parts, as follows: - Part I describes the `awk' language and `gawk' program in detail. -It starts with the basics, and continues through all of the features of -`awk'. It contains the following chapters: + * Part I describes the `awk' language and `gawk' program in detail. + It starts with the basics, and continues through all of the + features of `awk'. It contains the following chapters: - *note Getting Started::, provides the essentials you need to know to -begin using `awk'. + - *note Getting Started::, provides the essentials you need to + know to begin using `awk'. - *note Invoking Gawk::, describes how to run `gawk', the meaning of -its command-line options, and how it finds `awk' program source files. + - *note Invoking Gawk::, describes how to run `gawk', the + meaning of its command-line options, and how it finds `awk' + program source files. - *note Regexp::, introduces regular expressions in general, and in -particular the flavors supported by POSIX `awk' and `gawk'. + - *note Regexp::, introduces regular expressions in general, + and in particular the flavors supported by POSIX `awk' and + `gawk'. - *note Reading Files::, describes how `awk' reads your data. It -introduces the concepts of records and fields, as well as the `getline' -command. I/O redirection is first described here. Network I/O is also -briefly introduced here. + - *note Reading Files::, describes how `awk' reads your data. + It introduces the concepts of records and fields, as well as + the `getline' command. I/O redirection is first described + here. Network I/O is also briefly introduced here. - *note Printing::, describes how `awk' programs can produce output -with `print' and `printf'. + - *note Printing::, describes how `awk' programs can produce + output with `print' and `printf'. - *note Expressions::, describes expressions, which are the basic -building blocks for getting most things done in a program. + - *note Expressions::, describes expressions, which are the + basic building blocks for getting most things done in a + program. - *note Patterns and Actions::, describes how to write patterns for -matching records, actions for doing something when a record is matched, -and the predefined variables `awk' and `gawk' use. + - *note Patterns and Actions::, describes how to write patterns + for matching records, actions for doing something when a + record is matched, and the predefined variables `awk' and + `gawk' use. - *note Arrays::, covers `awk''s one-and-only data structure: -associative arrays. Deleting array elements and whole arrays is also -described, as well as sorting arrays in `gawk'. It also describes how -`gawk' provides arrays of arrays. + - *note Arrays::, covers `awk''s one-and-only data structure: + associative arrays. Deleting array elements and whole arrays + is also described, as well as sorting arrays in `gawk'. It + also describes how `gawk' provides arrays of arrays. - *note Functions::, describes the built-in functions `awk' and `gawk' -provide, as well as how to define your own functions. It also -discusses how `gawk' lets you call functions indirectly. + - *note Functions::, describes the built-in functions `awk' and + `gawk' provide, as well as how to define your own functions. + It also discusses how `gawk' lets you call functions + indirectly. - Part II shows how to use `awk' and `gawk' for problem solving. -There is lots of code here for you to read and learn from. It contains -the following chapters: + * Part II shows how to use `awk' and `gawk' for problem solving. + There is lots of code here for you to read and learn from. It + contains the following chapters: - *note Library Functions::, which provides a number of functions -meant to be used from main `awk' programs. + - *note Library Functions::, which provides a number of + functions meant to be used from main `awk' programs. - *note Sample Programs::, which provides many sample `awk' programs. + - *note Sample Programs::, which provides many sample `awk' + programs. - Reading these two chapters allows you to see `awk' solving real -problems. + Reading these two chapters allows you to see `awk' solving real + problems. - Part III focuses on features specific to `gawk'. It contains the -following chapters: + * Part III focuses on features specific to `gawk'. It contains the + following chapters: - *note Advanced Features::, describes a number of advanced features. -Of particular note are the abilities to control the order of array -traversal, have two-way communications with another process, perform -TCP/IP networking, and profile your `awk' programs. + - *note Advanced Features::, describes a number of advanced + features. Of particular note are the abilities to control + the order of array traversal, have two-way communications + with another process, perform TCP/IP networking, and profile + your `awk' programs. - *note Internationalization::, describes special features for -translating program messages into different languages at runtime. + - *note Internationalization::, describes special features for + translating program messages into different languages at + runtime. - *note Debugger::, describes the `gawk' debugger. + - *note Debugger::, describes the `gawk' debugger. - *note Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic::, describes advanced -arithmetic facilities. + - *note Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic::, describes advanced + arithmetic facilities. - *note Dynamic Extensions::, describes how to add new variables and -functions to `gawk' by writing extensions in C or C++. + - *note Dynamic Extensions::, describes how to add new + variables and functions to `gawk' by writing extensions in C + or C++. - Part IV provides the appendices, the Glossary, and two licenses that -cover the `gawk' source code and this Info file, respectively. It -contains the following appendices: + * Part IV provides the appendices, the Glossary, and two licenses + that cover the `gawk' source code and this Info file, respectively. + It contains the following appendices: - *note Language History::, describes how the `awk' language has -evolved since its first release to present. It also describes how -`gawk' has acquired features over time. + - *note Language History::, describes how the `awk' language + has evolved since its first release to present. It also + describes how `gawk' has acquired features over time. - *note Installation::, describes how to get `gawk', how to compile it -on POSIX-compatible systems, and how to compile and use it on different -non-POSIX systems. It also describes how to report bugs in `gawk' and -where to get other freely available `awk' implementations. + - *note Installation::, describes how to get `gawk', how to + compile it on POSIX-compatible systems, and how to compile + and use it on different non-POSIX systems. It also describes + how to report bugs in `gawk' and where to get other freely + available `awk' implementations. - *note Notes::, describes how to disable `gawk''s extensions, as well -as how to contribute new code to `gawk', and some possible future -directions for `gawk' development. + - *note Notes::, describes how to disable `gawk''s extensions, + as well as how to contribute new code to `gawk', and some + possible future directions for `gawk' development. - *note Basic Concepts::, provides some very cursory background -material for those who are completely unfamiliar with computer -programming. + - *note Basic Concepts::, provides some very cursory background + material for those who are completely unfamiliar with + computer programming. - The *note Glossary::, defines most, if not all, the significant -terms used throughout the Info file. If you find terms that you aren't -familiar with, try looking them up here. + The *note Glossary::, defines most, if not all of, the + significant terms used throughout the Info file. If you find + terms that you aren't familiar with, try looking them up here. - *note Copying::, and *note GNU Free Documentation License::, present -the licenses that cover the `gawk' source code and this Info file, -respectively. + - *note Copying::, and *note GNU Free Documentation License::, + present the licenses that cover the `gawk' source code and + this Info file, respectively. ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -1149,7 +1160,7 @@ Versions::, for information on his and other versions.) Dark Corners ------------ - Dark corners are basically fractal -- no matter how much you + Dark corners are basically fractal--no matter how much you illuminate, there's always a smaller but darker one. -- Brian Kernighan @@ -1185,7 +1196,7 @@ always available to the end user. A copy of the GPL is included for your reference (*note Copying::). The GPL applies to the C language source code for `gawk'. To find out more about the FSF and the GNU Project online, see the GNU Project's home page (http://www.gnu.org). -This Info file may also be read from their web site +This Info file may also be read from GNU's website (http://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/manual/). A shell, an editor (Emacs), highly portable optimizing C, C++, and @@ -1202,9 +1213,9 @@ from the Internet. The Info file itself has gone through multiple previous editions. Paul Rubin wrote the very first draft of `The GAWK Manual'; it was -around 40 pages in size. Diane Close and Richard Stallman improved it, -yielding a version that was around 90 pages long and barely described -the original, "old" version of `awk'. +around 40 pages long. Diane Close and Richard Stallman improved it, +yielding a version that was around 90 pages and barely described the +original, "old" version of `awk'. I started working with that version in the fall of 1988. As work on it progressed, the FSF published several preliminary versions (numbered @@ -1251,12 +1262,12 @@ contributed code: the archive did not grow and the domain went unused for several years. Late in 2008, a volunteer took on the task of setting up an -`awk'-related web site--`http://awk.info'--and did a very nice job. +`awk'-related website--`http://awk.info'--and did a very nice job. If you have written an interesting `awk' program, or have written a `gawk' extension that you would like to share with the rest of the world, please see `http://awk.info/?contribute' for how to contribute -it to the web site. +it to the website.  File: gawk.info, Node: Acknowledgments, Prev: How To Contribute, Up: Preface @@ -1336,7 +1347,7 @@ of people. *Note Contributors::, for the full list. Karl Berry who continues to work to keep the Texinfo markup language sane. - Robert P.J. Day, Michael Brennan and Brian Kernighan kindly acted as + Robert P.J. Day, Michael Brennan, and Brian Kernighan kindly acted as reviewers for the 2015 edition of this Info file. Their feedback helped improve the final work. @@ -1347,8 +1358,8 @@ have done nearly as good a job on either `gawk' or its documentation without his help. Brian is in a class by himself as a programmer and technical author. -I have to thank him (yet again) for his ongoing friendship and the role -model he has been for me for close to 30 years! Having him as a +I have to thank him (yet again) for his ongoing friendship and for +being a role model to me for close to 30 years! Having him as a reviewer is an exciting privilege. It has also been extremely humbling... @@ -1369,22 +1380,22 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Getting Started, Next: Invoking Gawk, Prev: Preface, The basic function of `awk' is to search files for lines (or other units of text) that contain certain patterns. When a line matches one of the patterns, `awk' performs specified actions on that line. `awk' -keeps processing input lines in this way until it reaches the end of -the input files. +continues to process input lines in this way until it reaches the end +of the input files. Programs in `awk' are different from programs in most other -languages, because `awk' programs are "data-driven"; that is, you -describe the data you want to work with and then what to do when you -find it. Most other languages are "procedural"; you have to describe, -in great detail, every step the program is to take. When working with +languages, because `awk' programs are "data driven" (i.e., you describe +the data you want to work with and then what to do when you find it). +Most other languages are "procedural"; you have to describe, in great +detail, every step the program should take. When working with procedural languages, it is usually much harder to clearly describe the data your program will process. For this reason, `awk' programs are often refreshingly easy to read and write. When you run `awk', you specify an `awk' "program" that tells `awk' -what to do. The program consists of a series of "rules". (It may also +what to do. The program consists of a series of "rules" (it may also contain "function definitions", an advanced feature that we will ignore -for now. *Note User-defined::.) Each rule specifies one pattern to +for now; *note User-defined::). Each rule specifies one pattern to search for and one action to perform upon finding the pattern. Syntactically, a rule consists of a pattern followed by an action. @@ -1473,7 +1484,8 @@ programs from shell scripts, because it avoids the need for a separate file for the `awk' program. A self-contained shell script is more reliable because there are no other files to misplace. - *note Very Simple::, presents several short, self-contained programs. + Later in this chapter, *note Very Simple::, presents several short, +self-contained programs.  File: gawk.info, Node: Read Terminal, Next: Long, Prev: One-shot, Up: Running gawk @@ -1515,7 +1527,7 @@ ugly shell quoting tricks. This next simple `awk' program emulates the `cat' utility; it copies whatever you type on the keyboard to its standard output (why this -works is explained shortly). +works is explained shortly): $ awk '{ print }' Now is the time for all good men @@ -1607,7 +1619,7 @@ the instructions in your program. (This is different from a "compiled" language such as C, where your program is first compiled into machine code that is executed directly by your system's processor.) The `awk' utility is thus termed an "interpreter". Many modern languages are -interperted. +interpreted. The line beginning with `#!' lists the full file name of an interpreter to run and a single optional initial command-line argument @@ -1635,8 +1647,8 @@ the name of your script (`advice'). (d.c.) Don't rely on the value of ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) The `#!' mechanism works on GNU/Linux systems, BSD-based systems -and commercial Unix systems. + (1) The `#!' mechanism works on GNU/Linux systems, BSD-based +systems, and commercial Unix systems.  File: gawk.info, Node: Comments, Next: Quoting, Prev: Executable Scripts, Up: Running gawk @@ -1650,13 +1662,13 @@ Comments can explain what the program does and how it works. Nearly all programming languages have provisions for comments, as programs are typically hard to understand without them. - In the `awk' language, a comment starts with the sharp sign + In the `awk' language, a comment starts with the number sign character (`#') and continues to the end of the line. The `#' does not have to be the first character on the line. The `awk' language ignores -the rest of a line following a sharp sign. For example, we could have +the rest of a line following a number sign. For example, we could have put the following into `advice': - # This program prints a nice friendly message. It helps + # This program prints a nice, friendly message. It helps # keep novice users from being afraid of the computer. BEGIN { print "Don't Panic!" } @@ -1665,15 +1677,15 @@ programs, but this usually isn't very useful; the purpose of a comment is to help you or another person understand the program when reading it at a later time. - CAUTION: As mentioned in *note One-shot::, you can enclose small - to medium programs in single quotes, in order to keep your shell - scripts self-contained. When doing so, _don't_ put an apostrophe - (i.e., a single quote) into a comment (or anywhere else in your - program). The shell interprets the quote as the closing quote for - the entire program. As a result, usually the shell prints a - message about mismatched quotes, and if `awk' actually runs, it - will probably print strange messages about syntax errors. For - example, look at the following: + CAUTION: As mentioned in *note One-shot::, you can enclose short + to medium-sized programs in single quotes, in order to keep your + shell scripts self-contained. When doing so, _don't_ put an + apostrophe (i.e., a single quote) into a comment (or anywhere else + in your program). The shell interprets the quote as the closing + quote for the entire program. As a result, usually the shell + prints a message about mismatched quotes, and if `awk' actually + runs, it will probably print strange messages about syntax errors. + For example, look at the following: $ awk 'BEGIN { print "hello" } # let's be cute' > @@ -1689,8 +1701,8 @@ at a later time. error--> source line number 1 Putting a backslash before the single quote in `let's' wouldn't - help, since backslashes are not special inside single quotes. The - next node describes the shell's quoting rules. + help, because backslashes are not special inside single quotes. + The next node describes the shell's quoting rules.  File: gawk.info, Node: Quoting, Prev: Comments, Up: Running gawk @@ -1702,7 +1714,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Quoting, Prev: Comments, Up: Running gawk * DOS Quoting:: Quoting in Windows Batch Files. - For short to medium length `awk' programs, it is most convenient to + For short to medium-length `awk' programs, it is most convenient to enter the program on the `awk' command line. This is best done by enclosing the entire program in single quotes. This is true whether you are entering the program interactively at the shell prompt, or @@ -1722,15 +1734,15 @@ string. The null string is character data that has no value. In other words, it is empty. It is written in `awk' programs like this: `""'. In the shell, it can be written using single or double quotes: `""' or -`'''. While the null string has no characters in it, it does exist. -Consider this command: +`'''. Although the null string has no characters in it, it does exist. +For example, consider this command: $ echo "" Here, the `echo' utility receives a single argument, even though that argument has no characters in it. In the rest of this Info file, we use the terms "null string" and "empty string" interchangeably. Now, on to -the quoting rules. +the quoting rules: * Quoted items can be concatenated with nonquoted items as well as with other quoted items. The shell turns everything into one @@ -1751,7 +1763,7 @@ the quoting rules. on the quoted text. Different shells may do additional kinds of processing on double-quoted text. - Since certain characters within double-quoted text are processed + Because certain characters within double-quoted text are processed by the shell, they must be "escaped" within the text. Of note are the characters `$', ``', `\', and `"', all of which must be preceded by a backslash within double-quoted text if they are to @@ -1790,7 +1802,7 @@ shell quoting tricks, like this: -| Here is a single quote <'> This program consists of three concatenated quoted strings. The first -and the third are single-quoted, the second is double-quoted. +and the third are single quoted, the second is double quoted. This can be "simplified" to: @@ -1865,7 +1877,7 @@ about monthly shipments. In both files, each line is considered to be one "record". In `mail-list', each record contains the name of a person, his/her -phone number, his/her email-address, and a code for their relationship +phone number, his/her email address, and a code for his/her relationship with the author of the list. The columns are aligned using spaces. An `A' in the last column means that the person is an acquaintance. An `F' in the last column means that the person is a friend. An `R' means @@ -1961,13 +1973,13 @@ that does nothing (i.e., no lines are printed). collection of useful, short programs to get you started. Some of these programs contain constructs that haven't been covered yet. (The description of the program will give you a good idea of what is going -on, but please read the rest of the Info file to become an `awk' -expert!) Most of the examples use a data file named `data'. This is -just a placeholder; if you use these programs yourself, substitute your -own file names for `data'. For future reference, note that there is -often more than one way to do things in `awk'. At some point, you may -want to look back at these examples and see if you can come up with -different ways to do the same things shown here: +on, but you'll need to read the rest of the Info file to become an +`awk' expert!) Most of the examples use a data file named `data'. +This is just a placeholder; if you use these programs yourself, +substitute your own file names for `data'. For future reference, note +that there is often more than one way to do things in `awk'. At some +point, you may want to look back at these examples and see if you can +come up with different ways to do the same things shown here: * Print every line that is longer than 80 characters: @@ -1989,7 +2001,7 @@ different ways to do the same things shown here: expand data | awk '{ if (x < length($0)) x = length($0) } END { print "maximum line length is " x }' - This example differs slightly from the previous one: The input is + This example differs slightly from the previous one: the input is processed by the `expand' utility to change TABs into spaces, so the widths compared are actually the right-margin columns, as opposed to the number of input characters on each line. @@ -2183,10 +2195,10 @@ or a string. the C shell._ It works for `awk' programs in files and for one-shot programs, _provided_ you are using a POSIX-compliant shell, such as the Unix Bourne shell or Bash. But the C shell - behaves differently! There, you must use two backslashes in a - row, followed by a newline. Note also that when using the C - shell, _every_ newline in your `awk' program must be escaped with - a backslash. To illustrate: + behaves differently! There you must use two backslashes in a row, + followed by a newline. Note also that when using the C shell, + _every_ newline in your `awk' program must be escaped with a + backslash. To illustrate: % awk 'BEGIN { \ ? print \\ @@ -2291,8 +2303,8 @@ edit-compile-test-debug cycle of software development. Complex programs have been written in `awk', including a complete retargetable assembler for eight-bit microprocessors (*note Glossary::, for more information), and a microcode assembler for a special-purpose -Prolog computer. While the original `awk''s capabilities were strained -by tasks of such complexity, modern versions are more capable. +Prolog computer. The original `awk''s capabilities were strained by +tasks of such complexity, but modern versions are more capable. If you find yourself writing `awk' scripts of more than, say, a few hundred lines, you might consider using a different programming @@ -2340,10 +2352,10 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Invoking Gawk, Next: Regexp, Prev: Getting Started, U This major node covers how to run `awk', both POSIX-standard and `gawk'-specific command-line options, and what `awk' and `gawk' do with -non-option arguments. It then proceeds to cover how `gawk' searches -for source files, reading standard input along with other files, -`gawk''s environment variables, `gawk''s exit status, using include -files, and obsolete and undocumented options and/or features. +nonoption arguments. It then proceeds to cover how `gawk' searches for +source files, reading standard input along with other files, `gawk''s +environment variables, `gawk''s exit status, using include files, and +obsolete and undocumented options and/or features. Many of the options and features described here are discussed in more detail later in the Info file; feel free to skip over things in @@ -2377,8 +2389,8 @@ enclosed in [...] in these templates are optional: `awk' [OPTIONS] `-f' PROGFILE [`--'] FILE ... `awk' [OPTIONS] [`--'] `'PROGRAM'' FILE ... - Besides traditional one-letter POSIX-style options, `gawk' also -supports GNU long options. + In addition to traditional one-letter POSIX-style options, `gawk' +also supports GNU long options. It is possible to invoke `awk' with an empty program: @@ -2414,7 +2426,7 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: `-f SOURCE-FILE' `--file SOURCE-FILE' Read `awk' program source from SOURCE-FILE instead of in the first - non-option argument. This option may be given multiple times; the + nonoption argument. This option may be given multiple times; the `awk' program consists of the concatenation of the contents of each specified SOURCE-FILE. @@ -2593,7 +2605,7 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: `-M' `--bignum' - Force arbitrary precision arithmetic on numbers. This option has + Force arbitrary-precision arithmetic on numbers. This option has no effect if `gawk' is not compiled to use the GNU MPFR and MP libraries (*note Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic::). @@ -2603,9 +2615,8 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: input data (*note Nondecimal Data::). CAUTION: This option can severely break old programs. Use - with care. - - This option may disappear in a future version of `gawk'. + with care. Also note that this option may disappear in a + future version of `gawk'. `-N' `--use-lc-numeric' @@ -2628,7 +2639,8 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: `-O' `--optimize' Enable some optimizations on the internal representation of the - program. At the moment this includes just simple constant folding. + program. At the moment, this includes just simple constant + folding. `-p'[FILE] `--profile'[`='FILE] @@ -2671,8 +2683,8 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: `--re-interval' Allow interval expressions (*note Regexp Operators::) in regexps. This is now `gawk''s default behavior. Nevertheless, this option - remains both for backward compatibility, and for use in - combination with `--traditional'. + remains (both for backward compatibility and for use in + combination with `--traditional'). `-S' `--sandbox' @@ -2708,7 +2720,7 @@ it is, `awk' reads its program source from all of the named files, as if they had been concatenated together into one big file. This is useful for creating libraries of `awk' functions. These functions can be written once and then retrieved from a standard place, instead of -having to be included into each individual program. The `-i' option is +having to be included in each individual program. The `-i' option is similar in this regard. (As mentioned in *note Definition Syntax::, function names must be unique.) @@ -2716,7 +2728,7 @@ function names must be unique.) the program is entered at the keyboard, by specifying `-f /dev/tty'. After typing your program, type `Ctrl-d' (the end-of-file character) to terminate it. (You may also use `-f -' to read program source from the -standard input but then you will not be able to also use the standard +standard input, but then you will not be able to also use the standard input as a source of data.) Because it is clumsy using the standard `awk' mechanisms to mix @@ -2727,7 +2739,7 @@ source code (*note AWKPATH Variable::). As with `-f', the `-e' and `-i' options may also be used multiple times on the command line. If no `-f' or `-e' option is specified, then `gawk' uses the first -non-option command-line argument as the text of the program source code. +nonoption command-line argument as the text of the program source code. If the environment variable `POSIXLY_CORRECT' exists, then `gawk' behaves in strict POSIX mode, exactly as if you had supplied `--posix'. @@ -2776,8 +2788,8 @@ not a file name: program in the `ARGV' array (*note Built-in Variables::). Command-line options and the program text (if present) are omitted from `ARGV'. All other arguments, including variable assignments, are included. As -each element of `ARGV' is processed, `gawk' sets the variable `ARGIND' -to the index in `ARGV' of the current element. +each element of `ARGV' is processed, `gawk' sets `ARGIND' to the index +in `ARGV' of the current element. Changing `ARGC' and `ARGV' in your `awk' program lets you control how `awk' processes the input files; this is described in more detail @@ -2921,11 +2933,11 @@ this means that you will rarely need to change the value of `AWKPATH'. `ENVIRON["AWKPATH"]'. This provides access to the actual search path value from within an `awk' program. - While you can change `ENVIRON["AWKPATH"]' within your `awk' program, -this has no effect on the running program's behavior. This makes -sense: the `AWKPATH' environment variable is used to find the program -source files. Once your program is running, all the files have been -found, and `gawk' no longer needs to use `AWKPATH'. + Although you can change `ENVIRON["AWKPATH"]' within your `awk' +program, this has no effect on the running program's behavior. This +makes sense: the `AWKPATH' environment variable is used to find the +program source files. Once your program is running, all the files have +been found, and `gawk' no longer needs to use `AWKPATH'. ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -2968,7 +2980,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Other Environment Variables, Prev: AWKLIBPATH Variable, A number of other environment variables affect `gawk''s behavior, but they are more specialized. Those in the following list are meant to be -used by regular users. +used by regular users: `GAWK_MSEC_SLEEP' Specifies the interval between connection retries, in @@ -2985,7 +2997,7 @@ used by regular users. Networking::. `POSIXLY_CORRECT' - Causes `gawk' to switch to POSIX compatibility mode, disabling all + Causes `gawk' to switch to POSIX-compatibility mode, disabling all traditional and GNU extensions. *Note Options::. The environment variables in the following list are meant for use by @@ -3016,8 +3028,8 @@ change. The variables are: If this variable exists, `gawk' includes the file name and line number within the `gawk' source code from which warning and/or fatal messages are generated. Its purpose is to help isolate the - source of a message, since there are multiple places which produce - the same warning or error message. + source of a message, as there are multiple places which produce the + same warning or error message. `GAWK_NO_DFA' If this variable exists, `gawk' does not use the DFA regexp matcher @@ -3028,8 +3040,8 @@ change. The variables are: don't coordinate with each other.) `GAWK_NO_PP_RUN' - If this variable exists, then when invoked with the - `--pretty-print' option, `gawk' skips running the program. + When `gawk' is invoked with the `--pretty-print' option, it will + not run the program if this environment variable exists. CAUTION: This variable will not survive into the next major release. @@ -3065,13 +3077,13 @@ with the value of the C constant `EXIT_SUCCESS'. This is usually zero. If an error occurs, `gawk' exits with the value of the C constant `EXIT_FAILURE'. This is usually one. - If `gawk' exits because of a fatal error, the exit status is 2. On -non-POSIX systems, this value may be mapped to `EXIT_FAILURE'. + If `gawk' exits because of a fatal error, the exit status is two. +On non-POSIX systems, this value may be mapped to `EXIT_FAILURE'.  File: gawk.info, Node: Include Files, Next: Loading Shared Libraries, Prev: Exit Status, Up: Invoking Gawk -2.7 Including Other Files Into Your Program +2.7 Including Other Files into Your Program =========================================== This minor node describes a feature that is specific to `gawk'. @@ -3106,9 +3118,9 @@ and here is `test2': -| This is script test1. -| This is script test2. - `gawk' runs the `test2' script which includes `test1' using the -`@include' keyword. So, to include external `awk' source files you just -use `@include' followed by the name of the file to be included, + `gawk' runs the `test2' script, which includes `test1' using the +`@include' keyword. So, to include external `awk' source files, you +just use `@include' followed by the name of the file to be included, enclosed in double quotes. NOTE: Keep in mind that this is a language construct and the file @@ -3134,22 +3146,22 @@ Running `gawk' with the `test3' script produces the following results: @include "../io_funcs" -or: +and: @include "/usr/awklib/network" -are valid. The `AWKPATH' environment variable can be of great value -when using `@include'. The same rules for the use of the `AWKPATH' -variable in command-line file searches (*note AWKPATH Variable::) apply -to `@include' also. +are both valid. The `AWKPATH' environment variable can be of great +value when using `@include'. The same rules for the use of the +`AWKPATH' variable in command-line file searches (*note AWKPATH +Variable::) apply to `@include' also. This is very helpful in constructing `gawk' function libraries. If -you have a large script with useful, general purpose `awk' functions, +you have a large script with useful, general-purpose `awk' functions, you can break it down into library files and put those files in a special directory. You can then include those "libraries," using either the full pathnames of the files, or by setting the `AWKPATH' environment variable accordingly and then using `@include' with just -the file part of the full pathname. Of course you can have more than +the file part of the full pathname. Of course, you can have more than one directory to keep library files; the more complex the working environment is, the more directories you may need to organize the files to be included. @@ -3168,7 +3180,7 @@ and this also applies to files named with `@include'.  File: gawk.info, Node: Loading Shared Libraries, Next: Obsolete, Prev: Include Files, Up: Invoking Gawk -2.8 Loading Dynamic Extensions Into Your Program +2.8 Loading Dynamic Extensions into Your Program ================================================ This minor node describes a feature that is specific to `gawk'. @@ -3183,7 +3195,7 @@ The `AWKLIBPATH' variable is used to search for the extension. Using If the extension is not initially found in `AWKLIBPATH', another search is conducted after appending the platform's default shared library suffix to the file name. For example, on GNU/Linux systems, -the suffix `.so' is used. +the suffix `.so' is used: $ gawk '@load "ordchr"; BEGIN {print chr(65)}' -| A @@ -3240,12 +3252,12 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Invoking Summary, Prev: Undocumented, Up: Invoking Gaw `-F' and `-v'. `gawk' supplies these and many others, as well as corresponding GNU-style long options. - * Non-option command-line arguments are usually treated as file - names, unless they have the form `VAR=VALUE', in which case they - are taken as variable assignments to be performed at that point in + * Nonoption command-line arguments are usually treated as file names, + unless they have the form `VAR=VALUE', in which case they are + taken as variable assignments to be performed at that point in processing the input. - * All non-option command-line arguments, excluding the program text, + * All nonoption command-line arguments, excluding the program text, are placed in the `ARGV' array. Adjusting `ARGC' and `ARGV' affects how `awk' processes input. @@ -3284,7 +3296,7 @@ strings. Because regular expressions are such a fundamental part of that matches every input record whose text belongs to that set. The simplest regular expression is a sequence of letters, numbers, or both. Such a regexp matches any string that contains that sequence. Thus, -the regexp `foo' matches any string containing `foo'. Therefore, the +the regexp `foo' matches any string containing `foo'. Thus, the pattern `/foo/' matches any input record containing the three adjacent characters `foo' _anywhere_ in the record. Other kinds of regexps let you specify more complicated classes of strings. @@ -3325,13 +3337,13 @@ expressions allow you to specify the string to match against; it need not be the entire current input record. The two operators `~' and `!~' perform regular expression comparisons. Expressions using these operators can be used as patterns, or in `if', `while', `for', and `do' -statements. (*Note Statements::.) For example: +statements. (*Note Statements::.) For example, the following is true +if the expression EXP (taken as a string) matches REGEXP: EXP ~ /REGEXP/ -is true if the expression EXP (taken as a string) matches REGEXP. The -following example matches, or selects, all input records with the -uppercase letter `J' somewhere in the first field: +This example matches, or selects, all input records with the uppercase +letter `J' somewhere in the first field: $ awk '$1 ~ /J/' inventory-shipped -| Jan 13 25 15 115 @@ -3385,9 +3397,9 @@ string or regexp. Thus, the string whose contents are the two characters `"' and `\' must be written `"\"\\"'. Other escape sequences represent unprintable characters such as TAB -or newline. While there is nothing to stop you from entering most +or newline. There is nothing to stop you from entering most unprintable characters directly in a string constant or regexp constant, -they may look ugly. +but they may look ugly. The following list presents all the escape sequences used in `awk' and what they represent. Unless noted otherwise, all these escape @@ -3431,7 +3443,7 @@ sequences apply to both string constants and regexp constants: more than two hexadecimal digits produces undefined results. (The `\x' escape sequence is not allowed in POSIX `awk'.) - CAUTION: The next major relase of `gawk' will change, such + CAUTION: The next major release of `gawk' will change, such that a maximum of two hexadecimal digits following the `\x' will be used. @@ -3439,7 +3451,7 @@ sequences apply to both string constants and regexp constants: A literal slash (necessary for regexp constants only). This sequence is used when you want to write a regexp constant that contains a slash (such as `/.*:\/home\/[[:alnum:]]+:.*/'; the - `[[:alnum:]]' notation is discussed shortly, in *note Bracket + `[[:alnum:]]' notation is discussed in *note Bracket Expressions::). Because the regexp is delimited by slashes, you need to escape any slash that is part of the pattern, in order to tell `awk' to keep processing the rest of the regexp. @@ -3465,19 +3477,6 @@ characters `a+b'. For complete portability, do not use a backslash before any character not shown in the previous list and that is not an operator. - To summarize: - - * The escape sequences in the list above are always processed first, - for both string constants and regexp constants. This happens very - early, as soon as `awk' reads your program. - - * `gawk' processes both regexp constants and dynamic regexps (*note - Computed Regexps::), for the special operators listed in *note GNU - Regexp Operators::. - - * A backslash before any other character means to treat that - character literally. - Backslash Before Regular Characters If you place a backslash in a string constant before something that @@ -3496,6 +3495,19 @@ Leave the backslash alone Some other `awk' implementations do this. In such implementations, typing `"a\qc"' is the same as typing `"a\\qc"'. + To summarize: + + * The escape sequences in the preceding list are always processed + first, for both string constants and regexp constants. This + happens very early, as soon as `awk' reads your program. + + * `gawk' processes both regexp constants and dynamic regexps (*note + Computed Regexps::), for the special operators listed in *note GNU + Regexp Operators::. + + * A backslash before any other character means to treat that + character literally. + Escape Sequences for Metacharacters Suppose you use an octal or hexadecimal escape to represent a regexp @@ -3528,15 +3540,15 @@ in processing regexps. sequences and that are not listed in the following stand for themselves: `\' - This is used to suppress the special meaning of a character when - matching. For example, `\$' matches the character `$'. + This suppresses the special meaning of a character when matching. + For example, `\$' matches the character `$'. `^' - This matches the beginning of a string. For example, `^@chapter' - matches `@chapter' at the beginning of a string and can be used to - identify chapter beginnings in Texinfo source files. The `^' is - known as an "anchor", because it anchors the pattern to match only - at the beginning of the string. + This matches the beginning of a string. `^@chapter' matches + `@chapter' at the beginning of a string, for example, and can be + used to identify chapter beginnings in Texinfo source files. The + `^' is known as an "anchor", because it anchors the pattern to + match only at the beginning of the string. It is important to realize that `^' does not match the beginning of a line (the point right after a `\n' newline character) embedded @@ -3609,7 +3621,7 @@ sequences and that are not listed in the following stand for themselves: First, the `*' applies only to the single preceding regular expression component (e.g., in `ph*', it applies just to the `h'). To cause `*' to apply to a larger sub-expression, use parentheses: - `(ph)*' matches `ph', `phph', `phphph' and so on. + `(ph)*' matches `ph', `phph', `phphph', and so on. Second, `*' finds as many repetitions as possible. If the text to be matched is `phhhhhhhhhhhhhhooey', `ph*' matches all of the `h's. @@ -3693,7 +3705,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Bracket Expressions, Next: Leftmost Longest, Prev: Reg 3.4 Using Bracket Expressions ============================= -As mentioned earlier, a bracket expression matches any character amongst +As mentioned earlier, a bracket expression matches any character among those listed between the opening and closing square brackets. Within a bracket expression, a "range expression" consists of two @@ -3733,24 +3745,24 @@ character classes defined by the POSIX standard. Class Meaning -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -`[:alnum:]' Alphanumeric characters. -`[:alpha:]' Alphabetic characters. -`[:blank:]' Space and TAB characters. -`[:cntrl:]' Control characters. -`[:digit:]' Numeric characters. -`[:graph:]' Characters that are both printable and visible. (A space is - printable but not visible, whereas an `a' is both.) -`[:lower:]' Lowercase alphabetic characters. +`[:alnum:]' Alphanumeric characters +`[:alpha:]' Alphabetic characters +`[:blank:]' Space and TAB characters +`[:cntrl:]' Control characters +`[:digit:]' Numeric characters +`[:graph:]' Characters that are both printable and visible (a space is + printable but not visible, whereas an `a' is both) +`[:lower:]' Lowercase alphabetic characters `[:print:]' Printable characters (characters that are not control - characters). + characters) `[:punct:]' Punctuation characters (characters that are not letters, - digits, control characters, or space characters). + digits control characters, or space characters) `[:space:]' Space characters (such as space, TAB, and formfeed, to name - a few). -`[:upper:]' Uppercase alphabetic characters. -`[:xdigit:]'Characters that are hexadecimal digits. + a few) +`[:upper:]' Uppercase alphabetic characters +`[:xdigit:]'Characters that are hexadecimal digits -Table 3.1: POSIX Character Classes +Table 3.1: POSIX character classes For example, before the POSIX standard, you had to write `/[A-Za-z0-9]/' to match alphanumeric characters. If your character @@ -3758,7 +3770,7 @@ set had other alphabetic characters in it, this would not match them. With the POSIX character classes, you can write `/[[:alnum:]]/' to match the alphabetic and numeric characters in your character set. - Some utilities that match regular expressions provide a non-standard + Some utilities that match regular expressions provide a nonstandard `[:ascii:]' character class; `awk' does not. However, you can simulate such a construct using `[\x00-\x7F]'. This matches all values numerically between zero and 127, which is the defined range of the @@ -3951,9 +3963,9 @@ letters, digits, or underscores (`_'): not match `dirty rat'. `\B' is essentially the opposite of `\y'. There are two other operators that work on buffers. In Emacs, a -"buffer" is, naturally, an Emacs buffer. For other programs, `gawk''s -regexp library routines consider the entire string to match as the -buffer. The operators are: +"buffer" is, naturally, an Emacs buffer. Other GNU programs, including +`gawk', consider the entire string to match as the buffer. The +operators are: `\`' Matches the empty string at the beginning of a buffer (string). @@ -3981,15 +3993,14 @@ No options Operators::. `--posix' - Only POSIX regexps are supported; the GNU operators are not special - (e.g., `\w' matches a literal `w'). Interval expressions are - allowed. + Match only POSIX regexps; the GNU operators are not special (e.g., + `\w' matches a literal `w'). Interval expressions are allowed. `--traditional' - Traditional Unix `awk' regexps are matched. The GNU operators are - not special, and interval expressions are not available. The - POSIX character classes (`[[:alnum:]]', etc.) are supported, as - BWK `awk' supports them. Characters described by octal and + Match traditional Unix `awk' regexps. The GNU operators are not + special, and interval expressions are not available. Because BWK + `awk' supports them, the POSIX character classes (`[[:alnum:]]', + etc.) are available. Characters described by octal and hexadecimal escape sequences are treated literally, even if they represent regexp metacharacters. @@ -4029,10 +4040,9 @@ works in any POSIX-compliant `awk'. `IGNORECASE' is not zero, _all_ regexp and string operations ignore case. - Changing the value of `IGNORECASE' dynamically controls the -case-sensitivity of the program as it runs. Case is significant by -default because `IGNORECASE' (like most variables) is initialized to -zero: + Changing the value of `IGNORECASE' dynamically controls the case +sensitivity of the program as it runs. Case is significant by default +because `IGNORECASE' (like most variables) is initialized to zero: x = "aB" if (x ~ /ab/) ... # this test will fail @@ -4040,17 +4050,17 @@ zero: IGNORECASE = 1 if (x ~ /ab/) ... # now it will succeed - In general, you cannot use `IGNORECASE' to make certain rules -case-insensitive and other rules case-sensitive, because there is no + In general, you cannot use `IGNORECASE' to make certain rules case +insensitive and other rules case sensitive, as there is no straightforward way to set `IGNORECASE' just for the pattern of a particular rule.(1) To do this, use either bracket expressions or `tolower()'. However, one thing you can do with `IGNORECASE' only is -dynamically turn case-sensitivity on or off for all the rules at once. +dynamically turn case sensitivity on or off for all the rules at once. `IGNORECASE' can be set on the command line or in a `BEGIN' rule (*note Other Arguments::; also *note Using BEGIN/END::). Setting -`IGNORECASE' from the command line is a way to make a program -case-insensitive without having to edit it. +`IGNORECASE' from the command line is a way to make a program case +insensitive without having to edit it. In multibyte locales, the equivalences between upper- and lowercase characters are tested based on the wide-character values of the @@ -4087,11 +4097,11 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Regexp Summary, Prev: Case-sensitivity, Up: Regexp conditional expressions, or as part of matching expressions using the `~' and `!~' operators. - * Escape sequences let you represent non-printable characters and + * Escape sequences let you represent nonprintable characters and also let you represent regexp metacharacters as literal characters to be matched. - * Regexp operators provide grouping, alternation and repetition. + * Regexp operators provide grouping, alternation, and repetition. * Bracket expressions give you a shorthand for specifying sets of characters that can match at a particular point in a regexp. @@ -4103,8 +4113,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Regexp Summary, Prev: Case-sensitivity, Up: Regexp extent of the match, such as for text substitution and when the record separator is a regexp. - * Matching expressions may use dynamic regexps, that is, string - values treated as regular expressions. + * Matching expressions may use dynamic regexps (i.e., string values + treated as regular expressions). * `gawk''s `IGNORECASE' variable lets you control the case sensitivity of regexp matching. In other `awk' versions, use @@ -4163,7 +4173,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Records, Next: Fields, Up: Reading Files `awk' divides the input for your program into records and fields. It keeps track of the number of records that have been read so far from the current input file. This value is stored in a predefined variable -called `FNR' which is reset to zero every time a new file is started. +called `FNR', which is reset to zero every time a new file is started. Another predefined variable, `NR', records the total number of input records read so far from all data files. It starts at zero, but is never automatically reset to zero. @@ -4176,7 +4186,7 @@ never automatically reset to zero.  File: gawk.info, Node: awk split records, Next: gawk split records, Up: Records -4.1.1 Record Splitting With Standard `awk' +4.1.1 Record Splitting with Standard `awk' ------------------------------------------ Records are separated by a character called the "record separator". By @@ -4188,7 +4198,7 @@ predefined variable `RS'. Like any other variable, the value of `RS' can be changed in the `awk' program with the assignment operator, `=' (*note Assignment Ops::). The new record-separator character should be enclosed in -quotation marks, which indicate a string constant. Often the right +quotation marks, which indicate a string constant. Often, the right time to do this is at the beginning of execution, before any input is processed, so that the very first record is read with the proper separator. To do this, use the special `BEGIN' pattern (*note @@ -4198,7 +4208,7 @@ BEGIN/END::). For example: { print $0 }' mail-list changes the value of `RS' to `u', before reading any input. This is a -string whose first character is the letter "u;" as a result, records +string whose first character is the letter "u"; as a result, records are separated by the letter "u." Then the input file is read, and the second rule in the `awk' program (the action with no pattern) prints each record. Because each `print' statement adds a newline at the end @@ -4304,7 +4314,7 @@ variable `RT' to the text in the input that matched `RS'.  File: gawk.info, Node: gawk split records, Prev: awk split records, Up: Records -4.1.2 Record Splitting With `gawk' +4.1.2 Record Splitting with `gawk' ---------------------------------- When using `gawk', the value of `RS' is not limited to a one-character @@ -4344,7 +4354,7 @@ leading and trailing whitespace. The final value of `RT' is a newline. `RT'. If you set `RS' to a regular expression that allows optional -trailing text, such as `RS = "abc(XYZ)?"' it is possible, due to +trailing text, such as `RS = "abc(XYZ)?"', it is possible, due to implementation constraints, that `gawk' may match the leading part of the regular expression, but not the trailing part, particularly if the input text that could match the trailing part is fairly long. `gawk' @@ -4412,8 +4422,8 @@ When `awk' reads an input record, the record is automatically "parsed" or separated by the `awk' utility into chunks called "fields". By default, fields are separated by "whitespace", like words in a line. Whitespace in `awk' means any string of one or more spaces, TABs, or -newlines;(1) other characters, such as formfeed, vertical tab, etc., -that are considered whitespace by other languages, are _not_ considered +newlines;(1) other characters that are considered whitespace by other +languages (such as formfeed, vertical tab, etc.) are _not_ considered whitespace by `awk'. The purpose of fields is to make it more convenient for you to refer @@ -4424,9 +4434,9 @@ simple `awk' programs so powerful. You use a dollar-sign (`$') to refer to a field in an `awk' program, followed by the number of the field you want. Thus, `$1' refers to the first field, `$2' to the second, and so on. (Unlike the Unix shells, -the field numbers are not limited to single digits. `$127' is the one -hundred twenty-seventh field in the record.) For example, suppose the -following is a line of input: +the field numbers are not limited to single digits. `$127' is the +127th field in the record.) For example, suppose the following is a +line of input: This seems like a pretty nice example. @@ -4485,11 +4495,11 @@ example: awk '{ print $NR }' Recall that `NR' is the number of records read so far: one in the first -record, two in the second, etc. So this example prints the first field -of the first record, the second field of the second record, and so on. -For the twentieth record, field number 20 is printed; most likely, the -record has fewer than 20 fields, so this prints a blank line. Here is -another example of using expressions as field numbers: +record, two in the second, and so on. So this example prints the first +field of the first record, the second field of the second record, and so +on. For the twentieth record, field number 20 is printed; most likely, +the record has fewer than 20 fields, so this prints a blank line. Here +is another example of using expressions as field numbers: awk '{ print $(2*2) }' mail-list @@ -4519,7 +4529,7 @@ field number. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) A "binary operator", such as `*' for multiplication, is one that -takes two operands. The distinction is required, since `awk' also has +takes two operands. The distinction is required, because `awk' also has unary (one-operand) and ternary (three-operand) operators.  @@ -4565,8 +4575,8 @@ subtracted from the second field of each line: -| Mar 5 24 34 228 ... - It is also possible to also assign contents to fields that are out -of range. For example: + It is also possible to assign contents to fields that are out of +range. For example: $ awk '{ $6 = ($5 + $4 + $3 + $2) > print $6 }' inventory-shipped @@ -4667,7 +4677,7 @@ separate the fields. record simply by setting `FS' and `OFS', and then expecting a plain `print' or `print $0' to print the modified record. - But this does not work, since nothing was done to change the record + But this does not work, because nothing was done to change the record itself. Instead, you must force the record to be rebuilt, typically with a statement such as `$1 = $1', as described earlier. @@ -4707,7 +4717,7 @@ is used by the POSIX-compliant shells (such as the Unix Bourne shell, `sh', or Bash). The value of `FS' can be changed in the `awk' program with the -assignment operator, `=' (*note Assignment Ops::). Often the right +assignment operator, `=' (*note Assignment Ops::). Often, the right time to do this is at the beginning of execution before any input has been processed, so that the very first record is read with the proper separator. To do this, use the special `BEGIN' pattern (*note @@ -4819,7 +4829,7 @@ was ignored when finding `$1', it is not part of the new `$0'. Finally, the last `print' statement prints the new `$0'. There is an additional subtlety to be aware of when using regular -expressions for field splitting. It is not well-specified in the POSIX +expressions for field splitting. It is not well specified in the POSIX standard, or anywhere else, what `^' means when splitting fields. Does the `^' match only at the beginning of the entire record? Or is each field separator a new string? It turns out that different `awk' @@ -4944,21 +4954,50 @@ the entries for users whose full name is not indicated:  File: gawk.info, Node: Full Line Fields, Next: Field Splitting Summary, Prev: Command Line Field Separator, Up: Field Separators -4.5.5 Making The Full Line Be A Single Field +4.5.5 Making the Full Line Be a Single Field -------------------------------------------- Occasionally, it's useful to treat the whole input line as a single field. This can be done easily and portably simply by setting `FS' to -`"\n"' (a newline).(1) +`"\n"' (a newline):(1) awk -F'\n' 'PROGRAM' FILES ... When you do this, `$1' is the same as `$0'. + Changing `FS' Does Not Affect the Fields + + According to the POSIX standard, `awk' is supposed to behave as if +each record is split into fields at the time it is read. In +particular, this means that if you change the value of `FS' after a +record is read, the value of the fields (i.e., how they were split) +should reflect the old value of `FS', not the new one. + + However, many older implementations of `awk' do not work this way. +Instead, they defer splitting the fields until a field is actually +referenced. The fields are split using the _current_ value of `FS'! +(d.c.) This behavior can be difficult to diagnose. The following +example illustrates the difference between the two methods. (The +`sed'(2) command prints just the first line of `/etc/passwd'.) + + sed 1q /etc/passwd | awk '{ FS = ":" ; print $1 }' + +which usually prints: + + root + +on an incorrect implementation of `awk', while `gawk' prints the full +first line of the file, something like: + + root:nSijPlPhZZwgE:0:0:Root:/: + ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) Thanks to Andrew Schorr for this tip. + (2) The `sed' utility is a "stream editor." Its behavior is also +defined by the POSIX standard. +  File: gawk.info, Node: Field Splitting Summary, Prev: Full Line Fields, Up: Field Separators @@ -4997,32 +5036,6 @@ value of `FS' (`==' means "is equal to"): (This is a common extension; it is not specified by the POSIX standard.) - Changing `FS' Does Not Affect the Fields - - According to the POSIX standard, `awk' is supposed to behave as if -each record is split into fields at the time it is read. In -particular, this means that if you change the value of `FS' after a -record is read, the value of the fields (i.e., how they were split) -should reflect the old value of `FS', not the new one. - - However, many older implementations of `awk' do not work this way. -Instead, they defer splitting the fields until a field is actually -referenced. The fields are split using the _current_ value of `FS'! -(d.c.) This behavior can be difficult to diagnose. The following -example illustrates the difference between the two methods. (The -`sed'(1) command prints just the first line of `/etc/passwd'.) - - sed 1q /etc/passwd | awk '{ FS = ":" ; print $1 }' - -which usually prints: - - root - -on an incorrect implementation of `awk', while `gawk' prints the full -first line of the file, something like: - - root:nSijPlPhZZwgE:0:0:Root:/: - `FS' and `IGNORECASE' The `IGNORECASE' variable (*note User-modified::) affects field @@ -5037,23 +5050,17 @@ Thus, in the following code: The output is `aCa'. If you really want to split fields on an alphabetic character while ignoring case, use a regexp that will do it -for you. E.g., `FS = "[c]"'. In this case, `IGNORECASE' will take +for you (e.g., `FS = "[c]"'). In this case, `IGNORECASE' will take effect. - ---------- Footnotes ---------- - - (1) The `sed' utility is a "stream editor." Its behavior is also -defined by the POSIX standard. -  File: gawk.info, Node: Constant Size, Next: Splitting By Content, Prev: Field Separators, Up: Reading Files 4.6 Reading Fixed-Width Data ============================ - NOTE: This minor node discusses an advanced feature of `gawk'. If - you are a novice `awk' user, you might want to skip it on the - first reading. +This minor node discusses an advanced feature of `gawk'. If you are a +novice `awk' user, you might want to skip it on the first reading. `gawk' provides a facility for dealing with fixed-width fields with no distinctive field separator. For example, data of this nature @@ -5089,13 +5096,10 @@ use of `FIELDWIDTHS': brent ttyp0 26Jun91 4:46 26:46 4:41 bash dave ttyq4 26Jun9115days 46 46 wnewmail - The following program takes the above input, converts the idle time -to number of seconds, and prints out the first two fields and the + The following program takes this input, converts the idle time to +number of seconds, and prints out the first two fields and the calculated idle time: - NOTE: This program uses a number of `awk' features that haven't - been introduced yet. - BEGIN { FIELDWIDTHS = "9 6 10 6 7 7 35" } NR > 2 { idle = $4 @@ -5112,6 +5116,9 @@ calculated idle time: print $1, $2, idle } + NOTE: The preceding program uses a number of `awk' features that + haven't been introduced yet. + Running the program on the data produces the following results: hzuo ttyV0 0 @@ -5155,12 +5162,11 @@ of such a function).  File: gawk.info, Node: Splitting By Content, Next: Multiple Line, Prev: Constant Size, Up: Reading Files -4.7 Defining Fields By Content +4.7 Defining Fields by Content ============================== - NOTE: This minor node discusses an advanced feature of `gawk'. If - you are a novice `awk' user, you might want to skip it on the - first reading. +This minor node discusses an advanced feature of `gawk'. If you are a +novice `awk' user, you might want to skip it on the first reading. Normally, when using `FS', `gawk' defines the fields as the parts of the record that occur in between each field separator. In other words, @@ -5168,13 +5174,13 @@ the record that occur in between each field separator. In other words, However, there are times when you really want to define the fields by what they are, and not by what they are not. - The most notorious such case is so-called "comma separated value" + The most notorious such case is so-called "comma-separated values" (CSV) data. Many spreadsheet programs, for example, can export their data into text files, where each record is terminated with a newline, and fields are separated by commas. If only commas separated the data, there wouldn't be an issue. The problem comes when one of the fields -contains an _embedded_ comma. While there is no formal standard -specification for CSV data(1), in such cases, most programs embed the +contains an _embedded_ comma. Although there is no formal standard +specification for CSV data,(1) in such cases, most programs embed the field in double quotes. So we might have data like this: Robbins,Arnold,"1234 A Pretty Street, NE",MyTown,MyState,12345-6789,USA @@ -5183,7 +5189,7 @@ field in double quotes. So we might have data like this: value of `FPAT' should be a string that provides a regular expression. This regular expression describes the contents of each field. - In the case of CSV data as presented above, each field is either + In the case of CSV data as presented here, each field is either "anything that is not a comma," or "a double quote, anything that is not a double quote, and a closing double quote." If written as a regular expression constant (*note Regexp::), we would have @@ -5237,8 +5243,8 @@ being used. NOTE: Some programs export CSV data that contains embedded newlines between the double quotes. `gawk' provides no way to - deal with this. Since there is no formal specification for CSV - data, there isn't much more to be done; the `FPAT' mechanism + deal with this. Because no formal specification for CSV data + exists, there isn't much more to be done; the `FPAT' mechanism provides an elegant solution for the majority of cases, and the `gawk' developers are satisfied with that. @@ -5364,7 +5370,7 @@ A simple program to process this file is as follows: -| ... - *Note Labels Program::, for a more realistic program that deals with + *Note Labels Program::, for a more realistic program dealing with address lists. The following list summarizes how records are split, based on the value of `RS'. (`==' means "is equal to.") @@ -5429,7 +5435,7 @@ describing the error that occurred. represents a shell command. NOTE: When `--sandbox' is specified (*note Options::), reading - lines from files, pipes and coprocesses is disabled. + lines from files, pipes, and coprocesses is disabled. * Menu: @@ -5546,7 +5552,7 @@ and produces these results: free The `getline' command used in this way sets only the variables `NR', -`FNR' and `RT' (and of course, VAR). The record is not split into +`FNR', and `RT' (and of course, VAR). The record is not split into fields, so the values of the fields (including `$0') and the value of `NF' do not change. @@ -5590,8 +5596,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Getline/Variable/File, Next: Getline/Pipe, Prev: Getli ------------------------------------------------- Use `getline VAR < FILE' to read input from the file FILE, and put it -in the variable VAR. As above, FILE is a string-valued expression that -specifies the file from which to read. +in the variable VAR. As earlier, FILE is a string-valued expression +that specifies the file from which to read. In this version of `getline', none of the predefined variables are changed and the record is not split into fields. The only variable @@ -5857,19 +5863,19 @@ COMMAND `|& getline' Sets `$0', `NF', and `RT' `gawk' COMMAND `|& getline' Sets VAR and `RT' `gawk' VAR -Table 4.1: `getline' Variants and What They Set +Table 4.1: `getline' variants and what they set  File: gawk.info, Node: Read Timeout, Next: Command-line directories, Prev: Getline, Up: Reading Files -4.10 Reading Input With A Timeout +4.10 Reading Input with a Timeout ================================= This minor node describes a feature that is specific to `gawk'. You may specify a timeout in milliseconds for reading input from the keyboard, a pipe, or two-way communication, including TCP/IP sockets. -This can be done on a per input, command or connection basis, by +This can be done on a per input, command, or connection basis, by setting a special element in the `PROCINFO' array (*note Auto-set::): PROCINFO["input_name", "READ_TIMEOUT"] = TIMEOUT IN MILLISECONDS @@ -5928,13 +5934,13 @@ input to arrive: exactly after the tenth record has been printed. It is possible that `gawk' will read and buffer more than one record's worth of data the first time. Because of this, changing the value of - timeout like in the above example is not very useful. + timeout like in the preceding example is not very useful. - If the `PROCINFO' element is not present and the environment -variable `GAWK_READ_TIMEOUT' exists, `gawk' uses its value to -initialize the timeout value. The exclusive use of the environment -variable to specify timeout has the disadvantage of not being able to -control it on a per command or connection basis. + If the `PROCINFO' element is not present and the `GAWK_READ_TIMEOUT' +environment variable exists, `gawk' uses its value to initialize the +timeout value. The exclusive use of the environment variable to +specify timeout has the disadvantage of not being able to control it on +a per command or connection basis. `gawk' considers a timeout event to be an error even though the attempt to read from the underlying device may succeed in a later @@ -5956,7 +5962,7 @@ writing.  File: gawk.info, Node: Command-line directories, Next: Input Summary, Prev: Read Timeout, Up: Reading Files -4.11 Directories On The Command Line +4.11 Directories on the Command Line ==================================== According to the POSIX standard, files named on the `awk' command line @@ -5967,7 +5973,7 @@ of `awk' treat a directory on the command line as a fatal error. line, but otherwise ignores it. This makes it easier to use shell wildcards with your `awk' program: - $ gawk -f whizprog.awk * Directories could kill this progam + $ gawk -f whizprog.awk * Directories could kill this program If either of the `--posix' or `--traditional' options is given, then `gawk' reverts to treating a directory on the command line as a fatal @@ -6001,8 +6007,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Next: Input Exercises, Prev: Command-li * `gawk' sets `RT' to the text matched by `RS'. * After splitting the input into records, `awk' further splits the - record into individual fields, named `$1', `$2' and so on. `$0' is - the whole record, and `NF' indicates how many fields there are. + record into individual fields, named `$1', `$2', and so on. `$0' + is the whole record, and `NF' indicates how many fields there are. The default way to split fields is between whitespace characters. * Fields may be referenced using a variable, as in `$NF'. Fields @@ -6013,7 +6019,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Next: Input Exercises, Prev: Command-li does the same thing. Decrementing `NF' throws away fields and rebuilds the record. - * Field splitting is more complicated than record splitting. + * Field splitting is more complicated than record splitting: Field separator value Fields are split ... `awk' / `gawk' @@ -6230,14 +6236,15 @@ separated by commas. In the output, the items are normally separated by single spaces. However, this doesn't need to be the case; a single space is simply the default. Any string of characters may be used as the "output field separator" by setting the predefined variable `OFS'. -The initial value of this variable is the string `" "'--that is, a -single space. +The initial value of this variable is the string `" "' (i.e., a single +space). The output from an entire `print' statement is called an "output record". Each `print' statement outputs one output record, and then outputs a string called the "output record separator" (or `ORS'). The -initial value of `ORS' is the string `"\n"'; i.e., a newline character. -Thus, each `print' statement normally makes a separate line. +initial value of `ORS' is the string `"\n"' (i.e., a newline +character). Thus, each `print' statement normally makes a separate +line. In order to change how output fields and records are separated, assign new values to the variables `OFS' and `ORS'. The usual place to @@ -6336,10 +6343,10 @@ A simple `printf' statement looks like this: printf FORMAT, ITEM1, ITEM2, ... -As print `print', the entire list of arguments may optionally be -enclosed in parentheses. Here too, the parentheses are necessary if any -of the item expressions use the `>' relational operator; otherwise, it -can be confused with an output redirection (*note Redirection::). +As for `print', the entire list of arguments may optionally be enclosed +in parentheses. Here too, the parentheses are necessary if any of the +item expressions use the `>' relational operator; otherwise, it can be +confused with an output redirection (*note Redirection::). The difference between `printf' and `print' is the FORMAT argument. This is an expression whose value is taken as a string; it specifies @@ -6422,7 +6429,7 @@ width. Here is a list of the format-control letters: of which follow the decimal point. (The `4.3' represents two modifiers, discussed in the next node.) - On systems supporting IEEE 754 floating point format, values + On systems supporting IEEE 754 floating-point format, values representing negative infinity are formatted as `-inf' or `-infinity', and positive infinity as `inf' and `infinity'. The special "not a number" value formats as `-nan' or `nan' (*note @@ -6448,7 +6455,7 @@ width. Here is a list of the format-control letters: `%u' Print an unsigned decimal integer. (This format is of marginal - use, because all numbers in `awk' are floating-point; it is + use, because all numbers in `awk' are floating point; it is provided primarily for compatibility with C.) `%x', `%X' @@ -6519,7 +6526,7 @@ which they may appear: space modifier. `#' - Use an "alternate form" for certain control letters. For `%o', + Use an "alternative form" for certain control letters. For `%o', supply a leading zero. For `%x' and `%X', supply a leading `0x' or `0X' for a nonzero result. For `%e', `%E', `%f', and `%F', the result always contains a decimal point. For `%g' and `%G', @@ -6533,7 +6540,7 @@ which they may appear: `'' A single quote or apostrophe character is a POSIX extension to ISO - C. It indicates that the integer part of a floating point value, + C. It indicates that the integer part of a floating-point value, or the entire part of an integer decimal value, should have a thousands-separator character in it. This only works in locales that support such characters. For example: @@ -6598,10 +6605,10 @@ which they may appear: prints `foob'. - The C library `printf''s dynamic WIDTH and PREC capability (for -example, `"%*.*s"') is supported. Instead of supplying explicit WIDTH -and/or PREC values in the format string, they are passed in the -argument list. For example: + The C library `printf''s dynamic WIDTH and PREC capability (e.g., +`"%*.*s"') is supported. Instead of supplying explicit WIDTH and/or +PREC values in the format string, they are passed in the argument list. +For example: w = 5 p = 3 @@ -6679,8 +6686,9 @@ beginning of the `awk' program: print "---- ------" } { printf "%-10s %s\n", $1, $2 }' mail-list - The above example mixes `print' and `printf' statements in the same -program. Using just `printf' statements can produce the same results: + The preceding example mixes `print' and `printf' statements in the +same program. Using just `printf' statements can produce the same +results: awk 'BEGIN { printf "%-10s %s\n", "Name", "Number" printf "%-10s %s\n", "----", "------" } @@ -6821,7 +6829,7 @@ a file, and then to use `>>' for subsequent output: This is indeed how redirections must be used from the shell. But in `awk', it isn't necessary. In this kind of case, a program should use -`>' for all the `print' statements, since the output file is only +`>' for all the `print' statements, because the output file is only opened once. (It happens that if you mix `>' and `>>' that output is produced in the expected order. However, mixing the operators for the same file is definitely poor style, and is confusing to readers of your @@ -6893,7 +6901,7 @@ that happens, writing to the screen is not correct. In fact, if `awk' is run from a background job, it may not have a terminal at all. Then opening `/dev/tty' fails. - `gawk', BWK `awk' and `mawk' provide special file names for + `gawk', BWK `awk', and `mawk' provide special file names for accessing the three standard streams. If the file name matches one of these special names when `gawk' (or one of the others) redirects input or output, then it directly uses the descriptor that the file name @@ -6918,10 +6926,10 @@ becomes: redirection, the value must be a string. It is a common error to omit the quotes, which leads to confusing results. - `gawk' does not treat these file names as special when in POSIX -compatibility mode. However, since BWK `awk' supports them, `gawk' does -support them even when invoked with the `--traditional' option (*note -Options::). + `gawk' does not treat these file names as special when in +POSIX-compatibility mode. However, because BWK `awk' supports them, +`gawk' does support them even when invoked with the `--traditional' +option (*note Options::). ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -6933,7 +6941,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Special Files, Next: Close Files And Pipes, Prev: Spec 5.8 Special File Names in `gawk' ================================ -Besides access to standard input, stanard output, and standard error, +Besides access to standard input, standard output, and standard error, `gawk' provides access to any open file descriptor. Additionally, there are special file names reserved for TCP/IP networking. @@ -6980,7 +6988,7 @@ form: `/NET-TYPE/PROTOCOL/LOCAL-PORT/REMOTE-HOST/REMOTE-PORT' - The NET-TYPE is one of `inet', `inet4' or `inet6'. The PROTOCOL is + The NET-TYPE is one of `inet', `inet4', or `inet6'. The PROTOCOL is one of `tcp' or `udp', and the other fields represent the other essential pieces of information for making a networking connection. These file names are used with the `|&' operator for communicating with @@ -7122,9 +7130,10 @@ terminated;(1) more importantly, the file descriptor for the pipe is not closed and released until `close()' is called or `awk' exits. `close()' silently does nothing if given an argument that does not -represent a file, pipe or coprocess that was opened with a redirection. -In such a case, it returns a negative value, indicating an error. In -addition, `gawk' sets `ERRNO' to a string indicating the error. +represent a file, pipe, or coprocess that was opened with a +redirection. In such a case, it returns a negative value, indicating +an error. In addition, `gawk' sets `ERRNO' to a string indicating the +error. Note also that `close(FILENAME)' has no "magic" effects on the implicit loop that reads through the files named on the command line. @@ -7145,8 +7154,8 @@ describes it in more detail and gives an example. Using `close()''s Return Value In many older versions of Unix `awk', the `close()' function is -actually a statement. It is a syntax error to try and use the return -value from `close()': (d.c.) +actually a statement. (d.c.) It is a syntax error to try and use the +return value from `close()': command = "..." command | getline info @@ -7199,9 +7208,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output Exercises, Prev: Close Fi pipes, and coprocesses. * `gawk' provides special file names for access to standard input, - output and error, and for network communications. + output, and error, and for network communications. - * Use `close()' to close open file, pipe and coprocess redirections. + * Use `close()' to close open file, pipe, and coprocess redirections. For coprocesses, it is possible to close only one direction of the communications. @@ -7261,8 +7270,8 @@ operators.  File: gawk.info, Node: Values, Next: All Operators, Up: Expressions -6.1 Constants, Variables and Conversions -======================================== +6.1 Constants, Variables, and Conversions +========================================= Expressions are built up from values and the operations performed upon them. This minor node describes the elementary objects which provide @@ -7288,7 +7297,7 @@ regular expression. Each is used in the appropriate context when you need a data value that isn't going to change. Numeric constants can have different -forms, but are stored identically internally. +forms, but are internally stored in an identical manner. * Menu: @@ -7312,7 +7321,7 @@ the same value: 1050e-1 A string constant consists of a sequence of characters enclosed in -double-quotation marks. For example: +double quotation marks. For example: "parrot" @@ -7325,7 +7334,7 @@ codes. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) The internal representation of all numbers, including integers, -uses double precision floating-point numbers. On most modern systems, +uses double-precision floating-point numbers. On most modern systems, these are in IEEE 754 standard format. *Note Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic::, for much more information. @@ -7335,17 +7344,17 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Nondecimal-numbers, Next: Regexp Constants, Prev: Scal 6.1.1.2 Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers ..................................... -In `awk', all numbers are in decimal; i.e., base 10. Many other +In `awk', all numbers are in decimal (i.e., base 10). Many other programming languages allow you to specify numbers in other bases, often octal (base 8) and hexadecimal (base 16). In octal, the numbers go 0, -1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, etc. Just as `11', in decimal, is 1 -times 10 plus 1, so `11', in octal, is 1 times 8, plus 1. This equals 9 -in decimal. In hexadecimal, there are 16 digits. Since the everyday -decimal number system only has ten digits (`0'-`9'), the letters `a' -through `f' are used to represent the rest. (Case in the letters is -usually irrelevant; hexadecimal `a' and `A' have the same value.) -Thus, `11', in hexadecimal, is 1 times 16 plus 1, which equals 17 in -decimal. +1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, and so on. Just as `11', in decimal, +is 1 times 10 plus 1, so `11', in octal, is 1 times 8, plus 1. This +equals 9 in decimal. In hexadecimal, there are 16 digits. Because the +everyday decimal number system only has ten digits (`0'-`9'), the +letters `a' through `f' are used to represent the rest. (Case in the +letters is usually irrelevant; hexadecimal `a' and `A' have the same +value.) Thus, `11', in hexadecimal, is 1 times 16 plus 1, which equals +17 in decimal. Just by looking at plain `11', you can't tell what base it's in. So, in C, C++, and other languages derived from C, there is a special @@ -7383,7 +7392,7 @@ manipulation functions; see *note Bitwise Functions::, for more information. Unlike some early C implementations, `8' and `9' are not valid in -octal constants; e.g., `gawk' treats `018' as decimal 18: +octal constants. For example, `gawk' treats `018' as decimal 18: $ gawk 'BEGIN { print "021 is", 021 ; print 018 }' -| 021 is 17 @@ -7426,8 +7435,8 @@ When used on the righthand side of the `~' or `!~' operators, a regexp constant merely stands for the regexp that is to be matched. However, regexp constants (such as `/foo/') may be used like simple expressions. When a regexp constant appears by itself, it has the same meaning as if -it appeared in a pattern, i.e., `($0 ~ /foo/)' (d.c.) *Note Expression -Patterns::. This means that the following two code segments: +it appeared in a pattern (i.e., `($0 ~ /foo/)'). (d.c.) *Note +Expression Patterns::. This means that the following two code segments: if ($0 ~ /barfly/ || $0 ~ /camelot/) print "found" @@ -7491,8 +7500,8 @@ the user-defined function `mysub()', which in turn passes it on to either `sub()' or `gsub()'. However, what really happens is that the `pat' parameter is either one or zero, depending upon whether or not `$0' matches `/hi/'. `gawk' issues a warning when it sees a regexp -constant used as a parameter to a user-defined function, since passing -a truth value in this way is probably not what was intended. +constant used as a parameter to a user-defined function, because +passing a truth value in this way is probably not what was intended.  File: gawk.info, Node: Variables, Next: Conversion, Prev: Using Constant Regexps, Up: Values @@ -7532,7 +7541,7 @@ variable's current value. Variables are given new values with "assignment operators", "increment operators", and "decrement operators". *Note Assignment Ops::. In addition, the `sub()' and `gsub()' functions can change a variable's value, and the `match()', -`split()' and `patsplit()' functions can change the contents of their +`split()', and `patsplit()' functions can change the contents of their array parameters. *Note String Functions::. A few variables have special built-in meanings, such as `FS' (the @@ -7604,7 +7613,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Conversion, Prev: Variables, Up: Values 6.1.4 Conversion of Strings and Numbers --------------------------------------- -Number to string and string to number conversion are generally +Number-to-string and string-to-number conversion are generally straightforward. There can be subtleties to be aware of; this minor node discusses this important facet of `awk'. @@ -7617,7 +7626,7 @@ node discusses this important facet of `awk'.  File: gawk.info, Node: Strings And Numbers, Next: Locale influences conversions, Up: Conversion -6.1.4.1 How `awk' Converts Between Strings And Numbers +6.1.4.1 How `awk' Converts Between Strings and Numbers ...................................................... Strings are converted to numbers and numbers are converted to strings, @@ -7640,7 +7649,7 @@ string, concatenate that number with the empty string, `""'. To force a string to be converted to a number, add zero to that string. A string is converted to a number by interpreting any numeric prefix of the string as numerals: `"2.5"' converts to 2.5, `"1e3"' converts to -1000, and `"25fix"' has a numeric value of 25. Strings that can't be +1,000, and `"25fix"' has a numeric value of 25. Strings that can't be interpreted as valid numbers convert to zero. The exact manner in which numbers are converted into strings is @@ -7669,7 +7678,7 @@ value of `CONVFMT' may be. Given the following code fragment: `b' has the value `"12"', not `"12.00"'. (d.c.) - Pre-POSIX `awk' Used `OFMT' For String Conversion + Pre-POSIX `awk' Used `OFMT' for String Conversion Prior to the POSIX standard, `awk' used the value of `OFMT' for converting numbers to strings. `OFMT' specifies the output format to @@ -7706,7 +7715,7 @@ separator, if they have one. decimal point when reading the `awk' program source code, and for command-line variable assignments (*note Other Arguments::). However, when interpreting input data, for `print' and `printf' output, and for -number to string conversion, the local decimal point character is used. +number-to-string conversion, the local decimal point character is used. (d.c.) In all cases, numbers in source code and in input data cannot have a thousands separator. Here are some examples indicating the difference in behavior, on a GNU/Linux system: @@ -7728,7 +7737,7 @@ full number including the fractional part, 4.321. Some earlier versions of `gawk' fully complied with this aspect of the standard. However, many users in non-English locales complained -about this behavior, since their data used a period as the decimal +about this behavior, because their data used a period as the decimal point, so the default behavior was restored to use a period as the decimal point character. You can use the `--use-lc-numeric' option (*note Options::) to force `gawk' to use the locale's decimal point @@ -7747,9 +7756,9 @@ Feature Default `--posix' or `--use-lc-numeric' Input Use period Use locale `strtonum()'Use period Use locale -Table 6.1: Locale Decimal Point versus A Period +Table 6.1: Locale decimal point versus a period - Finally, modern day formal standards and IEEE standard floating point + Finally, modern day formal standards and IEEE standard floating-point representation can have an unusual but important effect on the way `gawk' converts some special string values to numbers. The details are presented in *note POSIX Floating Point Problems::. @@ -7757,7 +7766,7 @@ presented in *note POSIX Floating Point Problems::.  File: gawk.info, Node: All Operators, Next: Truth Values and Conditions, Prev: Values, Up: Expressions -6.2 Operators: Doing Something With Values +6.2 Operators: Doing Something with Values ========================================== This minor node introduces the "operators" which make use of the values @@ -7819,9 +7828,9 @@ order from the highest precedence to the lowest: Division; because all numbers in `awk' are floating-point numbers, the result is _not_ rounded to an integer--`3 / 4' has the value 0.75. (It is a common mistake, especially for C - programmers, to forget that _all_ numbers in `awk' are - floating-point, and that division of integer-looking constants - produces a real number, not an integer.) + programmers, to forget that _all_ numbers in `awk' are floating + point, and that division of integer-looking constants produces a + real number, not an integer.) `X % Y' Remainder; further discussion is provided in the text, just after @@ -7883,7 +7892,7 @@ runs together. For example: ... Because string concatenation does not have an explicit operator, it -is often necessary to insure that it happens at the right time by using +is often necessary to ensure that it happens at the right time by using parentheses to enclose the items to concatenate. For example, you might expect that the following code fragment concatenates `file' and `name': @@ -8058,7 +8067,7 @@ righthand expression. For example: The indices of `bar' are practically guaranteed to be different, because `rand()' returns different values each time it is called. (Arrays and the `rand()' function haven't been covered yet. *Note Arrays::, and -see *note Numeric Functions::, for more information). This example +*note Numeric Functions::, for more information). This example illustrates an important fact about assignment operators: the lefthand expression is only evaluated _once_. @@ -8076,16 +8085,16 @@ converted to a number. Operator Effect -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -LVALUE `+=' INCREMENT Add INCREMENT to the value of LVALUE. -LVALUE `-=' DECREMENT Subtract DECREMENT from the value of LVALUE. -LVALUE `*=' Multiply the value of LVALUE by COEFFICIENT. +LVALUE `+=' INCREMENT Add INCREMENT to the value of LVALUE +LVALUE `-=' DECREMENT Subtract DECREMENT from the value of LVALUE +LVALUE `*=' Multiply the value of LVALUE by COEFFICIENT COEFFICIENT -LVALUE `/=' DIVISOR Divide the value of LVALUE by DIVISOR. -LVALUE `%=' MODULUS Set LVALUE to its remainder by MODULUS. +LVALUE `/=' DIVISOR Divide the value of LVALUE by DIVISOR +LVALUE `%=' MODULUS Set LVALUE to its remainder by MODULUS LVALUE `^=' POWER -LVALUE `**=' POWER Raise LVALUE to the power POWER. (c.e.) +LVALUE `**=' POWER Raise LVALUE to the power POWER (c.e.) -Table 6.2: Arithmetic Assignment Operators +Table 6.2: Arithmetic assignment operators NOTE: Only the `^=' operator is specified by POSIX. For maximum portability, do not use the `**=' operator. @@ -8134,7 +8143,7 @@ effect of incrementing it. The post-increment `foo++' is nearly the same as writing `(foo += 1) - 1'. It is not perfectly equivalent because all numbers in `awk' are -floating-point--in floating-point, `foo + 1 - 1' does not necessarily +floating point--in floating point, `foo + 1 - 1' does not necessarily equal `foo'. But the difference is minute as long as you stick to numbers that are fairly small (less than 10e12). @@ -8198,8 +8207,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Truth Values and Conditions, Next: Function Calls, Pre 6.3 Truth Values and Conditions =============================== -In certain contexts, expression values also serve as "truth values;" -i.e., they determine what should happen next as the program runs. This +In certain contexts, expression values also serve as "truth values"; +(i.e., they determine what should happen next as the program runs). This minor node describes how `awk' defines "true" and "false" and how values are compared. @@ -8250,8 +8259,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Typing and Comparison, Next: Boolean Ops, Prev: Truth 6.3.2 Variable Typing and Comparison Expressions ------------------------------------------------ - The Guide is definitive. Reality is frequently inaccurate. -- The - Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy + The Guide is definitive. Reality is frequently inaccurate. -- + Douglas Adams, `The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy' Unlike other programming languages, `awk' variables do not have a fixed type. Instead, they can be either a number or a string, depending @@ -8267,7 +8276,7 @@ are typed, and how `awk' compares variables.  File: gawk.info, Node: Variable Typing, Next: Comparison Operators, Up: Typing and Comparison -6.3.2.1 String Type Versus Numeric Type +6.3.2.1 String Type versus Numeric Type ....................................... The POSIX standard introduced the concept of a "numeric string", which @@ -8284,7 +8293,7 @@ determine how they are compared. Variable typing follows these rules: * Fields, `getline' input, `FILENAME', `ARGV' elements, `ENVIRON' elements, and the elements of an array created by `match()', - `split()' and `patsplit()' that are numeric strings have the + `split()', and `patsplit()' that are numeric strings have the STRNUM attribute. Otherwise, they have the STRING attribute. Uninitialized variables also have the STRNUM attribute. @@ -8365,19 +8374,19 @@ them. Expression Result -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -X `<' Y True if X is less than Y. -X `<=' Y True if X is less than or equal to Y. -X `>' Y True if X is greater than Y. -X `>=' Y True if X is greater than or equal to Y. -X `==' Y True if X is equal to Y. -X `!=' Y True if X is not equal to Y. -X `~' Y True if the string X matches the regexp denoted by Y. +X `<' Y True if X is less than Y +X `<=' Y True if X is less than or equal to Y +X `>' Y True if X is greater than Y +X `>=' Y True if X is greater than or equal to Y +X `==' Y True if X is equal to Y +X `!=' Y True if X is not equal to Y +X `~' Y True if the string X matches the regexp denoted by Y X `!~' Y True if the string X does not match the regexp - denoted by Y. + denoted by Y SUBSCRIPT `in' True if the array ARRAY has an element with the -ARRAY subscript SUBSCRIPT. +ARRAY subscript SUBSCRIPT -Table 6.3: Relational Operators +Table 6.3: Relational operators Comparison expressions have the value one if true and zero if false. When comparing operands of mixed types, numeric operands are converted @@ -8407,24 +8416,24 @@ comparisons `awk' performs, as well as what the result of each comparison is: `1.5 <= 2.0' - numeric comparison (true) + Numeric comparison (true) `"abc" >= "xyz"' - string comparison (false) + String comparison (false) `1.5 != " +2"' - string comparison (true) + String comparison (true) `"1e2" < "3"' - string comparison (true) + String comparison (true) `a = 2; b = "2"' `a == b' - string comparison (true) + String comparison (true) `a = 2; b = " +2"' `a == b' - string comparison (false) + String comparison (false) In this example: @@ -8456,8 +8465,8 @@ case, the value of the expression as a string is used as a dynamic regexp (*note Regexp Usage::; also *note Computed Regexps::). A constant regular expression in slashes by itself is also an -expression. The regexp `/REGEXP/' is an abbreviation for the following -comparison expression: +expression. `/REGEXP/' is an abbreviation for the following comparison +expression: $0 ~ /REGEXP/ @@ -8468,7 +8477,7 @@ Constant Regexps::, where this is discussed in more detail.  File: gawk.info, Node: POSIX String Comparison, Prev: Comparison Operators, Up: Typing and Comparison -6.3.2.3 String Comparison With POSIX Rules +6.3.2.3 String Comparison with POSIX Rules .......................................... The POSIX standard says that string comparison is performed based on @@ -8655,7 +8664,7 @@ these. *Note Built-in::, for a list of built-in functions and their descriptions. In addition, you can define functions for use in your program. *Note User-defined::, for instructions on how to do this. Finally, `gawk' lets you write functions in C or C++ that may be called -from your program: see *note Dynamic Extensions::. +from your program (*note Dynamic Extensions::). The way to use a function is with a "function call" expression, which consists of the function name followed immediately by a list of @@ -8670,7 +8679,7 @@ examples show function calls with and without arguments: rand() no arguments CAUTION: Do not put any space between the function name and the - open-parenthesis! A user-defined function name looks just like + opening parenthesis! A user-defined function name looks just like the name of a variable--a space would make the expression look like concatenation of a variable with an expression inside parentheses. With built-in functions, space before the @@ -8795,7 +8804,7 @@ precedence: `+ -' Addition, subtraction. -String Concatenation +String concatenation There is no special symbol for concatenation. The operands are simply written side by side (*note Concatenation::). @@ -8810,9 +8819,9 @@ String Concatenation redirection does not produce an expression that could be the operand of another operator. As a result, it does not make sense to use a redirection operator near another operator of lower - precedence without parentheses. Such combinations (for example, - `print foo > a ? b : c'), result in syntax errors. The correct - way to write this statement is `print foo > (a ? b : c)'. + precedence without parentheses. Such combinations (e.g., `print + foo > a ? b : c'), result in syntax errors. The correct way to + write this statement is `print foo > (a ? b : c)'. `~ !~' Matching, nonmatching. @@ -8838,7 +8847,7 @@ String Concatenation  File: gawk.info, Node: Locales, Next: Expressions Summary, Prev: Precedence, Up: Expressions -6.6 Where You Are Makes A Difference +6.6 Where You Are Makes a Difference ==================================== Modern systems support the notion of "locales": a way to tell the @@ -8858,7 +8867,7 @@ terminator. Locales can affect how dates and times are formatted (*note Time Functions::). For example, a common way to abbreviate the date -September 4, 2015 in the United States is "9/4/15." In many countries +September 4, 2015, in the United States is "9/4/15." In many countries in Europe, however, it is abbreviated "4.9.15." Thus, the `%x' specification in a `"US"' locale might produce `9/4/15', while in a `"EUROPE"' locale, it might produce `4.9.15'. @@ -8878,12 +8887,12 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Expressions Summary, Prev: Locales, Up: Expressions =========== * Expressions are the basic elements of computation in programs. - They are built from constants, variables, function calls and + They are built from constants, variables, function calls, and combinations of the various kinds of values with operators. * `awk' supplies three kinds of constants: numeric, string, and regexp. `gawk' lets you specify numeric constants in octal and - hexadecimal (bases 8 and 16) in addition to decimal (base 10). In + hexadecimal (bases 8 and 16) as well as decimal (base 10). In certain contexts, a standalone regexp constant such as `/foo/' has the same meaning as `$0 ~ /foo/'. @@ -8918,8 +8927,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Expressions Summary, Prev: Locales, Up: Expressions * Function calls return a value which may be used as part of a larger expression. Expressions used to pass parameter values are fully evaluated before the function is called. `awk' provides built-in - and user-defined functions; this is described later on in this - Info file. + and user-defined functions; this is described in *note Functions::. * Operator precedence specifies the order in which operations are performed, unless explicitly overridden by parentheses. `awk''s @@ -9088,7 +9096,7 @@ _not_ contain the string `li': constant regular expressions, comparisons, or any other `awk' expressions. Range patterns are not expressions, so they cannot appear inside Boolean patterns. Likewise, the special patterns `BEGIN', `END', -`BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE', which never match any input record, are not +`BEGINFILE', and `ENDFILE', which never match any input record, are not expressions and cannot appear inside Boolean patterns. The precedence of the different operators which can appear in @@ -9174,8 +9182,7 @@ All the patterns described so far are for matching input records. The and cleanup actions for `awk' programs. `BEGIN' and `END' rules must have actions; there is no default action for these rules because there is no current record when they run. `BEGIN' and `END' rules are often -referred to as "`BEGIN' and `END' blocks" by long-time `awk' -programmers. +referred to as "`BEGIN' and `END' blocks" by longtime `awk' programmers. * Menu: @@ -9202,7 +9209,7 @@ input is read. For example: This program finds the number of records in the input file `mail-list' that contain the string `li'. The `BEGIN' rule prints a title for the report. There is no need to use the `BEGIN' rule to -initialize the counter `n' to zero, since `awk' does this automatically +initialize the counter `n' to zero, as `awk' does this automatically (*note Variables::). The second rule increments the variable `n' every time a record containing the pattern `li' is read. The `END' rule prints the value of `n' at the end of the run. @@ -9270,20 +9277,20 @@ many older versions of Unix `awk' do not. The third point follows from the first two. The meaning of `print' inside a `BEGIN' or `END' rule is the same as always: `print $0'. If -`$0' is the null string, then this prints an empty record. Many long -time `awk' programmers use an unadorned `print' in `BEGIN' and `END' -rules, to mean `print ""', relying on `$0' being null. Although one -might generally get away with this in `BEGIN' rules, it is a very bad -idea in `END' rules, at least in `gawk'. It is also poor style, since -if an empty line is needed in the output, the program should print one -explicitly. +`$0' is the null string, then this prints an empty record. Many +longtime `awk' programmers use an unadorned `print' in `BEGIN' and +`END' rules, to mean `print ""', relying on `$0' being null. Although +one might generally get away with this in `BEGIN' rules, it is a very +bad idea in `END' rules, at least in `gawk'. It is also poor style, +because if an empty line is needed in the output, the program should +print one explicitly. Finally, the `next' and `nextfile' statements are not allowed in a `BEGIN' rule, because the implicit read-a-record-and-match-against-the-rules loop has not started yet. -Similarly, those statements are not valid in an `END' rule, since all -the input has been read. (*Note Next Statement::, and see *note -Nextfile Statement::.) +Similarly, those statements are not valid in an `END' rule, because all +the input has been read. (*Note Next Statement::, and *note Nextfile +Statement::,.)  File: gawk.info, Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE, Next: Empty, Prev: BEGIN/END, Up: Pattern Overview @@ -9382,9 +9389,9 @@ following program: END { print nmatches, "found" }' /path/to/data The `awk' program consists of two pieces of quoted text that are -concatenated together to form the program. The first part is -double-quoted, which allows substitution of the `pattern' shell -variable inside the quotes. The second part is single-quoted. +concatenated together to form the program. The first part is double +quoted, which allows substitution of the `pattern' shell variable +inside the quotes. The second part is single quoted. Variable substitution via quoting works, but can be potentially messy. It requires a good understanding of the shell's quoting rules @@ -9406,10 +9413,10 @@ Now, the `awk' program is just one single-quoted string. The assignment `-v pat="$pattern"' still requires double quotes, in case there is whitespace in the value of `$pattern'. The `awk' variable `pat' could be named `pattern' too, but that would be more confusing. -Using a variable also provides more flexibility, since the variable can -be used anywhere inside the program--for printing, as an array -subscript, or for any other use--without requiring the quoting tricks -at every point in the program. +Using a variable also provides more flexibility, as the variable can be +used anywhere inside the program--for printing, as an array subscript, +or for any other use--without requiring the quoting tricks at every +point in the program.  File: gawk.info, Node: Action Overview, Next: Statements, Prev: Using Shell Variables, Up: Patterns and Actions @@ -9461,7 +9468,7 @@ Compound statements Input statements Use the `getline' command (*note Getline::). Also supplied in - `awk' are the `next' statement (*note Next Statement::), and the + `awk' are the `next' statement (*note Next Statement::) and the `nextfile' statement (*note Nextfile Statement::). Output statements @@ -9529,7 +9536,7 @@ following: else print "x is odd" - In this example, if the expression `x % 2 == 0' is true (that is, if + In this example, if the expression `x % 2 == 0' is true (i.e., if the value of `x' is evenly divisible by two), then the first `print' statement is executed; otherwise, the second `print' statement is executed. If the `else' keyword appears on the same line as THEN-BODY @@ -9588,7 +9595,7 @@ increments the value of `i' and the loop repeats. The loop terminates when `i' reaches four. A newline is not required between the condition and the body; -however using one makes the program clearer unless the body is a +however, using one makes the program clearer unless the body is a compound statement or else is very simple. The newline after the open-brace that begins the compound statement is not required either, but the program is harder to read without it. @@ -9626,8 +9633,8 @@ false to begin with. The following is an example of a `do' statement: } This program prints each input record 10 times. However, it isn't a -very realistic example, since in this case an ordinary `while' would do -just as well. This situation reflects actual experience; only +very realistic example, because in this case an ordinary `while' would +do just as well. This situation reflects actual experience; only occasionally is there a real use for a `do' statement.  @@ -9706,7 +9713,7 @@ natural to think of. Counting the number of iterations is very common in loops. It can be easier to think of this counting as part of looping rather than as something to do inside the loop. - There is an alternate version of the `for' loop, for iterating over + There is an alternative version of the `for' loop, for iterating over all the indices of an array: for (i in array) @@ -9773,12 +9780,12 @@ the end of the `switch' statement itself. For example: } } - Note that if none of the statements specified above halt execution -of a matched `case' statement, execution falls through to the next -`case' until execution halts. In the above example, the `case' for -`"?"' falls through to the `default' case, which is to call a function -named `usage()'. (The `getopt()' function being called here is -described in *note Getopt Function::.) + Note that if none of the statements specified here halt execution of +a matched `case' statement, execution falls through to the next `case' +until execution halts. In this example, the `case' for `"?"' falls +through to the `default' case, which is to call a function named +`usage()'. (The `getopt()' function being called here is described in +*note Getopt Function::.)  File: gawk.info, Node: Break Statement, Next: Continue Statement, Prev: Switch Statement, Up: Statements @@ -9879,7 +9886,7 @@ the previous example with the following `while' loop: print "" } -This program loops forever once `x' reaches 5, since the increment +This program loops forever once `x' reaches 5, because the increment (`x++') is never reached. The `continue' statement has no special meaning with respect to the @@ -9925,7 +9932,7 @@ beginning, in the following manner: Because of the `next' statement, the program's subsequent rules won't see the bad record. The error message is redirected to the standard -error output stream, as error messages should be. For more detail see +error output stream, as error messages should be. For more detail, see *note Special Files::. If the `next' statement causes the end of the input to be reached, @@ -9978,14 +9985,14 @@ over a file that would otherwise cause `gawk' to exit with a fatal error. In this case, `ENDFILE' rules are not executed. *Note BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::. - While one might think that `close(FILENAME)' would accomplish the + Although it might seem that `close(FILENAME)' would accomplish the same as `nextfile', this isn't true. `close()' is reserved for closing files, pipes, and coprocesses that are opened with redirections. It is not related to the main processing that `awk' does with the files listed in `ARGV'. NOTE: For many years, `nextfile' was a common extension. In - September, 2012, it was accepted for inclusion into the POSIX + September 2012, it was accepted for inclusion into the POSIX standard. See the Austin Group website (http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=607). @@ -10082,7 +10089,7 @@ of activity.  File: gawk.info, Node: User-modified, Next: Auto-set, Up: Built-in Variables -7.5.1 Built-in Variables That Control `awk' +7.5.1 Built-In Variables That Control `awk' ------------------------------------------- The following is an alphabetical list of variables that you can change @@ -10203,11 +10210,11 @@ description of each variable.) character. (*Note Output Separators::.) `PREC #' - The working precision of arbitrary precision floating-point + The working precision of arbitrary-precision floating-point numbers, 53 bits by default (*note Setting precision::). `ROUNDMODE #' - The rounding mode to use for arbitrary precision arithmetic on + The rounding mode to use for arbitrary-precision arithmetic on numbers, by default `"N"' (`roundTiesToEven' in the IEEE 754 standard; *note Setting the rounding mode::). @@ -10234,7 +10241,7 @@ description of each variable.) Used for internationalization of programs at the `awk' level. It sets the default text domain for specially marked string constants in the source text, as well as for the `dcgettext()', - `dcngettext()' and `bindtextdomain()' functions (*note + `dcngettext()', and `bindtextdomain()' functions (*note Internationalization::). The default value of `TEXTDOMAIN' is `"messages"'. @@ -10245,7 +10252,7 @@ description of each variable.)  File: gawk.info, Node: Auto-set, Next: ARGC and ARGV, Prev: User-modified, Up: Built-in Variables -7.5.2 Built-in Variables That Convey Information +7.5.2 Built-In Variables That Convey Information ------------------------------------------------ The following is an alphabetical list of variables that `awk' sets @@ -10255,7 +10262,7 @@ your program. The variables that are specific to `gawk' are marked with a pound sign (`#'). These variables are `gawk' extensions. In other `awk' implementations or if `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note -Options::), they are not special. +Options::), they are not special: `ARGC', `ARGV' The command-line arguments available to `awk' programs are stored @@ -10337,9 +10344,10 @@ Options::), they are not special. on the command line, `awk' reads from the standard input and `FILENAME' is set to `"-"'. `FILENAME' changes each time a new file is read (*note Reading Files::). Inside a `BEGIN' rule, the - value of `FILENAME' is `""', since there are no input files being - processed yet.(1) (d.c.) Note, though, that using `getline' (*note - Getline::) inside a `BEGIN' rule can give `FILENAME' a value. + value of `FILENAME' is `""', because there are no input files + being processed yet.(1) (d.c.) Note, though, that using `getline' + (*note Getline::) inside a `BEGIN' rule can give `FILENAME' a + value. `FNR' The current record number in the current file. `awk' increments @@ -10359,7 +10367,7 @@ Options::), they are not special. `FUNCTAB #' An array whose indices and corresponding values are the names of - all the built-in, user-defined and extension functions in the + all the built-in, user-defined, and extension functions in the program. NOTE: Attempting to use the `delete' statement with the @@ -10435,8 +10443,8 @@ Options::), they are not special. `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]' If this element exists in `PROCINFO', its value controls the order in which array indices will be processed by `for (INDX - in ARRAY)' loops. Since this is an advanced feature, we - defer the full description until later; see *note Scanning an + in ARRAY)' loops. This is an advanced feature, so we defer + the full description until later; see *note Scanning an Array::. `PROCINFO["strftime"]' @@ -10452,7 +10460,7 @@ Options::), they are not special. The following additional elements in the array are available to provide information about the MPFR and GMP libraries if your - version of `gawk' supports arbitrary precision arithmetic (*note + version of `gawk' supports arbitrary-precision arithmetic (*note Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic::): `PROCINFO["mpfr_version"]' @@ -10644,7 +10652,7 @@ string. Another option is to use the `delete' statement to remove elements from `ARGV' (*note Delete::). All of these actions are typically done in the `BEGIN' rule, before -actual processing of the input begins. *Note Split Program::, and see +actual processing of the input begins. *Note Split Program::, and *note Tee Program::, for examples of each way of removing elements from `ARGV'. @@ -10655,7 +10663,7 @@ manner: awk -f myprog.awk -- -v -q file1 file2 ... The following fragment processes `ARGV' in order to examine, and -then remove, the above command-line options: +then remove, the previously mentioned command-line options: BEGIN { for (i = 1; i < ARGC; i++) { @@ -10687,10 +10695,10 @@ are passed on to the `awk' program. (*Note Getopt Function::, for an `awk' library function that parses command-line options.) When designing your program, you should choose options that don't -conflict with `gawk''s, since it will process any options that it +conflict with `gawk''s, because it will process any options that it accepts before passing the rest of the command line on to your program. -Using `#!' with the `-E' option may help (*note Executable Scripts::, -and *note Options::). +Using `#!' with the `-E' option may help (*Note Executable Scripts::, +and *note Options::,).  File: gawk.info, Node: Pattern Action Summary, Prev: Built-in Variables, Up: Patterns and Actions @@ -10842,14 +10850,14 @@ example, conceptually, if the element values are 8, `"foo"', `""', and | 8 | "foo" | "" | 30 | @r{Value} +---------+---------+--------+---------+ 0 1 2 3 @r{Index} -Figure 8.1: A Contiguous Array +Figure 8.1: A contiguous array Only the values are stored; the indices are implicit from the order of the values. Here, 8 is the value at index zero, because 8 appears in the position with zero elements before it. Arrays in `awk' are different--they are "associative". This means -that each array is a collection of pairs: an index and its corresponding +that each array is a collection of pairs--an index and its corresponding array element value: Index 3 Value 30 @@ -10889,7 +10897,7 @@ numeric form--thus illustrating that a single array can have both numbers and strings as indices. (In fact, array subscripts are always strings. There are some subtleties to how numbers work when used as array subscripts; this is discussed in more detail in *note Numeric -Array Subscripts::.) Here, the number `1' isn't double-quoted, since +Array Subscripts::.) Here, the number `1' isn't double quoted, because `awk' automatically converts it to a string. The value of `IGNORECASE' has no effect upon array subscripting. @@ -10952,8 +10960,8 @@ index, use the following expression: This expression tests whether the particular index INDX exists, without the side effect of creating that element if it is not present. The expression has the value one (true) if `ARRAY[INDX]' exists and zero -(false) if it does not exist. (We use INDX here, since `index' is the -name of a built-in function.) For example, this statement tests +(false) if it does not exist. (We use INDX here, because `index' is +the name of a built-in function.) For example, this statement tests whether the array `frequencies' contains the index `2': if (2 in frequencies) @@ -11129,7 +11137,7 @@ all `awk' versions do so. Consider this program, named `loopcheck.awk':  File: gawk.info, Node: Controlling Scanning, Prev: Scanning an Array, Up: Array Basics -8.1.6 Using Predefined Array Scanning Orders With `gawk' +8.1.6 Using Predefined Array Scanning Orders with `gawk' -------------------------------------------------------- This node describes a feature that is specific to `gawk'. @@ -11150,7 +11158,7 @@ internal implementation of arrays and will vary from one version of * Set `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]' to the name of a user-defined function to use for comparison of array elements. This advanced feature is - described later, in *note Array Sorting::. + described later in *note Array Sorting::. The following special values for `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]' are available: @@ -11239,7 +11247,7 @@ subarrays are treated as being equal to each other. Their order relative to each other is determined by their index strings. Here are some additional things to bear in mind about sorted array -traversal. +traversal: * The value of `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]' is global. That is, it affects all array traversal `for' loops. If you need to change it within @@ -11255,12 +11263,12 @@ traversal. if (save_sorted) PROCINFO["sorted_in"] = save_sorted - * As mentioned, the default array traversal order is represented by - `"@unsorted"'. You can also get the default behavior by assigning - the null string to `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]' or by just deleting the - `"sorted_in"' element from the `PROCINFO' array with the `delete' - statement. (The `delete' statement hasn't been described yet; - *note Delete::.) + * As already mentioned, the default array traversal order is + represented by `"@unsorted"'. You can also get the default + behavior by assigning the null string to `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]' + or by just deleting the `"sorted_in"' element from the `PROCINFO' + array with the `delete' statement. (The `delete' statement hasn't + been described yet; *note Delete::.) In addition, `gawk' provides built-in functions for sorting arrays; see *note Array Sorting Functions::. @@ -11301,8 +11309,8 @@ string value `"12.153"' (using the default conversion value of assigned the value one. The program then changes the value of `CONVFMT'. The test `(xyz in data)' generates a new string value from `xyz'--this time `"12.15"'--because the value of `CONVFMT' only allows -two significant digits. This test fails, since `"12.15"' is different -from `"12.153"'. +two significant digits. This test fails, because `"12.15"' is +different from `"12.153"'. According to the rules for conversions (*note Conversion::), integer values always convert to strings as integers, no matter what the value @@ -11321,7 +11329,7 @@ the same element! As with many things in `awk', the majority of the time things work as you would expect them to. But it is useful to have a precise -knowledge of the actual rules since they can sometimes have a subtle +knowledge of the actual rules, as they can sometimes have a subtle effect on your programs.  @@ -11424,7 +11432,7 @@ at a time. and `mawk', as well as by a number of other implementations. NOTE: For many years, using `delete' without a subscript was a - common extension. In September, 2012, it was accepted for + common extension. In September 2012, it was accepted for inclusion into the POSIX standard. See the Austin Group website (http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=544). @@ -11461,7 +11469,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Multidimensional, Next: Arrays of Arrays, Prev: Delete * Multiscanning:: Scanning multidimensional arrays. - A multidimensional array is an array in which an element is + A "multidimensional array" is an array in which an element is identified by a sequence of indices instead of a single index. For example, a two-dimensional array requires two indices. The usual way (in many languages, including `awk') to refer to an element of a @@ -11496,7 +11504,7 @@ stored as `foo["a@b@c"]'. To test whether a particular index sequence exists in a multidimensional array, use the same operator (`in') that is used for -single dimensional arrays. Write the whole sequence of indices in +single-dimensional arrays. Write the whole sequence of indices in parentheses, separated by commas, as the left operand: if ((SUBSCRIPT1, SUBSCRIPT2, ...) in ARRAY) @@ -11597,8 +11605,8 @@ two-element subarray at index `1' of the main array `a': can contain another subarray as a value, which in turn can hold other arrays as well. In this way, you can create arrays of three or more dimensions. The indices can be any `awk' expression, including scalars -separated by commas (that is, a regular `awk' simulated -multidimensional subscript). So the following is valid in `gawk': +separated by commas (i.e., a regular `awk' simulated multidimensional +subscript). So the following is valid in `gawk': a[1][3][1, "name"] = "barney" @@ -11611,7 +11619,7 @@ itself an array and not a scalar: a[4] = "An element in a jagged array" - The terms "dimension", "row" and "column" are meaningless when + The terms "dimension", "row", and "column" are meaningless when applied to such an array, but we will use "dimension" henceforth to imply the maximum number of indices needed to refer to an existing element. The type of any element that has already been assigned cannot @@ -11687,7 +11695,7 @@ the following code prints the elements of our main array `a': } *Note Walking Arrays::, for a user-defined function that "walks" an -arbitrarily-dimensioned array of arrays. +arbitrarily dimensioned array of arrays. Recall that a reference to an uninitialized array element yields a value of `""', the null string. This has one important implication when @@ -11728,11 +11736,11 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Arrays Summary, Prev: Arrays of Arrays, Up: Arrays `gawk' lets you control the order by assigning special predefined values to `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]'. - * Use `delete ARRAY[INDX]' to delete an individual element. You may - also use `delete ARRAY' to delete all of the elements in the - array. This latter feature has been a common extension for many - years and is now standard, but may not be supported by all - commercial versions of `awk'. + * Use `delete ARRAY[INDX]' to delete an individual element. To + delete all of the elements in an array, use `delete ARRAY'. This + latter feature has been a common extension for many years and is + now standard, but may not be supported by all commercial versions + of `awk'. * Standard `awk' simulates multidimensional arrays by separating subscript values with a comma. The values are concatenated into a @@ -11776,7 +11784,7 @@ major node describes these "user-defined" functions.  File: gawk.info, Node: Built-in, Next: User-defined, Up: Functions -9.1 Built-in Functions +9.1 Built-In Functions ====================== "Built-in" functions are always available for your `awk' program to @@ -11801,7 +11809,7 @@ for your convenience.  File: gawk.info, Node: Calling Built-in, Next: Numeric Functions, Up: Built-in -9.1.1 Calling Built-in Functions +9.1.1 Calling Built-In Functions -------------------------------- To call one of `awk''s built-in functions, write the name of the @@ -11809,7 +11817,7 @@ function followed by arguments in parentheses. For example, `atan2(y + z, 1)' is a call to the function `atan2()' and has two arguments. Whitespace is ignored between the built-in function name and the -open parenthesis, but nonetheless it is good practice to avoid using +opening parenthesis, but nonetheless it is good practice to avoid using whitespace there. User-defined functions do not permit whitespace in this way, and it is easier to avoid mistakes by following a simple convention that always works--no whitespace after a function name. @@ -11866,10 +11874,8 @@ brackets ([ ]): `int(X)' Return the nearest integer to X, located between X and zero and - truncated toward zero. - - For example, `int(3)' is 3, `int(3.9)' is 3, `int(-3.9)' is -3, - and `int(-3)' is -3 as well. + truncated toward zero. For example, `int(3)' is 3, `int(3.9)' is + 3, `int(-3.9)' is -3, and `int(-3)' is -3 as well. `log(X)' Return the natural logarithm of X, if X is positive; otherwise, @@ -11960,7 +11966,7 @@ numbers. (2) `mawk' uses a different seed each time. (3) Computer-generated random numbers really are not truly random. -They are technically known as "pseudorandom." This means that while +They are technically known as "pseudorandom." This means that although the numbers in a sequence appear to be random, you can in fact generate the same sequence of random numbers over and over again. @@ -11991,7 +11997,8 @@ with character indices, and not byte indices. In the following list, optional parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]). Several functions perform string substitution; the full discussion is provided in the description of the `sub()' function, -which comes towards the end since the list is presented alphabetically. +which comes toward the end, because the list is presented +alphabetically. Those functions that are specific to `gawk' are marked with a pound sign (`#'). They are not available in compatibility mode (*note @@ -12009,10 +12016,10 @@ Options::): together. NOTE: The following description ignores the third argument, - HOW, since it requires understanding features that we have - not discussed yet. Thus, the discussion here is a deliberate - simplification. (We do provide all the details later on: - *Note Array Sorting Functions::, for the full story.) + HOW, as it requires understanding features that we have not + discussed yet. Thus, the discussion here is a deliberate + simplification. (We do provide all the details later on; see + *note Array Sorting Functions::, for the full story.) Both functions return the number of elements in the array SOURCE. For `asort()', `gawk' sorts the values of SOURCE and replaces the @@ -12251,7 +12258,7 @@ Options::): -| 9 7 There may not be subscripts for the start and index for every - parenthesized subexpression, since they may not all have matched + parenthesized subexpression, because they may not all have matched text; thus they should be tested for with the `in' operator (*note Reference to Elements::). @@ -12290,8 +12297,8 @@ Options::): `SEPS[I]' being the separator string between `ARRAY[I]' and `ARRAY[I+1]'. If FIELDSEP is a single space then any leading whitespace goes into `SEPS[0]' and any trailing whitespace goes - into `SEPS[N]' where N is the return value of `split()' (that is, - the number of elements in ARRAY). + into `SEPS[N]' where N is the return value of `split()' (i.e., the + number of elements in ARRAY). The `split()' function splits strings into pieces in a manner similar to the way input lines are split into fields. For example: @@ -12315,7 +12322,7 @@ Options::): As with input field-splitting, when the value of FIELDSEP is `" "', leading and trailing whitespace is ignored in values assigned to the elements of ARRAY but not in SEPS, and the elements - are separated by runs of whitespace. Also as with input + are separated by runs of whitespace. Also, as with input field-splitting, if FIELDSEP is the null string, each individual character in the string is split into its own array element. (c.e.) @@ -12524,7 +12531,7 @@ is number zero.  File: gawk.info, Node: Gory Details, Up: String Functions -9.1.3.1 More About `\' and `&' with `sub()', `gsub()', and `gensub()' +9.1.3.1 More about `\' and `&' with `sub()', `gsub()', and `gensub()' ..................................................................... CAUTION: This subsubsection has been reported to cause headaches. @@ -12567,7 +12574,7 @@ is illustrated in *note table-sub-escapes::. `\\\\\\&' `\\\&' A literal `\\&' `\\q' `\q' A literal `\q' -Table 9.1: Historical Escape Sequence Processing for `sub()' and +Table 9.1: Historical escape sequence processing for `sub()' and `gsub()' This table shows both the lexical-level processing, where an odd number @@ -12597,7 +12604,7 @@ This is shown in *note table-sub-proposed::. `\\q' `\q' A literal `\q' `\\\\' `\\' `\\' -Table 9.2: GNU `awk' Rules For `sub()' And Backslash +Table 9.2: GNU `awk' rules for `sub()' and backslash In a nutshell, at the runtime level, there are now three special sequences of characters (`\\\&', `\\&' and `\&') whereas historically @@ -12624,20 +12631,19 @@ rules are presented in *note table-posix-sub::. `\\q' `\q' A literal `\q' `\\\\' `\\' `\' -Table 9.3: POSIX Rules For `sub()' And `gsub()' +Table 9.3: POSIX rules for `sub()' and `gsub()' The only case where the difference is noticeable is the last one: `\\\\' is seen as `\\' and produces `\' instead of `\\'. Starting with version 3.1.4, `gawk' followed the POSIX rules when `--posix' is specified (*note Options::). Otherwise, it continued to -follow the proposed rules, since that had been its behavior for many -years. +follow the proposed rules, as that had been its behavior for many years. When version 4.0.0 was released, the `gawk' maintainer made the POSIX rules the default, breaking well over a decade's worth of -backwards compatibility.(1) Needless to say, this was a bad idea, and -as of version 4.0.1, `gawk' resumed its historical behavior, and only +backward compatibility.(1) Needless to say, this was a bad idea, and as +of version 4.0.1, `gawk' resumed its historical behavior, and only follows the POSIX rules when `--posix' is given. The rules for `gensub()' are considerably simpler. At the runtime @@ -12656,7 +12662,7 @@ the `\' does not, as shown in *note table-gensub-escapes::. `\\\\\\&' `\\\&' A literal `\&' `\\q' `\q' A literal `q' -Table 9.4: Escape Sequence Processing For `gensub()' +Table 9.4: Escape sequence processing for `gensub()' Because of the complexity of the lexical and runtime level processing and the special cases for `sub()' and `gsub()', we recommend the use of @@ -12700,23 +12706,23 @@ parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): either a file opened for writing or a shell command for redirecting output to a pipe or coprocess. - Many utility programs "buffer" their output; i.e., they save + Many utility programs "buffer" their output (i.e., they save information to write to a disk file or the screen in memory until there is enough for it to be worthwhile to send the data to the - output device. This is often more efficient than writing every + output device). This is often more efficient than writing every little bit of information as soon as it is ready. However, sometimes it is necessary to force a program to "flush" its - buffers; that is, write the information to its destination, even - if a buffer is not full. This is the purpose of the `fflush()' + buffers (i.e., write the information to its destination, even if a + buffer is not full). This is the purpose of the `fflush()' function--`gawk' also buffers its output and the `fflush()' function forces `gawk' to flush its buffers. - Brian Kernighan added `fflush()' to his `awk' in April of 1992. - For two decades, it was a common extension. In December, 2012, it - was accepted for inclusion into the POSIX standard. See the - Austin Group website (http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=634). + Brian Kernighan added `fflush()' to his `awk' in April 1992. For + two decades, it was a common extension. In December 2012, it was + accepted for inclusion into the POSIX standard. See the Austin + Group website (http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=634). - POSIX standardizes `fflush()' as follows: If there is no argument, + POSIX standardizes `fflush()' as follows: if there is no argument, or if the argument is the null string (`""'), then `awk' flushes the buffers for _all_ open output files and pipes. @@ -12741,6 +12747,38 @@ parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): or if FILENAME is not an open file, pipe, or coprocess. In such a case, `fflush()' returns -1, as well. + Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering + + As a side point, buffering issues can be even more confusing, + depending upon whether your program is "interactive" (i.e., + communicating with a user sitting at a keyboard).(1) + + Interactive programs generally "line buffer" their output (i.e., + they write out every line). Noninteractive programs wait until + they have a full buffer, which may be many lines of output. Here + is an example of the difference: + + $ awk '{ print $1 + $2 }' + 1 1 + -| 2 + 2 3 + -| 5 + Ctrl-d + + Each line of output is printed immediately. Compare that behavior + with this example: + + $ awk '{ print $1 + $2 }' | cat + 1 1 + 2 3 + Ctrl-d + -| 2 + -| 5 + + Here, no output is printed until after the `Ctrl-d' is typed, + because it is all buffered and sent down the pipe to `cat' in one + shot. + `system(COMMAND)' Execute the operating-system command COMMAND and then return to the `awk' program. Return COMMAND's exit status. @@ -12774,37 +12812,6 @@ parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): is disabled (*note Options::). - Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering - - As a side point, buffering issues can be even more confusing, -depending upon whether your program is "interactive", i.e., -communicating with a user sitting at a keyboard.(1) - - Interactive programs generally "line buffer" their output; i.e., they -write out every line. Noninteractive programs wait until they have a -full buffer, which may be many lines of output. Here is an example of -the difference: - - $ awk '{ print $1 + $2 }' - 1 1 - -| 2 - 2 3 - -| 5 - Ctrl-d - -Each line of output is printed immediately. Compare that behavior with -this example: - - $ awk '{ print $1 + $2 }' | cat - 1 1 - 2 3 - Ctrl-d - -| 2 - -| 5 - -Here, no output is printed until after the `Ctrl-d' is typed, because -it is all buffered and sent down the pipe to `cat' in one shot. - Controlling Output Buffering with `system()' The `fflush()' function provides explicit control over output @@ -12818,8 +12825,8 @@ argument: `gawk' treats this use of the `system()' function as a special case and is smart enough not to run a shell (or other command interpreter) with the empty command. Therefore, with `gawk', this idiom is not only -useful, it is also efficient. While this method should work with other -`awk' implementations, it does not necessarily avoid starting an +useful, it is also efficient. Although this method should work with +other `awk' implementations, it does not necessarily avoid starting an unnecessary shell. (Other implementations may only flush the buffer associated with the standard output and not necessarily all buffered output.) @@ -12910,14 +12917,14 @@ enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): Otherwise, the value is formatted for the local time zone. The TIMESTAMP is in the same format as the value returned by the `systime()' function. If no TIMESTAMP argument is supplied, - `gawk' uses the current time of day as the timestamp. If no - FORMAT argument is supplied, `strftime()' uses the value of + `gawk' uses the current time of day as the timestamp. Without a + FORMAT argument, `strftime()' uses the value of `PROCINFO["strftime"]' as the format string (*note Built-in Variables::). The default string value is `"%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y"'. This format string produces output that is equivalent to that of the `date' utility. You can assign a new value to `PROCINFO["strftime"]' to change the default - format; see below for the various format directives. + format; see the following list for the various format directives. `systime()' Return the current time as the number of seconds since the system @@ -12981,9 +12988,9 @@ the following date format specifications: `%g' The year modulo 100 of the ISO 8601 week number, as a decimal - number (00-99). For example, January 1, 2012 is in week 53 of + number (00-99). For example, January 1, 2012, is in week 53 of 2011. Thus, the year of its ISO 8601 week number is 2011, even - though its year is 2012. Similarly, December 31, 2012 is in week + though its year is 2012. Similarly, December 31, 2012, is in week 1 of 2013. Thus, the year of its ISO week number is 2013, even though its year is 2012. @@ -13077,15 +13084,15 @@ the following date format specifications: `%Ec %EC %Ex %EX %Ey %EY %Od %Oe %OH' `%OI %Om %OM %OS %Ou %OU %OV %Ow %OW %Oy' - "Alternate representations" for the specifications that use only + "Alternative representations" for the specifications that use only the second letter (`%c', `%C', and so on).(5) (These facilitate compliance with the POSIX `date' utility.) `%%' A literal `%'. - If a conversion specifier is not one of the above, the behavior is -undefined.(6) + If a conversion specifier is not one of those just listed, the +behavior is undefined.(6) For systems that are not yet fully standards-compliant, `gawk' supplies a copy of `strftime()' from the GNU C Library. It supports @@ -13105,8 +13112,8 @@ format specifications are available: The time as a decimal timestamp in seconds since the epoch. - Additionally, the alternate representations are recognized but their -normal representations are used. + Additionally, the alternative representations are recognized but +their normal representations are used. The following example is an `awk' implementation of the POSIX `date' utility. Normally, the `date' utility prints the current date and time @@ -13194,7 +13201,7 @@ table-bitwise-ops::. 0 | 0 0 | 0 1 | 0 1 1 | 0 1 | 1 1 | 1 0 -Table 9.5: Bitwise Operations +Table 9.5: Bitwise operations As you can see, the result of an AND operation is 1 only when _both_ bits are 1. The result of an OR operation is 1 if _either_ bit is 1. @@ -13231,7 +13238,7 @@ are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): Return the bitwise XOR of the arguments. There must be at least two. - For all of these functions, first the double precision + For all of these functions, first the double-precision floating-point value is converted to the widest C unsigned integer type, then the bitwise operation is performed. If the result cannot be represented exactly as a C `double', leading nonzero bits are removed @@ -13289,7 +13296,7 @@ or not. If so, a `"1"' is concatenated onto the front of the string. Otherwise, a `"0"' is added. The value is then shifted right by one bit and the loop continues until there are no more 1 bits. - If the initial value is zero it returns a simple `"0"'. Otherwise, + If the initial value is zero, it returns a simple `"0"'. Otherwise, at the end, it pads the value with zeros to represent multiples of 8-bit quantities. This is typical in modern computers. @@ -13325,11 +13332,11 @@ user-defined function (not discussed yet; *note User-defined::), to test if a parameter is an array or not. NOTE: Using `isarray()' at the global level to test variables - makes no sense. Since you are the one writing the program, you are - supposed to know if your variables are arrays or not. And in fact, - due to the way `gawk' works, if you pass the name of a variable - that has not been previously used to `isarray()', `gawk' ends up - turning it into a scalar. + makes no sense. Because you are the one writing the program, you + are supposed to know if your variables are arrays or not. And in + fact, due to the way `gawk' works, if you pass the name of a + variable that has not been previously used to `isarray()', `gawk' + ends up turning it into a scalar.  File: gawk.info, Node: I18N Functions, Prev: Type Functions, Up: Built-in @@ -13375,8 +13382,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: User-defined, Next: Indirect Calls, Prev: Built-in, U Complicated `awk' programs can often be simplified by defining your own functions. User-defined functions can be called just like built-in -ones (*note Function Calls::), but it is up to you to define them, -i.e., to tell `awk' what they should do. +ones (*note Function Calls::), but it is up to you to define them +(i.e., to tell `awk' what they should do). * Menu: @@ -13489,7 +13496,7 @@ function: func foo() { a = sqrt($1) ; print a } -Instead it defines a rule that, for each record, concatenates the value +Instead, it defines a rule that, for each record, concatenates the value of the variable `func' with the return value of the function `foo'. If the resulting string is non-null, the action is executed. This is probably not what is desired. (`awk' accepts this input as @@ -13501,7 +13508,7 @@ keyword `function' when defining a function. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) This program won't actually run, since `foo()' is undefined. + (1) This program won't actually run, because `foo()' is undefined.  File: gawk.info, Node: Function Example, Next: Function Caveats, Prev: Definition Syntax, Up: User-defined @@ -13555,7 +13562,7 @@ POSIX standard.) string as an input parameter and returns the string in backwards order. Recursive functions must always have a test that stops the recursion. In this case, the recursion terminates when the input string is already -empty. +empty: function rev(str) { @@ -13591,9 +13598,9 @@ an `awk' version of `ctime()': } You might think that `ctime()' could use `PROCINFO["strftime"]' for -its format string. That would be a mistake, since `ctime()' is supposed -to return the time formatted in a standard fashion, and user-level code -could have changed `PROCINFO["strftime"]'. +its format string. That would be a mistake, because `ctime()' is +supposed to return the time formatted in a standard fashion, and +user-level code could have changed `PROCINFO["strftime"]'. ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -13618,7 +13625,7 @@ the function.  File: gawk.info, Node: Calling A Function, Next: Variable Scope, Up: Function Caveats -9.2.3.1 Writing A Function Call +9.2.3.1 Writing a Function Call ............................... A function call consists of the function name followed by the arguments @@ -13631,10 +13638,10 @@ string concatenation): foo(x y, "lose", 4 * z) CAUTION: Whitespace characters (spaces and TABs) are not allowed - between the function name and the open-parenthesis of the argument - list. If you write whitespace by mistake, `awk' might think that - you mean to concatenate a variable with an expression in - parentheses. However, it notices that you used a function name + between the function name and the opening parenthesis of the + argument list. If you write whitespace by mistake, `awk' might + think that you mean to concatenate a variable with an expression + in parentheses. However, it notices that you used a function name and not a variable name, and reports an error.  @@ -13687,7 +13694,7 @@ variable instance: top's i=3 If you want `i' to be local to both `foo()' and `bar()' do as -follows (the extra-space before `i' is a coding convention to indicate +follows (the extra space before `i' is a coding convention to indicate that `i' is a local variable, not an argument): function bar( i) @@ -13760,20 +13767,17 @@ create new arrays. Consider this example:  File: gawk.info, Node: Pass By Value/Reference, Prev: Variable Scope, Up: Function Caveats -9.2.3.3 Passing Function Arguments By Value Or By Reference +9.2.3.3 Passing Function Arguments by Value Or by Reference ........................................................... In `awk', when you declare a function, there is no way to declare explicitly whether the arguments are passed "by value" or "by reference". - Instead the passing convention is determined at runtime when the -function is called according to the following rule: - - * If the argument is an array variable, then it is passed by - reference, - - * Otherwise the argument is passed by value. + Instead, the passing convention is determined at runtime when the +function is called according to the following rule: if the argument is +an array variable, then it is passed by reference. Otherwise, the +argument is passed by value. Passing an argument by value means that when a function is called, it is given a _copy_ of the value of this argument. The caller may use a @@ -13850,7 +13854,7 @@ undefined functions. Some `awk' implementations generate a runtime error if you use either the `next' statement or the `nextfile' statement (*note Next -Statement::, also *note Nextfile Statement::) inside a user-defined +Statement::, and *note Nextfile Statement::) inside a user-defined function. `gawk' does not have this limitation.  @@ -13899,11 +13903,12 @@ a value for the largest number among the elements of an array: } You call `maxelt()' with one argument, which is an array name. The -local variables `i' and `ret' are not intended to be arguments; while -there is nothing to stop you from passing more than one argument to -`maxelt()', the results would be strange. The extra space before `i' -in the function parameter list indicates that `i' and `ret' are local -variables. You should follow this convention when defining functions. +local variables `i' and `ret' are not intended to be arguments; there +is nothing to stop you from passing more than one argument to +`maxelt()' but the results would be strange. The extra space before +`i' in the function parameter list indicates that `i' and `ret' are +local variables. You should follow this convention when defining +functions. The following program uses the `maxelt()' function. It loads an array, calls `maxelt()', and then reports the maximum number in that @@ -14017,15 +14022,15 @@ function calls, you tell `gawk' to use the _value_ of a variable as the _name_ of the function to call. The syntax is similar to that of a regular function call: an -identifier immediately followed by a left parenthesis, any arguments, -and then a closing right parenthesis, with the addition of a leading `@' -character: +identifier immediately followed by an opening parenthesis, any +arguments, and then a closing parenthesis, with the addition of a +leading `@' character: the_func = "sum" result = @the_func() # calls the sum() function Here is a full program that processes the previously shown data, -using indirect function calls. +using indirect function calls: # indirectcall.awk --- Demonstrate indirect function calls @@ -14053,7 +14058,7 @@ using indirect function calls. These two functions expect to work on fields; thus the parameters `first' and `last' indicate where in the fields to start and end. -Otherwise they perform the expected computations and are not unusual. +Otherwise they perform the expected computations and are not unusual: # For each record, print the class name and the requested statistics { @@ -14330,7 +14335,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Functions Summary, Prev: Indirect Calls, Up: Functions * POSIX `awk' provides three kinds of built-in functions: numeric, string, and I/O. `gawk' provides functions that sort arrays, work with values representing time, do bit manipulation, determine - variable type (array vs. scalar), and internationalize and + variable type (array versus scalar), and internationalize and localize programs. `gawk' also provides several extensions to some of standard functions, typically in the form of additional arguments. @@ -14420,8 +14425,8 @@ functions and would like to contribute them to the `awk' user community, see *note How To Contribute::, for more information. The programs in this major node and in *note Sample Programs::, -freely use features that are `gawk'-specific. Rewriting these programs -for different implementations of `awk' is pretty straightforward. +freely use `gawk'-specific features. Rewriting these programs for +different implementations of `awk' is pretty straightforward: * Diagnostic error messages are sent to `/dev/stderr'. Use `| "cat 1>&2"' instead of `> "/dev/stderr"' if your system does not have a @@ -14479,8 +14484,8 @@ specific function). There is no intermediate state analogous to Library functions often need to have global variables that they can use to preserve state information between calls to the function--for example, `getopt()''s variable `_opti' (*note Getopt Function::). Such -variables are called "private", since the only functions that need to -use them are the ones in the library. +variables are called "private", as the only functions that need to use +them are the ones in the library. When writing a library function, you should try to choose names for your private variables that will not conflict with any variables used by @@ -14497,7 +14502,7 @@ will be accidentally shared with the user's program. In addition, several of the library functions use a prefix that helps indicate what function or set of functions use the variables--for example, `_pw_byname()' in the user database routines (*note Passwd -Functions::). This convention is recommended, since it even further +Functions::). This convention is recommended, as it even further decreases the chance of inadvertent conflict among variable names. Note that this convention is used equally well for variable names and for private function names.(1) @@ -14538,9 +14543,9 @@ merely recommend that you do so. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) While all the library routines could have been rewritten to use -this convention, this was not done, in order to show how our own `awk' -programming style has evolved and to provide some basis for this + (1) Although all the library routines could have been rewritten to +use this convention, this was not done, in order to show how our own +`awk' programming style has evolved and to provide some basis for this discussion. (2) `gawk''s `--dump-variables' command-line option is useful for @@ -14574,7 +14579,7 @@ programming use.  File: gawk.info, Node: Strtonum Function, Next: Assert Function, Up: General Functions -10.2.1 Converting Strings To Numbers +10.2.1 Converting Strings to Numbers ------------------------------------ The `strtonum()' function (*note String Functions::) is a `gawk' @@ -14641,8 +14646,8 @@ then `mystrtonum()' loops through each character in the string. It sets `k' to the index in `"1234567"' of the current octal digit. The return value will either be the same number as the digit, or zero if the character is not there, which will be true for a `0'. This is -safe, since the regexp test in the `if' ensures that only octal values -are converted. +safe, because the regexp test in the `if' ensures that only octal +values are converted. Similar logic applies to the code that checks for and converts a hexadecimal value, which starts with `0x' or `0X'. The use of @@ -14871,8 +14876,8 @@ distant past, at least one minicomputer manufacturer used ASCII, but with mark parity, meaning that the leftmost bit in the byte is always 1. This means that on those systems, characters have numeric values from 128 to 255. Finally, large mainframe systems use the EBCDIC -character set, which uses all 256 values. While there are other -character sets in use on some older systems, they are not really worth +character set, which uses all 256 values. There are other character +sets in use on some older systems, but they are not really worth worrying about: function ord(str, c) @@ -14930,7 +14935,7 @@ application programs (*note Sample Programs::). but it should also have a reasonable default behavior. It is called with an array as well as the beginning and ending indices of the elements in the array to be merged. This assumes that the array -indices are numeric--a reasonable assumption since the array was likely +indices are numeric--a reasonable assumption, as the array was likely created with `split()' (*note String Functions::): # join.awk --- join an array into a string @@ -14970,7 +14975,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Getlocaltime Function, Next: Readfile Function, Prev: The `systime()' and `strftime()' functions described in *note Time Functions::, provide the minimum functionality necessary for dealing -with the time of day in human readable form. While `strftime()' is +with the time of day in human-readable form. Although `strftime()' is extensive, the control formats are not necessarily easy to remember or intuitively obvious when reading a program. @@ -15047,7 +15052,7 @@ optional timestamp value to use instead of the current time.  File: gawk.info, Node: Readfile Function, Next: Shell Quoting, Prev: Getlocaltime Function, Up: General Functions -10.2.8 Reading A Whole File At Once +10.2.8 Reading a Whole File At Once ----------------------------------- Often, it is convenient to have the entire contents of a file available @@ -15110,7 +15115,7 @@ also reads an entire file into memory.  File: gawk.info, Node: Shell Quoting, Prev: Readfile Function, Up: General Functions -10.2.9 Quoting Strings to Pass to The Shell +10.2.9 Quoting Strings to Pass to the Shell ------------------------------------------- Michael Brennan offers the following programming pattern, which he uses @@ -15138,7 +15143,7 @@ frequently: Note the need for shell quoting. The function `shell_quote()' does it. `SINGLE' is the one-character string `"'"' and `QSINGLE' is the -three-character string `"\"'\""'. +three-character string `"\"'\""': # shell_quote --- quote an argument for passing to the shell @@ -15182,7 +15187,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Filetrans Function, Next: Rewind Function, Up: Data Fi 10.3.1 Noting Data File Boundaries ---------------------------------- -The `BEGIN' and `END' rules are each executed exactly once at the +The `BEGIN' and `END' rules are each executed exactly once, at the beginning and end of your `awk' program, respectively (*note BEGIN/END::). We (the `gawk' authors) once had a user who mistakenly thought that the `BEGIN' rule is executed at the beginning of each data @@ -15242,7 +15247,7 @@ again the value of multiple `BEGIN' and `END' rules should be clear. pass and at the beginning of the second pass. The following version solves the problem: - # ftrans.awk --- handle data file transitions + # ftrans.awk --- handle datafile transitions # # user supplies beginfile() and endfile() functions @@ -15258,7 +15263,7 @@ solves the problem: *note Wc Program::, shows how this library function can be used and how it simplifies writing the main program. - So Why Does `gawk' have `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE'? + So Why Does `gawk' Have `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE'? You are probably wondering, if `beginfile()' and `endfile()' functions can do the job, why does `gawk' have `BEGINFILE' and @@ -15266,7 +15271,7 @@ functions can do the job, why does `gawk' have `BEGINFILE' and Good question. Normally, if `awk' cannot open a file, this causes an immediate fatal error. In this case, there is no way for a -user-defined function to deal with the problem, since the mechanism for +user-defined function to deal with the problem, as the mechanism for calling it relies on the file being open and at the first record. Thus, the main reason for `BEGINFILE' is to give you a "hook" to catch files that cannot be processed. `ENDFILE' exists for symmetry, and because @@ -15310,8 +15315,8 @@ over with it from the top. For lack of a better name, we'll call it Auto-set::), which is specific to `gawk'. It also relies on the `nextfile' keyword (*note Nextfile Statement::). Because of this, you should not call it from an `ENDFILE' rule. (This isn't necessary -anyway, since as soon as an `ENDFILE' rule finishes `gawk' goes to the -next file!) +anyway, because `gawk' goes to the next file as soon as an `ENDFILE' +rule finishes!)  File: gawk.info, Node: File Checking, Next: Empty Files, Prev: Rewind Function, Up: Data File Management @@ -15339,12 +15344,12 @@ following program to your `awk' program: } This works, because the `getline' won't be fatal. Removing the -element from `ARGV' with `delete' skips the file (since it's no longer -in the list). See also *note ARGC and ARGV::. +element from `ARGV' with `delete' skips the file (because it's no +longer in the list). See also *note ARGC and ARGV::. - The regular expression check purposely does not use character classes -such as `[:alpha:]' and `[:alnum:]' (*note Bracket Expressions::) since -`awk' variable names only allow the English letters. + Because `awk' variable names only allow the English letters, the +regular expression check purposely does not use character classes such +as `[:alpha:]' and `[:alnum:]' (*note Bracket Expressions::) ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -15452,11 +15457,11 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Getopt Function, Next: Passwd Functions, Prev: Data Fi 10.4 Processing Command-Line Options ==================================== -Most utilities on POSIX compatible systems take options on the command +Most utilities on POSIX-compatible systems take options on the command line that can be used to change the way a program behaves. `awk' is an example of such a program (*note Options::). Often, options take -"arguments"; i.e., data that the program needs to correctly obey the -command-line option. For example, `awk''s `-F' option requires a +"arguments" (i.e., data that the program needs to correctly obey the +command-line option). For example, `awk''s `-F' option requires a string to use as the field separator. The first occurrence on the command line of either `--' or a string that does not begin with `-' ends the options. @@ -15681,10 +15686,10 @@ next element in `argv'. If neither condition is true, then only on the next call to `getopt()'. The `BEGIN' rule initializes both `Opterr' and `Optind' to one. -`Opterr' is set to one, since the default behavior is for `getopt()' to -print a diagnostic message upon seeing an invalid option. `Optind' is -set to one, since there's no reason to look at the program name, which -is in `ARGV[0]': +`Opterr' is set to one, because the default behavior is for `getopt()' +to print a diagnostic message upon seeing an invalid option. `Optind' +is set to one, because there's no reason to look at the program name, +which is in `ARGV[0]': BEGIN { Opterr = 1 # default is to diagnose @@ -15724,14 +15729,14 @@ result of two sample runs of the test program: In both runs, the first `--' terminates the arguments to `awk', so that it does not try to interpret the `-a', etc., as its own options. - NOTE: After `getopt()' is through, user level code must clear out + NOTE: After `getopt()' is through, user-level code must clear out all the elements of `ARGV' from 1 to `Optind', so that `awk' does not try to process the command-line options as file names. Using `#!' with the `-E' option may help avoid conflicts between -your program's options and `gawk''s options, since `-E' causes `gawk' -to abandon processing of further options (*note Executable Scripts::, -and *note Options::). +your program's options and `gawk''s options, as `-E' causes `gawk' to +abandon processing of further options (*note Executable Scripts::, and +*note Options::). Several of the sample programs presented in *note Sample Programs::, use `getopt()' to process their arguments. @@ -15740,7 +15745,7 @@ use `getopt()' to process their arguments. (1) This function was written before `gawk' acquired the ability to split strings into single characters using `""' as the separator. We -have left it alone, since using `substr()' is more portable. +have left it alone, as using `substr()' is more portable.  File: gawk.info, Node: Passwd Functions, Next: Group Functions, Prev: Getopt Function, Up: Library Functions @@ -15765,7 +15770,7 @@ function is `getpwent()', for "get password entry." The "password" comes from the original user database file, `/etc/passwd', which stores user information, along with the encrypted passwords (hence the name). - While an `awk' program could simply read `/etc/passwd' directly, + Although an `awk' program could simply read `/etc/passwd' directly, this file may not contain complete information about the system's set of users.(1) To be sure you are able to produce a readable and complete version of the user database, it is necessary to write a small C @@ -15810,13 +15815,13 @@ Encrypted password systems. User-ID - The user's numeric user ID number. (On some systems it's a C + The user's numeric user ID number. (On some systems, it's a C `long', and not an `int'. Thus we cast it to `long' for all cases.) Group-ID The user's numeric group ID number. (Similar comments about - `long' vs. `int' apply here.) + `long' versus `int' apply here.) Full name The user's full name, and perhaps other information associated @@ -15894,14 +15899,14 @@ you might want it to be in a different directory on your system. into three associative arrays. The arrays are indexed by username (`_pw_byname'), by user ID number (`_pw_byuid'), and by order of occurrence (`_pw_bycount'). The variable `_pw_inited' is used for -efficiency, since `_pw_init()' needs to be called only once. +efficiency, as `_pw_init()' needs to be called only once. Because this function uses `getline' to read information from `pwcat', it first saves the values of `FS', `RS', and `$0'. It notes in the variable `using_fw' whether field splitting with `FIELDWIDTHS' -is in effect or not. Doing so is necessary, since these functions -could be called from anywhere within a user's program, and the user may -have his or her own way of splitting records and fields. This makes it +is in effect or not. Doing so is necessary, as these functions could +be called from anywhere within a user's program, and the user may have +his or her own way of splitting records and fields. This makes it possible to restore the correct field-splitting mechanism later. The test can only be true for `gawk'. It is false if using `FS' or `FPAT', or on some other `awk' implementation. @@ -15972,8 +15977,8 @@ simplifies the code but runs an extra process that may never be needed.) once. If you are worried about squeezing every last cycle out of your `awk' program, the check of `_pw_inited' could be moved out of `_pw_init()' and duplicated in all the other functions. In practice, -this is not necessary, since most `awk' programs are I/O-bound, and -such a change would clutter up the code. +this is not necessary, as most `awk' programs are I/O-bound, and such a +change would clutter up the code. The `id' program in *note Id Program::, uses these functions. @@ -16043,7 +16048,7 @@ Group ID Number cases.) Group Member List - A comma-separated list of user names. These users are members of + A comma-separated list of usernames. These users are members of the group. Modern Unix systems allow users to be members of several groups simultaneously. If your system does, then there are elements `"group1"' through `"groupN"' in `PROCINFO' for those @@ -16134,7 +16139,7 @@ used, and to restore the appropriate field splitting mechanism. The group information is stored is several associative arrays. The arrays are indexed by group name (`_gr_byname'), by group ID number (`_gr_bygid'), and by position in the database (`_gr_bycount'). There -is an additional array indexed by user name (`_gr_groupsbyuser'), which +is an additional array indexed by username (`_gr_groupsbyuser'), which is a space-separated list of groups to which each user belongs. Unlike the user database, it is possible to have multiple records in @@ -16146,7 +16151,7 @@ following: tvpeople:*:101:david,conan,tom,joan For this reason, `_gr_init()' looks to see if a group name or group -ID number is already seen. If it is, then the user names are simply +ID number is already seen. If it is, the usernames are simply concatenated onto the previous list of users.(1) Finally, `_gr_init()' closes the pipeline to `grcat', restores `FS' @@ -16174,7 +16179,7 @@ looks up the information associated with that group ID: } The `getgruser()' function does not have a C counterpart. It takes a -user name and returns the list of groups that have the user as a member: +username and returns the list of groups that have the user as a member: function getgruser(user) { @@ -16286,7 +16291,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Library Functions Summary, Next: Library Exercises, Pr * The functions presented here fit into the following categories: General problems - Number to string conversion, assertions, rounding, random + Number-to-string conversion, assertions, rounding, random number generation, converting characters to numbers, joining strings, getting easily usable time-of-day information, and reading a whole file in one shot. @@ -16415,7 +16420,7 @@ programming for "real world" tasks.  File: gawk.info, Node: Cut Program, Next: Egrep Program, Up: Clones -11.2.1 Cutting out Fields and Columns +11.2.1 Cutting Out Fields and Columns ------------------------------------- The `cut' utility selects, or "cuts," characters or fields from its @@ -16632,10 +16637,10 @@ filler fields: nfields = j - 1 } - Next is the rule that actually processes the data. If the `-s' -option is given, then `suppress' is true. The first `if' statement -makes sure that the input record does have the field separator. If -`cut' is processing fields, `suppress' is true, and the field separator + Next is the rule that processes the data. If the `-s' option is +given, then `suppress' is true. The first `if' statement makes sure +that the input record does have the field separator. If `cut' is +processing fields, `suppress' is true, and the field separator character is not in the record, then the record is skipped. If the record is valid, then `gawk' has split the data into fields, @@ -16660,8 +16665,8 @@ out between the fields: } This version of `cut' relies on `gawk''s `FIELDWIDTHS' variable to -do the character-based cutting. While it is possible in other `awk' -implementations to use `substr()' (*note String Functions::), it is +do the character-based cutting. It is possible in other `awk' +implementations to use `substr()' (*note String Functions::), but it is also extremely painful. The `FIELDWIDTHS' variable supplies an elegant solution to the problem of picking the input line apart by characters. @@ -16772,14 +16777,14 @@ the matched lines in the output: # pattern = tolower(pattern) } - The last two lines are commented out, since they are not needed in + The last two lines are commented out, as they are not needed in `gawk'. They should be uncommented if you have to use another version of `awk'. The next set of lines should be uncommented if you are not using `gawk'. This rule translates all the characters in the input line into lowercase if the `-i' option is specified.(1) The rule is commented out -since it is not necessary with `gawk': +as it is not necessary with `gawk': #{ # if (IGNORECASE) @@ -16891,7 +16896,7 @@ the translated line, not the original.  File: gawk.info, Node: Id Program, Next: Split Program, Prev: Egrep Program, Up: Clones -11.2.3 Printing out User Information +11.2.3 Printing Out User Information ------------------------------------ The `id' utility lists a user's real and effective user ID numbers, @@ -16975,7 +16980,7 @@ and the group numbers: The test in the `for' loop is worth noting. Any supplementary groups in the `PROCINFO' array have the indices `"group1"' through -`"groupN"' for some N, i.e., the total number of supplementary groups. +`"groupN"' for some N (i.e., the total number of supplementary groups). However, we don't know in advance how many of these groups there are. This loop works by starting at one, concatenating the value with @@ -17004,11 +17009,11 @@ is as follows:(1) `split' [`-COUNT'] [FILE] [PREFIX] By default, the output files are named `xaa', `xab', and so on. Each -file has 1000 lines in it, with the likely exception of the last file. +file has 1,000 lines in it, with the likely exception of the last file. To change the number of lines in each file, supply a number on the -command line preceded with a minus; e.g., `-500' for files with 500 -lines in them instead of 1000. To change the name of the output files -to something like `myfileaa', `myfileab', and so on, supply an +command line preceded with a minus (e.g., `-500' for files with 500 +lines in them instead of 1,000). To change the name of the output +files to something like `myfileaa', `myfileab', and so on, supply an additional argument that specifies the file name prefix. Here is a version of `split' in `awk'. It uses the `ord()' and @@ -17041,7 +17046,7 @@ output file names: } # test argv in case reading from stdin instead of file if (i in ARGV) - i++ # skip data file name + i++ # skip datafile name if (i in ARGV) { outfile = ARGV[i] ARGV[i] = "" @@ -17113,8 +17118,8 @@ files named on the command line. Its usage is as follows: truncating them and starting over. The `BEGIN' rule first makes a copy of all the command-line arguments -into an array named `copy'. `ARGV[0]' is not copied, since it is not -needed. `tee' cannot use `ARGV' directly, since `awk' attempts to +into an array named `copy'. `ARGV[0]' is not needed, so it is not +copied. `tee' cannot use `ARGV' directly, because `awk' attempts to process each file name in `ARGV' as input data. If the first argument is `-a', then the flag variable `append' is @@ -17146,7 +17151,7 @@ input by setting `ARGV[1]' to `"-"' and `ARGC' to two: ARGC = 2 } - The following single rule does all the work. Since there is no + The following single rule does all the work. Because there is no pattern, it is executed for each line of input. The body of the rule simply prints the line into each file on the command line, and then to the standard output: @@ -17170,11 +17175,12 @@ It is also possible to write the loop this way: else print > copy[i] -This is more concise but it is also less efficient. The `if' is tested -for each record and for each output file. By duplicating the loop -body, the `if' is only tested once for each input record. If there are -N input records and M output files, the first method only executes N -`if' statements, while the second executes N`*'M `if' statements. +This is more concise, but it is also less efficient. The `if' is +tested for each record and for each output file. By duplicating the +loop body, the `if' is only tested once for each input record. If +there are N input records and M output files, the first method only +executes N `if' statements, while the second executes N`*'M `if' +statements. Finally, the `END' rule cleans up by closing all the output files: @@ -17352,13 +17358,13 @@ to. depending upon the results of `are_equal()''s comparison. If `uniq' is counting repeated lines, and the lines are equal, then it increments the `count' variable. Otherwise, it prints the line and resets `count', -since the two lines are not equal. +because the two lines are not equal. If `uniq' is not counting, and if the lines are equal, `count' is -incremented. Nothing is printed, since the point is to remove -duplicates. Otherwise, if `uniq' is counting repeated lines and more -than one line is seen, or if `uniq' is counting nonrepeated lines and -only one line is seen, then the line is printed, and `count' is reset. +incremented. Nothing is printed, as the point is to remove duplicates. +Otherwise, if `uniq' is counting repeated lines and more than one line +is seen, or if `uniq' is counting nonrepeated lines and only one line +is seen, then the line is printed, and `count' is reset. Finally, similar logic is used in the `END' rule to print the final line of input data: @@ -17430,10 +17436,10 @@ follows: `-c' Count only characters. - Implementing `wc' in `awk' is particularly elegant, since `awk' does -a lot of the work for us; it splits lines into words (i.e., fields) and -counts them, it counts lines (i.e., records), and it can easily tell us -how long a line is. + Implementing `wc' in `awk' is particularly elegant, because `awk' +does a lot of the work for us; it splits lines into words (i.e., +fields) and counts them, it counts lines (i.e., records), and it can +easily tell us how long a line is. This program uses the `getopt()' library function (*note Getopt Function::) and the file-transition functions (*note Filetrans @@ -17540,7 +17546,7 @@ in its length. Next, `lines' is incremented for each line read, and ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) Since `gawk' understands multibyte locales, this code counts + (1) Because `gawk' understands multibyte locales, this code counts characters, not bytes.  @@ -17854,14 +17860,15 @@ record: print } - While it is possible to do character transliteration in a user-level -function, it is not necessarily efficient, and we (the `gawk' authors) -started to consider adding a built-in function. However, shortly after -writing this program, we learned that Brian Kernighan had added the -`toupper()' and `tolower()' functions to his `awk' (*note String -Functions::). These functions handle the vast majority of the cases -where character transliteration is necessary, and so we chose to simply -add those functions to `gawk' as well and then leave well enough alone. + It is possible to do character transliteration in a user-level +function, but it is not necessarily efficient, and we (the `gawk' +developers) started to consider adding a built-in function. However, +shortly after writing this program, we learned that Brian Kernighan had +added the `toupper()' and `tolower()' functions to his `awk' (*note +String Functions::). These functions handle the vast majority of the +cases where character transliteration is necessary, and so we chose to +simply add those functions to `gawk' as well and then leave well enough +alone. An obvious improvement to this program would be to set up the `t_ar' array only once, in a `BEGIN' rule. However, this assumes that the @@ -17898,7 +17905,7 @@ been read. The `BEGIN' rule simply sets `RS' to the empty string, so that `awk' splits records at blank lines (*note Records::). It sets `MAXLINES' to -100, since 100 is the maximum number of lines on the page (20 * 5 = +100, because 100 is the maximum number of lines on the page (20 * 5 = 100). Most of the work is done in the `printpage()' function. The label @@ -18022,9 +18029,9 @@ on real text files: * The `awk' language considers upper- and lowercase characters to be distinct. Therefore, "bartender" and "Bartender" are not treated - as the same word. This is undesirable, since in normal text, words - are capitalized if they begin sentences, and a frequency analyzer - should not be sensitive to capitalization. + as the same word. This is undesirable, because words are + capitalized if they begin sentences in normal text, and a + frequency analyzer should not be sensitive to capitalization. * Words are detected using the `awk' convention that fields are separated just by whitespace. Other characters in the input @@ -18147,9 +18154,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extract Program, Next: Simple Sed, Prev: History Sorti The nodes *note Library Functions::, and *note Sample Programs::, are the top level nodes for a large number of `awk' programs. If you want -to experiment with these programs, it is tedious to have to type them -in by hand. Here we present a program that can extract parts of a -Texinfo input file into separate files. +to experiment with these programs, it is tedious to type them in by +hand. Here we present a program that can extract parts of a Texinfo +input file into separate files. This Info file is written in Texinfo (http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/), the GNU project's document @@ -18206,7 +18213,7 @@ file looks something like this: @example @c file examples/messages.awk - END @{ print "Always avoid bored archeologists!" @} + END @{ print "Always avoid bored archaeologists!" @} @c end file @end example ... @@ -18342,15 +18349,15 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Simple Sed, Next: Igawk Program, Prev: Extract Program The `sed' utility is a stream editor, a program that reads a stream of data, makes changes to it, and passes it on. It is often used to make global changes to a large file or to a stream of data generated by a -pipeline of commands. While `sed' is a complicated program in its own -right, its most common use is to perform global substitutions in the -middle of a pipeline: +pipeline of commands. Although `sed' is a complicated program in its +own right, its most common use is to perform global substitutions in +the middle of a pipeline: COMMAND1 < orig.data | sed 's/old/new/g' | COMMAND2 > result Here, `s/old/new/g' tells `sed' to look for the regexp `old' on each -input line and globally replace it with the text `new', i.e., all the -occurrences on a line. This is similar to `awk''s `gsub()' function +input line and globally replace it with the text `new' (i.e., all the +occurrences on a line). This is similar to `awk''s `gsub()' function (*note String Functions::). The following program, `awksed.awk', accepts at least two @@ -18411,7 +18418,7 @@ arguments and calling `usage()' if there is a problem. Then it sets (*note ARGC and ARGV::). The `usage()' function prints an error message and exits. Finally, -the single rule handles the printing scheme outlined above, using +the single rule handles the printing scheme outlined earlier, using `print' or `printf' as appropriate, depending upon the value of `RT'.  @@ -18449,10 +18456,10 @@ to be able to write programs in the following manner: The following program, `igawk.sh', provides this service. It simulates `gawk''s searching of the `AWKPATH' variable and also allows -"nested" includes; i.e., a file that is included with `@include' can -contain further `@include' statements. `igawk' makes an effort to only -include files once, so that nested includes don't accidentally include -a library function twice. +"nested" includes (i.e., a file that is included with `@include' can +contain further `@include' statements). `igawk' makes an effort to +only include files once, so that nested includes don't accidentally +include a library function twice. `igawk' should behave just like `gawk' externally. This means it should accept all of `gawk''s command-line arguments, including the @@ -18473,8 +18480,8 @@ language.(1) It works as follows: b. Source file names, provided with `-f'. We use a neat trick and append `@include FILENAME' to the shell variable's - contents. Since the file-inclusion program works the way - `gawk' does, this gets the text of the file included into the + contents. Because the file-inclusion program works the way + `gawk' does, this gets the text of the file included in the program at the correct point. 3. Run an `awk' program (naturally) over the shell variable's @@ -18734,13 +18741,13 @@ is saved as a single string, even if the results contain whitespace. It's done in these steps: 1. Run `gawk' with the `@include'-processing program (the value of - the `expand_prog' shell variable) on standard input. + the `expand_prog' shell variable) reading standard input. 2. Standard input is the contents of the user's program, from the - shell variable `program'. Its contents are fed to `gawk' via a - here document. + shell variable `program'. Feed its contents to `gawk' via a here + document. - 3. The results of this processing are saved in the shell variable + 3. Save the results of this processing in the shell variable `processed_program' by using command substitution. The last step is to call `gawk' with the expanded program, along @@ -18797,23 +18804,23 @@ use of `awk' programs as Web CGI scripts.  File: gawk.info, Node: Anagram Program, Next: Signature Program, Prev: Igawk Program, Up: Miscellaneous Programs -11.3.10 Finding Anagrams From A Dictionary +11.3.10 Finding Anagrams from a Dictionary ------------------------------------------ An interesting programming challenge is to search for "anagrams" in a word list (such as `/usr/share/dict/words' on many GNU/Linux systems). One word is an anagram of another if both words contain the same letters -(for example, "babbling" and "blabbing"). +(e.g., "babbling" and "blabbing"). - Column 2, Problem C of Jon Bentley's `Programming Pearls', second -edition, presents an elegant algorithm. The idea is to give words that + Column 2, Problem C, of Jon Bentley's `Programming Pearls', Second +Edition, presents an elegant algorithm. The idea is to give words that are anagrams a common signature, sort all the words together by their signature, and then print them. Dr. Bentley observes that taking the letters in each word and sorting them produces that common signature. The following program uses arrays of arrays to bring together words with the same signature and array sorting to print the words in sorted -order. +order: # anagram.awk --- An implementation of the anagram finding algorithm # from Jon Bentley's "Programming Pearls", 2nd edition. @@ -18850,8 +18857,8 @@ back together: } Finally, the `END' rule traverses the array and prints out the -anagram lists. It sends the output to the system `sort' command, since -otherwise the anagrams would appear in arbitrary order: +anagram lists. It sends the output to the system `sort' command +because otherwise the anagrams would appear in arbitrary order: END { sort = "sort" @@ -18886,7 +18893,7 @@ otherwise the anagrams would appear in arbitrary order:  File: gawk.info, Node: Signature Program, Prev: Anagram Program, Up: Miscellaneous Programs -11.3.11 And Now For Something Completely Different +11.3.11 And Now for Something Completely Different -------------------------------------------------- The following program was written by Davide Brini and is published on @@ -19167,7 +19174,7 @@ in a particular order that you, the programmer, choose. `gawk' lets you do this. *note Controlling Scanning::, describes how you can assign special, -pre-defined values to `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]' in order to control the +predefined values to `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]' in order to control the order in which `gawk' traverses an array during a `for' loop. In addition, the value of `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]' can be a function @@ -19324,7 +19331,7 @@ Running the program produces the following output: The comparison should normally always return the same value when given a specific pair of array elements as its arguments. If -inconsistent results are returned then the order is undefined. This +inconsistent results are returned, then the order is undefined. This behavior can be exploited to introduce random order into otherwise seemingly ordered data: @@ -19334,7 +19341,7 @@ seemingly ordered data: return (2 - 4 * rand()) } - As mentioned above, the order of the indices is arbitrary if two + As already mentioned, the order of the indices is arbitrary if two elements compare equal. This is usually not a problem, but letting the tied elements come out in arbitrary order can be an issue, especially when comparing item values. The partial ordering of the equal elements @@ -19368,16 +19375,16 @@ such a function. When string comparisons are made during a sort, either for element values where one or both aren't numbers, or for element indices handled as strings, the value of `IGNORECASE' (*note Built-in Variables::) -controls whether the comparisons treat corresponding uppercase and +controls whether the comparisons treat corresponding upper- and lowercase letters as equivalent or distinct. - Another point to keep in mind is that in the case of subarrays the + Another point to keep in mind is that in the case of subarrays, the element values can themselves be arrays; a production comparison function should use the `isarray()' function (*note Type Functions::), to check for this, and choose a defined sorting order for subarrays. All sorting based on `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]' is disabled in POSIX -mode, since the `PROCINFO' array is not special in that case. +mode, because the `PROCINFO' array is not special in that case. As a side note, sorting the array indices before traversing the array has been reported to add 15% to 20% overhead to the execution @@ -19396,10 +19403,10 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Array Sorting Functions, Prev: Controlling Array Traver --------------------------------------------------- In most `awk' implementations, sorting an array requires writing a -`sort()' function. While this can be educational for exploring -different sorting algorithms, usually that's not the point of the -program. `gawk' provides the built-in `asort()' and `asorti()' -functions (*note String Functions::) for sorting arrays. For example: +`sort()' function. This can be educational for exploring different +sorting algorithms, but usually that's not the point of the program. +`gawk' provides the built-in `asort()' and `asorti()' functions (*note +String Functions::) for sorting arrays. For example: POPULATE THE ARRAY data n = asort(data) @@ -19480,8 +19487,8 @@ comparisons are based on character values only.(1) ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) This is true because locale-based comparison occurs only when in -POSIX compatibility mode, and since `asort()' and `asorti()' are `gawk' -extensions, they are not available in that case. +POSIX-compatibility mode, and because `asort()' and `asorti()' are +`gawk' extensions, they are not available in that case.  File: gawk.info, Node: Two-way I/O, Next: TCP/IP Networking, Prev: Array Sorting, Up: Advanced Features @@ -19510,7 +19517,7 @@ the program be run in a directory that cannot be shared among users; for example, `/tmp' will not do, as another user might happen to be using a temporary file with the same name.(1) However, with `gawk', it is possible to open a _two-way_ pipe to another process. The second -process is termed a "coprocess", since it runs in parallel with `gawk'. +process is termed a "coprocess", as it runs in parallel with `gawk'. The two-way connection is created using the `|&' operator (borrowed from the Korn shell, `ksh'):(2) @@ -19626,7 +19633,7 @@ connection. You can think of this as just a _very long_ two-way pipeline to a coprocess. The way `gawk' decides that you want to use TCP/IP networking is by recognizing special file names that begin with one of -`/inet/', `/inet4/' or `/inet6/'. +`/inet/', `/inet4/', or `/inet6/'. The full syntax of the special file name is `/NET-TYPE/PROTOCOL/LOCAL-PORT/REMOTE-HOST/REMOTE-PORT'. The @@ -19652,7 +19659,7 @@ LOCAL-PORT `getaddrinfo()' function. REMOTE-HOST - The IP address or fully-qualified domain name of the Internet host + The IP address or fully qualified domain name of the Internet host to which you want to connect. REMOTE-PORT @@ -19700,7 +19707,7 @@ used to change the name of the file where `gawk' will write the profile: gawk --profile=myprog.prof -f myprog.awk data1 data2 -In the above example, `gawk' places the profile in `myprog.prof' +In the preceding example, `gawk' places the profile in `myprog.prof' instead of in `awkprof.out'. Here is a sample session showing a simple `awk' program, its input @@ -19831,9 +19838,9 @@ output. They are as follows: * Parentheses are used only where needed, as indicated by the structure of the program and the precedence rules. For example, - `(3 + 5) * 4' means add three plus five, then multiply the total - by four. However, `3 + 5 * 4' has no parentheses, and means `3 + - (5 * 4)'. + `(3 + 5) * 4' means add three and five, then multiply the total by + four. However, `3 + 5 * 4' has no parentheses, and means `3 + (5 + * 4)'. * Parentheses are used around the arguments to `print' and `printf' only when the `print' or `printf' statement is followed by a @@ -20023,12 +20030,12 @@ components--programs written in C or C++, as well as scripts written in named `guide'. Internationalization consists of the following steps, in this order: - 1. The programmer goes through the source for all of `guide''s - components and marks each string that is a candidate for - translation. For example, `"`-F': option required"' is a good - candidate for translation. A table with strings of option names - is not (e.g., `gawk''s `--profile' option should remain the same, - no matter what the local language). + 1. The programmer reviews the source for all of `guide''s components + and marks each string that is a candidate for translation. For + example, `"`-F': option required"' is a good candidate for + translation. A table with strings of option names is not (e.g., + `gawk''s `--profile' option should remain the same, no matter what + the local language). 2. The programmer indicates the application's text domain (`"guide"') to the `gettext' library, by calling the `textdomain()' function. @@ -20097,8 +20104,8 @@ are: a different category.) `LC_COLLATE' - Text-collation information; i.e., how different characters and/or - groups of characters sort in a given language. + Text-collation information (i.e., how different characters and/or + groups of characters sort in a given language). `LC_CTYPE' Character-type information (alphabetic, digit, upper- or @@ -20403,7 +20410,7 @@ them to other versions of `awk'. Consider this program: As written, it won't work on other versions of `awk'. However, it is actually almost portable, requiring very little change: - * Assignments to `TEXTDOMAIN' won't have any effect, since + * Assignments to `TEXTDOMAIN' won't have any effect, because `TEXTDOMAIN' is not special in other `awk' implementations. * Non-GNU versions of `awk' treat marked strings as the @@ -20439,10 +20446,10 @@ actually almost portable, requiring very little change: and arguments unchanged to the underlying C library version of `sprintf()', but only one format and argument at a time. What happens if a positional specification is used is anybody's guess. - However, since the positional specifications are primarily for use - in _translated_ format strings, and since non-GNU `awk's never - retrieve the translated string, this should not be a problem in - practice. + However, because the positional specifications are primarily for + use in _translated_ format strings, and because non-GNU `awk's + never retrieve the translated string, this should not be a problem + in practice. ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -20505,7 +20512,7 @@ Following are the translations: The next step is to make the directory to hold the binary message object file and then to create the `guide.mo' file. We pretend that -our file is to be used in the `en_US.UTF-8' locale, since we have to +our file is to be used in the `en_US.UTF-8' locale, because we have to use a locale name known to the C `gettext' routines. The directory layout shown here is standard for GNU `gettext' on GNU/Linux systems. Other versions of `gettext' may use a different layout: @@ -20526,7 +20533,7 @@ proper directory (using the `-o' option) so that `gawk' can find it: -| Like, the scoop is 42 -| Pardon me, Zaphod who? - If the three replacement functions for `dcgettext()', `dcngettext()' + If the three replacement functions for `dcgettext()', `dcngettext()', and `bindtextdomain()' (*note I18N Portability::) are in a file named `libintl.awk', then we can run `guide.awk' unchanged as follows: @@ -20615,7 +20622,7 @@ program is easy.  File: gawk.info, Node: Debugging, Next: Sample Debugging Session, Up: Debugger -14.1 Introduction to The `gawk' Debugger +14.1 Introduction to the `gawk' Debugger ======================================== This minor node introduces debugging in general and begins the @@ -20637,9 +20644,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Debugging Concepts, Next: Debugging Terms, Up: Debuggi ahead to the next section on the specific features of the `gawk' debugger.) - Of course, a debugging program cannot remove bugs for you, since it -has no way of knowing what you or your users consider a "bug" and what -is a "feature." (Sometimes, we humans have a hard time with this + Of course, a debugging program cannot remove bugs for you, because +it has no way of knowing what you or your users consider a "bug" versus +a "feature." (Sometimes, we humans have a hard time with this ourselves.) In that case, what can you expect from such a tool? The answer to that depends on the language being debugged, but in general, you can expect at least the following: @@ -20655,7 +20662,7 @@ you can expect at least the following: * The chance to see the values of data in the program at any point in execution, and also to change that data on the fly, to see how that - affects what happens afterwards. (This often includes the ability + affects what happens afterward. (This often includes the ability to look at internal data structures besides the variables you actually defined in your code.) @@ -20675,9 +20682,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Debugging Terms, Next: Awk Debugging, Prev: Debugging Before diving in to the details, we need to introduce several important concepts that apply to just about all debuggers. The following list -defines terms used throughout the rest of this major node. +defines terms used throughout the rest of this major node: -"Stack Frame" +"Stack frame" Programs generally call functions during the course of their execution. One function can call another, or a function can call itself (recursion). You can view the chain of called functions @@ -20713,11 +20720,11 @@ defines terms used throughout the rest of this major node. breakpoints are oriented around the code: stop when a certain point in the code is reached. A watchpoint, however, specifies that program execution should stop when a _data value_ is changed. - This is useful, since sometimes it happens that a variable - receives an erroneous value, and it's hard to track down where - this happens just by looking at the code. By using a watchpoint, - you can stop whenever a variable is assigned to, and usually find - the errant code quite quickly. + This is useful, as sometimes it happens that a variable receives + an erroneous value, and it's hard to track down where this happens + just by looking at the code. By using a watchpoint, you can stop + whenever a variable is assigned to, and usually find the errant + code quite quickly.  File: gawk.info, Node: Awk Debugging, Prev: Debugging Terms, Up: Debugging @@ -20728,16 +20735,16 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Awk Debugging, Prev: Debugging Terms, Up: Debugging Debugging an `awk' program has some specific aspects that are not shared with other programming languages. - First of all, the fact that `awk' programs usually take input -line-by-line from a file or files and operate on those lines using -specific rules makes it especially useful to organize viewing the -execution of the program in terms of these rules. As we will see, each -`awk' rule is treated almost like a function call, with its own -specific block of instructions. + First of all, the fact that `awk' programs usually take input line +by line from a file or files and operate on those lines using specific +rules makes it especially useful to organize viewing the execution of +the program in terms of these rules. As we will see, each `awk' rule +is treated almost like a function call, with its own specific block of +instructions. - In addition, since `awk' is by design a very concise language, it is -easy to lose sight of everything that is going on "inside" each line of -`awk' code. The debugger provides the opportunity to look at the + In addition, because `awk' is by design a very concise language, it +is easy to lose sight of everything that is going on "inside" each line +of `awk' code. The debugger provides the opportunity to look at the individual primitive instructions carried out by the higher-level `awk' commands. @@ -20848,8 +20855,8 @@ the current stack frames: -| #1 in main() at `awklib/eg/prog/uniq.awk':88 This tells us that `are_equal()' was called by the main program at -line 88 of `uniq.awk'. (This is not a big surprise, since this is the -only call to `are_equal()' in the program, but in more complex +line 88 of `uniq.awk'. (This is not a big surprise, because this is +the only call to `are_equal()' in the program, but in more complex programs, knowing who called a function and with what parameters can be the key to finding the source of the problem.) @@ -20861,7 +20868,7 @@ Actually, the debugger gives us: gawk> p n -| n = untyped variable -In this case, `n' is an uninitialized local variable, since the +In this case, `n' is an uninitialized local variable, because the function was called without arguments (*note Function Calls::). A more useful variable to display might be the current record: @@ -20869,8 +20876,8 @@ function was called without arguments (*note Function Calls::). gawk> p $0 -| $0 = "gawk is a wonderful program!" -This might be a bit puzzling at first since this is the second line of -our test input above. Let's look at `NR': +This might be a bit puzzling at first, as this is the second line of +our test input. Let's look at `NR': gawk> p NR -| NR = 2 @@ -20901,7 +20908,7 @@ typing `n' (for "next"): This tells us that `gawk' is now ready to execute line 66, which decides whether to give the lines the special "field skipping" treatment indicated by the `-1' command-line option. (Notice that we skipped -from where we were before at line 63 to here, since the condition in +from where we were before at line 63 to here, because the condition in line 63 `if (fcount == 0 && charcount == 0)' was false.) Continuing to step, we now get to the splitting of the current and @@ -20926,9 +20933,9 @@ split into, so we try to look: This is kind of disappointing, though. All we found out is that there are five elements in `alast'; `m' and `aline' don't have values -since we are at line 68 but haven't executed it yet. This information -is useful enough (we now know that none of the words were accidentally -left out), but what if we want to see inside the array? +because we are at line 68 but haven't executed it yet. This +information is useful enough (we now know that none of the words were +accidentally left out), but what if we want to see inside the array? The first choice would be to use subscripts: @@ -21010,7 +21017,7 @@ abbreviation on a second description line. A debugger command name may also be truncated if that partial name is unambiguous. The debugger has the built-in capability to automatically repeat the previous command just by hitting . This works for the commands `list', `next', -`nexti', `step', `stepi' and `continue' executed without any argument. +`nexti', `step', `stepi', and `continue' executed without any argument. * Menu: @@ -21028,10 +21035,10 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Breakpoint Control, Next: Debugger Execution Control, 14.3.1 Control of Breakpoints ----------------------------- -As we saw above, the first thing you probably want to do in a debugging -session is to get your breakpoints set up, since otherwise your program -will just run as if it was not under the debugger. The commands for -controlling breakpoints are: +As we saw earlier, the first thing you probably want to do in a +debugging session is to get your breakpoints set up, because your +program will otherwise just run as if it was not under the debugger. +The commands for controlling breakpoints are: `break' [[FILENAME`:']N | FUNCTION] [`"EXPRESSION"'] `b' [[FILENAME`:']N | FUNCTION] [`"EXPRESSION"'] @@ -21083,8 +21090,8 @@ controlling breakpoints are: reached. If the condition is true, then the debugger stops execution and prompts for a command. Otherwise, the debugger continues executing the program. If the condition expression is - not specified, any existing condition is removed; i.e., the - breakpoint or watchpoint is made unconditional. + not specified, any existing condition is removed (i.e., the + breakpoint or watchpoint is made unconditional). `delete' [N1 N2 ...] [N-M] `d' [N1 N2 ...] [N-M] @@ -21175,7 +21182,7 @@ execution of the program than we saw in our earlier example: Cancel execution of a function call. If VALUE (either a string or a number) is specified, it is used as the function's return value. If used in a frame other than the innermost one (the currently - executing function, i.e., frame number 0), discard all inner + executing function; i.e., frame number 0), discard all inner frames in addition to the selected one, and the caller of that frame becomes the innermost frame. @@ -21223,7 +21230,7 @@ The commands for viewing and changing variables inside of `gawk' are: gawk> display x -| 10: x = 1 - displays the assigned item number, the variable name and its + This displays the assigned item number, the variable name, and its current value. If the display variable refers to a function parameter, it is silently deleted from the list as soon as the execution reaches a context where no such variable of the given @@ -21272,7 +21279,7 @@ AWK STATEMENTS (`"'...`"'). You can also set special `awk' variables, such as `FS', `NF', - `NR', etc. + `NR', and son on. `watch' VAR | `$'N [`"EXPRESSION"'] `w' VAR | `$'N [`"EXPRESSION"'] @@ -21316,8 +21323,8 @@ are: innermost COUNT frames if COUNT > 0. Print the outermost COUNT frames if COUNT < 0. The backtrace displays the name and arguments to each function, the source file name, and the line - number. The alias `where' for `backtrace' is provided for - long-time GDB users who may be used to that command. + number. The alias `where' for `backtrace' is provided for longtime + GDB users who may be used to that command. `down' [COUNT] Move COUNT (default 1) frames down the stack toward the innermost @@ -21339,7 +21346,7 @@ are:  File: gawk.info, Node: Debugger Info, Next: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands, Prev: Execution Stack, Up: List of Debugger Commands -14.3.5 Obtaining Information about the Program and the Debugger State +14.3.5 Obtaining Information About the Program and the Debugger State --------------------------------------------------------------------- Besides looking at the values of variables, there is often a need to get @@ -21465,39 +21472,39 @@ categories, as follows: gawk> dump -| # BEGIN -| - -| [ 1:0xfcd340] Op_rule : [in_rule = BEGIN] [source_file = brini.awk] - -| [ 1:0xfcc240] Op_push_i : "~" [MALLOC|STRING|STRCUR] - -| [ 1:0xfcc2a0] Op_push_i : "~" [MALLOC|STRING|STRCUR] - -| [ 1:0xfcc280] Op_match : - -| [ 1:0xfcc1e0] Op_store_var : O - -| [ 1:0xfcc2e0] Op_push_i : "==" [MALLOC|STRING|STRCUR] - -| [ 1:0xfcc340] Op_push_i : "==" [MALLOC|STRING|STRCUR] - -| [ 1:0xfcc320] Op_equal : - -| [ 1:0xfcc200] Op_store_var : o - -| [ 1:0xfcc380] Op_push : o - -| [ 1:0xfcc360] Op_plus_i : 0 [MALLOC|NUMCUR|NUMBER] - -| [ 1:0xfcc220] Op_push_lhs : o [do_reference = true] - -| [ 1:0xfcc300] Op_assign_plus : - -| [ :0xfcc2c0] Op_pop : - -| [ 1:0xfcc400] Op_push : O - -| [ 1:0xfcc420] Op_push_i : "" [MALLOC|STRING|STRCUR] - -| [ :0xfcc4a0] Op_no_op : - -| [ 1:0xfcc480] Op_push : O - -| [ :0xfcc4c0] Op_concat : [expr_count = 3] [concat_flag = 0] - -| [ 1:0xfcc3c0] Op_store_var : x - -| [ 1:0xfcc440] Op_push_lhs : X [do_reference = true] - -| [ 1:0xfcc3a0] Op_postincrement : - -| [ 1:0xfcc4e0] Op_push : x - -| [ 1:0xfcc540] Op_push : o - -| [ 1:0xfcc500] Op_plus : - -| [ 1:0xfcc580] Op_push : o - -| [ 1:0xfcc560] Op_plus : - -| [ 1:0xfcc460] Op_leq : - -| [ :0xfcc5c0] Op_jmp_false : [target_jmp = 0xfcc5e0] - -| [ 1:0xfcc600] Op_push_i : "%c" [MALLOC|STRING|STRCUR] - -| [ :0xfcc660] Op_no_op : - -| [ 1:0xfcc520] Op_assign_concat : c - -| [ :0xfcc620] Op_jmp : [target_jmp = 0xfcc440] + -| [ 1:0xfcd340] Op_rule : [in_rule = BEGIN] [source_file = brini.awk] + -| [ 1:0xfcc240] Op_push_i : "~" [MALLOC|STRING|STRCUR] + -| [ 1:0xfcc2a0] Op_push_i : "~" [MALLOC|STRING|STRCUR] + -| [ 1:0xfcc280] Op_match : + -| [ 1:0xfcc1e0] Op_store_var : O + -| [ 1:0xfcc2e0] Op_push_i : "==" [MALLOC|STRING|STRCUR] + -| [ 1:0xfcc340] Op_push_i : "==" [MALLOC|STRING|STRCUR] + -| [ 1:0xfcc320] Op_equal : + -| [ 1:0xfcc200] Op_store_var : o + -| [ 1:0xfcc380] Op_push : o + -| [ 1:0xfcc360] Op_plus_i : 0 [MALLOC|NUMCUR|NUMBER] + -| [ 1:0xfcc220] Op_push_lhs : o [do_reference = true] + -| [ 1:0xfcc300] Op_assign_plus : + -| [ :0xfcc2c0] Op_pop : + -| [ 1:0xfcc400] Op_push : O + -| [ 1:0xfcc420] Op_push_i : "" [MALLOC|STRING|STRCUR] + -| [ :0xfcc4a0] Op_no_op : + -| [ 1:0xfcc480] Op_push : O + -| [ :0xfcc4c0] Op_concat : [expr_count = 3] [concat_flag = 0] + -| [ 1:0xfcc3c0] Op_store_var : x + -| [ 1:0xfcc440] Op_push_lhs : X [do_reference = true] + -| [ 1:0xfcc3a0] Op_postincrement : + -| [ 1:0xfcc4e0] Op_push : x + -| [ 1:0xfcc540] Op_push : o + -| [ 1:0xfcc500] Op_plus : + -| [ 1:0xfcc580] Op_push : o + -| [ 1:0xfcc560] Op_plus : + -| [ 1:0xfcc460] Op_leq : + -| [ :0xfcc5c0] Op_jmp_false : [target_jmp = 0xfcc5e0] + -| [ 1:0xfcc600] Op_push_i : "%c" [MALLOC|STRING|STRCUR] + -| [ :0xfcc660] Op_no_op : + -| [ 1:0xfcc520] Op_assign_concat : c + -| [ :0xfcc620] Op_jmp : [target_jmp = 0xfcc440] -| ... -| @@ -21548,10 +21555,10 @@ categories, as follows: `q' Exit the debugger. Debugging is great fun, but sometimes we all have to tend to other obligations in life, and sometimes we find - the bug, and are free to go on to the next one! As we saw above, - if you are running a program, the debugger warns you if you - accidentally type `q' or `quit', to make sure you really want to - quit. + the bug, and are free to go on to the next one! As we saw + earlier, if you are running a program, the debugger warns you if + you accidentally type `q' or `quit', to make sure you really want + to quit. `trace' [`on' | `off'] Turn on or off a continuous printing of instructions which are @@ -21610,7 +21617,8 @@ some limitations. A few which are worth being aware of are: Commands:: (or if you are already familiar with `gawk' internals), you will realize that much of the internal manipulation of data in `gawk', as in many interpreters, is done on a stack. `Op_push', - `Op_pop', etc., are the "bread and butter" of most `gawk' code. + `Op_pop', and the like, are the "bread and butter" of most `gawk' + code. Unfortunately, as of now, the `gawk' debugger does not allow you to examine the stack's contents. That is, the intermediate @@ -21622,7 +21630,7 @@ some limitations. A few which are worth being aware of are: * There is no way to look "inside" the process of compiling regular expressions to see if you got it right. As an `awk' programmer, - you are expected to know what `/[^[:alnum:][:blank:]]/' means. + you are expected to know the meaning of `/[^[:alnum:][:blank:]]/'. * The `gawk' debugger is designed to be used by running a program (with all its parameters) on the command line, as described in @@ -21666,17 +21674,17 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Debugging Summary, Prev: Limitations, Up: Debugger  File: gawk.info, Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic, Next: Dynamic Extensions, Prev: Debugger, Up: Top -15 Arithmetic and Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic with `gawk' +15 Arithmetic and Arbitrary-Precision Arithmetic with `gawk' ************************************************************ This major node introduces some basic concepts relating to how computers do arithmetic and defines some important terms. It then proceeds to describe floating-point arithmetic, which is what `awk' -uses for all its computations, including a discussion of arbitrary -precision floating point arithmetic, which is a feature available only -in `gawk'. It continues on to present arbitrary precision integers, and -concludes with a description of some points where `gawk' and the POSIX -standard are not quite in agreement. +uses for all its computations, including a discussion of +arbitrary-precision floating-point arithmetic, which is a feature +available only in `gawk'. It continues on to present +arbitrary-precision integers, and concludes with a description of some +points where `gawk' and the POSIX standard are not quite in agreement. NOTE: Most users of `gawk' can safely skip this chapter. But if you want to do scientific calculations with `gawk', this is the @@ -21736,37 +21744,37 @@ Integer arithmetic In computers, integer values come in two flavors: "signed" and "unsigned". Signed values may be negative or positive, whereas - unsigned values are always positive (that is, greater than or equal + unsigned values are always positive (i.e., greater than or equal to zero). In computer systems, integer arithmetic is exact, but the possible range of values is limited. Integer arithmetic is generally - faster than floating point arithmetic. + faster than floating-point arithmetic. -Floating point arithmetic +Floating-point arithmetic Floating-point numbers represent what were called in school "real" - numbers; i.e., those that have a fractional part, such as - 3.1415927. The advantage to floating-point numbers is that they + numbers (i.e., those that have a fractional part, such as + 3.1415927). The advantage to floating-point numbers is that they can represent a much larger range of values than can integers. The disadvantage is that there are numbers that they cannot represent exactly. - Modern systems support floating point arithmetic in hardware, with + Modern systems support floating-point arithmetic in hardware, with a limited range of values. There are software libraries that allow - the use of arbitrary precision floating point calculations. + the use of arbitrary-precision floating-point calculations. - POSIX `awk' uses "double precision" floating-point numbers, which - can hold more digits than "single precision" floating-point - numbers. `gawk' has facilities for performing arbitrary precision - floating point arithmetic, which we describe in more detail + POSIX `awk' uses "double-precision" floating-point numbers, which + can hold more digits than "single-precision" floating-point + numbers. `gawk' has facilities for performing arbitrary-precision + floating-point arithmetic, which we describe in more detail shortly. - Computers work with integer and floating point values of different -ranges. Integer values are usually either 32 or 64 bits in size. Single -precision floating point values occupy 32 bits, whereas double precision -floating point values occupy 64 bits. Floating point values are always -signed. The possible ranges of values are shown in *note -table-numeric-ranges::. + Computers work with integer and floating-point values of different +ranges. Integer values are usually either 32 or 64 bits in size. +Single-precision floating-point values occupy 32 bits, whereas +double-precision floating-point values occupy 64 bits. Floating-point +values are always signed. The possible ranges of values are shown in +*note table-numeric-ranges::. Numeric representation Minimum value Maximum value --------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -21774,14 +21782,14 @@ Numeric representation Minimum value Maximum value 32-bit unsigned integer 0 4,294,967,295 64-bit signed integer -9,223,372,036,854,775,8089,223,372,036,854,775,807 64-bit unsigned integer 0 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 -Single precision `1.175494e-38' `3.402823e+38' +Single-precision `1.175494e-38' `3.402823e+38' floating point (approximate) -Double precision `2.225074e-308' `1.797693e+308' +Double-precision `2.225074e-308' `1.797693e+308' floating point (approximate) -Table 15.1: Value Ranges for Different Numeric Representations +Table 15.1: Value ranges for different numeric representations ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -21790,7 +21798,7 @@ Table 15.1: Value Ranges for Different Numeric Representations  File: gawk.info, Node: Math Definitions, Next: MPFR features, Prev: Computer Arithmetic, Up: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic -15.2 Other Stuff To Know +15.2 Other Stuff to Know ======================== The rest of this major node uses a number of terms. Here are some @@ -21849,7 +21857,7 @@ material here. are provided later. "Significand" - A floating point value consists the significand multiplied by 10 + A floating-point value consists the significand multiplied by 10 to the power of the exponent. For example, in `1.2345e67', the significand is `1.2345'. @@ -21865,10 +21873,10 @@ information on some of those terms. On modern systems, floating-point hardware uses the representation and operations defined by the IEEE 754 standard. Three of the standard -IEEE 754 types are 32-bit single precision, 64-bit double precision and -128-bit quadruple precision. The standard also specifies extended +IEEE 754 types are 32-bit single precision, 64-bit double precision, +and 128-bit quadruple precision. The standard also specifies extended precision formats to allow greater precisions and larger exponent -ranges. (`awk' uses only the 64-bit double precision format.) +ranges. (`awk' uses only the 64-bit double-precision format.) *note table-ieee-formats:: lists the precision and exponent field values for the basic IEEE 754 binary formats: @@ -21880,7 +21888,7 @@ Single 32 24 -126 +127 Double 64 53 -1022 +1023 Quadruple 128 113 -16382 +16383 -Table 15.2: Basic IEEE Format Values +Table 15.2: Basic IEEE format values NOTE: The precision numbers include the implied leading one that gives them one extra bit of significand. @@ -21893,13 +21901,13 @@ paraphrased, and for the examples.  File: gawk.info, Node: MPFR features, Next: FP Math Caution, Prev: Math Definitions, Up: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic -15.3 Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic Features In `gawk' +15.3 Arbitrary-Precision Arithmetic Features in `gawk' ====================================================== -By default, `gawk' uses the double precision floating-point values +By default, `gawk' uses the double-precision floating-point values supplied by the hardware of the system it runs on. However, if it was -compiled to do so, `gawk' uses the `http://www.mpfr.org GNU MPFR' and -GNU MP (http://gmplib.org) (GMP) libraries for arbitrary precision +compiled to do so, `gawk' uses the GNU MPFR (http://www.mpfr.org) and +GNU MP (http://gmplib.org) (GMP) libraries for arbitrary-precision arithmetic on numbers. You can see if MPFR support is available like so: @@ -21931,7 +21939,7 @@ more information.  File: gawk.info, Node: FP Math Caution, Next: Arbitrary Precision Integers, Prev: MPFR features, Up: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic -15.4 Floating Point Arithmetic: Caveat Emptor! +15.4 Floating-Point Arithmetic: Caveat Emptor! ============================================== Math class is tough! -- Teen Talk Barbie, July 1992 @@ -21965,7 +21973,7 @@ in computer science.  File: gawk.info, Node: Inexactness of computations, Next: Getting Accuracy, Up: FP Math Caution -15.4.1 Floating Point Arithmetic Is Not Exact +15.4.1 Floating-Point Arithmetic Is Not Exact --------------------------------------------- Binary floating-point representations and arithmetic are inexact. @@ -21973,9 +21981,10 @@ Simple values like 0.1 cannot be precisely represented using binary floating-point numbers, and the limited precision of floating-point numbers means that slight changes in the order of operations or the precision of intermediate storage can change the result. To make -matters worse, with arbitrary precision floating-point, you can set the -precision before starting a computation, but then you cannot be sure of -the number of significant decimal places in the final result. +matters worse, with arbitrary-precision floating-point arithmetic, you +can set the precision before starting a computation, but then you +cannot be sure of the number of significant decimal places in the final +result. * Menu: @@ -21997,8 +22006,8 @@ the following example: y = 0.425 Unlike the number in `y', the number stored in `x' is exactly -representable in binary since it can be written as a finite sum of one -or more fractions whose denominators are all powers of two. When +representable in binary because it can be written as a finite sum of +one or more fractions whose denominators are all powers of two. When `gawk' reads a floating-point number from program source, it automatically rounds that number to whatever precision your machine supports. If you try to print the numeric content of a variable using @@ -22031,7 +22040,7 @@ work like you would expect: The general wisdom when comparing floating-point values is to see if they are within some small range of each other (called a "delta", or "tolerance"). You have to decide how small a delta is important to -you. Code to do this looks something like this: +you. Code to do this looks something like the following: delta = 0.00001 # for example difference = abs(a) - abs(b) # subtract the two values @@ -22051,7 +22060,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Errors accumulate, Prev: Comparing FP Values, Up: Inex The loss of accuracy during a single computation with floating-point numbers usually isn't enough to worry about. However, if you compute a -value which is the result of a sequence of floating point operations, +value which is the result of a sequence of floating-point operations, the error can accumulate and greatly affect the computation itself. Here is an attempt to compute the value of pi using one of its many series representations: @@ -22094,10 +22103,10 @@ representations yield an unexpected result:  File: gawk.info, Node: Getting Accuracy, Next: Try To Round, Prev: Inexactness of computations, Up: FP Math Caution -15.4.2 Getting The Accuracy You Need +15.4.2 Getting the Accuracy You Need ------------------------------------ -Can arbitrary precision arithmetic give exact results? There are no +Can arbitrary-precision arithmetic give exact results? There are no easy answers. The standard rules of algebra often do not apply when using floating-point arithmetic. Among other things, the distributive and associative laws do not hold completely, and order of operation may @@ -22105,7 +22114,7 @@ be important for your computation. Rounding error, cumulative precision loss and underflow are often troublesome. When `gawk' tests the expressions `0.1 + 12.2' and `12.3' for -equality using the machine double precision arithmetic, it decides that +equality using the machine double-precision arithmetic, it decides that they are not equal! (*Note Comparing FP Values::.) You can get the result you want by increasing the precision; 56 bits in this case does the job: @@ -22124,15 +22133,15 @@ value of `PREC': forget that the finite number of bits used to store the value is often just an approximation after proper rounding. The test for equality succeeds if and only if _all_ bits in the two operands are exactly the -same. Since this is not necessarily true after floating-point +same. Because this is not necessarily true after floating-point computations with a particular precision and effective rounding mode, a straight test for equality may not work. Instead, compare the two numbers to see if they are within the desirable delta of each other. In applications where 15 or fewer decimal places suffice, hardware -double precision arithmetic can be adequate, and is usually much faster. +double-precision arithmetic can be adequate, and is usually much faster. But you need to keep in mind that every floating-point operation can -suffer a new rounding error with catastrophic consequences as +suffer a new rounding error with catastrophic consequences, as illustrated by our earlier attempt to compute the value of pi. Extra precision can greatly enhance the stability and the accuracy of your computation in such cases. @@ -22154,10 +22163,10 @@ hand is often the correct approach in such situations.  File: gawk.info, Node: Try To Round, Next: Setting precision, Prev: Getting Accuracy, Up: FP Math Caution -15.4.3 Try A Few Extra Bits of Precision and Rounding +15.4.3 Try a Few Extra Bits of Precision and Rounding ----------------------------------------------------- -Instead of arbitrary precision floating-point arithmetic, often all you +Instead of arbitrary-precision floating-point arithmetic, often all you need is an adjustment of your logic or a different order for the operations in your calculation. The stability and the accuracy of the computation of pi in the earlier example can be enhanced by using the @@ -22165,7 +22174,7 @@ following simple algebraic transformation: (sqrt(x * x + 1) - 1) / x == x / (sqrt(x * x + 1) + 1) -After making this, change the program converges to pi in under 30 +After making this change, the program converges to pi in under 30 iterations: $ gawk -f pi2.awk @@ -22181,7 +22190,7 @@ iterations:  File: gawk.info, Node: Setting precision, Next: Setting the rounding mode, Prev: Try To Round, Up: FP Math Caution -15.4.4 Setting The Precision +15.4.4 Setting the Precision ---------------------------- `gawk' uses a global working precision; it does not keep track of the @@ -22195,13 +22204,13 @@ binary format. `PREC' IEEE 754 Binary Format --------------------------------------------------- -`"half"' 16-bit half-precision. -`"single"' Basic 32-bit single precision. -`"double"' Basic 64-bit double precision. -`"quad"' Basic 128-bit quadruple precision. -`"oct"' 256-bit octuple precision. +`"half"' 16-bit half-precision +`"single"' Basic 32-bit single precision +`"double"' Basic 64-bit double precision +`"quad"' Basic 128-bit quadruple precision +`"oct"' 256-bit octuple precision -Table 15.3: Predefined Precision Strings For `PREC' +Table 15.3: Predefined precision strings for `PREC' The following example illustrates the effects of changing precision on arithmetic operations: @@ -22238,7 +22247,7 @@ on arithmetic operations:  File: gawk.info, Node: Setting the rounding mode, Prev: Setting precision, Up: FP Math Caution -15.4.5 Setting The Rounding Mode +15.4.5 Setting the Rounding Mode -------------------------------- The `ROUNDMODE' variable provides program level control over the @@ -22254,13 +22263,13 @@ Round toward zero `roundTowardZero' `"Z"' or `"z"' Round to nearest, ties away `roundTiesToAway' `"A"' or `"a"' from zero -Table 15.4: `gawk' Rounding Modes +Table 15.4: `gawk' rounding modes `ROUNDMODE' has the default value `"N"', which selects the IEEE 754 rounding mode `roundTiesToEven'. In *note Table 15.4: table-gawk-rounding-modes, the value `"A"' selects `roundTiesToAway'. This is only available if your version of the MPFR library supports it; -otherwise setting `ROUNDMODE' to `"A"' has no effect. +otherwise, setting `ROUNDMODE' to `"A"' has no effect. The default mode `roundTiesToEven' is the most preferred, but the least intuitive. This method does the obvious thing for most values, by @@ -22328,16 +22337,16 @@ to round halfway cases for `printf'.  File: gawk.info, Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers, Next: POSIX Floating Point Problems, Prev: FP Math Caution, Up: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic -15.5 Arbitrary Precision Integer Arithmetic with `gawk' +15.5 Arbitrary-Precision Integer Arithmetic with `gawk' ======================================================= When given the `-M' option, `gawk' performs all integer arithmetic -using GMP arbitrary precision integers. Any number that looks like an -integer in a source or data file is stored as an arbitrary precision +using GMP arbitrary-precision integers. Any number that looks like an +integer in a source or data file is stored as an arbitrary-precision integer. The size of the integer is limited only by the available memory. For example, the following computes 5^4^3^2, the result of -which is beyond the limits of ordinary hardware double precision -floating point values: +which is beyond the limits of ordinary hardware double-precision +floating-point values: $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { > x = 5^4^3^2 @@ -22347,10 +22356,10 @@ floating point values: -| number of digits = 183231 -| 62060698786608744707 ... 92256259918212890625 - If instead you were to compute the same value using arbitrary -precision floating-point values, the precision needed for correct -output (using the formula `prec = 3.322 * dps'), would be 3.322 x -183231, or 608693. + If instead you were to compute the same value using +arbitrary-precision floating-point values, the precision needed for +correct output (using the formula `prec = 3.322 * dps'), would be 3.322 +x 183231, or 608693. The result from an arithmetic operation with an integer and a floating-point value is a floating-point value with a precision equal @@ -22373,10 +22382,10 @@ case), or replace the floating-point constant `2.0' with an integer, to perform all computations using integer arithmetic to get the correct output. - Sometimes `gawk' must implicitly convert an arbitrary precision -integer into an arbitrary precision floating-point value. This is + Sometimes `gawk' must implicitly convert an arbitrary-precision +integer into an arbitrary-precision floating-point value. This is primarily because the MPFR library does not always provide the relevant -interface to process arbitrary precision integers or mixed-mode numbers +interface to process arbitrary-precision integers or mixed-mode numbers as needed by an operation or function. In such a case, the precision is set to the minimum value necessary for exact conversion, and the working precision is not used for this purpose. If this is not what you need or @@ -22390,8 +22399,8 @@ floating-point value to begin with: gawk -M 'BEGIN { n = 13.0; print n % 2.0 }' - Note that for the particular example above, it is likely best to -just use the following: + Note that for this particular example, it is likely best to just use +the following: gawk -M 'BEGIN { n = 13; print n % 2 }' @@ -22417,12 +22426,12 @@ that `awk' only understands decimal numbers (base 10), and not octal interpreted to imply that `awk' should support additional features. These features are: - * Interpretation of floating point data values specified in + * Interpretation of floating-point data values specified in hexadecimal notation (e.g., `0xDEADBEEF'). (Note: data values, _not_ source code constants.) - * Support for the special IEEE 754 floating point values "Not A - Number" (NaN), positive Infinity ("inf") and negative Infinity + * Support for the special IEEE 754 floating-point values "Not A + Number" (NaN), positive Infinity ("inf"), and negative Infinity ("-inf"). In particular, the format for these values is as specified by the ISO 1999 C standard, which ignores case and can allow implementation-dependent additional characters after the @@ -22431,9 +22440,9 @@ These features are: The first problem is that both of these are clear changes to historical practice: - * The `gawk' maintainer feels that supporting hexadecimal floating - point values, in particular, is ugly, and was never intended by the - original designers to be part of the language. + * The `gawk' maintainer feels that supporting hexadecimal + floating-point values, in particular, is ugly, and was never + intended by the original designers to be part of the language. * Allowing completely alphabetic strings to have valid numeric values is also a very severe departure from historical practice. @@ -22444,10 +22453,10 @@ interpretation of the standard, which requires a certain amount of intended by the standard developers. In other words, "we see how you got where you are, but we don't think that that's where you want to be." - Recognizing the above issues, but attempting to provide compatibility + Recognizing these issues, but attempting to provide compatibility with the earlier versions of the standard, the 2008 POSIX standard added explicit wording to allow, but not require, that `awk' support -hexadecimal floating point values and special values for "Not A Number" +hexadecimal floating-point values and special values for "Not A Number" and infinity. Although the `gawk' maintainer continues to feel that providing @@ -22496,11 +22505,11 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Floating point summary, Prev: POSIX Floating Point Prob ============ * Most computer arithmetic is done using either integers or - floating-point values. Standard `awk' uses double precision + floating-point values. Standard `awk' uses double-precision floating-point values. - * In the early 1990's, Barbie mistakenly said "Math class is tough!" - While math isn't tough, floating-point arithmetic isn't the same + * In the early 1990s, Barbie mistakenly said "Math class is tough!" + Although math isn't tough, floating-point arithmetic isn't the same as pencil and paper math, and care must be taken: - Not all numbers can be represented exactly. @@ -22521,7 +22530,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Floating point summary, Prev: POSIX Floating Point Prob set the precision in bits, and `ROUNDMODE' to set the IEEE 754 rounding mode. - * With `-M', `gawk' performs arbitrary precision integer arithmetic + * With `-M', `gawk' performs arbitrary-precision integer arithmetic using the GMP library. This is faster and more space efficient than using MPFR for the same calculations. @@ -22533,7 +22542,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Floating point summary, Prev: POSIX Floating Point Prob results from floating-point arithmetic. The lesson to remember is that floating-point arithmetic is always more complex than arithmetic using pencil and paper. In order to take advantage of - the power of computer floating-point, you need to know its + the power of computer floating point, you need to know its limitations and work within them. For most casual use of floating-point arithmetic, you will often get the expected result if you simply round the display of your final results to the @@ -22595,8 +22604,8 @@ routines that could be of use. As with most software, "the sky is the limit;" if you can imagine something that you might want to do and can write in C or C++, you can write an extension to do it! - Extensions are written in C or C++, using the "Application -Programming Interface" (API) defined for this purpose by the `gawk' + Extensions are written in C or C++, using the "application +programming interface" (API) defined for this purpose by the `gawk' developers. The rest of this major node explains the facilities that the API provides and how to use them, and presents a small example extension. In addition, it documents the sample extensions included in @@ -22627,7 +22636,7 @@ the symbol exists in the global scope. Something like this is enough:  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Mechanism Outline, Next: Extension API Description, Prev: Plugin License, Up: Dynamic Extensions -16.3 At A High Level How It Works +16.3 How It Works at a High Level ================================= Communication between `gawk' and an extension is two-way. First, when @@ -22659,7 +22668,7 @@ figure-load-extension::. +-------+-+---+-+---+-+------------------+--------------------+ gawk Main Program Address Space Extension -Figure 16.1: Loading The Extension +Figure 16.1: Loading the extension The extension can call functions inside `gawk' through these function pointers, at runtime, without needing (link-time) access to @@ -22679,7 +22688,7 @@ figure-register-new-function::. +-------+-+---+-+---+-+------------------+--------------+-+---+ gawk Main Program Address Space Extension -Figure 16.2: Registering A New Function +Figure 16.2: Registering a new function In the other direction, the extension registers its new functions with `gawk' by passing function pointers to the functions that provide @@ -22700,7 +22709,7 @@ calling convention. This is shown in *note figure-call-new-function::. +-------+-+---+-+---+-+------------------+--------------+-+---+ gawk Main Program Address Space Extension -Figure 16.3: Calling The New Function +Figure 16.3: Calling the new function The `do_XXX()' function, in turn, then uses the function pointers in the API `struct' to do its work, such as updating variables or arrays, @@ -22773,17 +22782,19 @@ operations: * Allocating, reallocating, and releasing memory. * Registration functions. You may register: - - extension functions, - - exit callbacks, + - Extension functions - - a version string, + - Exit callbacks - - input parsers, + - A version string - - output wrappers, + - Input parsers + + - Output wrappers + + - Two-way processors - - and two-way processors. All of these are discussed in detail, later in this major node. * Printing fatal, warning, and "lint" warning messages. @@ -22815,8 +22826,8 @@ operations: Some points about using the API: - * The following types and/or macros and/or functions are referenced - in `gawkapi.h'. For correct use, you must therefore include the + * The following types, macros, and/or functions are referenced in + `gawkapi.h'. For correct use, you must therefore include the corresponding standard header file _before_ including `gawkapi.h': C Entity Header File @@ -22855,7 +22866,7 @@ operations: * The API defines several simple `struct's that map values as seen from `awk'. A value can be a `double', a string, or an array (as in multidimensional arrays, or when creating a new array). String - values maintain both pointer and length since embedded NUL + values maintain both pointer and length, because embedded NUL characters are allowed. NOTE: By intent, strings are maintained using the current @@ -22876,16 +22887,16 @@ operations: message (such as "scalar passed where array expected"). - While you may call the API functions by using the function pointers -directly, the interface is not so pretty. To make extension code look -more like regular code, the `gawkapi.h' header file defines several + You may call the API functions by using the function pointers +directly, but the interface is not so pretty. To make extension code +look more like regular code, the `gawkapi.h' header file defines several macros that you should use in your code. This minor node presents the macros as if they were functions.  File: gawk.info, Node: General Data Types, Next: Memory Allocation Functions, Prev: Extension API Functions Introduction, Up: Extension API Description -16.4.2 General Purpose Data Types +16.4.2 General-Purpose Data Types --------------------------------- I have a true love/hate relationship with unions. -- Arnold @@ -22894,10 +22905,10 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: General Data Types, Next: Memory Allocation Functions, That's the thing about unions: the compiler will arrange things so they can accommodate both love and hate. -- Chet Ramey - The extension API defines a number of simple types and structures -for general purpose use. Additional, more specialized, data structures -are introduced in subsequent minor nodes, together with the functions -that use them. + The extension API defines a number of simple types and structures for +general-purpose use. Additional, more specialized, data structures are +introduced in subsequent minor nodes, together with the functions that +use them. `typedef void *awk_ext_id_t;' A value of this type is received from `gawk' when an extension is @@ -22922,8 +22933,8 @@ that use them. `} awk_string_t;' This represents a mutable string. `gawk' owns the memory pointed to if it supplied the value. Otherwise, it takes ownership of the - memory pointed to. *Such memory must come from calling one of the - `gawk_malloc()', `gawk_calloc()', or `gawk_realloc()' functions!* + memory pointed to. _Such memory must come from calling one of the + `gawk_malloc()', `gawk_calloc()', or `gawk_realloc()' functions!_ As mentioned earlier, strings are maintained using the current multibyte encoding. @@ -22964,13 +22975,13 @@ that use them. `typedef void *awk_scalar_t;' Scalars can be represented as an opaque type. These values are obtained from `gawk' and then passed back into it. This is - discussed in a general fashion below, and in more detail in *note - Symbol table by cookie::. + discussed in a general fashion in the text following this list, + and in more detail in *note Symbol table by cookie::. `typedef void *awk_value_cookie_t;' A "value cookie" is an opaque type representing a cached value. - This is also discussed in a general fashion below, and in more - detail in *note Cached values::. + This is also discussed in a general fashion in the text following + this list, and in more detail in *note Cached values::. Scalar values in `awk' are either numbers or strings. The @@ -22978,7 +22989,7 @@ that use them. indicates what is in the `union'. Representing numbers is easy--the API uses a C `double'. Strings -require more work. Since `gawk' allows embedded NUL bytes in string +require more work. Because `gawk' allows embedded NUL bytes in string values, a string must be represented as a pair containing a data-pointer and length. This is the `awk_string_t' type. @@ -22990,15 +23001,14 @@ Manipulation::. The various macros listed earlier make it easier to use the elements of the `union' as if they were fields in a `struct'; this is a common -coding practice in C. Such code is easier to write and to read, -however it remains _your_ responsibility to make sure that the -`val_type' member correctly reflects the type of the value in the -`awk_value_t'. +coding practice in C. Such code is easier to write and to read, but it +remains _your_ responsibility to make sure that the `val_type' member +correctly reflects the type of the value in the `awk_value_t'. Conceptually, the first three members of the `union' (number, string, and array) are all that is needed for working with `awk' values. -However, since the API provides routines for accessing and changing the -value of global scalar variables only by using the variable's name, +However, because the API provides routines for accessing and changing +the value of global scalar variables only by using the variable's name, there is a performance penalty: `gawk' must find the variable each time it is accessed and changed. This turns out to be a real issue, not just a theoretical one. @@ -23036,7 +23046,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Memory Allocation Functions, Next: Constructor Function The API provides a number of "memory allocation" functions for allocating memory that can be passed to `gawk', as well as a number of convenience macros. This node presents them all as function -prototypes, in the way that extension code would use them. +prototypes, in the way that extension code would use them: `void *gawk_malloc(size_t size);' Call the correct version of `malloc()' to allocate storage that may @@ -23073,8 +23083,8 @@ as if they were procedure calls that do not return a value. The pointer variable to point at the allocated storage. `type' - The type of the pointer variable, used to create a cast for - the call to `gawk_malloc()'. + The type of the pointer variable. This is used to create a + cast for the call to `gawk_malloc()'. `size' The total number of bytes to be allocated. @@ -23112,7 +23122,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Constructor Functions, Next: Registration Functions, P The API provides a number of "constructor" functions for creating string and numeric values, as well as a number of convenience macros. This node presents them all as function prototypes, in the way that -extension code would use them. +extension code would use them: `static inline awk_value_t *' `make_const_string(const char *string, size_t length, awk_value_t *result)' @@ -23189,7 +23199,7 @@ Extension functions are described by the following record: functionality. The function must fill in `*result' with either a number or a string. `gawk' takes ownership of any string memory. As mentioned earlier, string memory *must* come from one of - `gawk_malloc()', `gawk_calloc()' or `gawk_realloc()'. + `gawk_malloc()', `gawk_calloc()', or `gawk_realloc()'. The `num_actual_args' argument tells the C function how many actual parameters were passed from the calling `awk' code. @@ -23222,7 +23232,7 @@ An "exit callback" function is a function that `gawk' calls before it exits. Such functions are useful if you have general "cleanup" tasks that should be performed in your extension (such as closing database connections or other resource deallocations). You can register such a -function with `gawk' using the following function. +function with `gawk' using the following function: `void awk_atexit(void (*funcp)(void *data, int exit_status),' ` void *arg0);' @@ -23238,7 +23248,7 @@ function with `gawk' using the following function. A pointer to private data which `gawk' saves in order to pass to the function pointed to by `funcp'. - Exit callback functions are called in Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) + Exit callback functions are called in last-in-first-out (LIFO) order--that is, in the reverse order in which they are registered with `gawk'. @@ -23252,8 +23262,9 @@ You can register a version string which indicates the name and version of your extension, with `gawk', as follows: `void register_ext_version(const char *version);' - Register the string pointed to by `version' with `gawk'. `gawk' - does _not_ copy the `version' string, so it should not be changed. + Register the string pointed to by `version' with `gawk'. Note + that `gawk' does _not_ copy the `version' string, so it should not + be changed. `gawk' prints all registered extension version strings when it is invoked with the `--version' option. @@ -23326,7 +23337,7 @@ used for `RT', if any. 2. When your extension is loaded, register your input parser with `gawk' using the `register_input_parser()' API function (described - below). + next). An `awk_input_buf_t' looks like this: @@ -23364,14 +23375,14 @@ decide if the input parser should be used for the file. The decision can be made based upon `gawk' state (the value of a variable defined previously by the extension and set by `awk' code), the name of the file, whether or not the file descriptor is valid, the information in -the `struct stat', or any combination of the above. +the `struct stat', or any combination of these factors. Once `XXX_can_take_file()' has returned true, and `gawk' has decided to use your input parser, it calls `XXX_take_control_of()'. That function then fills one of either the `get_record' field or the `read_func' field in the `awk_input_buf_t'. It must also ensure that -`fd' is _not_ set to `INVALID_HANDLE'. All of the fields that may be -filled by `XXX_take_control_of()' are as follows: +`fd' is _not_ set to `INVALID_HANDLE'. The following list describes +the fields that may be filled by `XXX_take_control_of()': `void *opaque;' This is used to hold any state information needed by the input @@ -23385,13 +23396,13 @@ filled by `XXX_take_control_of()' are as follows: ` size_t *rt_len);' This function pointer should point to a function that creates the input records. Said function is the core of the input parser. - Its behavior is described below. + Its behavior is described in the text following this list. `ssize_t (*read_func)();' This function pointer should point to function that has the same behavior as the standard POSIX `read()' system call. It is an alternative to the `get_record' pointer. Its behavior is also - described below. + described in the text following this list. `void (*close_func)(struct awk_input *iobuf);' This function pointer should point to a function that does the @@ -23516,8 +23527,8 @@ an extension to take over the output to a file opened with the `>' or The function pointed to by this field is called when `gawk' decides to let the output wrapper take control of the file. It should fill in appropriate members of the `awk_output_buf_t' - structure, as described below, and return true if successful, - false otherwise. + structure, as described next, and return true if successful, false + otherwise. `awk_const struct output_wrapper *awk_const next;' This is for use by `gawk'; therefore it is marked `awk_const' so @@ -23648,8 +23659,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Printing Messages, Next: Updating `ERRNO', Prev: Regis ------------------------ You can print different kinds of warning messages from your extension, -as described below. Note that for these functions, you must pass in -the extension id received from `gawk' when the extension was loaded.(1) +as described here. Note that for these functions, you must pass in the +extension id received from `gawk' when the extension was loaded:(1) `void fatal(awk_ext_id_t id, const char *format, ...);' Print a message and then cause `gawk' to exit immediately. @@ -23709,7 +23720,7 @@ message, or reissue the request for the actual value type, as appropriate. This behavior is summarized in *note table-value-types-returned::. - Type of Actual Value: + Type of Actual Value -------------------------------------------------------------------------- String Number Array Undefined @@ -23719,12 +23730,12 @@ table-value-types-returned::. be converted, else false Type Array false false Array false -Requested: Scalar Scalar Scalar false false +Requested Scalar Scalar Scalar false false Undefined String Number Array Undefined Value false false false false Cookie -Table 16.1: API Value Types Returned +Table 16.1: API value types returned  File: gawk.info, Node: Accessing Parameters, Next: Symbol Table Access, Prev: Requesting Values, Up: Extension API Description @@ -23805,8 +23816,8 @@ cannot change any of those variables. CAUTION: It is possible for the lookup of `PROCINFO' to fail. This happens if the `awk' program being run does not reference - `PROCINFO'; in this case `gawk' doesn't bother to create the array - and populate it. + `PROCINFO'; in this case, `gawk' doesn't bother to create the + array and populate it.  File: gawk.info, Node: Symbol table by cookie, Next: Cached values, Prev: Symbol table by name, Up: Symbol Table Access @@ -23817,9 +23828,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Symbol table by cookie, Next: Cached values, Prev: Sym A "scalar cookie" is an opaque handle that provides access to a global variable or array. It is an optimization that avoids looking up variables in `gawk''s symbol table every time access is needed. This -was discussed earlier, in *note General Data Types::. +was discussed earlier in *note General Data Types::. - The following functions let you work with scalar cookies. + The following functions let you work with scalar cookies: `awk_bool_t sym_lookup_scalar(awk_scalar_t cookie,' ` awk_valtype_t wanted,' @@ -23860,7 +23871,7 @@ variable based on the result of that evaluation, like so: This code looks (and is) simple and straightforward. So what's the problem? - Consider what happens if `awk'-level code associated with your + Well, consider what happens if `awk'-level code associated with your extension calls the `magic()' function (implemented in C by `do_magic()'), once per record, while processing hundreds of thousands or millions of records. The `MAGIC_VAR' variable is looked up in the @@ -23935,7 +23946,7 @@ variables using `sym_update()' or `sym_update_scalar()', as you like. However, you can understand the point of cached values if you remember that _every_ string value's storage _must_ come from -`gawk_malloc()', `gawk_calloc()' or `gawk_realloc()'. If you have 20 +`gawk_malloc()', `gawk_calloc()', or `gawk_realloc()'. If you have 20 variables, all of which have the same string value, you must create 20 identical copies of the string.(1) @@ -23947,8 +23958,8 @@ follows: `awk_bool_t create_value(awk_value_t *value, awk_value_cookie_t *result);' Create a cached string or numeric value from `value' for efficient later assignment. Only values of type `AWK_NUMBER' and - `AWK_STRING' are allowed. Any other type is rejected. While - `AWK_UNDEFINED' could be allowed, doing so would result in + `AWK_STRING' are allowed. Any other type is rejected. + `AWK_UNDEFINED' could be allowed, but doing so would result in inferior performance. `awk_bool_t release_value(awk_value_cookie_t vc);' @@ -23995,7 +24006,7 @@ of variables: ... } -Using value cookies in this way saves considerable storage, since all of +Using value cookies in this way saves considerable storage, as all of `VAR1' through `VAR100' share the same value. You might be wondering, "Is this sharing problematic? What happens @@ -24043,7 +24054,7 @@ arrays of arrays (*note General Data Types::). ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) Okay, the only data structure. + (1) OK, the only data structure.  File: gawk.info, Node: Array Data Types, Next: Array Functions, Up: Array Manipulation @@ -24051,7 +24062,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Array Data Types, Next: Array Functions, Up: Array Man 16.4.11.1 Array Data Types .......................... -The data types associated with arrays are listed below. +The data types associated with arrays are as follows: `typedef void *awk_array_t;' If you request the value of an array variable, you get back an @@ -24196,7 +24207,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Flattening Arrays, Next: Creating Arrays, Prev: Array 16.4.11.3 Working With All The Elements of an Array ................................................... -To "flatten" an array is create a structure that represents the full +To "flatten" an array is to create a structure that represents the full array in a fashion that makes it easy for C code to traverse the entire array. Test code in `extension/testext.c' does this, and also serves as a nice example showing how to use the APIs. @@ -24342,7 +24353,7 @@ this code) once you have called `release_flattened_array()': goto out; } - Finally, since everything was successful, the function sets the + Finally, because everything was successful, the function sets the return value to success, and returns: make_number(1.0, result); @@ -24377,7 +24388,7 @@ them and manipulate them. There are two important points about creating arrays from extension code: - 1. You must install a new array into `gawk''s symbol table + * You must install a new array into `gawk''s symbol table immediately upon creating it. Once you have done so, you can then populate the array. @@ -24391,7 +24402,7 @@ code: previously existing array using `set_array_element()'. We show example code shortly. - 2. Due to gawk internals, after using `sym_update()' to install an + * Due to gawk internals, after using `sym_update()' to install an array into `gawk', you have to retrieve the array cookie from the value passed in to `sym_update()' before doing anything else with it, like so: @@ -24475,7 +24486,7 @@ Note how `a_cookie' is reset from the `array_cookie' field in the } } - Here is sample script that loads the extension and then dumps the + Here is a sample script that loads the extension and then dumps the array: @load "subarray" @@ -24614,8 +24625,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Boilerplate, Prev: Extension API Variable As mentioned earlier (*note Extension Mechanism Outline::), the function definitions as presented are really macros. To use these macros, your extension must provide a small amount of boilerplate code (variables and -functions) towards the top of your source file, using pre-defined names -as described below. The boilerplate needed is also provided in comments +functions) toward the top of your source file, using predefined names +as described here. The boilerplate needed is also provided in comments in the `gawkapi.h' header file: /* Boiler plate code: */ @@ -24689,9 +24700,9 @@ in the `gawkapi.h' header file: This macro expands to a `dl_load()' function that performs all the necessary initializations. - The point of the all the variables and arrays is to let the -`dl_load()' function (from the `dl_load_func()' macro) do all the -standard work. It does the following: + The point of all the variables and arrays is to let the `dl_load()' +function (from the `dl_load_func()' macro) do all the standard work. It +does the following: 1. Check the API versions. If the extension major version does not match `gawk''s, or if the extension minor version is greater than @@ -24725,7 +24736,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Example, Next: Extension Samples, Prev: Find 16.6 Example: Some File Functions ================================= - No matter where you go, there you are. -- Buckaroo Bonzai + No matter where you go, there you are. -- Buckaroo Banzai Two useful functions that are not in `awk' are `chdir()' (so that an `awk' program can change its directory) and `stat()' (so that an `awk' @@ -24881,7 +24892,7 @@ Here is the C code for these extensions.(1) includes the `gawkapi.h' header file which provides the API definitions. Those are followed by the necessary variable declarations to make use of the API macros and boilerplate code (*note Extension API -Boilerplate::). +Boilerplate::): #ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H #include @@ -24918,7 +24929,7 @@ Boilerplate::). implements it is called `do_foo()'. The function should have two arguments: the first is an `int' usually called `nargs', that represents the number of actual arguments for the function. The second -is a pointer to an `awk_value_t', usually named `result'. +is a pointer to an `awk_value_t', usually named `result': /* do_chdir --- provide dynamically loaded chdir() function for gawk */ @@ -24936,11 +24947,11 @@ is a pointer to an `awk_value_t', usually named `result'. "expecting 1")); The `newdir' variable represents the new directory to change to, -retrieved with `get_argument()'. Note that the first argument is -numbered zero. +which is retrieved with `get_argument()'. Note that the first argument +is numbered zero. If the argument is retrieved successfully, the function calls the -`chdir()' system call. If the `chdir()' fails, `ERRNO' is updated. +`chdir()' system call. If the `chdir()' fails, `ERRNO' is updated: if (get_argument(0, AWK_STRING, & newdir)) { ret = chdir(newdir.str_value.str); @@ -25121,7 +25132,7 @@ initialized to point to `lstat()' (instead of `stat()') to get the file information, in case the file is a symbolic link. However, if there were three arguments, `statfunc' is set point to `stat()', instead. - Here is the `do_stat()' function. It starts with variable + Here is the `do_stat()' function, which starts with variable declarations and argument checking: /* do_stat --- provide a stat() function for gawk */ @@ -25227,7 +25238,7 @@ version.  File: gawk.info, Node: Using Internal File Ops, Prev: Internal File Ops, Up: Extension Example -16.6.3 Integrating The Extensions +16.6.3 Integrating the Extensions --------------------------------- Now that the code is written, it must be possible to add it at runtime @@ -25239,7 +25250,7 @@ create a GNU/Linux shared library: $ gcc -fPIC -shared -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -c -O -g -IIDIR filefuncs.c $ gcc -o filefuncs.so -shared filefuncs.o - Once the library exists, it is loaded by using the `@load' keyword. + Once the library exists, it is loaded by using the `@load' keyword: # file testff.awk @load "filefuncs" @@ -25300,21 +25311,21 @@ directory and run the program: ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) In practice, you would probably want to use the GNU -Autotools--Automake, Autoconf, Libtool, and `gettext'--to configure and -build your libraries. Instructions for doing so are beyond the scope of -this Info file. *Note gawkextlib::, for Internet links to the tools. + (1) In practice, you would probably want to use the GNU Autotools +(Automake, Autoconf, Libtool, and `gettext') to configure and build +your libraries. Instructions for doing so are beyond the scope of this +Info file. *Note gawkextlib::, for Internet links to the tools.  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Samples, Next: gawkextlib, Prev: Extension Example, Up: Dynamic Extensions -16.7 The Sample Extensions In The `gawk' Distribution +16.7 The Sample Extensions in the `gawk' Distribution ===================================================== This minor node provides brief overviews of the sample extensions that come in the `gawk' distribution. Some of them are intended for -production use, such the `filefuncs', `readdir' and `inplace' -extensions. Others mainly provide example code that shows how to use +production use (e.g., the `filefuncs', `readdir' and `inplace' +extensions). Others mainly provide example code that shows how to use the extension API. * Menu: @@ -25338,11 +25349,11 @@ the extension API.  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Sample File Functions, Next: Extension Sample Fnmatch, Up: Extension Samples -16.7.1 File Related Functions +16.7.1 File-Related Functions ----------------------------- The `filefuncs' extension provides three different functions, as -follows: The usage is: +follows. The usage is: `@load "filefuncs"' This is how you load the extension. @@ -25350,13 +25361,13 @@ follows: The usage is: `result = chdir("/some/directory")' The `chdir()' function is a direct hook to the `chdir()' system call to change the current directory. It returns zero upon - success or less than zero upon error. In the latter case it + success or less than zero upon error. In the latter case, it updates `ERRNO'. `result = stat("/some/path", statdata' [`, follow']`)' The `stat()' function provides a hook into the `stat()' system call. It returns zero upon success or less than zero upon error. - In the latter case it updates `ERRNO'. + In the latter case, it updates `ERRNO'. By default, it uses the `lstat()' system call. However, if passed a third argument, it uses `stat()' instead. @@ -25399,9 +25410,9 @@ follows: The usage is: `flags = or(FTS_PHYSICAL, ...)' `result = fts(pathlist, flags, filedata)' Walk the file trees provided in `pathlist' and fill in the - `filedata' array as described below. `flags' is the bitwise OR of - several predefined values, also described below. Return zero if - there were no errors, otherwise return -1. + `filedata' array as described next. `flags' is the bitwise OR of + several predefined values, also described in a moment. Return + zero if there were no errors, otherwise return -1. The `fts()' function provides a hook to the C library `fts()' routines for traversing file hierarchies. Instead of returning data @@ -25445,7 +25456,7 @@ requested hierarchies. By default, the C library `fts()' routines do not return entries for `.' (dot) and `..' (dot-dot). This option causes entries for dot-dot to also be included. (The extension - always includes an entry for dot, see below.) + always includes an entry for dot; more on this in a moment.) `FTS_XDEV' During a traversal, do not cross onto a different mounted @@ -25455,7 +25466,7 @@ requested hierarchies. The `filedata' array is first cleared. Then, `fts()' creates an element in `filedata' for every element in `pathlist'. The index is the name of the directory or file given in `pathlist'. The - element for this index is itself an array. There are two cases. + element for this index is itself an array. There are two cases: _The path is a file_ In this case, the array contains two or three elements: @@ -25478,10 +25489,10 @@ requested hierarchies. _The path is a directory_ In this case, the array contains one element for each entry - in the directory. If an entry is a file, that element is as - for files, just described. If the entry is a directory, that - element is (recursively), an array describing the - subdirectory. If `FTS_SEEDOT' was provided in the flags, + in the directory. If an entry is a file, that element is the + same as for files, just described. If the entry is a + directory, that element is (recursively) an array describing + the subdirectory. If `FTS_SEEDOT' was provided in the flags, then there will also be an element named `".."'. This element will be an array containing the data as provided by `stat()'. @@ -25497,8 +25508,8 @@ Otherwise it returns -1. of the C library `fts()' routines, choosing instead to provide an interface that is based on associative arrays, which is more comfortable to use from an `awk' program. This includes the lack - of a comparison function, since `gawk' already provides powerful - array sorting facilities. While an `fts_read()'-like interface + of a comparison function, because `gawk' already provides powerful + array sorting facilities. Although an `fts_read()'-like interface could have been provided, this felt less natural than simply creating a multidimensional array to represent the file hierarchy and its information. @@ -25509,7 +25520,7 @@ the `fts()' extension function.  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch, Next: Extension Sample Fork, Prev: Extension Sample File Functions, Up: Extension Samples -16.7.2 Interface To `fnmatch()' +16.7.2 Interface to `fnmatch()' ------------------------------- This extension provides an interface to the C library `fnmatch()' @@ -25520,11 +25531,12 @@ function. The usage is: `result = fnmatch(pattern, string, flags)' The return value is zero on success, `FNM_NOMATCH' if the string - did not match the pattern, or a different non-zero value if an + did not match the pattern, or a different nonzero value if an error occurred. - Besides the `fnmatch()' function, the `fnmatch' extension adds one -constant (`FNM_NOMATCH'), and an array of flag values named `FNM'. + In addition to the `fnmatch()' function, the `fnmatch' extension +adds one constant (`FNM_NOMATCH'), and an array of flag values named +`FNM'. The arguments to `fnmatch()' are: @@ -25538,7 +25550,7 @@ constant (`FNM_NOMATCH'), and an array of flag values named `FNM'. Either zero, or the bitwise OR of one or more of the flags in the `FNM' array. - The flags are follows: + The flags are as follows: Array element Corresponding flag defined by `fnmatch()' -------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -25560,10 +25572,10 @@ Array element Corresponding flag defined by `fnmatch()'  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Sample Fork, Next: Extension Sample Inplace, Prev: Extension Sample Fnmatch, Up: Extension Samples -16.7.3 Interface To `fork()', `wait()' and `waitpid()' ------------------------------------------------------- +16.7.3 Interface to `fork()', `wait()', and `waitpid()' +------------------------------------------------------- -The `fork' extension adds three functions, as follows. +The `fork' extension adds three functions, as follows: `@load "fork"' This is how you load the extension. @@ -25646,7 +25658,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Sample Ord, Next: Extension Sample Readdir, -------------------------------------------------------- The `ordchr' extension adds two functions, named `ord()' and `chr()', -as follows. +as follows: `@load "ordchr"' This is how you load the extension. @@ -25699,7 +25711,7 @@ Letter File Type `s' Socket `u' Anything else (unknown) -Table 16.2: File Types Returned By The `readdir' Extension +Table 16.2: File types returned by the `readdir' extension On systems without the file type information, the third field is always `u'. @@ -25724,7 +25736,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Sample Revout, Next: Extension Sample Rev2way ----------------------- The `revoutput' extension adds a simple output wrapper that reverses -the characters in each output line. It's main purpose is to show how to +the characters in each output line. Its main purpose is to show how to write an output wrapper, although it may be mildly amusing for the unwary. Here is an example: @@ -25745,9 +25757,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Sample Rev2way, Next: Extension Sample Read w The `revtwoway' extension adds a simple two-way processor that reverses the characters in each line sent to it for reading back by the `awk' -program. It's main purpose is to show how to write a two-way -processor, although it may also be mildly amusing. The following -example shows how to use it: +program. Its main purpose is to show how to write a two-way processor, +although it may also be mildly amusing. The following example shows +how to use it: @load "revtwoway" @@ -25764,7 +25776,7 @@ example shows how to use it:  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Sample Read write array, Next: Extension Sample Readfile, Prev: Extension Sample Rev2way, Up: Extension Samples -16.7.9 Dumping and Restoring An Array +16.7.9 Dumping and Restoring an Array ------------------------------------- The `rwarray' extension adds two functions, named `writea()' and @@ -25787,15 +25799,15 @@ The `rwarray' extension adds two functions, named `writea()' and The array created by `reada()' is identical to that written by `writea()' in the sense that the contents are the same. However, due to -implementation issues, the array traversal order of the recreated array -is likely to be different from that of the original array. As array -traversal order in `awk' is by default undefined, this is (technically) -not a problem. If you need to guarantee a particular traversal order, -use the array sorting features in `gawk' to do so (*note Array -Sorting::). +implementation issues, the array traversal order of the re-created +array is likely to be different from that of the original array. As +array traversal order in `awk' is by default undefined, this is +(technically) not a problem. If you need to guarantee a particular +traversal order, use the array sorting features in `gawk' to do so +(*note Array Sorting::). The file contains binary data. All integral values are written in -network byte order. However, double precision floating-point values +network byte order. However, double-precision floating-point values are written as native binary data. Thus, arrays containing only string data can theoretically be dumped on systems with one byte order and restored on systems with a different one, but this has not been tried. @@ -25811,7 +25823,7 @@ restored on systems with a different one, but this has not been tried.  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Sample Readfile, Next: Extension Sample Time, Prev: Extension Sample Read write array, Up: Extension Samples -16.7.10 Reading An Entire File +16.7.10 Reading an Entire File ------------------------------ The `readfile' extension adds a single function named `readfile()', and @@ -25855,7 +25867,7 @@ The `time' extension adds two functions, named `gettimeofday()' and `the_time = gettimeofday()' Return the time in seconds that has elapsed since 1970-01-01 UTC - as a floating point value. If the time is unavailable on this + as a floating-point value. If the time is unavailable on this platform, return -1 and set `ERRNO'. The returned time should have sub-second precision, but the actual precision may vary based on the platform. If the standard C `gettimeofday()' system call @@ -25897,17 +25909,17 @@ project. As of this writing, there are five extensions: - * GD graphics library extension. + * GD graphics library extension - * PDF extension. + * PDF extension - * PostgreSQL extension. + * PostgreSQL extension - * MPFR library extension. This provides access to a number of MPFR - functions which `gawk''s native MPFR support does not. + * MPFR library extension (this provides access to a number of MPFR + functions which `gawk''s native MPFR support does not) * XML parser extension, using the Expat - (http://expat.sourceforge.net) XML parsing library. + (http://expat.sourceforge.net) XML parsing library You can check out the code for the `gawkextlib' project using the Git (http://git-scm.com) distributed source code control system. The @@ -25947,8 +25959,8 @@ You may also need to use the `sudo' utility to install both `gawk' and `gawkextlib', depending upon how your system works. If you write an extension that you wish to share with other `gawk' -users, please consider doing so through the `gawkextlib' project. See -the project's web site for more information. +users, consider doing so through the `gawkextlib' project. See the +project's website for more information.  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension summary, Next: Extension Exercises, Prev: gawkextlib, Up: Dynamic Extensions @@ -25957,7 +25969,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension summary, Next: Extension Exercises, Prev: ga ============ * You can write extensions (sometimes called plug-ins) for `gawk' in - C or C++ using the Application Programming Interface (API) defined + C or C++ using the application programming interface (API) defined by the `gawk' developers. * Extensions must have a license compatible with the GNU General @@ -25983,31 +25995,31 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension summary, Next: Extension Exercises, Prev: ga * API function pointers are provided for the following kinds of operations: - * Allocating, reallocating, and releasing memory. + * Allocating, reallocating, and releasing memory - * Registration functions. You may register extension functions, + * Registration functions (you may register extension functions, exit callbacks, a version string, input parsers, output - wrappers, and two-way processors. + wrappers, and two-way processors) - * Printing fatal, warning, and "lint" warning messages. + * Printing fatal, warning, and "lint" warning messages - * Updating `ERRNO', or unsetting it. + * Updating `ERRNO', or unsetting it * Accessing parameters, including converting an undefined - parameter into an array. + parameter into an array - * Symbol table access: retrieving a global variable, creating - one, or changing one. + * Symbol table access (retrieving a global variable, creating + one, or changing one) * Creating and releasing cached values; this provides an efficient way to use values for multiple variables and can be - a big performance win. + a big performance win - * Manipulating arrays: retrieving, adding, deleting, and + * Manipulating arrays (retrieving, adding, deleting, and modifying elements; getting the count of elements in an array; creating a new array; clearing an array; and flattening an array for easy C style looping over all its indices and - elements. + elements) * The API defines a number of standard data types for representing `awk' values, array elements, and arrays. @@ -26066,7 +26078,7 @@ Appendix A The Evolution of the `awk' Language ********************************************** This Info file describes the GNU implementation of `awk', which follows -the POSIX specification. Many long-time `awk' users learned `awk' +the POSIX specification. Many longtime `awk' users learned `awk' programming with the original `awk' implementation in Version 7 Unix. (This implementation was the basis for `awk' in Berkeley Unix, through 4.3-Reno. Subsequent versions of Berkeley Unix, and, for a while, some @@ -26248,7 +26260,7 @@ Brian Kernighan has made his version available via his home page (*note Other Versions::). This minor node describes common extensions that originally appeared -in his version of `awk'. +in his version of `awk': * The `**' and `**=' operators (*note Arithmetic Ops:: and *note Assignment Ops::). @@ -26290,7 +26302,7 @@ the current version of `gawk'. - The `/inet', `/inet4', and `/inet6' special files for TCP/IP networking using `|&' to specify which version of the IP - protocol to use. (*note TCP/IP Networking::). + protocol to use (*note TCP/IP Networking::). * Changes and/or additions to the language: @@ -26316,7 +26328,7 @@ the current version of `gawk'. * New keywords: - - The `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' special patterns. (*note + - The `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' special patterns (*note BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::). - The `switch' statement (*note Switch Statement::). @@ -26341,7 +26353,7 @@ the current version of `gawk'. translations easier (*note Printf Ordering::). - The `split()' function's additional optional fourth argument - which is an array to hold the text of the field separators. + which is an array to hold the text of the field separators (*note String Functions::). * Additional functions only in `gawk': @@ -26812,7 +26824,7 @@ A.7 Common Extensions Summary ============================= The following table summarizes the common extensions supported by -`gawk', Brian Kernighan's `awk', and `mawk', the three most widely-used +`gawk', Brian Kernighan's `awk', and `mawk', the three most widely used freely available versions of `awk' (*note Other Versions::). Feature BWK Awk Mawk GNU Awk Now standard @@ -26830,7 +26842,7 @@ Feature BWK Awk Mawk GNU Awk Now standard `func' keyword X X `BINMODE' variable X X `RS' as regexp X X -Time related functions X X +Time-related functions X X  File: gawk.info, Node: Ranges and Locales, Next: Contributors, Prev: Common Extensions, Up: Language History @@ -26848,7 +26860,7 @@ first character in the range and the last character in the range, inclusive. Ordering was based on the numeric value of each character in the machine's native character set. Thus, on ASCII-based systems, `[a-z]' matched all the lowercase letters, and only the lowercase -letters, since the numeric values for the letters from `a' through `z' +letters, as the numeric values for the letters from `a' through `z' were contiguous. (On an EBCDIC system, the range `[a-z]' includes additional, non-alphabetic characters as well.) @@ -26859,9 +26871,9 @@ as working in this fashion, and in particular, would teach that the this was true.(1) The 1992 POSIX standard introduced the idea of locales (*note -Locales::). Since many locales include other letters besides the plain -twenty-six letters of the American English alphabet, the POSIX standard -added character classes (*note Bracket Expressions::) as a way to match +Locales::). Because many locales include other letters besides the +plain 26 letters of the English alphabet, the POSIX standard added +character classes (*note Bracket Expressions::) as a way to match different kinds of characters besides the traditional ones in the ASCII character set. @@ -26876,7 +26888,7 @@ than `B'. In other words, these locales sort characters in dictionary order, and `[a-dx-z]' is typically not equivalent to `[abcdxyz]'; instead it might be equivalent to `[ABCXYabcdxyz]', for example. - This point needs to be emphasized: Much literature teaches that you + This point needs to be emphasized: much literature teaches that you should use `[a-z]' to match a lowercase character. But on systems with non-ASCII locales, this also matches all of the uppercase characters except `A' or `Z'! This was a continuous cause of confusion, even well @@ -26889,9 +26901,9 @@ the intent is to remove trailing uppercase characters: $ echo something1234abc | gawk-3.1.8 '{ sub("[A-Z]*$", ""); print }' -| something1234a -This output is unexpected, since the `bc' at the end of -`something1234abc' should not normally match `[A-Z]*'. This result is -due to the locale setting (and thus you may not see it on your system). +This output is unexpected, as the `bc' at the end of `something1234abc' +should not normally match `[A-Z]*'. This result is due to the locale +setting (and thus you may not see it on your system). Similar considerations apply to other ranges. For example, `["-/]' is perfectly valid in ASCII, but is not valid in many Unicode locales, @@ -26908,7 +26920,7 @@ like "why does `[A-Z]' match lowercase letters?!?" This situation existed for close to 10 years, if not more, and the `gawk' maintainer grew weary of trying to explain that `gawk' was being -nicely standards-compliant, and that the issue was in the user's +nicely standards compliant, and that the issue was in the user's locale. During the development of version 4.0, he modified `gawk' to always treat ranges in the original, pre-POSIX fashion, unless `--posix' was used (*note Options::).(2) @@ -27039,7 +27051,7 @@ Info file, in approximate chronological order: statements. * Patrick T.J. McPhee contributed the code for dynamic loading in - Windows32 environments. (This is no longer supported) + Windows32 environments. (This is no longer supported.) * Anders Wallin helped keep the VMS port going for several years. @@ -27053,8 +27065,8 @@ Info file, in approximate chronological order: - The addition of true arrays of arrays. - - The additional modifications for support of arbitrary - precision arithmetic. + - The additional modifications for support of + arbitrary-precision arithmetic. - The initial text of *note Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic::. @@ -27093,7 +27105,7 @@ A.10 Summary ============ * The `awk' language has evolved over time. The first release was - with V7 Unix circa 1978. In 1987 for System V Release 3.1, major + with V7 Unix circa 1978. In 1987, for System V Release 3.1, major additions, including user-defined functions, were made to the language. Additional changes were made for System V Release 4, in 1989. Since then, further minor changes happen under the auspices @@ -27127,8 +27139,8 @@ Appendix B Installing `gawk' This appendix provides instructions for installing `gawk' on the various platforms that are supported by the developers. The primary developer supports GNU/Linux (and Unix), whereas the other ports are -contributed. *Note Bugs::, for the electronic mail addresses of the -people who maintain the respective ports. +contributed. *Note Bugs::, for the email addresses of the people who +maintain the respective ports. * Menu: @@ -27174,7 +27186,7 @@ There are two ways to get GNU software: wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gawk/gawk-4.1.2.tar.gz The GNU software archive is mirrored around the world. The -up-to-date list of mirror sites is available from the main FSF web site +up-to-date list of mirror sites is available from the main FSF website (http://www.gnu.org/order/ftp.html). Try to use one of the mirrors; they will be less busy, and you can usually find one closer to your site. @@ -27190,9 +27202,9 @@ compression programs: `gzip', `bzip2', and `xz'. For simplicity, the rest of these instructions assume you are using the one compressed with the GNU Zip program, `gzip'. - Once you have the distribution (for example, `gawk-4.1.2.tar.gz'), -use `gzip' to expand the file and then use `tar' to extract it. You -can use the following pipeline to produce the `gawk' distribution: + Once you have the distribution (e.g., `gawk-4.1.2.tar.gz'), use +`gzip' to expand the file and then use `tar' to extract it. You can +use the following pipeline to produce the `gawk' distribution: gzip -d -c gawk-4.1.2.tar.gz | tar -xvpf - @@ -27270,7 +27282,7 @@ Various `.c', `.y', and `.h' files `doc/awkforai.txt' Pointers to the original draft of a short article describing why - `gawk' is a good language for Artificial Intelligence (AI) + `gawk' is a good language for artificial intelligence (AI) programming. `doc/bc_notes' @@ -27394,7 +27406,7 @@ Various `.c', `.y', and `.h' files  File: gawk.info, Node: Unix Installation, Next: Non-Unix Installation, Prev: Gawk Distribution, Up: Installation -B.2 Compiling and Installing `gawk' on Unix-like Systems +B.2 Compiling and Installing `gawk' on Unix-Like Systems ======================================================== Usually, you can compile and install `gawk' by typing only two @@ -27410,7 +27422,7 @@ configure `gawk' for your system yourself.  File: gawk.info, Node: Quick Installation, Next: Additional Configuration Options, Up: Unix Installation -B.2.1 Compiling `gawk' for Unix-like Systems +B.2.1 Compiling `gawk' for Unix-Like Systems -------------------------------------------- The normal installation steps should work on all modern commercial @@ -27453,8 +27465,7 @@ That's all there is to it! To verify that `gawk' is working properly, run `make check'. All of the tests should succeed. If these steps do not work, or if any of the tests fail, check the files in the `README_d' directory to see if you've found a known problem. If the -failure is not described there, please send in a bug report (*note -Bugs::). +failure is not described there, send in a bug report (*note Bugs::). Of course, once you've built `gawk', it is likely that you will wish to install it. To do so, you need to run the command `make install', @@ -27504,7 +27515,7 @@ command line when compiling `gawk' from scratch, including: for deficient systems. Use the command `./configure --help' to see the full list of options -that `configure' supplies. +supplied by `configure'.  File: gawk.info, Node: Configuration Philosophy, Prev: Additional Configuration Options, Up: Unix Installation @@ -27538,15 +27549,15 @@ element in the `stat' structure. In this case, It is possible for your C compiler to lie to `configure'. It may do so by not exiting with an error when a library function is not -available. To get around this, edit the file `custom.h'. Use an +available. To get around this, edit the `custom.h' file. Use an `#ifdef' that is appropriate for your system, and either `#define' any constants that `configure' should have defined but didn't, or `#undef' -any constants that `configure' defined and should not have. `custom.h' -is automatically included by `config.h'. +any constants that `configure' defined and should not have. The +`custom.h' file is automatically included by the `config.h' file. It is also possible that the `configure' program generated by Autoconf will not work on your system in some other fashion. If you do -have a problem, the file `configure.ac' is the input for Autoconf. You +have a problem, the `configure.ac' file is the input for Autoconf. You may be able to change this file and generate a new version of `configure' that works on your system (*note Bugs::, for information on how to report problems in configuring `gawk'). The same mechanism may @@ -27582,8 +27593,8 @@ Microsoft Windows-95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP/Vista/7/8. operating systems) has meant that various "DOS extenders" are often used with programs such as `gawk'. The varying capabilities of Microsoft Windows 3.1 and Windows32 can add to the confusion. For an -overview of the considerations, please refer to `README_d/README.pc' in -the distribution. +overview of the considerations, refer to `README_d/README.pc' in the +distribution. * Menu: @@ -27712,8 +27723,8 @@ other set of (self-consistent) environment variables and compiler flags. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) As of May, 2014, this site is still there, but the author could -not find a package for GNU Make. + (1) As of November 2014, this site is still there, but the author +could not find a package for GNU Make.  File: gawk.info, Node: PC Testing, Next: PC Using, Prev: PC Compiling, Up: PC Installation @@ -27866,7 +27877,7 @@ use the `BINMODE' variable. This can cause problems with other Unix-like components that have been ported to MS-Windows that expect `gawk' to do automatic -translation of `"\r\n"', since it won't. +translation of `"\r\n"', because it won't.  File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Installation, Prev: PC Installation, Up: Non-Unix Installation @@ -27934,7 +27945,7 @@ B.3.2.2 Compiling `gawk' Dynamic Extensions on VMS .................................................. The extensions that have been ported to VMS can be built using one of -the following commands. +the following commands: $ MMS/DESCRIPTION=[.vms]descrip.mms extensions @@ -27946,7 +27957,7 @@ or: logical name to find the dynamic extensions. Dynamic extensions need to be compiled with the same compiler -options for floating point, pointer size, and symbol name handling as +options for floating-point, pointer size, and symbol name handling as were used to compile `gawk' itself. Alpha and Itanium should use IEEE floating point. The pointer size is 32 bits, and the symbol name handling should be exact case with CRC shortening for symbols longer @@ -28062,12 +28073,11 @@ Note that uppercase and mixed-case text must be quoted. The VMS port of `gawk' includes a `DCL'-style interface in addition to the original shell-style interface (see the help entry for details). One side effect of dual command-line parsing is that if there is only a -single parameter (as in the quoted string program above), the command -becomes ambiguous. To work around this, the normally optional `--' -flag is required to force Unix-style parsing rather than `DCL' parsing. -If any other dash-type options (or multiple parameters such as data -files to process) are present, there is no ambiguity and `--' can be -omitted. +single parameter (as in the quoted string program), the command becomes +ambiguous. To work around this, the normally optional `--' flag is +required to force Unix-style parsing rather than `DCL' parsing. If any +other dash-type options (or multiple parameters such as data files to +process) are present, there is no ambiguity and `--' can be omitted. The `exit' value is a Unix-style value and is encoded into a VMS exit status value when the program exits. @@ -28143,17 +28153,17 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Bugs, Next: Other Versions, Prev: Non-Unix Installatio B.4 Reporting Problems and Bugs =============================== - There is nothing more dangerous than a bored archeologist. -- The - Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy + There is nothing more dangerous than a bored archaeologist. -- + Douglas Adams, `The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy' If you have problems with `gawk' or think that you have found a bug, -please report it to the developers; we cannot promise to do anything -but we might well want to fix it. +report it to the developers; we cannot promise to do anything but we +might well want to fix it. - Before reporting a bug, please make sure you have really found a -genuine bug. Carefully reread the documentation and see if it says you -can do what you're trying to do. If it's not clear whether you should -be able to do something or not, report that too; it's a bug in the + Before reporting a bug, make sure you have really found a genuine +bug. Carefully reread the documentation and see if it says you can do +what you're trying to do. If it's not clear whether you should be able +to do something or not, report that too; it's a bug in the documentation! Before reporting a bug or trying to fix it yourself, try to isolate @@ -28164,48 +28174,46 @@ compile `gawk', and the exact results `gawk' gave you. Also say what you expected to occur; this helps us decide whether the problem is really in the documentation. - Please include the version number of `gawk' you are using. You can -get this information with the command `gawk --version'. + Make sure to include the version number of `gawk' you are using. +You can get this information with the command `gawk --version'. Once you have a precise problem description, send email to . The `gawk' maintainers subscribe to this address and thus they will receive your bug report. Although you can send mail to the maintainers -directly, the bug reporting address is preferred since the email list +directly, the bug reporting address is preferred because the email list is archived at the GNU Project. _All email must be in English. This is the only language understood in common by all the maintainers._ CAUTION: Do _not_ try to report bugs in `gawk' by posting to the - Usenet/Internet newsgroup `comp.lang.awk'. While the `gawk' - developers do occasionally read this newsgroup, there is no - guarantee that we will see your posting. The steps described - above are the only official recognized way for reporting bugs. - Really. + Usenet/Internet newsgroup `comp.lang.awk'. The `gawk' developers + do occasionally read this newsgroup, but there is no guarantee + that we will see your posting. The steps described here are the + only officially recognized way for reporting bugs. Really. NOTE: Many distributions of GNU/Linux and the various BSD-based operating systems have their own bug reporting systems. If you - report a bug using your distribution's bug reporting system, - _please_ also send a copy to . + report a bug using your distribution's bug reporting system, you + should also send a copy to . - This is for two reasons. First, while some distributions forward - bug reports "upstream" to the GNU mailing list, many don't, so - there is a good chance that the `gawk' maintainers won't even see - the bug report! Second, mail to the GNU list is archived, and - having everything at the GNU project keeps things self-contained - and not dependant on other organizations. + This is for two reasons. First, although some distributions + forward bug reports "upstream" to the GNU mailing list, many + don't, so there is a good chance that the `gawk' maintainers + won't even see the bug report! Second, mail to the GNU list is + archived, and having everything at the GNU project keeps things + self-contained and not dependant on other organizations. Non-bug suggestions are always welcome as well. If you have questions about things that are unclear in the documentation or are just obscure features, ask on the bug list; we will try to help you out if we can. - If you find bugs in one of the non-Unix ports of `gawk', please send -an electronic mail message to the bug list, with a copy to the person -who maintains that port. They are named in the following list, as well -as in the `README' file in the `gawk' distribution. Information in the -`README' file should be considered authoritative if it conflicts with -this Info file. + If you find bugs in one of the non-Unix ports of `gawk', send an +email to the bug list, with a copy to the person who maintains that +port. They are named in the following list, as well as in the `README' +file in the `gawk' distribution. Information in the `README' file +should be considered authoritative if it conflicts with this Info file. The people maintaining the various `gawk' ports are: @@ -28216,8 +28224,8 @@ OS/2 Andreas Buening, . VMS John Malmberg, . z/OS (OS/390) Dave Pitts, . - If your bug is also reproducible under Unix, please send a copy of -your report to the email list as well. + If your bug is also reproducible under Unix, send a copy of your +report to the email list as well.  File: gawk.info, Node: Other Versions, Next: Installation summary, Prev: Bugs, Up: Installation @@ -28235,7 +28243,7 @@ This minor node briefly describes where to get them: Unix `awk' Brian Kernighan, one of the original designers of Unix `awk', has made his implementation of `awk' freely available. You can - retrieve this version via the World Wide Web from his home page + retrieve this version via his home page (http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~bwk). It is available in several archive formats: @@ -28252,10 +28260,10 @@ Unix `awk' git clone git://github.com/onetrueawk/awk bwkawk - The above command creates a copy of the Git - (http://www.git-scm.com) repository in a directory named `bwkawk'. - If you leave that argument off the `git' command line, the - repository copy is created in a directory named `awk'. + This command creates a copy of the Git (http://www.git-scm.com) + repository in a directory named `bwkawk'. If you leave that + argument off the `git' command line, the repository copy is + created in a directory named `awk'. This version requires an ISO C (1990 standard) compiler; the C compiler from GCC (the GNU Compiler Collection) works quite nicely. @@ -28263,6 +28271,10 @@ Unix `awk' *Note Common Extensions::, for a list of extensions in this `awk' that are not in POSIX `awk'. + As a side note, Dan Bornstein has created a Git repository tracking + all the versions of BWK `awk' that he could find. It's available + at `git://github.com/onetrueawk/awk'. + `mawk' Michael Brennan wrote an independent implementation of `awk', called `mawk'. It is available under the GPL (*note Copying::), @@ -28324,8 +28336,8 @@ The OpenSolaris POSIX `awk' Automake) would take more work, and this has not been done, at least to our knowledge. - The source code used to be available from the OpenSolaris web site. - However, that project was ended and the web site shut down. + The source code used to be available from the OpenSolaris website. + However, that project was ended and the website shut down. Fortunately, the Illumos project (http://wiki.illumos.org/display/illumos/illumos+Home) makes this implementation available. You can view the files one at a time @@ -28341,7 +28353,7 @@ The OpenSolaris POSIX `awk' Libmawk This is an embeddable `awk' interpreter derived from `mawk'. For - more information see `http://repo.hu/projects/libmawk/'. + more information, see `http://repo.hu/projects/libmawk/'. `pawk' This is a Python module that claims to bring `awk'-like features @@ -28350,7 +28362,7 @@ Libmawk version of BWK `awk', described earlier.) QSE Awk - This is an embeddable `awk' interpreter. For more information see + This is an embeddable `awk' interpreter. For more information, see `http://code.google.com/p/qse/' and `http://awk.info/?tools/qse'. `QTawk' @@ -28363,9 +28375,10 @@ QSE Awk The project may also be frozen; no new code changes have been made since approximately 2008. -Other Versions - See also the Wikipedia article - (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awk_language#Versions_and_implementations), +Other versions + See also the "Versions and Implementations" section of the + Wikipedia article + (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awk_language#Versions_and_implementations) for information on additional versions. @@ -28534,9 +28547,8 @@ possible to include them: document describes how GNU software should be written. If you haven't read it, please do so, preferably _before_ starting to modify `gawk'. (The `GNU Coding Standards' are available from the - GNU Project's web site - (http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards_toc.html). Texinfo, Info, and - DVI versions are also available.) + GNU Project's website (http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards_toc.html). + Texinfo, Info, and DVI versions are also available.) 5. Use the `gawk' coding style. The C code for `gawk' follows the instructions in the `GNU Coding Standards', with minor exceptions. @@ -31269,7 +31281,7 @@ Index * * (asterisk), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 89) * * (asterisk), * operator, null strings, matching: String Functions. - (line 535) + (line 536) * * (asterisk), ** operator <1>: Precedence. (line 49) * * (asterisk), ** operator: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81) * * (asterisk), **= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) @@ -31319,23 +31331,23 @@ Index * --non-decimal-data option: Options. (line 211) * --non-decimal-data option, strtonum() function and: Nondecimal Data. (line 35) -* --optimize option: Options. (line 239) +* --optimize option: Options. (line 238) * --posix option: Options. (line 256) * --posix option, --traditional option and: Options. (line 275) -* --pretty-print option: Options. (line 226) +* --pretty-print option: Options. (line 225) * --profile option <1>: Profiling. (line 12) * --profile option: Options. (line 244) * --re-interval option: Options. (line 281) * --sandbox option: Options. (line 288) * --sandbox option, disabling system() function: I/O Functions. - (line 96) + (line 128) * --sandbox option, input redirection with getline: Getline. (line 19) * --sandbox option, output redirection with print, printf: Redirection. (line 6) * --source option: Options. (line 117) * --traditional option: Options. (line 81) * --traditional option, --posix option and: Options. (line 275) -* --use-lc-numeric option: Options. (line 221) +* --use-lc-numeric option: Options. (line 220) * --version option: Options. (line 302) * --with-whiny-user-strftime configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. (line 35) @@ -31360,10 +31372,10 @@ Index * -L option: Options. (line 297) * -l option: Options. (line 173) * -M option: Options. (line 205) -* -N option: Options. (line 221) +* -N option: Options. (line 220) * -n option: Options. (line 211) -* -O option: Options. (line 239) -* -o option: Options. (line 226) +* -O option: Options. (line 238) +* -o option: Options. (line 225) * -P option: Options. (line 256) * -p option: Options. (line 244) * -r option: Options. (line 281) @@ -31474,7 +31486,7 @@ Index * \ (backslash), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) * \ (backslash), in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6) * \ (backslash), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. - (line 118) + (line 105) * \ (backslash), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 29) * \ (backslash), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) * \ (backslash), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) @@ -31506,14 +31518,14 @@ Index * Ada programming language: Glossary. (line 19) * adding, features to gawk: Adding Code. (line 6) * adding, fields: Changing Fields. (line 53) -* advanced features, fixed-width data: Constant Size. (line 10) +* advanced features, fixed-width data: Constant Size. (line 6) * advanced features, gawk: Advanced Features. (line 6) * advanced features, network programming: TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * advanced features, nondecimal input data: Nondecimal Data. (line 6) * advanced features, processes, communicating with: Two-way I/O. (line 6) * advanced features, specifying field content: Splitting By Content. - (line 10) + (line 9) * Aho, Alfred <1>: Contributors. (line 11) * Aho, Alfred: History. (line 17) * alarm clock example program: Alarm Program. (line 11) @@ -31543,7 +31555,7 @@ Index (line 6) * arbitrary precision integers: Arbitrary Precision Integers. (line 6) -* archeologists: Bugs. (line 6) +* archaeologists: Bugs. (line 6) * arctangent: Numeric Functions. (line 11) * ARGC/ARGV variables: Auto-set. (line 15) * ARGC/ARGV variables, command-line arguments: Other Arguments. @@ -31565,13 +31577,13 @@ Index (line 6) * array scanning order, controlling: Controlling Scanning. (line 14) -* array, number of elements: String Functions. (line 200) +* array, number of elements: String Functions. (line 201) * arrays: Arrays. (line 6) * arrays of arrays: Arrays of Arrays. (line 6) * arrays, an example of using: Array Example. (line 6) * arrays, and IGNORECASE variable: Array Intro. (line 94) * arrays, as parameters to functions: Pass By Value/Reference. - (line 47) + (line 44) * arrays, associative: Array Intro. (line 50) * arrays, associative, library functions and: Library Names. (line 58) * arrays, deleting entire contents: Delete. (line 39) @@ -31581,7 +31593,7 @@ Index * arrays, elements, deleting: Delete. (line 6) * arrays, elements, order of access by in operator: Scanning an Array. (line 48) -* arrays, elements, retrieving number of: String Functions. (line 41) +* arrays, elements, retrieving number of: String Functions. (line 42) * arrays, for statement and: Scanning an Array. (line 20) * arrays, indexing: Array Intro. (line 50) * arrays, merging into strings: Join Function. (line 6) @@ -31607,12 +31619,12 @@ Index * ASCII: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) * asort <1>: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) -* asort: String Functions. (line 41) +* asort: String Functions. (line 42) * asort() function (gawk), arrays, sorting: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) * asorti <1>: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) -* asorti: String Functions. (line 41) +* asorti: String Functions. (line 42) * asorti() function (gawk), arrays, sorting: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) * assert() function (C library): Assert Function. (line 6) @@ -31630,7 +31642,7 @@ Index * asterisk (*), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 89) * asterisk (*), * operator, null strings, matching: String Functions. - (line 535) + (line 536) * asterisk (*), ** operator <1>: Precedence. (line 49) * asterisk (*), ** operator: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81) * asterisk (*), **= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) @@ -31691,7 +31703,7 @@ Index * awk, versions of, See Also Brian Kernighan's awk <1>: Other Versions. (line 13) * awk, versions of, See Also Brian Kernighan's awk: BTL. (line 6) -* awka compiler for awk: Other Versions. (line 64) +* awka compiler for awk: Other Versions. (line 68) * AWKLIBPATH environment variable: AWKLIBPATH Variable. (line 6) * AWKPATH environment variable <1>: PC Using. (line 10) * AWKPATH environment variable: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) @@ -31743,12 +31755,12 @@ Index * backslash (\), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) * backslash (\), in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6) * backslash (\), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. - (line 118) + (line 105) * backslash (\), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 29) * backslash (\), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) * backslash (\), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) * backtrace debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 13) -* Beebe, Nelson H.F. <1>: Other Versions. (line 78) +* Beebe, Nelson H.F. <1>: Other Versions. (line 82) * Beebe, Nelson H.F.: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * BEGIN pattern <1>: Using BEGIN/END. (line 6) * BEGIN pattern <2>: BEGIN/END. (line 6) @@ -31765,7 +31777,7 @@ Index * BEGIN pattern, next/nextfile statements and: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 37) * BEGIN pattern, OFS/ORS variables, assigning values to: Output Separators. - (line 20) + (line 21) * BEGIN pattern, operators and: Using BEGIN/END. (line 17) * BEGIN pattern, print statement and: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 16) * BEGIN pattern, pwcat program: Passwd Functions. (line 143) @@ -31834,10 +31846,10 @@ Index * Brennan, Michael <3>: Delete. (line 56) * Brennan, Michael <4>: Acknowledgments. (line 78) * Brennan, Michael <5>: Foreword4. (line 30) -* Brennan, Michael: Foreword3. (line 83) +* Brennan, Michael: Foreword3. (line 84) * Brian Kernighan's awk <1>: I/O Functions. (line 43) * Brian Kernighan's awk <2>: Gory Details. (line 19) -* Brian Kernighan's awk <3>: String Functions. (line 491) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <3>: String Functions. (line 492) * Brian Kernighan's awk <4>: Delete. (line 51) * Brian Kernighan's awk <5>: Nextfile Statement. (line 47) * Brian Kernighan's awk <6>: Continue Statement. (line 44) @@ -31848,8 +31860,8 @@ Index * Brian Kernighan's awk <11>: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 67) * Brian Kernighan's awk <12>: GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 83) -* Brian Kernighan's awk <13>: Escape Sequences. (line 122) + (line 82) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <13>: Escape Sequences. (line 109) * Brian Kernighan's awk: When. (line 21) * Brian Kernighan's awk, extensions: BTL. (line 6) * Brian Kernighan's awk, source code: Other Versions. (line 13) @@ -31859,12 +31871,12 @@ Index * Brown, Martin: Contributors. (line 82) * BSD-based operating systems: Glossary. (line 611) * bt debugger command (alias for backtrace): Execution Stack. (line 13) -* Buening, Andreas <1>: Bugs. (line 72) +* Buening, Andreas <1>: Bugs. (line 70) * Buening, Andreas <2>: Contributors. (line 92) * Buening, Andreas: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * buffering, input/output <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 52) -* buffering, input/output: I/O Functions. (line 139) -* buffering, interactive vs. noninteractive: I/O Functions. (line 108) +* buffering, input/output: I/O Functions. (line 140) +* buffering, interactive vs. noninteractive: I/O Functions. (line 75) * buffers, flushing: I/O Functions. (line 32) * buffers, operators for: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 48) @@ -31872,12 +31884,12 @@ Index * bug-gawk@gnu.org bug reporting address: Bugs. (line 30) * built-in functions: Functions. (line 6) * built-in functions, evaluation order: Calling Built-in. (line 30) -* Busybox Awk: Other Versions. (line 88) +* Busybox Awk: Other Versions. (line 92) * c.e., See common extensions: Conventions. (line 51) * call by reference: Pass By Value/Reference. - (line 47) + (line 44) * call by value: Pass By Value/Reference. - (line 18) + (line 15) * call stack, display in debugger: Execution Stack. (line 13) * caret (^), ^ operator: Precedence. (line 49) * caret (^), ^= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) @@ -31890,7 +31902,7 @@ Index * case sensitivity, and regexps: User-modified. (line 76) * case sensitivity, and string comparisons: User-modified. (line 76) * case sensitivity, array indices and: Array Intro. (line 94) -* case sensitivity, converting case: String Functions. (line 521) +* case sensitivity, converting case: String Functions. (line 522) * case sensitivity, example programs: Library Functions. (line 53) * case sensitivity, gawk: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) * case sensitivity, regexps and: Case-sensitivity. (line 6) @@ -31926,7 +31938,7 @@ Index * close() function, portability: Close Files And Pipes. (line 81) * close() function, return value: Close Files And Pipes. - (line 132) + (line 133) * close() function, two-way pipes and: Two-way I/O. (line 59) * Close, Diane <1>: Contributors. (line 20) * Close, Diane: Manual History. (line 34) @@ -31970,7 +31982,7 @@ Index * common extensions, delete to delete entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) * common extensions, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 93) * common extensions, length() applied to an array: String Functions. - (line 200) + (line 201) * common extensions, RS as a regexp: gawk split records. (line 6) * common extensions, single character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) @@ -32019,9 +32031,9 @@ Index * control statements: Statements. (line 6) * controlling array scanning order: Controlling Scanning. (line 14) -* convert string to lower case: String Functions. (line 522) -* convert string to number: String Functions. (line 389) -* convert string to upper case: String Functions. (line 528) +* convert string to lower case: String Functions. (line 523) +* convert string to number: String Functions. (line 390) +* convert string to upper case: String Functions. (line 529) * converting integer array subscripts: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 31) * converting, dates to timestamps: Time Functions. (line 76) @@ -32068,7 +32080,7 @@ Index (line 43) * dark corner, break statement: Break Statement. (line 51) * dark corner, close() function: Close Files And Pipes. - (line 132) + (line 133) * dark corner, command-line arguments: Assignment Options. (line 43) * dark corner, continue statement: Continue Statement. (line 44) * dark corner, CONVFMT variable: Strings And Numbers. (line 40) @@ -32076,34 +32088,33 @@ Index * dark corner, escape sequences, for metacharacters: Escape Sequences. (line 140) * dark corner, exit statement: Exit Statement. (line 30) -* dark corner, field separators: Field Splitting Summary. - (line 46) +* dark corner, field separators: Full Line Fields. (line 22) * dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 90) * dark corner, FILENAME variable: Getline Notes. (line 19) -* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 313) +* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 314) * dark corner, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) * dark corner, FS as null string: Single Character Fields. (line 20) * dark corner, input files: awk split records. (line 111) * dark corner, invoking awk: Command Line. (line 16) -* dark corner, length() function: String Functions. (line 186) +* dark corner, length() function: String Functions. (line 187) * dark corner, locale's decimal point character: Locale influences conversions. (line 17) * dark corner, multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 35) * dark corner, NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 107) * dark corner, OFMT variable: OFMT. (line 27) * dark corner, regexp as second argument to index(): String Functions. - (line 164) + (line 165) * dark corner, regexp constants: Using Constant Regexps. (line 6) * dark corner, regexp constants, /= operator and: Assignment Ops. (line 148) * dark corner, regexp constants, as arguments to user-defined functions: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) -* dark corner, split() function: String Functions. (line 360) +* dark corner, split() function: String Functions. (line 361) * dark corner, strings, storing: gawk split records. (line 83) * dark corner, value of ARGV[0]: Auto-set. (line 39) -* data, fixed-width: Constant Size. (line 10) +* data, fixed-width: Constant Size. (line 6) * data-driven languages: Basic High Level. (line 85) * database, group, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) * database, users, reading: Passwd Functions. (line 6) @@ -32233,7 +32244,7 @@ Index * decimal point character, locale specific: Options. (line 272) * decrement operators: Increment Ops. (line 35) * default keyword: Switch Statement. (line 6) -* Deifik, Scott <1>: Bugs. (line 72) +* Deifik, Scott <1>: Bugs. (line 70) * Deifik, Scott <2>: Contributors. (line 53) * Deifik, Scott: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * delete ARRAY: Delete. (line 39) @@ -32247,7 +32258,7 @@ Index * deleting entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) * Demaille, Akim: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * describe call stack frame, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 27) -* differences between gawk and awk: String Functions. (line 200) +* differences between gawk and awk: String Functions. (line 201) * differences in awk and gawk, ARGC/ARGV variables: ARGC and ARGV. (line 90) * differences in awk and gawk, ARGIND variable: Auto-set. (line 44) @@ -32274,7 +32285,7 @@ Index * differences in awk and gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable: User-modified. (line 37) * differences in awk and gawk, FPAT variable: User-modified. (line 43) -* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 115) +* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 116) * differences in awk and gawk, function arguments (gawk): Calling Built-in. (line 16) * differences in awk and gawk, getline command: Getline. (line 19) @@ -32294,10 +32305,10 @@ Index (line 34) * differences in awk and gawk, LINT variable: User-modified. (line 88) * differences in awk and gawk, match() function: String Functions. - (line 262) + (line 263) * differences in awk and gawk, print/printf statements: Format Modifiers. (line 13) -* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 129) +* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 130) * differences in awk and gawk, read timeouts: Read Timeout. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, record separators: awk split records. (line 125) @@ -32307,15 +32318,15 @@ Index (line 26) * differences in awk and gawk, RS/RT variables: gawk split records. (line 58) -* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 264) +* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 265) * differences in awk and gawk, single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, split() function: String Functions. - (line 348) + (line 349) * differences in awk and gawk, strings: Scalar Constants. (line 20) * differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: gawk split records. (line 77) -* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 268) +* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 269) * differences in awk and gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 151) * differences in awk and gawk, trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. @@ -32355,8 +32366,8 @@ Index * dynamically loaded extensions: Dynamic Extensions. (line 6) * e debugger command (alias for enable): Breakpoint Control. (line 73) * EBCDIC: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) -* effective group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 134) -* effective user ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 138) +* effective group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 135) +* effective user ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 139) * egrep utility <1>: Egrep Program. (line 6) * egrep utility: Bracket Expressions. (line 26) * egrep.awk program: Egrep Program. (line 54) @@ -32414,7 +32425,7 @@ Index * ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 74) * ERRNO variable, with BEGINFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) * ERRNO variable, with close() function: Close Files And Pipes. - (line 140) + (line 141) * ERRNO variable, with getline command: Getline. (line 19) * error handling: Special FD. (line 19) * error handling, ERRNO variable and: Auto-set. (line 74) @@ -32447,7 +32458,7 @@ Index * exclamation point (!), !~ operator: Regexp Usage. (line 19) * exit statement: Exit Statement. (line 6) * exit status, of gawk: Exit Status. (line 6) -* exit status, of VMS: VMS Running. (line 29) +* exit status, of VMS: VMS Running. (line 28) * exit the debugger: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 99) * exp: Numeric Functions. (line 18) @@ -32471,7 +32482,7 @@ Index (line 6) * extension API version: Extension Versioning. (line 6) -* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 231) +* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 232) * extension example: Extension Example. (line 6) * extension registration: Registration Functions. (line 6) @@ -32492,7 +32503,7 @@ Index * extensions, common, fflush() function: I/O Functions. (line 43) * extensions, common, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 93) * extensions, common, length() applied to an array: String Functions. - (line 200) + (line 201) * extensions, common, RS as a regexp: gawk split records. (line 6) * extensions, common, single character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) @@ -32520,8 +32531,7 @@ Index * field separator, in multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 41) * field separator, on command line: Command Line Field Separator. (line 6) -* field separator, POSIX and: Field Splitting Summary. - (line 40) +* field separator, POSIX and: Full Line Fields. (line 16) * field separators <1>: User-modified. (line 50) * field separators: Field Separators. (line 15) * field separators, choice of: Field Separators. (line 51) @@ -32547,7 +32557,7 @@ Index * fields, single-character: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * FIELDWIDTHS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 37) -* FIELDWIDTHS variable: Constant Size. (line 23) +* FIELDWIDTHS variable: Constant Size. (line 22) * file descriptors: Special FD. (line 6) * file inclusion, @include directive: Include Files. (line 8) * file names, distinguishing: Auto-set. (line 56) @@ -32607,23 +32617,23 @@ Index * files, source, search path for: Programs Exercises. (line 70) * files, splitting: Split Program. (line 6) * files, Texinfo, extracting programs from: Extract Program. (line 6) -* find substring in string: String Functions. (line 155) +* find substring in string: String Functions. (line 156) * finding extensions: Finding Extensions. (line 6) * finish debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 39) * Fish, Fred: Contributors. (line 50) -* fixed-width data: Constant Size. (line 10) +* fixed-width data: Constant Size. (line 6) * flag variables <1>: Tee Program. (line 20) * flag variables: Boolean Ops. (line 69) * floating-point, numbers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. (line 6) -* floating-point, VAX/VMS: VMS Running. (line 51) +* floating-point, VAX/VMS: VMS Running. (line 50) * flush buffered output: I/O Functions. (line 28) * fnmatch() extension function: Extension Sample Fnmatch. (line 12) -* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 99) +* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 100) * FNR variable: Records. (line 6) -* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 313) +* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 314) * for statement: For Statement. (line 6) * for statement, looping over arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 20) * fork() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. @@ -32637,7 +32647,7 @@ Index * format time string: Time Functions. (line 48) * formats, numeric output: OFMT. (line 6) * formatting output: Printf. (line 6) -* formatting strings: String Functions. (line 382) +* formatting strings: String Functions. (line 383) * forward slash (/) to enclose regular expressions: Regexp. (line 10) * forward slash (/), / operator: Precedence. (line 55) * forward slash (/), /= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) @@ -32647,7 +32657,7 @@ Index * forward slash (/), patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 24) * FPAT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 43) * FPAT variable: Splitting By Content. - (line 27) + (line 26) * frame debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 27) * Free Documentation License (FDL): GNU Free Documentation License. (line 7) @@ -32673,14 +32683,14 @@ Index * FSF (Free Software Foundation): Manual History. (line 6) * fts() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. (line 61) -* FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 115) +* FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 116) * function calls: Function Calls. (line 6) * function calls, indirect: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * function calls, indirect, @-notation for: Indirect Calls. (line 47) * function definition example: Function Example. (line 6) * function pointers: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * functions, arrays as parameters to: Pass By Value/Reference. - (line 47) + (line 44) * functions, built-in <1>: Functions. (line 6) * functions, built-in: Function Calls. (line 10) * functions, built-in, evaluation order: Calling Built-in. (line 30) @@ -32711,7 +32721,7 @@ Index * functions, recursive: Definition Syntax. (line 83) * functions, string-translation: I18N Functions. (line 6) * functions, undefined: Pass By Value/Reference. - (line 71) + (line 68) * functions, user-defined: User-defined. (line 6) * functions, user-defined, calling: Function Caveats. (line 6) * functions, user-defined, counts, in a profile: Profiling. (line 137) @@ -32723,14 +32733,14 @@ Index * G-d: Acknowledgments. (line 94) * Garfinkle, Scott: Contributors. (line 34) * gawk program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 179) -* gawk version: Auto-set. (line 206) +* gawk version: Auto-set. (line 207) * gawk, ARGIND variable in: Other Arguments. (line 15) * gawk, awk and <1>: This Manual. (line 14) * gawk, awk and: Preface. (line 21) * gawk, bitwise operations in: Bitwise Functions. (line 40) * gawk, break statement in: Break Statement. (line 51) * gawk, character classes and: Bracket Expressions. (line 100) -* gawk, coding style in: Adding Code. (line 39) +* gawk, coding style in: Adding Code. (line 38) * gawk, command-line options, and regular expressions: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 70) * gawk, configuring: Configuration Philosophy. @@ -32744,26 +32754,26 @@ Index * gawk, ERRNO variable in <2>: Auto-set. (line 74) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <3>: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <4>: Close Files And Pipes. - (line 140) + (line 141) * gawk, ERRNO variable in: Getline. (line 19) -* gawk, escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 130) +* gawk, escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 117) * gawk, extensions, disabling: Options. (line 256) * gawk, features, adding: Adding Code. (line 6) * gawk, features, advanced: Advanced Features. (line 6) * gawk, field separators and: User-modified. (line 71) * gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable in <1>: User-modified. (line 37) -* gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable in: Constant Size. (line 23) +* gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable in: Constant Size. (line 22) * gawk, file names in: Special Files. (line 6) * gawk, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) * gawk, FPAT variable in <1>: User-modified. (line 43) * gawk, FPAT variable in: Splitting By Content. - (line 27) -* gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 115) + (line 26) +* gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 116) * gawk, function arguments and: Calling Built-in. (line 16) * gawk, hexadecimal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 42) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <1>: Array Sorting Functions. (line 83) -* gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <2>: String Functions. (line 57) +* gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <2>: String Functions. (line 58) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <3>: Array Intro. (line 94) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <4>: User-modified. (line 76) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) @@ -32790,7 +32800,7 @@ Index * gawk, predefined variables and: Built-in Variables. (line 14) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 99) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) -* gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 129) +* gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 130) * gawk, regexp constants and: Using Constant Regexps. (line 28) * gawk, regular expressions, case sensitivity: Case-sensitivity. @@ -32798,14 +32808,14 @@ Index * gawk, regular expressions, operators: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 6) * gawk, regular expressions, precedence: Regexp Operators. (line 161) -* gawk, RT variable in <1>: Auto-set. (line 264) +* gawk, RT variable in <1>: Auto-set. (line 265) * gawk, RT variable in <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) * gawk, RT variable in: awk split records. (line 125) * gawk, See Also awk: Preface. (line 34) * gawk, source code, obtaining: Getting. (line 6) -* gawk, splitting fields and: Constant Size. (line 88) +* gawk, splitting fields and: Constant Size. (line 87) * gawk, string-translation functions: I18N Functions. (line 6) -* gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 268) +* gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 269) * gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable in: User-modified. (line 151) * gawk, timestamps: Time Functions. (line 6) * gawk, uses for: Preface. (line 34) @@ -32818,7 +32828,7 @@ Index * General Public License (GPL): Glossary. (line 305) * General Public License, See GPL: Manual History. (line 11) * generate time values: Time Functions. (line 25) -* gensub <1>: String Functions. (line 89) +* gensub <1>: String Functions. (line 90) * gensub: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) * gensub() function (gawk), escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) @@ -32863,7 +32873,7 @@ Index * gettext() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 63) * gettimeofday() extension function: Extension Sample Time. (line 12) -* git utility <1>: Adding Code. (line 112) +* git utility <1>: Adding Code. (line 111) * git utility <2>: Accessing The Source. (line 10) * git utility <3>: Other Versions. (line 29) @@ -32891,12 +32901,12 @@ Index * Grigera, Juan: Contributors. (line 57) * group database, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) * group file: Group Functions. (line 6) -* group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 179) +* group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 180) * groups, information about: Group Functions. (line 6) -* gsub <1>: String Functions. (line 139) +* gsub <1>: String Functions. (line 140) * gsub: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) -* gsub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 461) +* gsub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 462) * gsub() function, escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) * h debugger command (alias for help): Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 66) @@ -32938,8 +32948,8 @@ Index (line 53) * IGNORECASE variable, with ~ and !~ operators: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) -* Illumos: Other Versions. (line 105) -* Illumos, POSIX-compliant awk: Other Versions. (line 105) +* Illumos: Other Versions. (line 109) +* Illumos, POSIX-compliant awk: Other Versions. (line 109) * implementation issues, gawk: Notes. (line 6) * implementation issues, gawk, debugging: Compatibility Mode. (line 6) * implementation issues, gawk, limits <1>: Redirection. (line 129) @@ -32956,7 +32966,7 @@ Index * in operator, use in loops: Scanning an Array. (line 17) * including files, @include directive: Include Files. (line 8) * increment operators: Increment Ops. (line 6) -* index: String Functions. (line 155) +* index: String Functions. (line 156) * indexing arrays: Array Intro. (line 50) * indirect function calls: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * indirect function calls, @-notation: Indirect Calls. (line 47) @@ -32975,7 +32985,7 @@ Index * input files, running awk without: Read Terminal. (line 6) * input files, variable assignments and: Other Arguments. (line 26) * input pipeline: Getline/Pipe. (line 9) -* input record, length of: String Functions. (line 177) +* input record, length of: String Functions. (line 178) * input redirection: Getline/File. (line 6) * input, data, nondecimal: Nondecimal Data. (line 6) * input, explicit: Getline. (line 6) @@ -32999,7 +33009,7 @@ Index * integers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Integers. (line 6) * integers, unsigned: Computer Arithmetic. (line 41) -* interacting with other programs: I/O Functions. (line 74) +* interacting with other programs: I/O Functions. (line 106) * internationalization <1>: I18N and L10N. (line 6) * internationalization: I18N Functions. (line 6) * internationalization, localization <1>: Internationalization. @@ -33020,7 +33030,7 @@ Index * interpreted programs: Basic High Level. (line 15) * interval expressions, regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 116) * inventory-shipped file: Sample Data Files. (line 32) -* invoke shell command: I/O Functions. (line 74) +* invoke shell command: I/O Functions. (line 106) * isarray: Type Functions. (line 11) * ISO: Glossary. (line 367) * ISO 8859-1: Glossary. (line 133) @@ -33028,9 +33038,9 @@ Index * Jacobs, Andrew: Passwd Functions. (line 90) * Jaegermann, Michal <1>: Contributors. (line 45) * Jaegermann, Michal: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* Java implementation of awk: Other Versions. (line 113) +* Java implementation of awk: Other Versions. (line 117) * Java programming language: Glossary. (line 379) -* jawk: Other Versions. (line 113) +* jawk: Other Versions. (line 117) * Jedi knights: Undocumented. (line 6) * Johansen, Chris: Signature Program. (line 25) * join() user-defined function: Join Function. (line 18) @@ -33076,12 +33086,12 @@ Index * left shift: Bitwise Functions. (line 47) * left shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * leftmost longest match: Multiple Line. (line 26) -* length: String Functions. (line 170) -* length of input record: String Functions. (line 177) -* length of string: String Functions. (line 170) +* length: String Functions. (line 171) +* length of input record: String Functions. (line 178) +* length of string: String Functions. (line 171) * Lesser General Public License (LGPL): Glossary. (line 396) * LGPL (Lesser General Public License): Glossary. (line 396) -* libmawk: Other Versions. (line 121) +* libmawk: Other Versions. (line 125) * libraries of awk functions: Library Functions. (line 6) * libraries of awk functions, assertions: Assert Function. (line 6) * libraries of awk functions, associative arrays and: Library Names. @@ -33123,7 +33133,7 @@ Index * lint checking, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 341) * lint checking, undefined functions: Pass By Value/Reference. - (line 88) + (line 85) * LINT variable: User-modified. (line 88) * Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 611) * Linux <2>: I18N Example. (line 55) @@ -33142,9 +33152,9 @@ Index * localization: I18N and L10N. (line 6) * localization, See internationalization, localization: I18N and L10N. (line 6) -* log: Numeric Functions. (line 30) +* log: Numeric Functions. (line 28) * log files, timestamps in: Time Functions. (line 6) -* logarithm: Numeric Functions. (line 30) +* logarithm: Numeric Functions. (line 28) * logical false/true: Truth Values. (line 6) * logical operators, See Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * login information: Passwd Functions. (line 16) @@ -33165,7 +33175,7 @@ Index * mail-list file: Sample Data Files. (line 6) * mailing labels, printing: Labels Program. (line 6) * mailing list, GNITS: Acknowledgments. (line 52) -* Malmberg, John <1>: Bugs. (line 72) +* Malmberg, John <1>: Bugs. (line 70) * Malmberg, John: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Malmberg, John E.: Contributors. (line 137) * mark parity: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) @@ -33173,20 +33183,20 @@ Index (line 6) * marked strings, extracting: String Extraction. (line 6) * Marx, Groucho: Increment Ops. (line 60) -* match: String Functions. (line 210) -* match regexp in string: String Functions. (line 210) +* match: String Functions. (line 211) +* match regexp in string: String Functions. (line 211) * match() function, RSTART/RLENGTH variables: String Functions. - (line 227) + (line 228) * matching, expressions, See comparison expressions: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * matching, leftmost longest: Multiple Line. (line 26) -* matching, null strings: String Functions. (line 535) -* mawk utility <1>: Other Versions. (line 44) +* matching, null strings: String Functions. (line 536) +* mawk utility <1>: Other Versions. (line 48) * mawk utility <2>: Nextfile Statement. (line 47) * mawk utility <3>: Concatenation. (line 36) * mawk utility <4>: Getline/Pipe. (line 62) -* mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 130) -* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 220) +* mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 117) +* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 221) * McIlroy, Doug: Glossary. (line 149) * McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 100) * message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 42) @@ -33199,7 +33209,7 @@ Index * messages from extensions: Printing Messages. (line 6) * metacharacters in regular expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 6) * metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 136) -* minimum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 223) +* minimum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 224) * mktime: Time Functions. (line 25) * modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6) * monetary information, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 104) @@ -33248,7 +33258,7 @@ Index (line 47) * nexti debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 49) -* NF variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 104) +* NF variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 105) * NF variable: Fields. (line 33) * NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 107) * ni debugger command (alias for nexti): Debugger Execution Control. @@ -33257,9 +33267,9 @@ Index * non-existent array elements: Reference to Elements. (line 23) * not Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) -* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 124) +* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 125) * NR variable: Records. (line 6) -* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 313) +* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 314) * null strings <1>: Basic Data Typing. (line 26) * null strings <2>: Truth Values. (line 6) * null strings <3>: Regexp Field Splitting. @@ -33271,9 +33281,9 @@ Index (line 43) * null strings, converting numbers to strings: Strings And Numbers. (line 21) -* null strings, matching: String Functions. (line 535) +* null strings, matching: String Functions. (line 536) * number as string of bits: Bitwise Functions. (line 110) -* number of array elements: String Functions. (line 200) +* number of array elements: String Functions. (line 201) * number sign (#), #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 6) * number sign (#), commenting: Comments. (line 6) @@ -33304,7 +33314,7 @@ Index * OFS variable <2>: Output Separators. (line 6) * OFS variable: Changing Fields. (line 64) * OpenBSD: Glossary. (line 611) -* OpenSolaris: Other Versions. (line 96) +* OpenSolaris: Other Versions. (line 100) * operating systems, BSD-based: Manual History. (line 28) * operating systems, PC, gawk on: PC Using. (line 6) * operating systems, PC, gawk on, installing: PC Installation. @@ -33354,10 +33364,10 @@ Index * ord() user-defined function: Ordinal Functions. (line 16) * order of evaluation, concatenation: Concatenation. (line 41) * ORS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 118) -* ORS variable: Output Separators. (line 20) +* ORS variable: Output Separators. (line 21) * output field separator, See OFS variable: Changing Fields. (line 64) * output record separator, See ORS variable: Output Separators. - (line 20) + (line 21) * output redirection: Redirection. (line 6) * output wrapper: Output Wrappers. (line 6) * output, buffering: I/O Functions. (line 32) @@ -33368,16 +33378,16 @@ Index * output, formatted: Printf. (line 6) * output, pipes: Redirection. (line 57) * output, printing, See printing: Printing. (line 6) -* output, records: Output Separators. (line 20) +* output, records: Output Separators. (line 21) * output, standard: Special FD. (line 6) * p debugger command (alias for print): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 36) * Papadopoulos, Panos: Contributors. (line 128) -* parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 188) +* parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 189) * parentheses (), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) * parentheses (), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 81) * password file: Passwd Functions. (line 16) -* patsplit: String Functions. (line 296) +* patsplit: String Functions. (line 297) * patterns: Patterns and Actions. (line 6) * patterns, comparison expressions as: Expression Patterns. (line 14) @@ -33389,8 +33399,8 @@ Index * patterns, regexp constants as: Expression Patterns. (line 34) * patterns, types of: Pattern Overview. (line 15) * pawk (profiling version of Brian Kernighan's awk): Other Versions. - (line 78) -* pawk, awk-like facilities for Python: Other Versions. (line 125) + (line 82) +* pawk, awk-like facilities for Python: Other Versions. (line 129) * PC operating systems, gawk on: PC Using. (line 6) * PC operating systems, gawk on, installing: PC Installation. (line 6) * percent sign (%), % operator: Precedence. (line 55) @@ -33404,7 +33414,7 @@ Index (line 6) * pipe, input: Getline/Pipe. (line 9) * pipe, output: Redirection. (line 57) -* Pitts, Dave <1>: Bugs. (line 72) +* Pitts, Dave <1>: Bugs. (line 70) * Pitts, Dave: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Plauger, P.J.: Library Functions. (line 12) * plug-in: Extension Intro. (line 6) @@ -33422,7 +33432,7 @@ Index * portability, ARGV variable: Executable Scripts. (line 59) * portability, backslash continuation and: Statements/Lines. (line 30) * portability, backslash in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. - (line 118) + (line 105) * portability, close() function and: Close Files And Pipes. (line 81) * portability, data files as single record: gawk split records. @@ -33433,15 +33443,15 @@ Index * portability, gawk: New Ports. (line 6) * portability, gettext library and: Explaining gettext. (line 11) * portability, internationalization and: I18N Portability. (line 6) -* portability, length() function: String Functions. (line 179) +* portability, length() function: String Functions. (line 180) * portability, new awk vs. old awk: Strings And Numbers. (line 57) * portability, next statement in user-defined functions: Pass By Value/Reference. - (line 91) + (line 88) * portability, NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 115) * portability, operators: Increment Ops. (line 60) * portability, operators, not in POSIX awk: Precedence. (line 98) * portability, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 361) -* portability, substr() function: String Functions. (line 511) +* portability, substr() function: String Functions. (line 512) * portable object files <1>: Translator i18n. (line 6) * portable object files: Explaining gettext. (line 37) * portable object files, converting to message object files: I18N Example. @@ -33461,7 +33471,7 @@ Index * POSIX awk, < operator and: Getline/File. (line 26) * POSIX awk, arithmetic operators and: Arithmetic Ops. (line 30) * POSIX awk, backslashes in string constants: Escape Sequences. - (line 118) + (line 105) * POSIX awk, BEGIN/END patterns: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 16) * POSIX awk, bracket expressions and: Bracket Expressions. (line 26) * POSIX awk, bracket expressions and, character classes: Bracket Expressions. @@ -33471,13 +33481,12 @@ Index * POSIX awk, continue statement and: Continue Statement. (line 44) * POSIX awk, CONVFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 30) * POSIX awk, date utility and: Time Functions. (line 254) -* POSIX awk, field separators and <1>: Field Splitting Summary. - (line 40) +* POSIX awk, field separators and <1>: Full Line Fields. (line 16) * POSIX awk, field separators and: Fields. (line 6) * POSIX awk, FS variable and: User-modified. (line 60) * POSIX awk, function keyword in: Definition Syntax. (line 93) * POSIX awk, functions and, gsub()/sub(): Gory Details. (line 90) -* POSIX awk, functions and, length(): String Functions. (line 179) +* POSIX awk, functions and, length(): String Functions. (line 180) * POSIX awk, GNU long options and: Options. (line 15) * POSIX awk, interval expressions in: Regexp Operators. (line 135) * POSIX awk, next/nextfile statements and: Next Statement. (line 44) @@ -33540,24 +33549,24 @@ Index * printing, unduplicated lines of text: Uniq Program. (line 6) * printing, user information: Id Program. (line 6) * private variables: Library Names. (line 11) -* process group idIDof gawk process: Auto-set. (line 182) -* process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 185) +* process group idIDof gawk process: Auto-set. (line 183) +* process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 186) * processes, two-way communications with: Two-way I/O. (line 6) * processing data: Basic High Level. (line 6) * PROCINFO array <1>: Passwd Functions. (line 6) * PROCINFO array <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) -* PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 129) +* PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 130) * PROCINFO array, and communications via ptys: Two-way I/O. (line 99) * PROCINFO array, and group membership: Group Functions. (line 6) * PROCINFO array, and user and group ID numbers: Id Program. (line 15) * PROCINFO array, testing the field splitting: Passwd Functions. (line 154) -* PROCINFO array, uses: Auto-set. (line 241) +* PROCINFO array, uses: Auto-set. (line 242) * PROCINFO, values of sorted_in: Controlling Scanning. (line 26) * profiling awk programs: Profiling. (line 6) * profiling awk programs, dynamically: Profiling. (line 179) -* program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 147) +* program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 148) * program, definition of: Getting Started. (line 21) * programming conventions, --non-decimal-data option: Nondecimal Data. (line 35) @@ -33583,13 +33592,13 @@ Index * pwcat program: Passwd Functions. (line 23) * q debugger command (alias for quit): Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 99) -* QSE Awk: Other Versions. (line 131) +* QSE Awk: Other Versions. (line 135) * Quanstrom, Erik: Alarm Program. (line 8) * question mark (?), ?: operator: Precedence. (line 92) * question mark (?), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 59) * question mark (?), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 111) -* QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 135) +* QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 139) * quit debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 99) * QUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) @@ -33601,12 +33610,12 @@ Index * Rakitzis, Byron: History Sorting. (line 25) * Ramey, Chet <1>: General Data Types. (line 6) * Ramey, Chet: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* rand: Numeric Functions. (line 35) +* rand: Numeric Functions. (line 33) * random numbers, Cliff: Cliff Random Function. (line 6) * random numbers, rand()/srand() functions: Numeric Functions. - (line 35) -* random numbers, seed of: Numeric Functions. (line 65) + (line 33) +* random numbers, seed of: Numeric Functions. (line 63) * range expressions (regexps): Bracket Expressions. (line 6) * range patterns: Ranges. (line 6) * range patterns, line continuation and: Ranges. (line 65) @@ -33691,12 +33700,12 @@ Index * regular expressions, searching for: Egrep Program. (line 6) * relational operators, See comparison operators: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) -* replace in string: String Functions. (line 407) +* replace in string: String Functions. (line 408) * return debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 54) * return statement, user-defined functions: Return Statement. (line 6) * return value, close() function: Close Files And Pipes. - (line 132) + (line 133) * rev() user-defined function: Function Example. (line 54) * revoutput extension: Extension Sample Revout. (line 11) @@ -33715,10 +33724,10 @@ Index * right shift: Bitwise Functions. (line 53) * right shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * Ritchie, Dennis: Basic Data Typing. (line 54) -* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 251) -* RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 227) +* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 252) +* RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 228) * Robbins, Arnold <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) -* Robbins, Arnold <2>: Bugs. (line 72) +* Robbins, Arnold <2>: Bugs. (line 70) * Robbins, Arnold <3>: Contributors. (line 144) * Robbins, Arnold <4>: General Data Types. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <5>: Alarm Program. (line 6) @@ -33741,9 +33750,9 @@ Index * RS variable: awk split records. (line 12) * RS variable, multiline records and: Multiple Line. (line 17) * rshift: Bitwise Functions. (line 53) -* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 257) -* RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 227) -* RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 264) +* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 258) +* RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 228) +* RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 265) * RT variable <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) * RT variable: awk split records. (line 125) * Rubin, Paul <1>: Contributors. (line 15) @@ -33763,17 +33772,17 @@ Index * scanning arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 6) * scanning multidimensional arrays: Multiscanning. (line 11) * Schorr, Andrew <1>: Contributors. (line 133) -* Schorr, Andrew <2>: Auto-set. (line 296) +* Schorr, Andrew <2>: Auto-set. (line 297) * Schorr, Andrew: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Schreiber, Bert: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Schreiber, Rita: Acknowledgments. (line 38) -* search and replace in strings: String Functions. (line 89) -* search in string: String Functions. (line 155) -* search paths <1>: VMS Running. (line 58) +* search and replace in strings: String Functions. (line 90) +* search in string: String Functions. (line 156) +* search paths <1>: VMS Running. (line 57) * search paths <2>: PC Using. (line 10) * search paths: Programs Exercises. (line 70) * search paths, for loadable extensions: AWKLIBPATH Variable. (line 6) -* search paths, for source files <1>: VMS Running. (line 58) +* search paths, for source files <1>: VMS Running. (line 57) * search paths, for source files <2>: PC Using. (line 10) * search paths, for source files <3>: Programs Exercises. (line 70) * search paths, for source files: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) @@ -33781,9 +33790,8 @@ Index * searching, for words: Dupword Program. (line 6) * sed utility <1>: Glossary. (line 11) * sed utility <2>: Simple Sed. (line 6) -* sed utility: Field Splitting Summary. - (line 46) -* seeding random number generator: Numeric Functions. (line 65) +* sed utility: Full Line Fields. (line 22) +* seeding random number generator: Numeric Functions. (line 63) * semicolon (;), AWKPATH variable and: PC Using. (line 10) * semicolon (;), separating statements in actions <1>: Statements. (line 10) @@ -33844,26 +33852,26 @@ Index * sidebar, A Constant's Base Does Not Affect Its Value: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 64) * sidebar, Backslash Before Regular Characters: Escape Sequences. - (line 116) -* sidebar, Changing FS Does Not Affect the Fields: Field Splitting Summary. - (line 38) -* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 311) + (line 103) +* sidebar, Changing FS Does Not Affect the Fields: Full Line Fields. + (line 14) +* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 312) * sidebar, Controlling Output Buffering with system(): I/O Functions. - (line 137) + (line 138) * sidebar, Escape Sequences for Metacharacters: Escape Sequences. (line 134) * sidebar, FS and IGNORECASE: Field Splitting Summary. - (line 64) + (line 38) * sidebar, Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering: I/O Functions. - (line 106) -* sidebar, Matching the Null String: String Functions. (line 533) + (line 73) +* sidebar, Matching the Null String: String Functions. (line 534) * sidebar, Operator Evaluation Order: Increment Ops. (line 58) * sidebar, Piping into sh: Redirection. (line 134) -* sidebar, Pre-POSIX awk Used OFMT For String Conversion: Strings And Numbers. +* sidebar, Pre-POSIX awk Used OFMT for String Conversion: Strings And Numbers. (line 55) -* sidebar, Recipe For A Programming Language: History. (line 6) +* sidebar, Recipe for a Programming Language: History. (line 6) * sidebar, RS = "\0" Is Not Portable: gawk split records. (line 63) -* sidebar, So Why Does gawk have BEGINFILE and ENDFILE?: Filetrans Function. +* sidebar, So Why Does gawk Have BEGINFILE and ENDFILE?: Filetrans Function. (line 82) * sidebar, Syntactic Ambiguities Between /= and Regular Expressions: Assignment Ops. (line 146) @@ -33872,7 +33880,7 @@ Index * sidebar, Using \n in Bracket Expressions of Dynamic Regexps: Computed Regexps. (line 57) * sidebar, Using close()'s Return Value: Close Files And Pipes. - (line 130) + (line 131) * SIGHUP signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 211) * SIGINT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) * signals, HUP/SIGHUP, for profiling: Profiling. (line 211) @@ -33884,8 +33892,8 @@ Index * SIGUSR1 signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 188) * silent debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 10) -* sin: Numeric Functions. (line 76) -* sine: Numeric Functions. (line 76) +* sin: Numeric Functions. (line 74) +* sine: Numeric Functions. (line 74) * single quote ('): One-shot. (line 15) * single quote (') in gawk command lines: Long. (line 35) * single quote ('), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) @@ -33899,46 +33907,46 @@ Index * sleep utility: Alarm Program. (line 110) * sleep() extension function: Extension Sample Time. (line 22) -* Solaris, POSIX-compliant awk: Other Versions. (line 96) -* sort array: String Functions. (line 41) -* sort array indices: String Functions. (line 41) +* Solaris, POSIX-compliant awk: Other Versions. (line 100) +* sort array: String Functions. (line 42) +* sort array indices: String Functions. (line 42) * sort function, arrays, sorting: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) * sort utility: Word Sorting. (line 50) * sort utility, coprocesses and: Two-way I/O. (line 65) * sorting characters in different languages: Explaining gettext. (line 94) -* source code, awka: Other Versions. (line 64) +* source code, awka: Other Versions. (line 68) * source code, Brian Kernighan's awk: Other Versions. (line 13) -* source code, Busybox Awk: Other Versions. (line 88) +* source code, Busybox Awk: Other Versions. (line 92) * source code, gawk: Gawk Distribution. (line 6) -* source code, Illumos awk: Other Versions. (line 105) -* source code, jawk: Other Versions. (line 113) -* source code, libmawk: Other Versions. (line 121) -* source code, mawk: Other Versions. (line 44) +* source code, Illumos awk: Other Versions. (line 109) +* source code, jawk: Other Versions. (line 117) +* source code, libmawk: Other Versions. (line 125) +* source code, mawk: Other Versions. (line 48) * source code, mixing: Options. (line 117) -* source code, pawk: Other Versions. (line 78) -* source code, pawk (Python version): Other Versions. (line 125) -* source code, QSE Awk: Other Versions. (line 131) -* source code, QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 135) -* source code, Solaris awk: Other Versions. (line 96) +* source code, pawk: Other Versions. (line 82) +* source code, pawk (Python version): Other Versions. (line 129) +* source code, QSE Awk: Other Versions. (line 135) +* source code, QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 139) +* source code, Solaris awk: Other Versions. (line 100) * source files, search path for: Programs Exercises. (line 70) * sparse arrays: Array Intro. (line 72) * Spencer, Henry: Glossary. (line 11) -* split: String Functions. (line 315) -* split string into array: String Functions. (line 296) +* split: String Functions. (line 316) +* split string into array: String Functions. (line 297) * split utility: Split Program. (line 6) * split() function, array elements, deleting: Delete. (line 61) * split.awk program: Split Program. (line 30) -* sprintf <1>: String Functions. (line 382) +* sprintf <1>: String Functions. (line 383) * sprintf: OFMT. (line 15) * sprintf() function, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 113) * sprintf() function, print/printf statements and: Round Function. (line 6) -* sqrt: Numeric Functions. (line 79) +* sqrt: Numeric Functions. (line 77) * square brackets ([]), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 56) -* square root: Numeric Functions. (line 79) -* srand: Numeric Functions. (line 83) +* square root: Numeric Functions. (line 77) +* srand: Numeric Functions. (line 81) * stack frame: Debugging Terms. (line 10) * Stallman, Richard <1>: Glossary. (line 296) * Stallman, Richard <2>: Contributors. (line 23) @@ -33961,23 +33969,22 @@ Index * stop automatic display, in debugger: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 80) * stream editors <1>: Simple Sed. (line 6) -* stream editors: Field Splitting Summary. - (line 46) +* stream editors: Full Line Fields. (line 22) * strftime: Time Functions. (line 48) * string constants: Scalar Constants. (line 15) * string constants, vs. regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 39) * string extraction (internationalization): String Extraction. (line 6) -* string length: String Functions. (line 170) +* string length: String Functions. (line 171) * string operators: Concatenation. (line 8) -* string, regular expression match: String Functions. (line 210) +* string, regular expression match: String Functions. (line 211) * string-manipulation functions: String Functions. (line 6) * string-matching operators: Regexp Usage. (line 19) * string-translation functions: I18N Functions. (line 6) -* strings splitting, example: String Functions. (line 334) +* strings splitting, example: String Functions. (line 335) * strings, converting <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 110) * strings, converting: Strings And Numbers. (line 6) -* strings, converting letter case: String Functions. (line 521) +* strings, converting letter case: String Functions. (line 522) * strings, converting, numbers to: User-modified. (line 30) * strings, empty, See null strings: awk split records. (line 115) * strings, extracting: String Extraction. (line 6) @@ -33987,13 +33994,13 @@ Index * strings, null: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 43) * strings, numeric: Variable Typing. (line 6) -* strtonum: String Functions. (line 389) +* strtonum: String Functions. (line 390) * strtonum() function (gawk), --non-decimal-data option and: Nondecimal Data. (line 35) -* sub <1>: String Functions. (line 407) +* sub <1>: String Functions. (line 408) * sub: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) -* sub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 461) +* sub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 462) * sub() function, escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) * subscript separators: User-modified. (line 145) * subscripts in arrays, multidimensional: Multidimensional. (line 10) @@ -34006,16 +34013,16 @@ Index * SUBSEP variable: User-modified. (line 145) * SUBSEP variable, and multidimensional arrays: Multidimensional. (line 16) -* substitute in string: String Functions. (line 89) -* substr: String Functions. (line 480) -* substring: String Functions. (line 480) -* Sumner, Andrew: Other Versions. (line 64) -* supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 236) +* substitute in string: String Functions. (line 90) +* substr: String Functions. (line 481) +* substring: String Functions. (line 481) +* Sumner, Andrew: Other Versions. (line 68) +* supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 237) * switch statement: Switch Statement. (line 6) -* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 268) +* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 269) * syntactic ambiguity: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 148) -* system: I/O Functions. (line 74) +* system: I/O Functions. (line 106) * systime: Time Functions. (line 66) * t debugger command (alias for tbreak): Breakpoint Control. (line 90) * tbreak debugger command: Breakpoint Control. (line 90) @@ -34029,7 +34036,7 @@ Index * testbits.awk program: Bitwise Functions. (line 71) * testext extension: Extension Sample API Tests. (line 6) -* Texinfo <1>: Adding Code. (line 100) +* Texinfo <1>: Adding Code. (line 99) * Texinfo <2>: Distribution contents. (line 77) * Texinfo <3>: Extract Program. (line 12) @@ -34065,8 +34072,8 @@ Index * timestamps, converting dates to: Time Functions. (line 76) * timestamps, formatted: Getlocaltime Function. (line 6) -* tolower: String Functions. (line 522) -* toupper: String Functions. (line 528) +* tolower: String Functions. (line 523) +* toupper: String Functions. (line 529) * tr utility: Translate Program. (line 6) * trace debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 108) @@ -34079,10 +34086,10 @@ Index (line 37) * troubleshooting, awk uses FS not IFS: Field Separators. (line 30) * troubleshooting, backslash before nonspecial character: Escape Sequences. - (line 118) + (line 105) * troubleshooting, division: Arithmetic Ops. (line 44) * troubleshooting, fatal errors, field widths, specifying: Constant Size. - (line 23) + (line 22) * troubleshooting, fatal errors, printf format strings: Format Modifiers. (line 158) * troubleshooting, fflush() function: I/O Functions. (line 62) @@ -34092,8 +34099,8 @@ Index * troubleshooting, gawk, fatal errors, function arguments: Calling Built-in. (line 16) * troubleshooting, getline function: File Checking. (line 25) -* troubleshooting, gsub()/sub() functions: String Functions. (line 471) -* troubleshooting, match() function: String Functions. (line 291) +* troubleshooting, gsub()/sub() functions: String Functions. (line 472) +* troubleshooting, match() function: String Functions. (line 292) * troubleshooting, print statement, omitting commas: Print Examples. (line 31) * troubleshooting, printing: Redirection. (line 112) @@ -34102,8 +34109,8 @@ Index * troubleshooting, regexp constants vs. string constants: Computed Regexps. (line 39) * troubleshooting, string concatenation: Concatenation. (line 26) -* troubleshooting, substr() function: String Functions. (line 498) -* troubleshooting, system() function: I/O Functions. (line 96) +* troubleshooting, substr() function: String Functions. (line 499) +* troubleshooting, system() function: I/O Functions. (line 128) * troubleshooting, typographical errors, global variables: Options. (line 98) * true, logical: Truth Values. (line 6) @@ -34118,7 +34125,7 @@ Index * unassigned array elements: Reference to Elements. (line 18) * undefined functions: Pass By Value/Reference. - (line 71) + (line 68) * underscore (_), C macro: Explaining gettext. (line 71) * underscore (_), in names of private variables: Library Names. (line 29) @@ -34135,9 +34142,9 @@ Index * uniq.awk program: Uniq Program. (line 65) * Unix: Glossary. (line 611) * Unix awk, backslashes in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. - (line 130) + (line 117) * Unix awk, close() function and: Close Files And Pipes. - (line 132) + (line 133) * Unix awk, password files, field separators and: Command Line Field Separator. (line 62) * Unix, awk scripts and: Executable Scripts. (line 6) @@ -34189,10 +34196,10 @@ Index * variables, uninitialized, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) * variables, user-defined: Variables. (line 6) -* version of gawk: Auto-set. (line 206) -* version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 231) -* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 217) -* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 213) +* version of gawk: Auto-set. (line 207) +* version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 232) +* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 218) +* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 214) * vertical bar (|): Regexp Operators. (line 70) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 9) @@ -34204,7 +34211,7 @@ Index * Vinschen, Corinna: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * w debugger command (alias for watch): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 67) -* w utility: Constant Size. (line 23) +* w utility: Constant Size. (line 22) * wait() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. (line 22) * waitpid() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. @@ -34249,7 +34256,7 @@ Index * xor: Bitwise Functions. (line 56) * XOR bitwise operation: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) * Yawitz, Efraim: Contributors. (line 131) -* Zaretskii, Eli <1>: Bugs. (line 72) +* Zaretskii, Eli <1>: Bugs. (line 70) * Zaretskii, Eli <2>: Contributors. (line 55) * Zaretskii, Eli: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * zerofile.awk program: Empty Files. (line 21) @@ -34266,7 +34273,7 @@ Index * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <3>: Redirection. (line 96) * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O): Getline/Coprocess. (line 6) * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O), pipes, closing: Close Files And Pipes. - (line 120) + (line 121) * | (vertical bar), || operator <1>: Precedence. (line 89) * | (vertical bar), || operator: Boolean Ops. (line 59) * ~ (tilde), ~ operator <1>: Expression Patterns. (line 24) @@ -34283,557 +34290,557 @@ Index Tag Table: Node: Top1204 Node: Foreword342156 -Node: Foreword446548 -Node: Preface47982 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-150853 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-250960 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-351193 -Node: History51335 -Node: Names53683 -Ref: Names-Footnote-154777 -Node: This Manual54923 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-160752 -Node: Conventions60852 -Node: Manual History63192 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-166183 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-266224 -Node: How To Contribute66298 -Node: Acknowledgments67429 -Node: Getting Started72237 -Node: Running gawk74671 -Node: One-shot75861 -Node: Read Terminal77086 -Node: Long79113 -Node: Executable Scripts80629 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-183418 -Node: Comments83520 -Node: Quoting85993 -Node: DOS Quoting91499 -Node: Sample Data Files92174 -Node: Very Simple94767 -Node: Two Rules99658 -Node: More Complex101544 -Node: Statements/Lines104406 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1108862 -Node: Other Features109127 -Node: When110058 -Ref: When-Footnote-1111814 -Node: Intro Summary111879 -Node: Invoking Gawk112762 -Node: Command Line114277 -Node: Options115068 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1130980 -Node: Other Arguments131005 -Node: Naming Standard Input133966 -Node: Environment Variables135059 -Node: AWKPATH Variable135617 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1138917 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2138962 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable139222 -Node: Other Environment Variables140365 -Node: Exit Status144085 -Node: Include Files144760 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries148348 -Node: Obsolete149775 -Node: Undocumented150472 -Node: Invoking Summary150739 -Node: Regexp152405 -Node: Regexp Usage153864 -Node: Escape Sequences155897 -Node: Regexp Operators161914 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1169348 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2169495 -Node: Bracket Expressions169593 -Ref: table-char-classes171610 -Node: Leftmost Longest174550 -Node: Computed Regexps175852 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators179249 -Node: Case-sensitivity182951 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1185841 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2186076 -Node: Regexp Summary186184 -Node: Reading Files187653 -Node: Records189747 -Node: awk split records190479 -Node: gawk split records195393 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1199932 -Node: Fields199969 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1202767 -Node: Nonconstant Fields202853 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1205089 -Node: Changing Fields205291 -Node: Field Separators211223 -Node: Default Field Splitting213927 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting215044 -Node: Single Character Fields218394 -Node: Command Line Field Separator219453 -Node: Full Line Fields222665 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1223173 -Node: Field Splitting Summary223219 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1226350 -Node: Constant Size226451 -Node: Splitting By Content231057 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1235130 -Node: Multiple Line235170 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1241059 -Node: Getline241238 -Node: Plain Getline243449 -Node: Getline/Variable246089 -Node: Getline/File247236 -Node: Getline/Variable/File248620 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1250221 -Node: Getline/Pipe250308 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe252991 -Node: Getline/Coprocess254122 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess255374 -Node: Getline Notes256113 -Node: Getline Summary258905 -Ref: table-getline-variants259317 -Node: Read Timeout260146 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1263960 -Node: Command-line directories264018 -Node: Input Summary264922 -Node: Input Exercises268174 -Node: Printing268902 -Node: Print270679 -Node: Print Examples272136 -Node: Output Separators274915 -Node: OFMT276933 -Node: Printf278287 -Node: Basic Printf279072 -Node: Control Letters280643 -Node: Format Modifiers284627 -Node: Printf Examples290634 -Node: Redirection293116 -Node: Special FD299955 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1303112 -Node: Special Files303186 -Node: Other Inherited Files303802 -Node: Special Network304802 -Node: Special Caveats305663 -Node: Close Files And Pipes306614 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1313793 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2313941 -Node: Output Summary314091 -Node: Output Exercises315087 -Node: Expressions315767 -Node: Values316952 -Node: Constants317628 -Node: Scalar Constants318308 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1319167 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers319417 -Node: Regexp Constants322417 -Node: Using Constant Regexps322942 -Node: Variables326080 -Node: Using Variables326735 -Node: Assignment Options328645 -Node: Conversion330520 -Node: Strings And Numbers331044 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1334108 -Node: Locale influences conversions334217 -Ref: table-locale-affects336962 -Node: All Operators337550 -Node: Arithmetic Ops338180 -Node: Concatenation340685 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1343504 -Node: Assignment Ops343610 -Ref: table-assign-ops348593 -Node: Increment Ops349871 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions353309 -Node: Truth Values354392 -Node: Typing and Comparison355441 -Node: Variable Typing356234 -Node: Comparison Operators359886 -Ref: table-relational-ops360296 -Node: POSIX String Comparison363811 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1364883 -Node: Boolean Ops365021 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1369500 -Node: Conditional Exp369591 -Node: Function Calls371318 -Node: Precedence375198 -Node: Locales378866 -Node: Expressions Summary380497 -Node: Patterns and Actions383071 -Node: Pattern Overview384191 -Node: Regexp Patterns385870 -Node: Expression Patterns386413 -Node: Ranges390193 -Node: BEGIN/END393299 -Node: Using BEGIN/END394061 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1396798 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END396904 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE399218 -Node: Empty402119 -Node: Using Shell Variables402436 -Node: Action Overview404712 -Node: Statements407039 -Node: If Statement408887 -Node: While Statement410385 -Node: Do Statement412413 -Node: For Statement413555 -Node: Switch Statement416710 -Node: Break Statement419098 -Node: Continue Statement421139 -Node: Next Statement422964 -Node: Nextfile Statement425344 -Node: Exit Statement427974 -Node: Built-in Variables430377 -Node: User-modified431510 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1439190 -Node: Auto-set439252 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1452282 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2452487 -Node: ARGC and ARGV452543 -Node: Pattern Action Summary456747 -Node: Arrays459174 -Node: Array Basics460503 -Node: Array Intro461347 -Ref: figure-array-elements463311 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1465835 -Node: Reference to Elements465963 -Node: Assigning Elements468413 -Node: Array Example468904 -Node: Scanning an Array470662 -Node: Controlling Scanning473678 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1478867 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts479183 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts481368 -Node: Delete482985 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1485729 -Node: Multidimensional485786 -Node: Multiscanning488881 -Node: Arrays of Arrays490470 -Node: Arrays Summary495231 -Node: Functions497336 -Node: Built-in498209 -Node: Calling Built-in499287 -Node: Numeric Functions501275 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1505297 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2505654 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3505702 -Node: String Functions505971 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1529443 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2529572 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3529820 -Node: Gory Details529907 -Ref: table-sub-escapes531688 -Ref: table-sub-proposed533208 -Ref: table-posix-sub534572 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes536112 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1536944 -Node: I/O Functions537095 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1544196 -Node: Time Functions544343 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1554812 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2554880 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3555038 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4555149 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5555261 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6555488 -Node: Bitwise Functions555754 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops556316 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1560624 -Node: Type Functions560793 -Node: I18N Functions561942 -Node: User-defined563587 -Node: Definition Syntax564391 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1569797 -Node: Function Example569866 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1572783 -Node: Function Caveats572805 -Node: Calling A Function573323 -Node: Variable Scope574278 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference577266 -Node: Return Statement580776 -Node: Dynamic Typing583760 -Node: Indirect Calls584689 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1595993 -Node: Functions Summary596121 -Node: Library Functions598820 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1602438 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2602581 -Node: Library Names602752 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1606212 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2606432 -Node: General Functions606518 -Node: Strtonum Function607621 -Node: Assert Function610641 -Node: Round Function613965 -Node: Cliff Random Function615506 -Node: Ordinal Functions616522 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1619587 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2619839 -Node: Join Function620050 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1621821 -Node: Getlocaltime Function622021 -Node: Readfile Function625762 -Node: Shell Quoting627732 -Node: Data File Management629133 -Node: Filetrans Function629765 -Node: Rewind Function633824 -Node: File Checking635209 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1636537 -Node: Empty Files636738 -Node: Ignoring Assigns638717 -Node: Getopt Function640268 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1651728 -Node: Passwd Functions651931 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1660782 -Node: Group Functions660870 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1668773 -Node: Walking Arrays668986 -Node: Library Functions Summary670589 -Node: Library Exercises671990 -Node: Sample Programs673270 -Node: Running Examples674040 -Node: Clones674768 -Node: Cut Program675992 -Node: Egrep Program685722 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1693226 -Node: Id Program693336 -Node: Split Program696980 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1700426 -Node: Tee Program700554 -Node: Uniq Program703341 -Node: Wc Program710762 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1715010 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs715102 -Node: Dupword Program716315 -Node: Alarm Program718346 -Node: Translate Program723150 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1727714 -Node: Labels Program727984 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1731333 -Node: Word Sorting731417 -Node: History Sorting735487 -Node: Extract Program737323 -Node: Simple Sed744855 -Node: Igawk Program747917 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1762243 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2762444 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3762566 -Node: Anagram Program762681 -Node: Signature Program765743 -Node: Programs Summary766990 -Node: Programs Exercises768183 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1772314 -Node: Advanced Features772405 -Node: Nondecimal Data774353 -Node: Array Sorting775943 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal776640 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1784971 -Node: Array Sorting Functions785089 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1788981 -Node: Two-way I/O789175 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1794119 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2794305 -Node: TCP/IP Networking794387 -Node: Profiling797259 -Node: Advanced Features Summary804803 -Node: Internationalization806736 -Node: I18N and L10N808216 -Node: Explaining gettext808902 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1813931 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2814115 -Node: Programmer i18n814280 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1819146 -Node: Translator i18n819195 -Node: String Extraction819989 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1821120 -Node: Printf Ordering821206 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1823992 -Node: I18N Portability824056 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1826505 -Node: I18N Example826568 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1829368 -Node: Gawk I18N829440 -Node: I18N Summary830078 -Node: Debugger831417 -Node: Debugging832439 -Node: Debugging Concepts832880 -Node: Debugging Terms834737 -Node: Awk Debugging837312 -Node: Sample Debugging Session838204 -Node: Debugger Invocation838724 -Node: Finding The Bug840108 -Node: List of Debugger Commands846583 -Node: Breakpoint Control847915 -Node: Debugger Execution Control851607 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data854971 -Node: Execution Stack858336 -Node: Debugger Info859974 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gettext-Footnote-2814868 +Node: Programmer i18n815033 +Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1819899 +Node: Translator i18n819948 +Node: String Extraction820742 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1821873 +Node: Printf Ordering821959 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1824745 +Node: I18N Portability824809 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1827264 +Node: I18N Example827327 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1830130 +Node: Gawk I18N830202 +Node: I18N Summary830840 +Node: Debugger832179 +Node: Debugging833201 +Node: Debugging Concepts833642 +Node: Debugging Terms835495 +Node: Awk Debugging838067 +Node: Sample Debugging Session838961 +Node: Debugger Invocation839481 +Node: Finding The Bug840865 +Node: List of Debugger Commands847340 +Node: Breakpoint Control848673 +Node: Debugger Execution Control852369 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data855733 +Node: Execution Stack859111 +Node: Debugger Info860748 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands864765 +Node: Readline Support869794 +Node: Limitations870686 +Node: Debugging Summary872800 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic873968 +Node: Computer Arithmetic875384 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges878982 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1879841 +Node: Math Definitions879898 +Ref: table-ieee-formats883186 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1883790 +Node: MPFR features883895 +Node: FP Math Caution885566 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1886616 +Node: Inexactness of computations886985 +Node: Inexact representation887944 +Node: Comparing FP Values889301 +Node: Errors accumulate890383 +Node: Getting Accuracy891816 +Node: Try To Round894478 +Node: Setting precision895377 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings896061 +Node: Setting the rounding mode897850 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes898214 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1901669 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers901848 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1904834 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems904983 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1908856 +Node: Floating point summary908894 +Node: Dynamic Extensions911088 +Node: Extension Intro912640 +Node: Plugin License913906 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline914703 +Ref: figure-load-extension915131 +Ref: figure-register-new-function916611 +Ref: figure-call-new-function917615 +Node: Extension API Description919601 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction921051 +Node: General Data Types925875 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1931614 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions931913 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1934752 +Node: Constructor Functions934848 +Node: Registration Functions936582 +Node: Extension Functions937267 +Node: Exit Callback Functions939564 +Node: Extension Version String940812 +Node: Input Parsers941477 +Node: Output Wrappers951354 +Node: Two-way processors955869 +Node: Printing Messages958073 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1959149 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'959301 +Node: Requesting Values960041 +Ref: table-value-types-returned960769 +Node: Accessing Parameters961726 +Node: Symbol Table Access962957 +Node: Symbol table by name963471 +Node: Symbol table by cookie965452 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1969596 +Node: Cached values969659 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1973158 +Node: Array Manipulation973249 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1974347 +Node: Array Data Types974384 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1977039 +Node: Array Functions977131 +Node: Flattening Arrays980985 +Node: Creating Arrays987877 +Node: Extension API Variables992646 +Node: Extension Versioning993282 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables995183 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate996271 +Node: Finding Extensions1000080 +Node: Extension Example1000640 +Node: Internal File Description1001412 +Node: Internal File Ops1005479 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11017149 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1017289 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11019672 +Node: Extension Samples1019945 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1021471 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1029109 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1030600 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1031815 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1033490 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1034326 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1035202 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1036013 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1036603 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1037343 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1039283 +Node: Extension Sample Time1040378 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1041727 +Node: gawkextlib1042218 +Node: Extension summary1044855 +Node: Extension Exercises1048532 +Node: Language History1049254 +Node: V7/SVR3.11050910 +Node: SVR41053091 +Node: POSIX1054536 +Node: BTL1055925 +Node: POSIX/GNU1056659 +Node: Feature History1062223 +Node: Common Extensions1075321 +Node: Ranges and Locales1076645 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11081263 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21081290 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31081524 +Node: Contributors1081745 +Node: History summary1087286 +Node: Installation1088656 +Node: Gawk Distribution1089602 +Node: Getting1090086 +Node: Extracting1090909 +Node: Distribution contents1092544 +Node: Unix Installation1098261 +Node: Quick Installation1098878 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1101302 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1103040 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1105409 +Node: PC Installation1105867 +Node: PC Binary Installation1107186 +Node: PC Compiling1109034 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11112055 +Node: PC Testing1112164 +Node: PC Using1113340 +Node: Cygwin1117455 +Node: MSYS1118278 +Node: VMS Installation1118778 +Node: VMS Compilation1119570 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11120792 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1120850 +Node: VMS Installation Details1122534 +Node: VMS Running1124786 +Node: VMS GNV1127622 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1128356 +Node: Bugs1128826 +Node: Other Versions1132709 +Node: Installation summary1139131 +Node: Notes1140187 +Node: Compatibility Mode1141052 +Node: Additions1141834 +Node: Accessing The Source1142759 +Node: Adding Code1144195 +Node: New Ports1150360 +Node: Derived Files1154842 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11160317 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21160351 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31160947 +Node: Future Extensions1161061 +Node: Implementation Limitations1161667 +Node: Extension Design1162915 +Node: Old Extension Problems1164069 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11165586 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1165643 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11169003 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1169192 +Node: Extension Future Growth1171300 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1172136 +Node: Notes summary1173898 +Node: Basic Concepts1175084 +Node: Basic High Level1175765 +Ref: figure-general-flow1176037 +Ref: figure-process-flow1176636 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11179865 +Node: Basic Data Typing1180050 +Node: Glossary1183378 +Node: Copying1208536 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1246092 +Node: Index1271228  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 46fb38d70fe250f318fb95a6083beaceaaf5155d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Mon, 17 Nov 2014 16:49:25 +0200 Subject: Final copyedit changes applied. --- doc/gawk.info | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index e01a794b..a318498b 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -28376,7 +28376,7 @@ QSE Awk since approximately 2008. Other versions - See also the "Versions and Implementations" section of the + See also the "Versions and implementations" section of the Wikipedia article (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awk_language#Versions_and_implementations) for information on additional versions. -- cgit v1.2.3 From 84feadf5595d1bde46d9e93357fe6b094697ac22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Wed, 19 Nov 2014 17:33:21 +0200 Subject: Document that RFC 4180 describes CSV data. --- doc/gawk.info | 937 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 469 insertions(+), 468 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index a318498b..6026b543 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -5179,9 +5179,8 @@ what they are, and not by what they are not. data into text files, where each record is terminated with a newline, and fields are separated by commas. If only commas separated the data, there wouldn't be an issue. The problem comes when one of the fields -contains an _embedded_ comma. Although there is no formal standard -specification for CSV data,(1) in such cases, most programs embed the -field in double quotes. So we might have data like this: +contains an _embedded_ comma. In such cases, most programs embed the +field in double quotes.(1) So we might have data like this: Robbins,Arnold,"1234 A Pretty Street, NE",MyTown,MyState,12345-6789,USA @@ -5264,7 +5263,9 @@ based on which of the three variables--`FS', `FIELDWIDTHS', and ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) At least, we don't know of one. + (1) The CSV format lacked a formal standard definition for many +years. RFC 4180 (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4180.txt) standardizes the +most common practices.  File: gawk.info, Node: Multiple Line, Next: Getline, Prev: Splitting By Content, Up: Reading Files @@ -32657,7 +32658,7 @@ Index * forward slash (/), patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 24) * FPAT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 43) * FPAT variable: Splitting By Content. - (line 26) + (line 25) * frame debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 27) * Free Documentation License (FDL): GNU Free Documentation License. (line 7) @@ -32767,7 +32768,7 @@ Index * gawk, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) * gawk, FPAT variable in <1>: User-modified. (line 43) * gawk, FPAT variable in: Splitting By Content. - (line 26) + (line 25) * gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 116) * gawk, function arguments and: Calling Built-in. (line 16) * gawk, hexadecimal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 42) @@ -34380,467 +34381,467 @@ Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2224934 Node: Field Splitting Summary225035 Node: Constant Size227109 Node: Splitting By Content231698 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1235753 -Node: Multiple Line235793 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1241679 -Node: Getline241858 -Node: Plain Getline244070 -Node: Getline/Variable246710 -Node: Getline/File247858 -Node: Getline/Variable/File249242 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1250845 -Node: Getline/Pipe250932 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe253615 -Node: Getline/Coprocess254746 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess255998 -Node: Getline Notes256737 -Node: Getline Summary259529 -Ref: table-getline-variants259941 -Node: Read Timeout260770 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1264589 -Node: Command-line directories264647 -Node: Input Summary265552 -Node: Input Exercises268805 -Node: Printing269533 -Node: Print271310 -Node: Print Examples272767 -Node: Output Separators275546 -Node: OFMT277564 -Node: Printf278918 -Node: Basic 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Math Caution885625 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1886675 +Node: Inexactness of computations887044 +Node: Inexact representation888003 +Node: Comparing FP Values889360 +Node: Errors accumulate890442 +Node: Getting Accuracy891875 +Node: Try To Round894537 +Node: Setting precision895436 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings896120 +Node: Setting the rounding mode897909 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes898273 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1901728 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers901907 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1904893 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems905042 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1908915 +Node: Floating point summary908953 +Node: Dynamic Extensions911147 +Node: Extension Intro912699 +Node: Plugin License913965 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline914762 +Ref: figure-load-extension915190 +Ref: figure-register-new-function916670 +Ref: figure-call-new-function917674 +Node: Extension API Description919660 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction921110 +Node: General Data Types925934 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1931673 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions931972 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1934811 +Node: Constructor Functions934907 +Node: Registration Functions936641 +Node: Extension Functions937326 +Node: Exit Callback Functions939623 +Node: Extension Version String940871 +Node: Input Parsers941536 +Node: Output Wrappers951413 +Node: Two-way processors955928 +Node: Printing Messages958132 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1959208 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'959360 +Node: Requesting Values960100 +Ref: table-value-types-returned960828 +Node: Accessing Parameters961785 +Node: Symbol Table Access963016 +Node: Symbol table by name963530 +Node: Symbol table by cookie965511 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1969655 +Node: Cached values969718 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1973217 +Node: Array Manipulation973308 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1974406 +Node: Array Data Types974443 +Ref: Array Data 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Mechanism Goals1165702 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11169062 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1169251 +Node: Extension Future Growth1171359 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1172195 +Node: Notes summary1173957 +Node: Basic Concepts1175143 +Node: Basic High Level1175824 +Ref: figure-general-flow1176096 +Ref: figure-process-flow1176695 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11179924 +Node: Basic Data Typing1180109 +Node: Glossary1183437 +Node: Copying1208595 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1246151 +Node: Index1271287  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From f862e8fe648ed66662417bc37b20980fe7780eec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Wed, 19 Nov 2014 17:33:21 +0200 Subject: Document that RFC 4180 describes CSV data. --- doc/gawk.info | 937 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 469 insertions(+), 468 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index a318498b..6026b543 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -5179,9 +5179,8 @@ what they are, and not by what they are not. data into text files, where each record is terminated with a newline, and fields are separated by commas. If only commas separated the data, there wouldn't be an issue. The problem comes when one of the fields -contains an _embedded_ comma. Although there is no formal standard -specification for CSV data,(1) in such cases, most programs embed the -field in double quotes. So we might have data like this: +contains an _embedded_ comma. In such cases, most programs embed the +field in double quotes.(1) So we might have data like this: Robbins,Arnold,"1234 A Pretty Street, NE",MyTown,MyState,12345-6789,USA @@ -5264,7 +5263,9 @@ based on which of the three variables--`FS', `FIELDWIDTHS', and ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) At least, we don't know of one. + (1) The CSV format lacked a formal standard definition for many +years. RFC 4180 (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4180.txt) standardizes the +most common practices.  File: gawk.info, Node: Multiple Line, Next: Getline, Prev: Splitting By Content, Up: Reading Files @@ -32657,7 +32658,7 @@ Index * forward slash (/), patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 24) * FPAT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 43) * FPAT variable: Splitting By Content. - (line 26) + (line 25) * frame debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 27) * Free Documentation License (FDL): GNU Free Documentation License. (line 7) @@ -32767,7 +32768,7 @@ Index * gawk, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) * gawk, FPAT variable in <1>: User-modified. (line 43) * gawk, FPAT variable in: Splitting By Content. - (line 26) + (line 25) * gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 116) * gawk, function arguments and: Calling Built-in. (line 16) * gawk, hexadecimal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 42) @@ -34380,467 +34381,467 @@ Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2224934 Node: Field Splitting Summary225035 Node: Constant Size227109 Node: Splitting By Content231698 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1235753 -Node: Multiple Line235793 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1241679 -Node: Getline241858 -Node: Plain Getline244070 -Node: Getline/Variable246710 -Node: Getline/File247858 -Node: Getline/Variable/File249242 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1250845 -Node: Getline/Pipe250932 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe253615 -Node: Getline/Coprocess254746 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess255998 -Node: Getline Notes256737 -Node: Getline Summary259529 -Ref: table-getline-variants259941 -Node: Read Timeout260770 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1264589 -Node: Command-line directories264647 -Node: Input Summary265552 -Node: Input Exercises268805 -Node: Printing269533 -Node: Print271310 -Node: Print Examples272767 -Node: Output Separators275546 -Node: OFMT277564 -Node: Printf278918 -Node: Basic 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+Node: Input Exercises268864 +Node: Printing269592 +Node: Print271369 +Node: Print Examples272826 +Node: Output Separators275605 +Node: OFMT277623 +Node: Printf278977 +Node: Basic Printf279762 +Node: Control Letters281331 +Node: Format Modifiers285315 +Node: Printf Examples291316 +Node: Redirection293802 +Node: Special FD300643 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1303803 +Node: Special Files303877 +Node: Other Inherited Files304494 +Node: Special Network305494 +Node: Special Caveats306356 +Node: Close Files And Pipes307307 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1314489 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2314637 +Node: Output Summary314787 +Node: Output Exercises315785 +Node: Expressions316465 +Node: Values317650 +Node: Constants318328 +Node: Scalar Constants319019 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1319878 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers320128 +Node: Regexp Constants323146 +Node: Using Constant Regexps323671 +Node: Variables326814 +Node: Using Variables327469 +Node: Assignment Options329380 +Node: Conversion331255 +Node: Strings And Numbers331779 +Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1334844 +Node: Locale influences conversions334953 +Ref: table-locale-affects337700 +Node: All Operators338288 +Node: Arithmetic Ops338918 +Node: Concatenation341423 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1344242 +Node: Assignment Ops344348 +Ref: table-assign-ops349327 +Node: Increment Ops350599 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions354037 +Node: Truth Values355122 +Node: Typing and Comparison356171 +Node: Variable Typing356981 +Node: Comparison Operators360634 +Ref: table-relational-ops361044 +Node: POSIX String Comparison364539 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1365611 +Node: Boolean Ops365749 +Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1370228 +Node: Conditional Exp370319 +Node: Function Calls372046 +Node: Precedence375926 +Node: Locales379587 +Node: Expressions Summary381219 +Node: Patterns and Actions383779 +Node: Pattern Overview384899 +Node: Regexp Patterns386578 +Node: Expression Patterns387121 +Node: Ranges390902 +Node: BEGIN/END394008 +Node: Using BEGIN/END394769 +Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1397503 +Node: I/O And BEGIN/END397609 +Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE399923 +Node: Empty402824 +Node: Using Shell Variables403141 +Node: Action Overview405414 +Node: Statements407740 +Node: If Statement409588 +Node: While Statement411083 +Node: Do Statement413112 +Node: For Statement414256 +Node: Switch Statement417413 +Node: Break Statement419795 +Node: Continue Statement421836 +Node: Next Statement423663 +Node: Nextfile Statement426044 +Node: Exit Statement428674 +Node: Built-in Variables431077 +Node: User-modified432210 +Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1439891 +Node: Auto-set439953 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1452988 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2453193 +Node: ARGC and ARGV453249 +Node: Pattern Action Summary457467 +Node: Arrays459894 +Node: Array Basics461223 +Node: Array Intro462067 +Ref: figure-array-elements464031 +Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1466557 +Node: Reference to Elements466685 +Node: Assigning Elements469137 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+Node: Library Functions Summary671417 +Node: Library Exercises672818 +Node: Sample Programs674098 +Node: Running Examples674868 +Node: Clones675596 +Node: Cut Program676820 +Node: Egrep Program686539 +Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1694037 +Node: Id Program694147 +Node: Split Program697792 +Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1701240 +Node: Tee Program701368 +Node: Uniq Program704157 +Node: Wc Program711576 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1715826 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs715920 +Node: Dupword Program717133 +Node: Alarm Program719164 +Node: Translate Program723968 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1728533 +Node: Labels Program728803 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1732154 +Node: Word Sorting732238 +Node: History Sorting736309 +Node: Extract Program738145 +Node: Simple Sed745670 +Node: Igawk Program748738 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1763062 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2763263 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3763385 +Node: Anagram Program763500 +Node: Signature Program766557 +Node: Programs Summary767804 +Node: Programs Exercises768997 +Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1773128 +Node: Advanced Features773219 +Node: Nondecimal Data775167 +Node: Array Sorting776757 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal777454 +Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1785787 +Node: Array Sorting Functions785905 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1789794 +Node: Two-way I/O789990 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1794931 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2795117 +Node: TCP/IP Networking795199 +Node: Profiling798072 +Node: Advanced Features Summary805619 +Node: Internationalization807552 +Node: I18N and L10N809032 +Node: Explaining gettext809718 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1814743 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2814927 +Node: Programmer i18n815092 +Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1819958 +Node: Translator i18n820007 +Node: String Extraction820801 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1821932 +Node: Printf Ordering822018 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1824804 +Node: I18N Portability824868 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1827323 +Node: I18N Example827386 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1830189 +Node: Gawk I18N830261 +Node: I18N Summary830899 +Node: Debugger832238 +Node: Debugging833260 +Node: Debugging Concepts833701 +Node: Debugging Terms835554 +Node: Awk Debugging838126 +Node: Sample Debugging Session839020 +Node: Debugger Invocation839540 +Node: Finding The Bug840924 +Node: List of Debugger Commands847399 +Node: Breakpoint Control848732 +Node: Debugger Execution Control852428 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data855792 +Node: Execution Stack859170 +Node: Debugger Info860807 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands864824 +Node: Readline Support869853 +Node: Limitations870745 +Node: Debugging Summary872859 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic874027 +Node: Computer Arithmetic875443 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges879041 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1879900 +Node: Math Definitions879957 +Ref: table-ieee-formats883245 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1883849 +Node: MPFR features883954 +Node: FP Math Caution885625 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1886675 +Node: Inexactness of computations887044 +Node: Inexact representation888003 +Node: Comparing FP Values889360 +Node: Errors accumulate890442 +Node: Getting Accuracy891875 +Node: Try To Round894537 +Node: Setting precision895436 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings896120 +Node: Setting the rounding mode897909 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes898273 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1901728 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers901907 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1904893 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems905042 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1908915 +Node: Floating point summary908953 +Node: Dynamic Extensions911147 +Node: Extension Intro912699 +Node: Plugin License913965 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline914762 +Ref: figure-load-extension915190 +Ref: figure-register-new-function916670 +Ref: figure-call-new-function917674 +Node: Extension API Description919660 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction921110 +Node: General Data Types925934 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1931673 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions931972 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1934811 +Node: Constructor Functions934907 +Node: Registration Functions936641 +Node: Extension Functions937326 +Node: Exit Callback Functions939623 +Node: Extension Version String940871 +Node: Input Parsers941536 +Node: Output Wrappers951413 +Node: Two-way processors955928 +Node: Printing Messages958132 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1959208 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'959360 +Node: Requesting Values960100 +Ref: table-value-types-returned960828 +Node: Accessing Parameters961785 +Node: Symbol Table Access963016 +Node: Symbol table by name963530 +Node: Symbol table by cookie965511 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1969655 +Node: Cached values969718 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1973217 +Node: Array Manipulation973308 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1974406 +Node: Array Data Types974443 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1977098 +Node: Array Functions977190 +Node: Flattening Arrays981044 +Node: Creating Arrays987936 +Node: Extension API Variables992705 +Node: Extension Versioning993341 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables995242 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate996330 +Node: Finding Extensions1000139 +Node: Extension Example1000699 +Node: Internal File Description1001471 +Node: Internal File Ops1005538 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11017208 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1017348 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11019731 +Node: Extension Samples1020004 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1021530 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1029168 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1030659 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1031874 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1033549 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1034385 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1035261 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1036072 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1036662 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1037402 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1039342 +Node: Extension Sample Time1040437 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1041786 +Node: gawkextlib1042277 +Node: Extension summary1044914 +Node: Extension Exercises1048591 +Node: Language History1049313 +Node: V7/SVR3.11050969 +Node: SVR41053150 +Node: POSIX1054595 +Node: BTL1055984 +Node: POSIX/GNU1056718 +Node: Feature History1062282 +Node: Common Extensions1075380 +Node: Ranges and Locales1076704 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11081322 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21081349 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31081583 +Node: Contributors1081804 +Node: History summary1087345 +Node: Installation1088715 +Node: Gawk Distribution1089661 +Node: Getting1090145 +Node: Extracting1090968 +Node: Distribution contents1092603 +Node: Unix Installation1098320 +Node: Quick Installation1098937 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1101361 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1103099 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1105468 +Node: PC Installation1105926 +Node: PC Binary Installation1107245 +Node: PC Compiling1109093 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11112114 +Node: PC Testing1112223 +Node: PC Using1113399 +Node: Cygwin1117514 +Node: MSYS1118337 +Node: VMS Installation1118837 +Node: VMS Compilation1119629 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11120851 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1120909 +Node: VMS Installation Details1122593 +Node: VMS Running1124845 +Node: VMS GNV1127681 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1128415 +Node: Bugs1128885 +Node: Other Versions1132768 +Node: Installation summary1139190 +Node: Notes1140246 +Node: Compatibility Mode1141111 +Node: Additions1141893 +Node: Accessing The Source1142818 +Node: Adding Code1144254 +Node: New Ports1150419 +Node: Derived Files1154901 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11160376 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21160410 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31161006 +Node: Future Extensions1161120 +Node: Implementation Limitations1161726 +Node: Extension Design1162974 +Node: Old Extension Problems1164128 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11165645 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1165702 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11169062 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1169251 +Node: Extension Future Growth1171359 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1172195 +Node: Notes summary1173957 +Node: Basic Concepts1175143 +Node: Basic High Level1175824 +Ref: figure-general-flow1176096 +Ref: figure-process-flow1176695 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11179924 +Node: Basic Data Typing1180109 +Node: Glossary1183437 +Node: Copying1208595 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1246151 +Node: Index1271287  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 723446ecab4a6c88ff129d61e360f70bf17a718b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Sun, 23 Nov 2014 20:02:53 +0200 Subject: Update doc on environment vars. --- doc/gawk.info | 804 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 405 insertions(+), 399 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 56f945f5..6ffc5dc1 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -10328,6 +10328,12 @@ Options::), they are not special: `ENVIRON["PATH"]"', which is the search path for finding executable programs. + This can also affect the running `gawk' program, since some of the + built-in functions may pay attention to certain environment + variables. The most notable instance of this is `mktime()' (*note + Time Functions::), which pays attention the value of the `TZ' + environment variable on many systems. + Some operating systems may not have environment variables. On such systems, the `ENVIRON' array is empty (except for `ENVIRON["AWKPATH"]' and `ENVIRON["AWKLIBPATH"]'; *note AWKPATH @@ -32230,9 +32236,9 @@ Index (line 143) * dark corner, exit statement: Exit Statement. (line 30) * dark corner, field separators: Full Line Fields. (line 22) -* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 98) +* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 104) * dark corner, FILENAME variable: Getline Notes. (line 19) -* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 322) +* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 328) * dark corner, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) * dark corner, FS as null string: Single Character Fields. (line 20) @@ -32421,12 +32427,12 @@ Index (line 81) * differences in awk and gawk, command-line directories: Command-line directories. (line 6) -* differences in awk and gawk, ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 82) +* differences in awk and gawk, ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 88) * differences in awk and gawk, error messages: Special FD. (line 19) * differences in awk and gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable: User-modified. (line 37) * differences in awk and gawk, FPAT variable: User-modified. (line 43) -* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 124) +* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 130) * differences in awk and gawk, function arguments (gawk): Calling Built-in. (line 16) * differences in awk and gawk, getline command: Getline. (line 19) @@ -32449,7 +32455,7 @@ Index (line 263) * differences in awk and gawk, print/printf statements: Format Modifiers. (line 13) -* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 138) +* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 144) * differences in awk and gawk, read timeouts: Read Timeout. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, record separators: awk split records. (line 125) @@ -32459,7 +32465,7 @@ Index (line 26) * differences in awk and gawk, RS/RT variables: gawk split records. (line 58) -* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 273) +* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 279) * differences in awk and gawk, single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, split() function: String Functions. @@ -32467,7 +32473,7 @@ Index * differences in awk and gawk, strings: Scalar Constants. (line 20) * differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: gawk split records. (line 77) -* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 277) +* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 283) * differences in awk and gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 151) * differences in awk and gawk, trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. @@ -32508,8 +32514,8 @@ Index * dynamically loaded extensions: Dynamic Extensions. (line 6) * e debugger command (alias for enable): Breakpoint Control. (line 73) * EBCDIC: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) -* effective group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 143) -* effective user ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 147) +* effective group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 149) +* effective user ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 153) * egrep utility <1>: Egrep Program. (line 6) * egrep utility: Bracket Expressions. (line 26) * egrep.awk program: Egrep Program. (line 54) @@ -32564,13 +32570,13 @@ Index (line 11) * EREs (Extended Regular Expressions): Bracket Expressions. (line 26) * ERRNO variable <1>: TCP/IP Networking. (line 54) -* ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 82) +* ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 88) * ERRNO variable, with BEGINFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) * ERRNO variable, with close() function: Close Files And Pipes. (line 141) * ERRNO variable, with getline command: Getline. (line 19) * error handling: Special FD. (line 19) -* error handling, ERRNO variable and: Auto-set. (line 82) +* error handling, ERRNO variable and: Auto-set. (line 88) * error output: Special FD. (line 6) * escape processing, gsub()/gensub()/sub() functions: Gory Details. (line 6) @@ -32624,7 +32630,7 @@ Index (line 6) * extension API version: Extension Versioning. (line 6) -* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 240) +* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 246) * extension example: Extension Example. (line 6) * extension registration: Registration Functions. (line 6) @@ -32705,7 +32711,7 @@ Index * file names, distinguishing: Auto-set. (line 56) * file names, in compatibility mode: Special Caveats. (line 9) * file names, standard streams in gawk: Special FD. (line 48) -* FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 98) +* FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 104) * FILENAME variable: Reading Files. (line 6) * FILENAME variable, getline, setting with: Getline Notes. (line 19) * filenames, assignments as: Ignoring Assigns. (line 6) @@ -32773,9 +32779,9 @@ Index * flush buffered output: I/O Functions. (line 28) * fnmatch() extension function: Extension Sample Fnmatch. (line 12) -* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 108) +* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 114) * FNR variable: Records. (line 6) -* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 322) +* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 328) * for statement: For Statement. (line 6) * for statement, looping over arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 20) * fork() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. @@ -32825,7 +32831,7 @@ Index * FSF (Free Software Foundation): Manual History. (line 6) * fts() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. (line 61) -* FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 124) +* FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 130) * function calls: Function Calls. (line 6) * function calls, indirect: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * function calls, indirect, @-notation for: Indirect Calls. (line 47) @@ -32875,7 +32881,7 @@ Index * G-d: Acknowledgments. (line 94) * Garfinkle, Scott: Contributors. (line 34) * gawk program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 178) -* gawk version: Auto-set. (line 215) +* gawk version: Auto-set. (line 221) * gawk, ARGIND variable in: Other Arguments. (line 15) * gawk, awk and <1>: This Manual. (line 14) * gawk, awk and: Preface. (line 21) @@ -32893,7 +32899,7 @@ Index * gawk, distribution: Distribution contents. (line 6) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <1>: TCP/IP Networking. (line 54) -* gawk, ERRNO variable in <2>: Auto-set. (line 82) +* gawk, ERRNO variable in <2>: Auto-set. (line 88) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <3>: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <4>: Close Files And Pipes. (line 141) @@ -32910,7 +32916,7 @@ Index * gawk, FPAT variable in <1>: User-modified. (line 43) * gawk, FPAT variable in: Splitting By Content. (line 25) -* gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 124) +* gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 130) * gawk, function arguments and: Calling Built-in. (line 16) * gawk, hexadecimal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 42) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <1>: Array Sorting Functions. @@ -32942,7 +32948,7 @@ Index * gawk, predefined variables and: Built-in Variables. (line 14) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 99) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) -* gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 138) +* gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 144) * gawk, regexp constants and: Using Constant Regexps. (line 28) * gawk, regular expressions, case sensitivity: Case-sensitivity. @@ -32950,14 +32956,14 @@ Index * gawk, regular expressions, operators: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 6) * gawk, regular expressions, precedence: Regexp Operators. (line 161) -* gawk, RT variable in <1>: Auto-set. (line 273) +* gawk, RT variable in <1>: Auto-set. (line 279) * gawk, RT variable in <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) * gawk, RT variable in: awk split records. (line 125) * gawk, See Also awk: Preface. (line 34) * gawk, source code, obtaining: Getting. (line 6) * gawk, splitting fields and: Constant Size. (line 87) * gawk, string-translation functions: I18N Functions. (line 6) -* gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 277) +* gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 283) * gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable in: User-modified. (line 151) * gawk, timestamps: Time Functions. (line 6) * gawk, uses for: Preface. (line 34) @@ -33049,7 +33055,7 @@ Index * Grigera, Juan: Contributors. (line 57) * group database, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) * group file: Group Functions. (line 6) -* group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 188) +* group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 194) * groups, information about: Group Functions. (line 6) * gsub <1>: String Functions. (line 140) * gsub: Using Constant Regexps. @@ -33344,7 +33350,7 @@ Index * mawk utility <3>: Concatenation. (line 36) * mawk utility <4>: Getline/Pipe. (line 62) * mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 120) -* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 229) +* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 235) * McIlroy, Doug: Glossary. (line 149) * McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 100) * message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 42) @@ -33357,7 +33363,7 @@ Index * messages from extensions: Printing Messages. (line 6) * metacharacters in regular expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 6) * metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 139) -* minimum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 232) +* minimum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 238) * mktime: Time Functions. (line 25) * modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6) * monetary information, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 104) @@ -33406,7 +33412,7 @@ Index (line 47) * nexti debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 49) -* NF variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 113) +* NF variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 119) * NF variable: Fields. (line 33) * NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 107) * ni debugger command (alias for nexti): Debugger Execution Control. @@ -33415,9 +33421,9 @@ Index * non-existent array elements: Reference to Elements. (line 23) * not Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) -* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 133) +* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 139) * NR variable: Records. (line 6) -* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 322) +* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 328) * null strings <1>: Basic Data Typing. (line 26) * null strings <2>: Truth Values. (line 6) * null strings <3>: Regexp Field Splitting. @@ -33531,7 +33537,7 @@ Index * p debugger command (alias for print): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 36) * Papadopoulos, Panos: Contributors. (line 128) -* parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 197) +* parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 203) * parentheses (), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) * parentheses (), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 81) * password file: Passwd Functions. (line 16) @@ -33697,24 +33703,24 @@ Index * printing, unduplicated lines of text: Uniq Program. (line 6) * printing, user information: Id Program. (line 6) * private variables: Library Names. (line 11) -* process group idIDof gawk process: Auto-set. (line 191) -* process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 194) +* process group idIDof gawk process: Auto-set. (line 197) +* process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 200) * processes, two-way communications with: Two-way I/O. (line 6) * processing data: Basic High Level. (line 6) * PROCINFO array <1>: Passwd Functions. (line 6) * PROCINFO array <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) -* PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 138) +* PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 144) * PROCINFO array, and communications via ptys: Two-way I/O. (line 99) * PROCINFO array, and group membership: Group Functions. (line 6) * PROCINFO array, and user and group ID numbers: Id Program. (line 15) * PROCINFO array, testing the field splitting: Passwd Functions. (line 154) -* PROCINFO array, uses: Auto-set. (line 250) +* PROCINFO array, uses: Auto-set. (line 256) * PROCINFO, values of sorted_in: Controlling Scanning. (line 26) * profiling awk programs: Profiling. (line 6) * profiling awk programs, dynamically: Profiling. (line 178) -* program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 156) +* program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 162) * program, definition of: Getting Started. (line 21) * programming conventions, --non-decimal-data option: Nondecimal Data. (line 35) @@ -33872,7 +33878,7 @@ Index * right shift: Bitwise Functions. (line 53) * right shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * Ritchie, Dennis: Basic Data Typing. (line 54) -* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 260) +* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 266) * RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 228) * Robbins, Arnold <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <2>: Bugs. (line 70) @@ -33898,9 +33904,9 @@ Index * RS variable: awk split records. (line 12) * RS variable, multiline records and: Multiple Line. (line 17) * rshift: Bitwise Functions. (line 53) -* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 266) +* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 272) * RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 228) -* RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 273) +* RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 279) * RT variable <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) * RT variable: awk split records. (line 125) * Rubin, Paul <1>: Contributors. (line 15) @@ -33920,7 +33926,7 @@ Index * scanning arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 6) * scanning multidimensional arrays: Multiscanning. (line 11) * Schorr, Andrew <1>: Contributors. (line 133) -* Schorr, Andrew <2>: Auto-set. (line 305) +* Schorr, Andrew <2>: Auto-set. (line 311) * Schorr, Andrew: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Schreiber, Bert: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Schreiber, Rita: Acknowledgments. (line 38) @@ -34003,7 +34009,7 @@ Index (line 106) * sidebar, Changing FS Does Not Affect the Fields: Full Line Fields. (line 14) -* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 320) +* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 326) * sidebar, Controlling Output Buffering with system(): I/O Functions. (line 138) * sidebar, Escape Sequences for Metacharacters: Escape Sequences. @@ -34165,9 +34171,9 @@ Index * substr: String Functions. (line 481) * substring: String Functions. (line 481) * Sumner, Andrew: Other Versions. (line 68) -* supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 245) +* supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 251) * switch statement: Switch Statement. (line 6) -* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 277) +* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 283) * syntactic ambiguity: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 148) * system: I/O Functions. (line 106) @@ -34344,10 +34350,10 @@ Index * variables, uninitialized, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) * variables, user-defined: Variables. (line 6) -* version of gawk: Auto-set. (line 215) -* version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 240) -* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 226) -* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 222) +* version of gawk: Auto-set. (line 221) +* version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 246) +* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 232) +* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 228) * vertical bar (|): Regexp Operators. (line 70) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 9) @@ -34637,359 +34643,359 @@ Node: Built-in Variables431230 Node: User-modified432363 Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1440044 Node: Auto-set440106 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1453478 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2453683 -Node: ARGC and ARGV453739 -Node: Pattern Action Summary457957 -Node: Arrays460384 -Node: Array Basics461713 -Node: Array Intro462557 -Ref: figure-array-elements464521 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1467047 -Node: Reference to Elements467175 -Node: Assigning Elements469627 -Node: Array Example470118 -Node: Scanning an Array471876 -Node: Controlling Scanning474892 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1480088 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts480404 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts482589 -Node: Delete484206 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1486949 -Node: Multidimensional487006 -Node: Multiscanning490103 -Node: Arrays of Arrays491692 -Node: Arrays Summary496451 -Node: Functions498543 -Node: Built-in499416 -Node: Calling Built-in500494 -Node: Numeric Functions502485 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1507304 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2507661 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3507709 -Node: String Functions507981 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1531456 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2531585 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3531833 -Node: Gory Details531920 -Ref: table-sub-escapes533701 -Ref: table-sub-proposed535221 -Ref: table-posix-sub536585 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes538121 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1538953 -Node: I/O Functions539104 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1546322 -Node: Time Functions546469 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1556957 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2557025 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3557183 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4557294 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5557406 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6557633 -Node: Bitwise Functions557899 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops558461 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1562770 -Node: Type Functions562939 -Node: I18N Functions564090 -Node: User-defined565735 -Node: Definition Syntax566540 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1571947 -Node: Function Example572018 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1574937 -Node: Function Caveats574959 -Node: Calling A Function575477 -Node: Variable Scope576435 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference579423 -Node: Return Statement582918 -Node: Dynamic Typing585899 -Node: Indirect Calls586828 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1598130 -Node: Functions Summary598258 -Node: Library Functions600960 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1604569 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2604712 -Node: Library Names604883 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1608337 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2608560 -Node: General Functions608646 -Node: Strtonum Function609749 -Node: Assert Function612771 -Node: Round Function616095 -Node: Cliff Random Function617636 -Node: Ordinal Functions618652 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1621715 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2621967 -Node: Join Function622178 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1623947 -Node: Getlocaltime Function624147 -Node: Readfile Function627891 -Node: Shell Quoting629861 -Node: Data File Management631262 -Node: Filetrans Function631894 -Node: Rewind Function635950 -Node: File Checking637337 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1638669 -Node: Empty Files638870 -Node: Ignoring Assigns640849 -Node: Getopt Function642400 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1653862 -Node: Passwd Functions654062 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1662911 -Node: Group Functions662999 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1670893 -Node: Walking Arrays671106 -Node: Library Functions Summary672709 -Node: Library Exercises674110 -Node: Sample Programs675390 -Node: Running Examples676160 -Node: Clones676888 -Node: Cut Program678112 -Node: Egrep Program687831 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1695329 -Node: Id Program695439 -Node: Split Program699084 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1702532 -Node: Tee Program702660 -Node: Uniq Program705449 -Node: Wc Program712868 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1717118 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs717212 -Node: Dupword Program718425 -Node: Alarm Program720456 -Node: Translate Program725260 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1729825 -Node: Labels Program730095 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1733446 -Node: Word Sorting733530 -Node: History Sorting737601 -Node: Extract Program739437 -Node: Simple Sed746962 -Node: Igawk Program750030 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1764354 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2764555 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3764677 -Node: Anagram Program764792 -Node: Signature Program767849 -Node: Programs Summary769096 -Node: Programs Exercises770289 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1774420 -Node: Advanced Features774511 -Node: Nondecimal Data776459 -Node: Array Sorting778049 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal778746 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1787079 -Node: Array Sorting Functions787197 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1791086 -Node: Two-way I/O791282 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1796223 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2796409 -Node: TCP/IP Networking796491 -Node: Profiling799364 -Node: Advanced Features Summary807641 -Node: Internationalization809574 -Node: I18N and L10N811054 -Node: Explaining gettext811740 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1816765 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2816949 -Node: Programmer i18n817114 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1821980 -Node: Translator i18n822029 -Node: String Extraction822823 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1823954 -Node: Printf Ordering824040 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1826826 -Node: I18N Portability826890 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1829345 -Node: I18N Example829408 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1832211 -Node: Gawk I18N832283 -Node: I18N Summary832921 -Node: Debugger834260 -Node: Debugging835282 -Node: Debugging Concepts835723 -Node: Debugging Terms837576 -Node: Awk Debugging840148 -Node: Sample Debugging Session841042 -Node: Debugger Invocation841562 -Node: Finding The Bug842946 -Node: List of Debugger Commands849421 -Node: Breakpoint Control850754 -Node: Debugger Execution Control854450 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data857814 -Node: Execution Stack861192 -Node: Debugger Info862829 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands866846 -Node: Readline Support871875 -Node: Limitations872767 -Node: Debugging Summary874881 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic876049 -Node: Computer Arithmetic877465 -Ref: table-numeric-ranges881063 -Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1881922 -Node: Math Definitions881979 -Ref: table-ieee-formats885267 -Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1885871 -Node: MPFR features885976 -Node: FP Math Caution887647 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1888697 -Node: Inexactness of computations889066 -Node: Inexact representation890025 -Node: Comparing FP Values891382 -Node: Errors accumulate892464 -Node: Getting Accuracy893897 -Node: Try To Round896559 -Node: Setting precision897458 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings898142 -Node: Setting the rounding mode899931 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes900295 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1903750 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers903929 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1908828 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems908977 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1912850 -Node: Floating point summary912888 -Node: Dynamic Extensions915082 -Node: Extension Intro916634 -Node: Plugin License917900 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline918697 -Ref: figure-load-extension919125 -Ref: figure-register-new-function920605 -Ref: figure-call-new-function921609 -Node: Extension API Description923595 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction925045 -Node: General Data Types929869 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1935608 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions935907 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1938746 -Node: Constructor Functions938842 -Node: Registration Functions940576 -Node: Extension Functions941261 -Node: Exit Callback Functions943558 -Node: Extension Version String944806 -Node: Input Parsers945471 -Node: Output Wrappers955348 -Node: Two-way processors959863 -Node: Printing Messages962067 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1963143 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'963295 -Node: Requesting Values964035 -Ref: table-value-types-returned964763 -Node: Accessing Parameters965720 -Node: Symbol Table Access966951 -Node: Symbol table by name967465 -Node: Symbol table by cookie969446 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1973590 -Node: Cached values973653 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1977152 -Node: Array Manipulation977243 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1978341 -Node: Array Data Types978378 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1981033 -Node: Array Functions981125 -Node: Flattening Arrays984979 -Node: Creating Arrays991871 -Node: Extension API Variables996640 -Node: Extension Versioning997276 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables999177 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate1000265 -Node: Finding Extensions1004074 -Node: Extension Example1004634 -Node: Internal File Description1005406 -Node: Internal File Ops1009473 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11021143 -Node: Using Internal File Ops1021283 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11023666 -Node: Extension Samples1023939 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions1025465 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1033103 -Node: Extension Sample Fork1034594 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace1035809 -Node: Extension Sample Ord1037484 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir1038320 -Ref: table-readdir-file-types1039196 -Node: Extension Sample Revout1040007 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1040597 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array1041337 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile1043277 -Node: Extension Sample Time1044372 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests1045721 -Node: gawkextlib1046212 -Node: Extension summary1048849 -Node: Extension Exercises1052526 -Node: Language History1053248 -Node: V7/SVR3.11054904 -Node: SVR41057085 -Node: POSIX1058530 -Node: BTL1059919 -Node: POSIX/GNU1060653 -Node: Feature History1066277 -Node: Common Extensions1079375 -Node: Ranges and Locales1080699 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11085317 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21085344 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31085578 -Node: Contributors1085799 -Node: History summary1091340 -Node: Installation1092710 -Node: Gawk Distribution1093656 -Node: Getting1094140 -Node: Extracting1094963 -Node: Distribution contents1096598 -Node: Unix Installation1102663 -Node: Quick Installation1103346 -Node: Shell Startup Files1105757 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1106836 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1108575 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1110944 -Node: PC Installation1111402 -Node: PC Binary Installation1112721 -Node: PC Compiling1114569 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11117590 -Node: PC Testing1117699 -Node: PC Using1118875 -Node: Cygwin1122990 -Node: MSYS1123813 -Node: VMS Installation1124313 -Node: VMS Compilation1125105 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11126327 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1126385 -Node: VMS Installation Details1128069 -Node: VMS Running1130321 -Node: VMS GNV1133157 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1133891 -Node: Bugs1134361 -Node: Other Versions1138244 -Node: Installation summary1144666 -Node: Notes1145722 -Node: Compatibility Mode1146587 -Node: Additions1147369 -Node: Accessing The Source1148294 -Node: Adding Code1149730 -Node: New Ports1155895 -Node: Derived Files1160377 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11165852 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21165886 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31166482 -Node: Future Extensions1166596 -Node: Implementation Limitations1167202 -Node: Extension Design1168450 -Node: Old Extension Problems1169604 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11171121 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1171178 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11174538 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1174727 -Node: Extension Future Growth1176835 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1177671 -Node: Notes summary1179433 -Node: Basic Concepts1180619 -Node: Basic High Level1181300 -Ref: figure-general-flow1181572 -Ref: figure-process-flow1182171 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11185400 -Node: Basic Data Typing1185585 -Node: Glossary1188913 -Node: Copying1214071 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1251627 -Node: Index1276763 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1453798 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2454003 +Node: ARGC and ARGV454059 +Node: Pattern Action Summary458277 +Node: Arrays460704 +Node: Array Basics462033 +Node: Array Intro462877 +Ref: figure-array-elements464841 +Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1467367 +Node: Reference to Elements467495 +Node: Assigning Elements469947 +Node: Array Example470438 +Node: Scanning an Array472196 +Node: Controlling Scanning475212 +Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1480408 +Node: Numeric Array Subscripts480724 +Node: Uninitialized Subscripts482909 +Node: Delete484526 +Ref: Delete-Footnote-1487269 +Node: Multidimensional487326 +Node: Multiscanning490423 +Node: Arrays of Arrays492012 +Node: Arrays Summary496771 +Node: Functions498863 +Node: Built-in499736 +Node: Calling Built-in500814 +Node: Numeric Functions502805 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1507624 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2507981 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3508029 +Node: String Functions508301 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1531776 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2531905 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3532153 +Node: Gory Details532240 +Ref: table-sub-escapes534021 +Ref: table-sub-proposed535541 +Ref: table-posix-sub536905 +Ref: table-gensub-escapes538441 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1539273 +Node: I/O Functions539424 +Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1546642 +Node: Time Functions546789 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1557277 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2557345 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3557503 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4557614 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5557726 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6557953 +Node: Bitwise Functions558219 +Ref: table-bitwise-ops558781 +Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1563090 +Node: Type Functions563259 +Node: I18N Functions564410 +Node: User-defined566055 +Node: Definition Syntax566860 +Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1572267 +Node: Function Example572338 +Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1575257 +Node: Function Caveats575279 +Node: Calling A Function575797 +Node: Variable Scope576755 +Node: Pass By Value/Reference579743 +Node: Return Statement583238 +Node: Dynamic Typing586219 +Node: Indirect Calls587148 +Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1598450 +Node: Functions Summary598578 +Node: Library Functions601280 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1604889 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2605032 +Node: Library Names605203 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1608657 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2608880 +Node: General Functions608966 +Node: Strtonum Function610069 +Node: Assert Function613091 +Node: Round Function616415 +Node: Cliff Random Function617956 +Node: Ordinal Functions618972 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1622035 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2622287 +Node: Join Function622498 +Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1624267 +Node: Getlocaltime Function624467 +Node: Readfile Function628211 +Node: Shell Quoting630181 +Node: Data File Management631582 +Node: Filetrans Function632214 +Node: Rewind Function636270 +Node: File Checking637657 +Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1638989 +Node: Empty Files639190 +Node: Ignoring Assigns641169 +Node: Getopt Function642720 +Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1654182 +Node: Passwd Functions654382 +Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1663231 +Node: Group Functions663319 +Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1671213 +Node: Walking Arrays671426 +Node: Library Functions Summary673029 +Node: Library Exercises674430 +Node: Sample Programs675710 +Node: Running Examples676480 +Node: Clones677208 +Node: Cut Program678432 +Node: Egrep Program688151 +Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1695649 +Node: Id Program695759 +Node: Split Program699404 +Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1702852 +Node: Tee Program702980 +Node: Uniq Program705769 +Node: Wc Program713188 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1717438 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs717532 +Node: Dupword Program718745 +Node: Alarm Program720776 +Node: Translate Program725580 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1730145 +Node: Labels Program730415 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1733766 +Node: Word Sorting733850 +Node: History Sorting737921 +Node: Extract Program739757 +Node: Simple Sed747282 +Node: Igawk Program750350 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1764674 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2764875 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3764997 +Node: Anagram Program765112 +Node: Signature Program768169 +Node: Programs Summary769416 +Node: Programs Exercises770609 +Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1774740 +Node: Advanced Features774831 +Node: Nondecimal Data776779 +Node: Array Sorting778369 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal779066 +Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1787399 +Node: Array Sorting Functions787517 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1791406 +Node: Two-way I/O791602 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1796543 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2796729 +Node: TCP/IP Networking796811 +Node: Profiling799684 +Node: Advanced Features Summary807961 +Node: Internationalization809894 +Node: I18N and L10N811374 +Node: Explaining gettext812060 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1817085 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2817269 +Node: Programmer i18n817434 +Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1822300 +Node: Translator i18n822349 +Node: String Extraction823143 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1824274 +Node: Printf Ordering824360 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1827146 +Node: I18N Portability827210 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1829665 +Node: I18N Example829728 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1832531 +Node: Gawk I18N832603 +Node: I18N Summary833241 +Node: Debugger834580 +Node: Debugging835602 +Node: Debugging Concepts836043 +Node: Debugging Terms837896 +Node: Awk Debugging840468 +Node: Sample Debugging Session841362 +Node: Debugger Invocation841882 +Node: Finding The Bug843266 +Node: List of Debugger Commands849741 +Node: Breakpoint Control851074 +Node: Debugger Execution Control854770 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data858134 +Node: Execution Stack861512 +Node: Debugger Info863149 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands867166 +Node: Readline Support872195 +Node: Limitations873087 +Node: Debugging Summary875201 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic876369 +Node: Computer Arithmetic877785 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges881383 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1882242 +Node: Math Definitions882299 +Ref: table-ieee-formats885587 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1886191 +Node: MPFR features886296 +Node: FP Math Caution887967 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1889017 +Node: Inexactness of computations889386 +Node: Inexact representation890345 +Node: Comparing FP Values891702 +Node: Errors accumulate892784 +Node: Getting Accuracy894217 +Node: Try To Round896879 +Node: Setting precision897778 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings898462 +Node: Setting the rounding mode900251 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes900615 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1904070 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers904249 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1909148 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems909297 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1913170 +Node: Floating point summary913208 +Node: Dynamic Extensions915402 +Node: Extension Intro916954 +Node: Plugin License918220 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline919017 +Ref: figure-load-extension919445 +Ref: figure-register-new-function920925 +Ref: figure-call-new-function921929 +Node: Extension API Description923915 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction925365 +Node: General Data Types930189 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1935928 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions936227 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1939066 +Node: Constructor Functions939162 +Node: Registration Functions940896 +Node: Extension Functions941581 +Node: Exit Callback Functions943878 +Node: Extension Version String945126 +Node: Input Parsers945791 +Node: Output Wrappers955668 +Node: Two-way processors960183 +Node: Printing Messages962387 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1963463 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'963615 +Node: Requesting Values964355 +Ref: table-value-types-returned965083 +Node: Accessing Parameters966040 +Node: Symbol Table Access967271 +Node: Symbol table by name967785 +Node: Symbol table by cookie969766 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1973910 +Node: Cached values973973 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1977472 +Node: Array Manipulation977563 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1978661 +Node: Array Data Types978698 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1981353 +Node: Array Functions981445 +Node: Flattening Arrays985299 +Node: Creating Arrays992191 +Node: Extension API Variables996960 +Node: Extension Versioning997596 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables999497 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate1000585 +Node: Finding Extensions1004394 +Node: Extension Example1004954 +Node: Internal File Description1005726 +Node: Internal File Ops1009793 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11021463 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1021603 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11023986 +Node: Extension Samples1024259 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1025785 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1033423 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1034914 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1036129 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1037804 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1038640 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1039516 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1040327 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1040917 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1041657 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1043597 +Node: Extension Sample Time1044692 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1046041 +Node: gawkextlib1046532 +Node: Extension summary1049169 +Node: Extension Exercises1052846 +Node: Language History1053568 +Node: V7/SVR3.11055224 +Node: SVR41057405 +Node: POSIX1058850 +Node: BTL1060239 +Node: POSIX/GNU1060973 +Node: Feature History1066597 +Node: Common Extensions1079695 +Node: Ranges and Locales1081019 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11085637 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21085664 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31085898 +Node: Contributors1086119 +Node: History summary1091660 +Node: Installation1093030 +Node: Gawk Distribution1093976 +Node: Getting1094460 +Node: Extracting1095283 +Node: Distribution contents1096918 +Node: Unix Installation1102983 +Node: Quick Installation1103666 +Node: Shell Startup Files1106077 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1107156 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1108895 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1111264 +Node: PC Installation1111722 +Node: PC Binary Installation1113041 +Node: PC Compiling1114889 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11117910 +Node: PC Testing1118019 +Node: PC Using1119195 +Node: Cygwin1123310 +Node: MSYS1124133 +Node: VMS Installation1124633 +Node: VMS Compilation1125425 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11126647 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1126705 +Node: VMS Installation Details1128389 +Node: VMS Running1130641 +Node: VMS GNV1133477 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1134211 +Node: Bugs1134681 +Node: Other Versions1138564 +Node: Installation summary1144986 +Node: Notes1146042 +Node: Compatibility Mode1146907 +Node: Additions1147689 +Node: Accessing The Source1148614 +Node: Adding Code1150050 +Node: New Ports1156215 +Node: Derived Files1160697 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11166172 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21166206 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31166802 +Node: Future Extensions1166916 +Node: Implementation Limitations1167522 +Node: Extension Design1168770 +Node: Old Extension Problems1169924 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11171441 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1171498 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11174858 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1175047 +Node: Extension Future Growth1177155 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1177991 +Node: Notes summary1179753 +Node: Basic Concepts1180939 +Node: Basic High Level1181620 +Ref: figure-general-flow1181892 +Ref: figure-process-flow1182491 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11185720 +Node: Basic Data Typing1185905 +Node: Glossary1189233 +Node: Copying1214391 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1251947 +Node: Index1277083  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 932e27e10312e5b84afc551bbcd16551b0770f0e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Fri, 5 Dec 2014 13:24:40 +0200 Subject: Minor fixes and updates to the manual. --- doc/gawk.info | 1112 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 557 insertions(+), 555 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 6026b543..f77d742e 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -1341,7 +1341,7 @@ continues to be a pleasure working with this team of fine people. Notable code and documentation contributions were made by a number of people. *Note Contributors::, for the full list. - Thanks to Michael Brennan for the Foreword. + Thanks to Michael Brennan for the Forewords. Thanks to Patrice Dumas for the new `makeinfo' program. Thanks to Karl Berry who continues to work to keep the Texinfo markup language @@ -4989,7 +4989,7 @@ which usually prints: on an incorrect implementation of `awk', while `gawk' prints the full first line of the file, something like: - root:nSijPlPhZZwgE:0:0:Root:/: + root:x:0:0:Root:/: ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -5242,7 +5242,7 @@ being used. NOTE: Some programs export CSV data that contains embedded newlines between the double quotes. `gawk' provides no way to - deal with this. Because no formal specification for CSV data + deal with this. Even though a formal specification for CSV data exists, there isn't much more to be done; the `FPAT' mechanism provides an elegant solution for the majority of cases, and the `gawk' developers are satisfied with that. @@ -5809,7 +5809,7 @@ in mind: * Using `FILENAME' with `getline' (`getline < FILENAME') is likely to be a source for confusion. `awk' opens a separate input stream from the current input file. However, by not using a variable, - `$0' and `NR' are still updated. If you're doing this, it's + `$0' and `NF' are still updated. If you're doing this, it's probably by accident, and you should reconsider what it is you're trying to accomplish. @@ -5928,7 +5928,7 @@ input to arrive: PROCINFO[Service, "READ_TIMEOUT"] = 1000 while ((Service |& getline) > 0) { print $0 - PROCINFO[S, "READ_TIMEOUT"] -= 100 + PROCINFO[Service, "READ_TIMEOUT"] -= 100 } NOTE: You should not assume that the read operation will block @@ -15839,7 +15839,7 @@ Login shell A few lines representative of `pwcat''s output are as follows: $ pwcat - -| root:3Ov02d5VaUPB6:0:1:Operator:/:/bin/sh + -| root:x:0:1:Operator:/:/bin/sh -| nobody:*:65534:65534::/: -| daemon:*:1:1::/: -| sys:*:2:2::/:/bin/csh @@ -25908,7 +25908,7 @@ provides a number of `gawk' extensions, including one for processing XML files. This is the evolution of the original `xgawk' (XML `gawk') project. - As of this writing, there are five extensions: + As of this writing, there are six extensions: * GD graphics library extension @@ -25919,6 +25919,8 @@ project. * MPFR library extension (this provides access to a number of MPFR functions which `gawk''s native MPFR support does not) + * Redis extension + * XML parser extension, using the Expat (http://expat.sourceforge.net) XML parsing library @@ -29401,6 +29403,11 @@ Action pattern matches an input record, `awk' executes the rule's action. Actions are always enclosed in braces. (*Note Action Overview::.) +Ada + A programming language originally defined by the U.S. Department of + Defense for embedded programming. It was designed to enforce good + Software Engineering practices. + Amazing `awk' Assembler Henry Spencer at the University of Toronto wrote a retargetable assembler completely as `sed' and `awk' scripts. It is thousands @@ -29409,11 +29416,6 @@ Amazing `awk' Assembler been better written in another language. You can get it from `http://awk.info/?awk100/aaa'. -Ada - A programming language originally defined by the U.S. Department of - Defense for embedded programming. It was designed to enforce good - Software Engineering practices. - Amazingly Workable Formatter (`awf') Henry Spencer at the University of Toronto wrote a formatter that accepts a large subset of the `nroff -ms' and `nroff -man' @@ -31516,7 +31518,7 @@ Index * actions, control statements in: Statements. (line 6) * actions, default: Very Simple. (line 34) * actions, empty: Very Simple. (line 39) -* Ada programming language: Glossary. (line 19) +* Ada programming language: Glossary. (line 11) * adding, features to gawk: Adding Code. (line 6) * adding, fields: Changing Fields. (line 53) * advanced features, fixed-width data: Constant Size. (line 6) @@ -31534,7 +31536,7 @@ Index * algorithms: Basic High Level. (line 68) * allocating memory for extensions: Memory Allocation Functions. (line 6) -* amazing awk assembler (aaa): Glossary. (line 11) +* amazing awk assembler (aaa): Glossary. (line 16) * amazingly workable formatter (awf): Glossary. (line 24) * ambiguity, syntactic: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 148) @@ -32464,7 +32466,7 @@ Index (line 99) * exp: Numeric Functions. (line 18) * expand utility: Very Simple. (line 72) -* Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 31) +* Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 33) * exponent: Numeric Functions. (line 18) * expressions: Expressions. (line 6) * expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 6) @@ -32878,7 +32880,7 @@ Index * git utility <2>: Accessing The Source. (line 10) * git utility <3>: Other Versions. (line 29) -* git utility: gawkextlib. (line 25) +* git utility: gawkextlib. (line 27) * Git, use of for gawk source code: Derived Files. (line 6) * GNITS mailing list: Acknowledgments. (line 52) * GNU awk, See gawk: Preface. (line 51) @@ -33584,7 +33586,7 @@ Index * programming conventions, private variable names: Library Names. (line 23) * programming language, recipe for: History. (line 6) -* programming languages, Ada: Glossary. (line 19) +* programming languages, Ada: Glossary. (line 11) * programming languages, data-driven vs. procedural: Getting Started. (line 12) * programming languages, Java: Glossary. (line 379) @@ -33789,7 +33791,7 @@ Index * search paths, for source files: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) * searching, files for regular expressions: Egrep Program. (line 6) * searching, for words: Dupword Program. (line 6) -* sed utility <1>: Glossary. (line 11) +* sed utility <1>: Glossary. (line 16) * sed utility <2>: Simple Sed. (line 6) * sed utility: Full Line Fields. (line 22) * seeding random number generator: Numeric Functions. (line 63) @@ -33933,7 +33935,7 @@ Index * source code, Solaris awk: Other Versions. (line 100) * source files, search path for: Programs Exercises. (line 70) * sparse arrays: Array Intro. (line 72) -* Spencer, Henry: Glossary. (line 11) +* Spencer, Henry: Glossary. (line 16) * split: String Functions. (line 316) * split string into array: String Functions. (line 297) * split utility: Split Program. (line 6) @@ -34307,541 +34309,541 @@ Ref: Manual History-Footnote-166877 Ref: Manual History-Footnote-266918 Node: How To Contribute66992 Node: Acknowledgments68121 -Node: Getting Started72925 -Node: Running gawk75358 -Node: One-shot76548 -Node: Read Terminal77796 -Node: Long79823 -Node: Executable Scripts81339 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184128 -Node: Comments84231 -Node: Quoting86713 -Node: DOS Quoting92237 -Node: Sample Data Files92912 -Node: Very Simple95507 -Node: Two Rules100405 -Node: More Complex102291 -Node: Statements/Lines105153 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1109608 -Node: Other Features109873 -Node: When110804 -Ref: When-Footnote-1112558 -Node: Intro Summary112623 -Node: Invoking Gawk113506 -Node: Command Line115020 -Node: Options115818 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1131749 -Node: Other Arguments131774 -Node: Naming Standard Input134722 -Node: Environment Variables135815 -Node: AWKPATH Variable136373 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1139676 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2139721 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable139981 -Node: Other Environment Variables141124 -Node: Exit Status144852 -Node: Include Files145528 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries149125 -Node: Obsolete150552 -Node: Undocumented151249 -Node: Invoking Summary151516 -Node: Regexp153180 -Node: Regexp Usage154634 -Node: Escape Sequences156671 -Node: Regexp Operators162682 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170108 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170255 -Node: Bracket Expressions170353 -Ref: table-char-classes172368 -Node: Leftmost Longest175292 -Node: Computed Regexps176594 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators179991 -Node: Case-sensitivity183664 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1186549 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2186784 -Node: Regexp Summary186892 -Node: Reading Files188359 -Node: Records190453 -Node: awk split records191186 -Node: gawk split records196101 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1200641 -Node: Fields200678 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1203454 -Node: Nonconstant Fields203540 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1205783 -Node: Changing Fields205987 -Node: Field Separators211916 -Node: Default Field Splitting214621 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting215738 -Node: Single Character Fields219088 -Node: Command Line Field Separator220147 -Node: Full Line Fields223359 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1224888 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2224934 -Node: Field Splitting Summary225035 -Node: Constant Size227109 -Node: Splitting By Content231698 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1235689 -Node: Multiple Line235852 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1241738 -Node: Getline241917 -Node: Plain Getline244129 -Node: Getline/Variable246769 -Node: Getline/File247917 -Node: Getline/Variable/File249301 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1250904 -Node: Getline/Pipe250991 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe253674 -Node: Getline/Coprocess254805 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess256057 -Node: Getline Notes256796 -Node: Getline Summary259588 -Ref: table-getline-variants260000 -Node: Read Timeout260829 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1264648 -Node: Command-line directories264706 -Node: Input Summary265611 -Node: Input Exercises268864 -Node: Printing269592 -Node: Print271369 -Node: Print Examples272826 -Node: Output Separators275605 -Node: OFMT277623 -Node: Printf278977 -Node: Basic Printf279762 -Node: Control Letters281331 -Node: Format Modifiers285315 -Node: Printf Examples291316 -Node: Redirection293802 -Node: Special FD300643 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1303803 -Node: Special Files303877 -Node: Other Inherited Files304494 -Node: Special Network305494 -Node: Special Caveats306356 -Node: Close Files And Pipes307307 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1314489 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2314637 -Node: Output Summary314787 -Node: Output Exercises315785 -Node: Expressions316465 -Node: Values317650 -Node: Constants318328 -Node: Scalar Constants319019 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1319878 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers320128 -Node: Regexp Constants323146 -Node: Using Constant Regexps323671 -Node: Variables326814 -Node: Using Variables327469 -Node: Assignment Options329380 -Node: Conversion331255 -Node: Strings And Numbers331779 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1334844 -Node: Locale influences conversions334953 -Ref: table-locale-affects337700 -Node: All Operators338288 -Node: Arithmetic Ops338918 -Node: Concatenation341423 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1344242 -Node: Assignment Ops344348 -Ref: table-assign-ops349327 -Node: Increment Ops350599 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions354037 -Node: Truth Values355122 -Node: Typing and Comparison356171 -Node: Variable Typing356981 -Node: Comparison Operators360634 -Ref: table-relational-ops361044 -Node: POSIX String Comparison364539 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1365611 -Node: Boolean Ops365749 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1370228 -Node: Conditional Exp370319 -Node: Function Calls372046 -Node: Precedence375926 -Node: Locales379587 -Node: Expressions Summary381219 -Node: Patterns and Actions383779 -Node: Pattern Overview384899 -Node: Regexp Patterns386578 -Node: Expression Patterns387121 -Node: Ranges390902 -Node: BEGIN/END394008 -Node: Using BEGIN/END394769 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1397503 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END397609 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE399923 -Node: Empty402824 -Node: Using Shell Variables403141 -Node: Action Overview405414 -Node: Statements407740 -Node: If Statement409588 -Node: While Statement411083 -Node: Do Statement413112 -Node: For Statement414256 -Node: Switch Statement417413 -Node: Break Statement419795 -Node: Continue Statement421836 -Node: Next Statement423663 -Node: Nextfile Statement426044 -Node: Exit Statement428674 -Node: Built-in Variables431077 -Node: User-modified432210 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1439891 -Node: Auto-set439953 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1452988 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2453193 -Node: ARGC and ARGV453249 -Node: Pattern Action Summary457467 -Node: Arrays459894 -Node: Array Basics461223 -Node: Array Intro462067 -Ref: figure-array-elements464031 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1466557 -Node: Reference to Elements466685 -Node: Assigning Elements469137 -Node: Array Example469628 -Node: Scanning an Array471386 -Node: Controlling Scanning474402 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1479598 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts479914 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts482099 -Node: Delete483716 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1486459 -Node: Multidimensional486516 -Node: Multiscanning489613 -Node: Arrays of Arrays491202 -Node: Arrays Summary495961 -Node: Functions498053 -Node: Built-in498926 -Node: Calling Built-in500004 -Node: Numeric Functions501995 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1506012 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2506369 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3506417 -Node: String Functions506689 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1530164 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2530293 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3530541 -Node: Gory Details530628 -Ref: table-sub-escapes532409 -Ref: table-sub-proposed533929 -Ref: table-posix-sub535293 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes536829 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1537661 -Node: I/O Functions537812 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1545030 -Node: Time Functions545177 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1555665 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2555733 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3555891 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4556002 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5556114 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6556341 -Node: Bitwise Functions556607 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops557169 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1561478 -Node: Type Functions561647 -Node: I18N Functions562798 -Node: User-defined564443 -Node: Definition Syntax565248 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1570655 -Node: Function Example570726 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1573645 -Node: Function Caveats573667 -Node: Calling A Function574185 -Node: Variable Scope575143 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference578131 -Node: Return Statement581626 -Node: Dynamic Typing584607 -Node: Indirect Calls585536 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1596838 -Node: Functions Summary596966 -Node: Library Functions599668 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1603277 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2603420 -Node: Library Names603591 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1607045 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2607268 -Node: General Functions607354 -Node: Strtonum Function608457 -Node: Assert Function611479 -Node: Round Function614803 -Node: Cliff Random Function616344 -Node: Ordinal Functions617360 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1620423 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2620675 -Node: Join Function620886 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1622655 -Node: Getlocaltime Function622855 -Node: Readfile Function626599 -Node: Shell Quoting628569 -Node: Data File Management629970 -Node: Filetrans Function630602 -Node: Rewind Function634658 -Node: File Checking636045 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1637377 -Node: Empty Files637578 -Node: Ignoring Assigns639557 -Node: Getopt Function641108 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1652570 -Node: Passwd Functions652770 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1661619 -Node: 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-Node: Anagram Program763500 -Node: Signature Program766557 -Node: Programs Summary767804 -Node: Programs Exercises768997 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1773128 -Node: Advanced Features773219 -Node: Nondecimal Data775167 -Node: Array Sorting776757 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal777454 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1785787 -Node: Array Sorting Functions785905 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1789794 -Node: Two-way I/O789990 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1794931 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2795117 -Node: TCP/IP Networking795199 -Node: Profiling798072 -Node: Advanced Features Summary805619 -Node: Internationalization807552 -Node: I18N and L10N809032 -Node: Explaining gettext809718 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1814743 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2814927 -Node: Programmer i18n815092 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1819958 -Node: Translator i18n820007 -Node: String Extraction820801 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1821932 -Node: Printf Ordering822018 -Ref: 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Networking795185 +Node: Profiling798058 +Node: Advanced Features Summary805605 +Node: Internationalization807538 +Node: I18N and L10N809018 +Node: Explaining gettext809704 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1814729 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2814913 +Node: Programmer i18n815078 +Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1819944 +Node: Translator i18n819993 +Node: String Extraction820787 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1821918 +Node: Printf Ordering822004 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1824790 +Node: I18N Portability824854 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1827309 +Node: I18N Example827372 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1830175 +Node: Gawk I18N830247 +Node: I18N Summary830885 +Node: Debugger832224 +Node: Debugging833246 +Node: Debugging Concepts833687 +Node: Debugging Terms835540 +Node: Awk Debugging838112 +Node: Sample Debugging Session839006 +Node: Debugger Invocation839526 +Node: Finding The Bug840910 +Node: List of Debugger Commands847385 +Node: Breakpoint Control848718 +Node: Debugger Execution Control852414 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data855778 +Node: Execution Stack859156 +Node: Debugger Info860793 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands864810 +Node: Readline Support869839 +Node: Limitations870731 +Node: Debugging Summary872845 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic874013 +Node: Computer Arithmetic875429 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges879027 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1879886 +Node: Math Definitions879943 +Ref: table-ieee-formats883231 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1883835 +Node: MPFR features883940 +Node: FP Math Caution885611 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1886661 +Node: Inexactness of computations887030 +Node: Inexact representation887989 +Node: Comparing FP Values889346 +Node: Errors accumulate890428 +Node: Getting Accuracy891861 +Node: Try To Round894523 +Node: Setting precision895422 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings896106 +Node: Setting the rounding mode897895 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes898259 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1901714 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Printing Messages958118 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1959194 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'959346 +Node: Requesting Values960086 +Ref: table-value-types-returned960814 +Node: Accessing Parameters961771 +Node: Symbol Table Access963002 +Node: Symbol table by name963516 +Node: Symbol table by cookie965497 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1969641 +Node: Cached values969704 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1973203 +Node: Array Manipulation973294 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1974392 +Node: Array Data Types974429 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1977084 +Node: Array Functions977176 +Node: Flattening Arrays981030 +Node: Creating Arrays987922 +Node: Extension API Variables992691 +Node: Extension Versioning993327 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables995228 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate996316 +Node: Finding Extensions1000125 +Node: Extension Example1000685 +Node: Internal File Description1001457 +Node: Internal File Ops1005524 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11017194 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1017334 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11019717 +Node: Extension Samples1019990 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1021516 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1029154 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1030645 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1031860 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1033535 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1034371 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1035247 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1036058 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1036648 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1037388 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1039328 +Node: Extension Sample Time1040423 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1041772 +Node: gawkextlib1042263 +Node: Extension summary1044921 +Node: Extension Exercises1048598 +Node: Language History1049320 +Node: V7/SVR3.11050976 +Node: SVR41053157 +Node: POSIX1054602 +Node: BTL1055991 +Node: POSIX/GNU1056725 +Node: Feature History1062289 +Node: Common Extensions1075387 +Node: Ranges and Locales1076711 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11081329 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21081356 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31081590 +Node: Contributors1081811 +Node: History summary1087352 +Node: Installation1088722 +Node: Gawk Distribution1089668 +Node: Getting1090152 +Node: Extracting1090975 +Node: Distribution contents1092610 +Node: Unix Installation1098327 +Node: Quick Installation1098944 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1101368 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1103106 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1105475 +Node: PC Installation1105933 +Node: PC Binary Installation1107252 +Node: PC Compiling1109100 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11112121 +Node: PC Testing1112230 +Node: PC Using1113406 +Node: Cygwin1117521 +Node: MSYS1118344 +Node: VMS Installation1118844 +Node: VMS Compilation1119636 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11120858 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1120916 +Node: VMS Installation Details1122600 +Node: VMS Running1124852 +Node: VMS GNV1127688 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1128422 +Node: Bugs1128892 +Node: Other Versions1132775 +Node: Installation summary1139197 +Node: Notes1140253 +Node: Compatibility Mode1141118 +Node: Additions1141900 +Node: Accessing The Source1142825 +Node: Adding Code1144261 +Node: New Ports1150426 +Node: Derived Files1154908 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11160383 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21160417 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31161013 +Node: Future Extensions1161127 +Node: Implementation Limitations1161733 +Node: Extension Design1162981 +Node: Old Extension Problems1164135 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11165652 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1165709 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11169069 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1169258 +Node: Extension Future Growth1171366 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1172202 +Node: Notes summary1173964 +Node: Basic Concepts1175150 +Node: Basic High Level1175831 +Ref: figure-general-flow1176103 +Ref: figure-process-flow1176702 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11179931 +Node: Basic Data Typing1180116 +Node: Glossary1183444 +Node: Copying1208602 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1246158 +Node: Index1271294  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 3ceedbd1f9a0a1444d13aa64cd85db28cb17d219 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Fri, 5 Dec 2014 13:38:43 +0200 Subject: More info on CGI. --- doc/gawk.info | 1040 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 523 insertions(+), 517 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index f77d742e..3e2ae355 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -2538,8 +2538,8 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: applications that pass arguments through the URL; using this option prevents a malicious (or other) user from passing in options, assignments, or `awk' source code (via `-e') to the CGI - application. This option should be used with `#!' scripts (*note - Executable Scripts::), like so: + application.(1) This option should be used with `#!' scripts + (*note Executable Scripts::), like so: #! /usr/local/bin/gawk -E @@ -2756,7 +2756,7 @@ you would add these lines to the `.profile' file in your home directory: POSIXLY_CORRECT=true export POSIXLY_CORRECT - For a C shell-compatible shell,(1) you would add this line to the + For a C shell-compatible shell,(2) you would add this line to the `.login' file in your home directory: setenv POSIXLY_CORRECT true @@ -2767,7 +2767,12 @@ environments. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) Not recommended. + (1) For more detail, please see Section 4.4 of RFC 3875 +(http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3875). Also see the explanatory note sent +to the `gawk' bug mailing list +(http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-gawk/2014-11/msg00022.html). + + (2) Not recommended.  File: gawk.info, Node: Other Arguments, Next: Naming Standard Input, Prev: Options, Up: Invoking Gawk @@ -34332,518 +34337,519 @@ Node: Intro Summary112624 Node: Invoking Gawk113507 Node: Command Line115021 Node: Options115819 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1131750 -Node: Other Arguments131775 -Node: Naming Standard Input134723 -Node: Environment Variables135816 -Node: AWKPATH Variable136374 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1139677 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2139722 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable139982 -Node: Other Environment Variables141125 -Node: Exit Status144853 -Node: Include Files145529 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries149126 -Node: Obsolete150553 -Node: Undocumented151250 -Node: Invoking Summary151517 -Node: Regexp153181 -Node: Regexp Usage154635 -Node: Escape Sequences156672 -Node: Regexp Operators162683 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170109 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170256 -Node: Bracket Expressions170354 -Ref: table-char-classes172369 -Node: Leftmost Longest175293 -Node: Computed Regexps176595 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators179992 -Node: Case-sensitivity183665 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1186550 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2186785 -Node: Regexp Summary186893 -Node: Reading Files188360 -Node: Records190454 -Node: awk split records191187 -Node: gawk split records196102 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1200642 -Node: Fields200679 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1203455 -Node: Nonconstant Fields203541 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1205784 -Node: Changing Fields205988 -Node: Field Separators211917 -Node: Default Field Splitting214622 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting215739 -Node: Single Character Fields219089 -Node: Command Line Field Separator220148 -Node: Full Line Fields223360 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1224877 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2224923 -Node: Field Splitting Summary225024 -Node: Constant Size227098 -Node: Splitting By Content231687 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1235681 -Node: Multiple Line235844 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1241730 -Node: Getline241909 -Node: Plain Getline244121 -Node: Getline/Variable246761 -Node: Getline/File247909 -Node: Getline/Variable/File249293 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1250896 -Node: Getline/Pipe250983 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe253666 -Node: Getline/Coprocess254797 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess256049 -Node: Getline Notes256788 -Node: Getline Summary259580 -Ref: table-getline-variants259992 -Node: Read Timeout260821 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1264646 -Node: Command-line directories264704 -Node: Input Summary265609 -Node: Input Exercises268862 -Node: Printing269590 -Node: Print271367 -Node: Print Examples272824 -Node: Output Separators275603 -Node: OFMT277621 -Node: Printf278975 -Node: Basic Printf279760 -Node: Control Letters281329 -Node: Format Modifiers285313 -Node: Printf Examples291314 -Node: Redirection293800 -Node: Special FD300641 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1303801 -Node: Special Files303875 -Node: Other Inherited Files304492 -Node: Special Network305492 -Node: Special Caveats306354 -Node: Close Files And Pipes307305 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1314487 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2314635 -Node: Output Summary314785 -Node: Output Exercises315783 -Node: Expressions316463 -Node: Values317648 -Node: Constants318326 -Node: Scalar Constants319017 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1319876 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers320126 -Node: Regexp Constants323144 -Node: Using Constant Regexps323669 -Node: Variables326812 -Node: Using Variables327467 -Node: Assignment Options329378 -Node: Conversion331253 -Node: Strings And Numbers331777 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1334842 -Node: Locale influences conversions334951 -Ref: table-locale-affects337698 -Node: All Operators338286 -Node: Arithmetic Ops338916 -Node: Concatenation341421 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1344240 -Node: Assignment Ops344346 -Ref: table-assign-ops349325 -Node: Increment Ops350597 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions354035 -Node: Truth Values355120 -Node: Typing and 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-Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1904879 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems905028 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1908901 -Node: Floating point summary908939 -Node: Dynamic Extensions911133 -Node: Extension Intro912685 -Node: Plugin License913951 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline914748 -Ref: figure-load-extension915176 -Ref: figure-register-new-function916656 -Ref: figure-call-new-function917660 -Node: Extension API Description919646 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction921096 -Node: General Data Types925920 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1931659 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions931958 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1934797 -Node: Constructor Functions934893 -Node: Registration Functions936627 -Node: Extension Functions937312 -Node: Exit Callback Functions939609 -Node: Extension Version String940857 -Node: Input Parsers941522 -Node: Output Wrappers951399 -Node: Two-way processors955914 -Node: Printing Messages958118 -Ref: Printing 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License1246158 -Node: Index1271294 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1131752 +Ref: Options-Footnote-2131981 +Node: Other Arguments132006 +Node: Naming Standard Input134954 +Node: Environment Variables136047 +Node: AWKPATH Variable136605 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1139908 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2139953 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140213 +Node: Other Environment Variables141356 +Node: Exit Status145084 +Node: Include Files145760 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries149357 +Node: Obsolete150784 +Node: Undocumented151481 +Node: Invoking Summary151748 +Node: Regexp153412 +Node: Regexp Usage154866 +Node: Escape Sequences156903 +Node: Regexp Operators162914 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170340 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170487 +Node: Bracket Expressions170585 +Ref: table-char-classes172600 +Node: Leftmost Longest175524 +Node: Computed Regexps176826 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators180223 +Node: Case-sensitivity183896 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1186781 +Ref: 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Getline/Variable/File249524 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1251127 +Node: Getline/Pipe251214 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe253897 +Node: Getline/Coprocess255028 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess256280 +Node: Getline Notes257019 +Node: Getline Summary259811 +Ref: table-getline-variants260223 +Node: Read Timeout261052 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1264877 +Node: Command-line directories264935 +Node: Input Summary265840 +Node: Input Exercises269093 +Node: Printing269821 +Node: Print271598 +Node: Print Examples273055 +Node: Output Separators275834 +Node: OFMT277852 +Node: Printf279206 +Node: Basic Printf279991 +Node: Control Letters281560 +Node: Format Modifiers285544 +Node: Printf Examples291545 +Node: Redirection294031 +Node: Special FD300872 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1304032 +Node: Special Files304106 +Node: Other Inherited Files304723 +Node: Special Network305723 +Node: Special Caveats306585 +Node: Close Files And Pipes307536 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1314718 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2314866 +Node: Output Summary315016 +Node: Output Exercises316014 +Node: Expressions316694 +Node: Values317879 +Node: Constants318557 +Node: Scalar Constants319248 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1320107 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers320357 +Node: Regexp Constants323375 +Node: Using Constant Regexps323900 +Node: Variables327043 +Node: Using Variables327698 +Node: Assignment Options329609 +Node: Conversion331484 +Node: Strings And Numbers332008 +Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1335073 +Node: Locale influences conversions335182 +Ref: table-locale-affects337929 +Node: All Operators338517 +Node: Arithmetic Ops339147 +Node: Concatenation341652 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1344471 +Node: Assignment Ops344577 +Ref: table-assign-ops349556 +Node: Increment Ops350828 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions354266 +Node: Truth Values355351 +Node: Typing and Comparison356400 +Node: Variable Typing357210 +Node: Comparison Operators360863 +Ref: table-relational-ops361273 +Node: POSIX String Comparison364768 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1365840 +Node: Boolean Ops365978 +Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1370457 +Node: Conditional Exp370548 +Node: Function Calls372275 +Node: Precedence376155 +Node: Locales379816 +Node: Expressions Summary381448 +Node: Patterns and Actions384008 +Node: Pattern Overview385128 +Node: Regexp Patterns386807 +Node: Expression Patterns387350 +Node: Ranges391131 +Node: BEGIN/END394237 +Node: Using BEGIN/END394998 +Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1397732 +Node: I/O And BEGIN/END397838 +Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE400152 +Node: Empty403053 +Node: Using Shell Variables403370 +Node: Action Overview405643 +Node: Statements407969 +Node: If Statement409817 +Node: While Statement411312 +Node: Do Statement413341 +Node: For Statement414485 +Node: Switch Statement417642 +Node: Break Statement420024 +Node: Continue Statement422065 +Node: Next Statement423892 +Node: Nextfile Statement426273 +Node: Exit Statement428903 +Node: Built-in Variables431306 +Node: 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Function630831 +Node: Rewind Function634887 +Node: File Checking636274 +Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1637606 +Node: Empty Files637807 +Node: Ignoring Assigns639786 +Node: Getopt Function641337 +Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1652799 +Node: Passwd Functions652999 +Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1661836 +Node: Group Functions661924 +Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1669818 +Node: Walking Arrays670031 +Node: Library Functions Summary671634 +Node: Library Exercises673035 +Node: Sample Programs674315 +Node: Running Examples675085 +Node: Clones675813 +Node: Cut Program677037 +Node: Egrep Program686756 +Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1694254 +Node: Id Program694364 +Node: Split Program698009 +Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1701457 +Node: Tee Program701585 +Node: Uniq Program704374 +Node: Wc Program711793 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1716043 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs716137 +Node: Dupword Program717350 +Node: Alarm Program719381 +Node: Translate Program724185 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1728750 +Node: Labels Program729020 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1732371 +Node: Word Sorting732455 +Node: History Sorting736526 +Node: Extract Program738362 +Node: Simple Sed745887 +Node: Igawk Program748955 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1763279 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2763480 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3763602 +Node: Anagram Program763717 +Node: Signature Program766774 +Node: Programs Summary768021 +Node: Programs Exercises769214 +Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1773345 +Node: Advanced Features773436 +Node: Nondecimal Data775384 +Node: Array Sorting776974 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal777671 +Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1786004 +Node: Array Sorting Functions786122 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1790011 +Node: Two-way I/O790207 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1795148 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2795334 +Node: TCP/IP Networking795416 +Node: Profiling798289 +Node: Advanced Features Summary805836 +Node: Internationalization807769 +Node: I18N and L10N809249 +Node: Explaining gettext809935 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1814960 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2815144 +Node: Programmer i18n815309 +Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1820175 +Node: Translator i18n820224 +Node: String Extraction821018 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1822149 +Node: Printf Ordering822235 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1825021 +Node: I18N Portability825085 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1827540 +Node: I18N Example827603 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1830406 +Node: Gawk I18N830478 +Node: I18N Summary831116 +Node: Debugger832455 +Node: Debugging833477 +Node: Debugging Concepts833918 +Node: Debugging Terms835771 +Node: Awk Debugging838343 +Node: Sample Debugging Session839237 +Node: Debugger Invocation839757 +Node: Finding The Bug841141 +Node: List of Debugger Commands847616 +Node: Breakpoint Control848949 +Node: Debugger Execution Control852645 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data856009 +Node: Execution Stack859387 +Node: Debugger Info861024 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands865041 +Node: Readline Support870070 +Node: Limitations870962 +Node: Debugging Summary873076 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic874244 +Node: Computer Arithmetic875660 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges879258 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1880117 +Node: Math Definitions880174 +Ref: table-ieee-formats883462 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1884066 +Node: MPFR features884171 +Node: FP Math Caution885842 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1886892 +Node: Inexactness of computations887261 +Node: Inexact representation888220 +Node: Comparing FP Values889577 +Node: Errors accumulate890659 +Node: Getting Accuracy892092 +Node: Try To Round894754 +Node: Setting precision895653 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings896337 +Node: Setting the rounding mode898126 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes898490 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1901945 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers902124 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1905110 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems905259 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1909132 +Node: Floating point summary909170 +Node: Dynamic Extensions911364 +Node: Extension Intro912916 +Node: Plugin License914182 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline914979 +Ref: figure-load-extension915407 +Ref: figure-register-new-function916887 +Ref: figure-call-new-function917891 +Node: Extension API Description919877 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction921327 +Node: General Data Types926151 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1931890 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions932189 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1935028 +Node: Constructor Functions935124 +Node: Registration Functions936858 +Node: Extension Functions937543 +Node: Exit Callback Functions939840 +Node: Extension Version String941088 +Node: Input Parsers941753 +Node: Output Wrappers951630 +Node: Two-way processors956145 +Node: Printing Messages958349 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1959425 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'959577 +Node: Requesting Values960317 +Ref: table-value-types-returned961045 +Node: Accessing Parameters962002 +Node: Symbol Table Access963233 +Node: Symbol table by name963747 +Node: Symbol table by cookie965728 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1969872 +Node: Cached values969935 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1973434 +Node: Array Manipulation973525 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1974623 +Node: Array Data Types974660 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1977315 +Node: Array Functions977407 +Node: Flattening Arrays981261 +Node: Creating Arrays988153 +Node: Extension API Variables992922 +Node: Extension Versioning993558 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables995459 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate996547 +Node: Finding Extensions1000356 +Node: Extension Example1000916 +Node: Internal File Description1001688 +Node: Internal File Ops1005755 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11017425 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1017565 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11019948 +Node: Extension Samples1020221 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1021747 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1029385 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1030876 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1032091 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1033766 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1034602 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1035478 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1036289 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1036879 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1037619 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1039559 +Node: Extension Sample Time1040654 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1042003 +Node: gawkextlib1042494 +Node: Extension summary1045152 +Node: Extension Exercises1048829 +Node: Language History1049551 +Node: V7/SVR3.11051207 +Node: SVR41053388 +Node: POSIX1054833 +Node: BTL1056222 +Node: POSIX/GNU1056956 +Node: Feature History1062520 +Node: Common Extensions1075618 +Node: Ranges and Locales1076942 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11081560 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21081587 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31081821 +Node: Contributors1082042 +Node: History summary1087583 +Node: Installation1088953 +Node: Gawk Distribution1089899 +Node: Getting1090383 +Node: Extracting1091206 +Node: Distribution contents1092841 +Node: Unix Installation1098558 +Node: Quick Installation1099175 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1101599 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1103337 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1105706 +Node: PC Installation1106164 +Node: PC Binary Installation1107483 +Node: PC Compiling1109331 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11112352 +Node: PC Testing1112461 +Node: PC Using1113637 +Node: Cygwin1117752 +Node: MSYS1118575 +Node: VMS Installation1119075 +Node: VMS Compilation1119867 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11121089 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1121147 +Node: VMS Installation Details1122831 +Node: VMS Running1125083 +Node: VMS GNV1127919 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1128653 +Node: Bugs1129123 +Node: Other Versions1133006 +Node: Installation summary1139428 +Node: Notes1140484 +Node: Compatibility Mode1141349 +Node: Additions1142131 +Node: Accessing The Source1143056 +Node: Adding Code1144492 +Node: New Ports1150657 +Node: Derived Files1155139 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11160614 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21160648 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31161244 +Node: Future Extensions1161358 +Node: Implementation Limitations1161964 +Node: Extension Design1163212 +Node: Old Extension Problems1164366 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11165883 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1165940 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11169300 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1169489 +Node: Extension Future Growth1171597 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1172433 +Node: Notes summary1174195 +Node: Basic Concepts1175381 +Node: Basic High Level1176062 +Ref: figure-general-flow1176334 +Ref: figure-process-flow1176933 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11180162 +Node: Basic Data Typing1180347 +Node: Glossary1183675 +Node: Copying1208833 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1246389 +Node: Index1271525  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From bf80c70c5aa0a98c02e3ce157153f7a40c516839 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Sat, 6 Dec 2014 20:56:01 +0200 Subject: A minor doc fix. --- doc/gawk.info | 870 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 435 insertions(+), 435 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 3e2ae355..37a0d505 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -6378,7 +6378,7 @@ statements. For example: > }' -| Don't Panic! -Here, neither the `+' nor the `OUCH' appear in the output message. +Here, neither the `+' nor the `OUCH!' appear in the output message.  File: gawk.info, Node: Control Letters, Next: Format Modifiers, Prev: Basic Printf, Up: Printf @@ -34417,439 +34417,439 @@ Node: Output Separators275834 Node: OFMT277852 Node: Printf279206 Node: Basic Printf279991 -Node: Control Letters281560 -Node: Format Modifiers285544 -Node: Printf Examples291545 -Node: Redirection294031 -Node: Special FD300872 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1304032 -Node: Special Files304106 -Node: Other Inherited Files304723 -Node: Special Network305723 -Node: Special Caveats306585 -Node: Close Files And Pipes307536 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1314718 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2314866 -Node: Output Summary315016 -Node: Output Exercises316014 -Node: Expressions316694 -Node: Values317879 -Node: Constants318557 -Node: Scalar Constants319248 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1320107 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers320357 -Node: Regexp Constants323375 -Node: Using Constant Regexps323900 -Node: Variables327043 -Node: Using Variables327698 -Node: Assignment Options329609 -Node: Conversion331484 -Node: Strings And Numbers332008 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1335073 -Node: Locale influences conversions335182 -Ref: table-locale-affects337929 -Node: All Operators338517 -Node: Arithmetic Ops339147 -Node: Concatenation341652 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1344471 -Node: Assignment Ops344577 -Ref: table-assign-ops349556 -Node: Increment Ops350828 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions354266 -Node: Truth Values355351 -Node: Typing and Comparison356400 -Node: Variable Typing357210 -Node: Comparison Operators360863 -Ref: table-relational-ops361273 -Node: POSIX String Comparison364768 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1365840 -Node: Boolean Ops365978 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1370457 -Node: Conditional Exp370548 -Node: Function Calls372275 -Node: Precedence376155 -Node: Locales379816 -Node: Expressions Summary381448 -Node: Patterns and Actions384008 -Node: Pattern Overview385128 -Node: Regexp Patterns386807 -Node: Expression Patterns387350 -Node: Ranges391131 -Node: BEGIN/END394237 -Node: Using BEGIN/END394998 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1397732 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END397838 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE400152 -Node: Empty403053 -Node: Using Shell Variables403370 -Node: Action Overview405643 -Node: Statements407969 -Node: If Statement409817 -Node: While Statement411312 -Node: Do Statement413341 -Node: For Statement414485 -Node: Switch Statement417642 -Node: Break Statement420024 -Node: Continue Statement422065 -Node: Next Statement423892 -Node: Nextfile Statement426273 -Node: Exit Statement428903 -Node: Built-in Variables431306 -Node: User-modified432439 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1440120 -Node: Auto-set440182 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1453217 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2453422 -Node: ARGC and ARGV453478 -Node: Pattern Action Summary457696 -Node: Arrays460123 -Node: Array Basics461452 -Node: Array Intro462296 -Ref: figure-array-elements464260 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1466786 -Node: Reference to Elements466914 -Node: Assigning Elements469366 -Node: Array Example469857 -Node: Scanning an Array471615 -Node: Controlling Scanning474631 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1479827 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts480143 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts482328 -Node: Delete483945 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1486688 -Node: Multidimensional486745 -Node: Multiscanning489842 -Node: Arrays of Arrays491431 -Node: Arrays Summary496190 -Node: Functions498282 -Node: Built-in499155 -Node: Calling Built-in500233 -Node: Numeric Functions502224 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1506241 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2506598 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3506646 -Node: String Functions506918 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1530393 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2530522 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3530770 -Node: Gory Details530857 -Ref: table-sub-escapes532638 -Ref: table-sub-proposed534158 -Ref: table-posix-sub535522 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes537058 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1537890 -Node: I/O Functions538041 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1545259 -Node: Time Functions545406 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1555894 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2555962 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3556120 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4556231 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5556343 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6556570 -Node: Bitwise Functions556836 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops557398 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1561707 -Node: Type Functions561876 -Node: I18N Functions563027 -Node: User-defined564672 -Node: Definition Syntax565477 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1570884 -Node: Function Example570955 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1573874 -Node: Function Caveats573896 -Node: Calling A Function574414 -Node: Variable Scope575372 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference578360 -Node: Return Statement581855 -Node: Dynamic Typing584836 -Node: Indirect Calls585765 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1597067 -Node: Functions Summary597195 -Node: Library Functions599897 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1603506 -Ref: Library 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-Node: Library Functions Summary671634 -Node: Library Exercises673035 -Node: Sample Programs674315 -Node: Running Examples675085 -Node: Clones675813 -Node: Cut Program677037 -Node: Egrep Program686756 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1694254 -Node: Id Program694364 -Node: Split Program698009 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1701457 -Node: Tee Program701585 -Node: Uniq Program704374 -Node: Wc Program711793 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1716043 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs716137 -Node: Dupword Program717350 -Node: Alarm Program719381 -Node: Translate Program724185 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1728750 -Node: Labels Program729020 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1732371 -Node: Word Sorting732455 -Node: History Sorting736526 -Node: Extract Program738362 -Node: Simple Sed745887 -Node: Igawk Program748955 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1763279 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2763480 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3763602 -Node: Anagram Program763717 -Node: Signature Program766774 -Node: Programs Summary768021 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Math Caution885842 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1886892 -Node: Inexactness of computations887261 -Node: Inexact representation888220 -Node: Comparing FP Values889577 -Node: Errors accumulate890659 -Node: Getting Accuracy892092 -Node: Try To Round894754 -Node: Setting precision895653 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings896337 -Node: Setting the rounding mode898126 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes898490 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1901945 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers902124 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1905110 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems905259 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1909132 -Node: Floating point summary909170 -Node: Dynamic Extensions911364 -Node: Extension Intro912916 -Node: Plugin License914182 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline914979 -Ref: figure-load-extension915407 -Ref: figure-register-new-function916887 -Ref: figure-call-new-function917891 -Node: Extension API Description919877 -Node: Extension API Functions 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Readfile1039559 -Node: Extension Sample Time1040654 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests1042003 -Node: gawkextlib1042494 -Node: Extension summary1045152 -Node: Extension Exercises1048829 -Node: Language History1049551 -Node: V7/SVR3.11051207 -Node: SVR41053388 -Node: POSIX1054833 -Node: BTL1056222 -Node: POSIX/GNU1056956 -Node: Feature History1062520 -Node: Common Extensions1075618 -Node: Ranges and Locales1076942 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11081560 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21081587 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31081821 -Node: Contributors1082042 -Node: History summary1087583 -Node: Installation1088953 -Node: Gawk Distribution1089899 -Node: Getting1090383 -Node: Extracting1091206 -Node: Distribution contents1092841 -Node: Unix Installation1098558 -Node: Quick Installation1099175 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1101599 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1103337 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1105706 -Node: PC Installation1106164 -Node: PC Binary Installation1107483 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Checking-Footnote-1637607 +Node: Empty Files637808 +Node: Ignoring Assigns639787 +Node: Getopt Function641338 +Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1652800 +Node: Passwd Functions653000 +Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1661837 +Node: Group Functions661925 +Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1669819 +Node: Walking Arrays670032 +Node: Library Functions Summary671635 +Node: Library Exercises673036 +Node: Sample Programs674316 +Node: Running Examples675086 +Node: Clones675814 +Node: Cut Program677038 +Node: Egrep Program686757 +Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1694255 +Node: Id Program694365 +Node: Split Program698010 +Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1701458 +Node: Tee Program701586 +Node: Uniq Program704375 +Node: Wc Program711794 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1716044 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs716138 +Node: Dupword Program717351 +Node: Alarm Program719382 +Node: Translate Program724186 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1728751 +Node: Labels Program729021 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1732372 +Node: Word Sorting732456 +Node: History Sorting736527 +Node: Extract Program738363 +Node: Simple Sed745888 +Node: Igawk Program748956 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1763280 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2763481 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3763603 +Node: Anagram Program763718 +Node: Signature Program766775 +Node: Programs Summary768022 +Node: Programs Exercises769215 +Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1773346 +Node: Advanced Features773437 +Node: Nondecimal Data775385 +Node: Array Sorting776975 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal777672 +Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1786005 +Node: Array Sorting Functions786123 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1790012 +Node: Two-way I/O790208 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1795149 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2795335 +Node: TCP/IP Networking795417 +Node: Profiling798290 +Node: Advanced Features Summary805837 +Node: Internationalization807770 +Node: I18N and L10N809250 +Node: Explaining gettext809936 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1814961 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2815145 +Node: Programmer i18n815310 +Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1820176 +Node: Translator i18n820225 +Node: String Extraction821019 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1822150 +Node: Printf Ordering822236 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1825022 +Node: I18N Portability825086 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1827541 +Node: I18N Example827604 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1830407 +Node: Gawk I18N830479 +Node: I18N Summary831117 +Node: Debugger832456 +Node: Debugging833478 +Node: Debugging Concepts833919 +Node: Debugging Terms835772 +Node: Awk Debugging838344 +Node: Sample Debugging Session839238 +Node: Debugger Invocation839758 +Node: Finding The Bug841142 +Node: List of Debugger Commands847617 +Node: Breakpoint Control848950 +Node: Debugger Execution Control852646 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data856010 +Node: Execution Stack859388 +Node: Debugger Info861025 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands865042 +Node: Readline Support870071 +Node: Limitations870963 +Node: Debugging Summary873077 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic874245 +Node: Computer Arithmetic875661 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges879259 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1880118 +Node: Math Definitions880175 +Ref: table-ieee-formats883463 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1884067 +Node: MPFR features884172 +Node: FP Math Caution885843 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1886893 +Node: Inexactness of computations887262 +Node: Inexact representation888221 +Node: Comparing FP Values889578 +Node: Errors accumulate890660 +Node: Getting Accuracy892093 +Node: Try To Round894755 +Node: Setting precision895654 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings896338 +Node: Setting the rounding mode898127 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes898491 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1901946 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers902125 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1905111 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems905260 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1909133 +Node: Floating point summary909171 +Node: Dynamic Extensions911365 +Node: Extension Intro912917 +Node: Plugin License914183 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline914980 +Ref: figure-load-extension915408 +Ref: figure-register-new-function916888 +Ref: figure-call-new-function917892 +Node: Extension API Description919878 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction921328 +Node: General Data Types926152 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1931891 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions932190 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1935029 +Node: Constructor Functions935125 +Node: Registration Functions936859 +Node: Extension Functions937544 +Node: Exit Callback Functions939841 +Node: Extension Version String941089 +Node: Input Parsers941754 +Node: Output Wrappers951631 +Node: Two-way processors956146 +Node: Printing Messages958350 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1959426 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'959578 +Node: Requesting Values960318 +Ref: table-value-types-returned961046 +Node: Accessing Parameters962003 +Node: Symbol Table Access963234 +Node: Symbol table by name963748 +Node: Symbol table by cookie965729 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1969873 +Node: Cached values969936 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1973435 +Node: Array Manipulation973526 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1974624 +Node: Array Data Types974661 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1977316 +Node: Array Functions977408 +Node: Flattening Arrays981262 +Node: Creating Arrays988154 +Node: Extension API Variables992923 +Node: Extension Versioning993559 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables995460 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate996548 +Node: Finding Extensions1000357 +Node: Extension Example1000917 +Node: Internal File Description1001689 +Node: Internal File Ops1005756 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11017426 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1017566 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11019949 +Node: Extension Samples1020222 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1021748 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1029386 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1030877 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1032092 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1033767 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1034603 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1035479 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1036290 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1036880 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1037620 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1039560 +Node: Extension Sample Time1040655 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1042004 +Node: gawkextlib1042495 +Node: Extension summary1045153 +Node: Extension Exercises1048830 +Node: Language History1049552 +Node: V7/SVR3.11051208 +Node: SVR41053389 +Node: POSIX1054834 +Node: BTL1056223 +Node: POSIX/GNU1056957 +Node: Feature History1062521 +Node: Common Extensions1075619 +Node: Ranges and Locales1076943 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11081561 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21081588 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31081822 +Node: Contributors1082043 +Node: History summary1087584 +Node: Installation1088954 +Node: Gawk Distribution1089900 +Node: Getting1090384 +Node: Extracting1091207 +Node: Distribution contents1092842 +Node: Unix Installation1098559 +Node: Quick Installation1099176 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1101600 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1103338 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1105707 +Node: PC Installation1106165 +Node: PC Binary Installation1107484 +Node: PC Compiling1109332 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11112353 +Node: PC Testing1112462 +Node: PC Using1113638 +Node: Cygwin1117753 +Node: MSYS1118576 +Node: VMS Installation1119076 +Node: VMS Compilation1119868 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11121090 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1121148 +Node: VMS Installation Details1122832 +Node: VMS Running1125084 +Node: VMS GNV1127920 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1128654 +Node: Bugs1129124 +Node: Other Versions1133007 +Node: Installation summary1139429 +Node: Notes1140485 +Node: Compatibility Mode1141350 +Node: Additions1142132 +Node: Accessing The Source1143057 +Node: Adding Code1144493 +Node: New Ports1150658 +Node: Derived Files1155140 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11160615 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21160649 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31161245 +Node: Future Extensions1161359 +Node: Implementation Limitations1161965 +Node: Extension Design1163213 +Node: Old Extension Problems1164367 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11165884 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1165941 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11169301 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1169490 +Node: Extension Future Growth1171598 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1172434 +Node: Notes summary1174196 +Node: Basic Concepts1175382 +Node: Basic High Level1176063 +Ref: figure-general-flow1176335 +Ref: figure-process-flow1176934 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11180163 +Node: Basic Data Typing1180348 +Node: Glossary1183676 +Node: Copying1208834 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1246390 +Node: Index1271526  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 50ccd9803efa7e9b1e411d4f43fcd520d41debad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Sun, 7 Dec 2014 21:20:24 +0200 Subject: Minor edits. --- doc/gawk.info | 963 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 482 insertions(+), 481 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 37a0d505..163ec3a8 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -4372,7 +4372,7 @@ that this will never happen. `RS = "^[[:upper:]]"' can only match at the beginning of a file. This is because `gawk' views the input file as one long string that happens to contain newline characters. It is thus best to - avoid anchor characters in the value of `RS'. + avoid anchor metacharacters in the value of `RS'. The use of `RS' as a regular expression and the `RT' variable are `gawk' extensions; they are not available in compatibility mode (*note @@ -5998,6 +5998,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Next: Input Exercises, Prev: Command-li possibilities are as follows: Value of `RS' Records are split on `awk' / `gawk' + ... ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Any single That character `awk' character @@ -6437,7 +6438,7 @@ width. Here is a list of the format-control letters: On systems supporting IEEE 754 floating-point format, values representing negative infinity are formatted as `-inf' or - `-infinity', and positive infinity as `inf' and `infinity'. The + `-infinity', and positive infinity as `inf' or `infinity'. The special "not a number" value formats as `-nan' or `nan' (*note Math Definitions::). @@ -34372,484 +34373,484 @@ Node: Reading Files188591 Node: Records190685 Node: awk split records191418 Node: gawk split records196333 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1200873 -Node: Fields200910 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1203686 -Node: Nonconstant Fields203772 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1206015 -Node: Changing Fields206219 -Node: Field Separators212148 -Node: Default Field Splitting214853 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting215970 -Node: Single Character Fields219320 -Node: Command Line Field Separator220379 -Node: Full Line Fields223591 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1225108 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2225154 -Node: Field Splitting Summary225255 -Node: Constant Size227329 -Node: Splitting By Content231918 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1235912 -Node: Multiple Line236075 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1241961 -Node: Getline242140 -Node: Plain Getline244352 -Node: Getline/Variable246992 -Node: Getline/File248140 -Node: Getline/Variable/File249524 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1251127 -Node: Getline/Pipe251214 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe253897 -Node: Getline/Coprocess255028 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess256280 -Node: Getline Notes257019 -Node: Getline Summary259811 -Ref: table-getline-variants260223 -Node: Read Timeout261052 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1264877 -Node: Command-line directories264935 -Node: Input Summary265840 -Node: Input Exercises269093 -Node: Printing269821 -Node: Print271598 -Node: Print Examples273055 -Node: Output Separators275834 -Node: OFMT277852 -Node: Printf279206 -Node: Basic Printf279991 -Node: Control Letters281561 -Node: Format Modifiers285545 -Node: Printf Examples291546 -Node: Redirection294032 -Node: Special FD300873 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1304033 -Node: Special Files304107 -Node: Other Inherited Files304724 -Node: Special Network305724 -Node: Special Caveats306586 -Node: Close Files And Pipes307537 -Ref: Close Files And 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+Node: Math Definitions880226 +Ref: table-ieee-formats883514 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1884118 +Node: MPFR features884223 +Node: FP Math Caution885894 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1886944 +Node: Inexactness of computations887313 +Node: Inexact representation888272 +Node: Comparing FP Values889629 +Node: Errors accumulate890711 +Node: Getting Accuracy892144 +Node: Try To Round894806 +Node: Setting precision895705 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings896389 +Node: Setting the rounding mode898178 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes898542 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1901997 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers902176 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1905162 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems905311 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1909184 +Node: Floating point summary909222 +Node: Dynamic Extensions911416 +Node: Extension Intro912968 +Node: Plugin License914234 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline915031 +Ref: figure-load-extension915459 +Ref: 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values-Footnote-1973486 +Node: Array Manipulation973577 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1974675 +Node: Array Data Types974712 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1977367 +Node: Array Functions977459 +Node: Flattening Arrays981313 +Node: Creating Arrays988205 +Node: Extension API Variables992974 +Node: Extension Versioning993610 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables995511 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate996599 +Node: Finding Extensions1000408 +Node: Extension Example1000968 +Node: Internal File Description1001740 +Node: Internal File Ops1005807 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11017477 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1017617 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11020000 +Node: Extension Samples1020273 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1021799 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1029437 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1030928 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1032143 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1033818 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1034654 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1035530 +Node: 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Limitations1162016 +Node: Extension Design1163264 +Node: Old Extension Problems1164418 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11165935 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1165992 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11169352 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1169541 +Node: Extension Future Growth1171649 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1172485 +Node: Notes summary1174247 +Node: Basic Concepts1175433 +Node: Basic High Level1176114 +Ref: figure-general-flow1176386 +Ref: figure-process-flow1176985 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11180214 +Node: Basic Data Typing1180399 +Node: Glossary1183727 +Node: Copying1208885 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1246441 +Node: Index1271577  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 882d4057221d8a9976003214776edd43d2fbf9c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Tue, 9 Dec 2014 23:08:01 +0200 Subject: More minor doc edits. --- doc/gawk.info | 776 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 388 insertions(+), 388 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 163ec3a8..3e7606f0 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -9063,10 +9063,9 @@ accepts any record with a first field that contains `li': -| 555-5553 -| 555-6699 - A regexp constant as a pattern is also a special case of an -expression pattern. The expression `/li/' has the value one if `li' -appears in the current input record. Thus, as a pattern, `/li/' matches -any record containing `li'. + pattern. The expression `/li/' has the value one if `li' appears in +the current input record. Thus, as a pattern, `/li/' matches any record +containing `li'. Boolean expressions are also commonly used as patterns. Whether the pattern matches an input record depends on whether its subexpressions @@ -11775,7 +11774,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Functions, Next: Library Functions, Prev: Arrays, Up: This major node describes `awk''s built-in functions, which fall into three categories: numeric, string, and I/O. `gawk' provides additional groups of functions to work with values that represent time, do bit -manipulation, sort arrays, and internationalize and localize programs. +manipulation, sort arrays, provide type information, and +internationalize and localize programs. Besides the built-in functions, `awk' has provisions for writing new functions that the rest of a program can use. The second half of this @@ -19603,7 +19603,7 @@ per-command basis, by setting a special element in the `PROCINFO' array command = "sort -nr" # command, save in convenience variable PROCINFO[command, "pty"] = 1 # update PROCINFO - print ... |& command # start two-way pipe + print ... |& command # start two-way pipe ... Using ptys usually avoids the buffer deadlock issues described earlier, @@ -31777,7 +31777,7 @@ Index * BEGIN pattern, and profiling: Profiling. (line 62) * BEGIN pattern, assert() user-defined function and: Assert Function. (line 83) -* BEGIN pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 70) +* BEGIN pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 69) * BEGIN pattern, exit statement and: Exit Statement. (line 12) * BEGIN pattern, getline and: Getline Notes. (line 19) * BEGIN pattern, headings, adding: Print Examples. (line 43) @@ -31794,7 +31794,7 @@ Index * BEGIN pattern, TEXTDOMAIN variable and: Programmer i18n. (line 60) * BEGINFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 6) * BEGINFILE pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. - (line 70) + (line 69) * beginfile() user-defined function: Filetrans Function. (line 61) * Bentley, Jon: Glossary. (line 143) * Benzinger, Michael: Contributors. (line 97) @@ -31820,7 +31820,7 @@ Index * body, in actions: Statements. (line 10) * body, in loops: While Statement. (line 14) * Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) -* Boolean expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 39) +* Boolean expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 38) * Boolean operators, See Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * Bourne shell, quoting rules for: Quoting. (line 18) * braces ({}): Profiling. (line 142) @@ -32404,7 +32404,7 @@ Index * END pattern, and profiling: Profiling. (line 62) * END pattern, assert() user-defined function and: Assert Function. (line 75) -* END pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 70) +* END pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 69) * END pattern, exit statement and: Exit Statement. (line 12) * END pattern, next/nextfile statements and <1>: Next Statement. (line 44) @@ -32413,7 +32413,7 @@ Index * END pattern, operators and: Using BEGIN/END. (line 17) * END pattern, print statement and: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 16) * ENDFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 6) -* ENDFILE pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 70) +* ENDFILE pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 69) * endfile() user-defined function: Filetrans Function. (line 61) * endgrent() function (C library): Group Functions. (line 211) * endgrent() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 214) @@ -34475,382 +34475,382 @@ Node: Patterns and Actions384060 Node: Pattern Overview385180 Node: Regexp Patterns386859 Node: Expression Patterns387402 -Node: Ranges391183 -Node: BEGIN/END394289 -Node: Using BEGIN/END395050 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1397784 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END397890 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE400204 -Node: Empty403105 -Node: Using Shell Variables403422 -Node: Action Overview405695 -Node: Statements408021 -Node: If Statement409869 -Node: While Statement411364 -Node: Do Statement413393 -Node: For Statement414537 -Node: Switch Statement417694 -Node: Break Statement420076 -Node: Continue Statement422117 -Node: Next Statement423944 -Node: Nextfile Statement426325 -Node: Exit Statement428955 -Node: Built-in Variables431358 -Node: User-modified432491 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1440172 -Node: Auto-set440234 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1453269 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2453474 -Node: ARGC and ARGV453530 -Node: Pattern Action Summary457748 -Node: Arrays460175 -Node: Array Basics461504 -Node: Array Intro462348 -Ref: figure-array-elements464312 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1466838 -Node: Reference to Elements466966 -Node: Assigning Elements469418 -Node: Array Example469909 -Node: Scanning an Array471667 -Node: Controlling Scanning474683 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1479879 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts480195 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts482380 -Node: Delete483997 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1486740 -Node: Multidimensional486797 -Node: Multiscanning489894 -Node: Arrays of Arrays491483 -Node: Arrays Summary496242 -Node: Functions498334 -Node: Built-in499207 -Node: Calling Built-in500285 -Node: Numeric Functions502276 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1506293 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2506650 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3506698 -Node: String Functions506970 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1530445 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2530574 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3530822 -Node: Gory Details530909 -Ref: table-sub-escapes532690 -Ref: table-sub-proposed534210 -Ref: table-posix-sub535574 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes537110 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1537942 -Node: I/O Functions538093 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1545311 -Node: Time Functions545458 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1555946 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2556014 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3556172 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4556283 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5556395 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6556622 -Node: Bitwise Functions556888 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops557450 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1561759 -Node: Type Functions561928 -Node: I18N Functions563079 -Node: User-defined564724 -Node: Definition Syntax565529 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1570936 -Node: Function Example571007 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1573926 -Node: Function Caveats573948 -Node: Calling A Function574466 -Node: Variable Scope575424 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference578412 -Node: Return Statement581907 -Node: Dynamic Typing584888 -Node: Indirect Calls585817 -Ref: Indirect 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-Node: Math Definitions880226 -Ref: table-ieee-formats883514 -Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1884118 -Node: MPFR features884223 -Node: FP Math Caution885894 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1886944 -Node: Inexactness of computations887313 -Node: Inexact representation888272 -Node: Comparing FP Values889629 -Node: Errors accumulate890711 -Node: Getting Accuracy892144 -Node: Try To Round894806 -Node: Setting precision895705 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings896389 -Node: Setting the rounding mode898178 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes898542 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1901997 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers902176 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1905162 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems905311 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1909184 -Node: Floating point summary909222 -Node: Dynamic Extensions911416 -Node: Extension Intro912968 -Node: Plugin License914234 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline915031 -Ref: figure-load-extension915459 -Ref: 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table-predefined-precision-strings896348 +Node: Setting the rounding mode898137 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes898501 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1901956 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers902135 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1905121 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems905270 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1909143 +Node: Floating point summary909181 +Node: Dynamic Extensions911375 +Node: Extension Intro912927 +Node: Plugin License914193 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline914990 +Ref: figure-load-extension915418 +Ref: figure-register-new-function916898 +Ref: figure-call-new-function917902 +Node: Extension API Description919888 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction921338 +Node: General Data Types926162 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1931901 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions932200 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1935039 +Node: Constructor Functions935135 +Node: Registration Functions936869 +Node: Extension Functions937554 +Node: Exit Callback Functions939851 +Node: Extension Version String941099 +Node: Input Parsers941764 +Node: Output Wrappers951641 +Node: Two-way processors956156 +Node: Printing Messages958360 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1959436 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'959588 +Node: Requesting Values960328 +Ref: table-value-types-returned961056 +Node: Accessing Parameters962013 +Node: Symbol Table Access963244 +Node: Symbol table by name963758 +Node: Symbol table by cookie965739 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1969883 +Node: Cached values969946 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1973445 +Node: Array Manipulation973536 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1974634 +Node: Array Data Types974671 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1977326 +Node: Array Functions977418 +Node: Flattening Arrays981272 +Node: Creating Arrays988164 +Node: Extension API Variables992933 +Node: Extension Versioning993569 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables995470 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate996558 +Node: Finding Extensions1000367 +Node: Extension Example1000927 +Node: Internal File Description1001699 +Node: Internal File Ops1005766 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11017436 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1017576 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11019959 +Node: Extension Samples1020232 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1021758 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1029396 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1030887 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1032102 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1033777 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1034613 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1035489 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1036300 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1036890 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1037630 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1039570 +Node: Extension Sample Time1040665 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1042014 +Node: gawkextlib1042505 +Node: Extension summary1045163 +Node: Extension Exercises1048840 +Node: Language History1049562 +Node: V7/SVR3.11051218 +Node: SVR41053399 +Node: POSIX1054844 +Node: BTL1056233 +Node: POSIX/GNU1056967 +Node: Feature History1062531 +Node: Common Extensions1075629 +Node: Ranges and Locales1076953 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11081571 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21081598 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31081832 +Node: Contributors1082053 +Node: History summary1087594 +Node: Installation1088964 +Node: Gawk Distribution1089910 +Node: Getting1090394 +Node: Extracting1091217 +Node: Distribution contents1092852 +Node: Unix Installation1098569 +Node: Quick Installation1099186 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1101610 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1103348 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1105717 +Node: PC Installation1106175 +Node: PC Binary Installation1107494 +Node: PC Compiling1109342 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11112363 +Node: PC Testing1112472 +Node: PC Using1113648 +Node: Cygwin1117763 +Node: MSYS1118586 +Node: VMS Installation1119086 +Node: VMS Compilation1119878 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11121100 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1121158 +Node: VMS Installation Details1122842 +Node: VMS Running1125094 +Node: VMS GNV1127930 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1128664 +Node: Bugs1129134 +Node: Other Versions1133017 +Node: Installation summary1139439 +Node: Notes1140495 +Node: Compatibility Mode1141360 +Node: Additions1142142 +Node: Accessing The Source1143067 +Node: Adding Code1144503 +Node: New Ports1150668 +Node: Derived Files1155150 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11160625 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21160659 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31161255 +Node: Future Extensions1161369 +Node: Implementation Limitations1161975 +Node: Extension Design1163223 +Node: Old Extension Problems1164377 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11165894 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1165951 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11169311 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1169500 +Node: Extension Future Growth1171608 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1172444 +Node: Notes summary1174206 +Node: Basic Concepts1175392 +Node: Basic High Level1176073 +Ref: figure-general-flow1176345 +Ref: figure-process-flow1176944 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11180173 +Node: Basic Data Typing1180358 +Node: Glossary1183686 +Node: Copying1208844 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1246400 +Node: Index1271536  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 4ec42f2201d6d15be74de5d6d34b1baa614a2e9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Wed, 10 Dec 2014 22:01:12 +0200 Subject: More doc fixes. --- doc/gawk.info | 881 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 440 insertions(+), 441 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 3e7606f0..fe080ce1 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -6512,7 +6512,7 @@ which they may appear: messages at runtime. *Note Printf Ordering::, which describes how and why to use positional specifiers. For now, we ignore them. -`-' +`- (Minus)' The minus sign, used before the width modifier (see later on in this list), says to left-justify the argument within its specified width. Normally, the argument is printed right-justified in the @@ -23296,14 +23296,14 @@ used for `RT', if any. To provide an input parser, you must first provide two functions (where XXX is a prefix name for your extension): -`awk_bool_t XXX_can_take_file(const awk_input_buf_t *iobuf)' +`awk_bool_t XXX_can_take_file(const awk_input_buf_t *iobuf);' This function examines the information available in `iobuf' (which we discuss shortly). Based on the information there, it decides if the input parser should be used for this file. If so, it should return true. Otherwise, it should return false. It should not change any state (variable values, etc.) within `gawk'. -`awk_bool_t XXX_take_control_of(awk_input_buf_t *iobuf)' +`awk_bool_t XXX_take_control_of(awk_input_buf_t *iobuf);' When `gawk' decides to hand control of the file over to the input parser, it calls this function. This function in turn must fill in certain fields in the `awk_input_buf_t' structure, and ensure @@ -24409,7 +24409,7 @@ code: previously existing array using `set_array_element()'. We show example code shortly. - * Due to gawk internals, after using `sym_update()' to install an + * Due to `gawk' internals, after using `sym_update()' to install an array into `gawk', you have to retrieve the array cookie from the value passed in to `sym_update()' before doing anything else with it, like so: @@ -24601,8 +24601,7 @@ invoked. The variables are: This variable is true if `gawk' was invoked with `--debug' option. `do_lint' - This variable is true if `gawk' was invoked with `--lint' option - (*note Options::). + This variable is true if `gawk' was invoked with `--lint' option. `do_mpfr' This variable is true if `gawk' was invoked with `--bignum' option. @@ -26050,8 +26049,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension summary, Next: Extension Exercises, Prev: ga that loaded it. * It is easiest to start a new extension by copying the boilerplate - code described in this major node. Macros in the `gawkapi.h' make - this easier to do. + code described in this major node. Macros in the `gawkapi.h' + header file make this easier to do. * The `gawk' distribution includes a number of small but useful sample extensions. The `gawkextlib' project includes several more, @@ -28282,7 +28281,7 @@ Unix `awk' As a side note, Dan Bornstein has created a Git repository tracking all the versions of BWK `awk' that he could find. It's available - at `git://github.com/onetrueawk/awk'. + at `git://github.com/danfuzz/one-true-awk'. `mawk' Michael Brennan wrote an independent implementation of `awk', @@ -34420,437 +34419,437 @@ Node: Printf279258 Node: Basic Printf280043 Node: Control Letters281613 Node: Format Modifiers285596 -Node: Printf Examples291597 -Node: Redirection294083 -Node: Special FD300924 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1304084 -Node: Special Files304158 -Node: Other Inherited Files304775 -Node: Special Network305775 -Node: Special Caveats306637 -Node: Close Files And Pipes307588 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1314770 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2314918 -Node: Output Summary315068 -Node: Output Exercises316066 -Node: Expressions316746 -Node: Values317931 -Node: Constants318609 -Node: Scalar Constants319300 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1320159 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers320409 -Node: Regexp Constants323427 -Node: Using Constant Regexps323952 -Node: Variables327095 -Node: Using Variables327750 -Node: Assignment Options329661 -Node: Conversion331536 -Node: Strings And Numbers332060 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1335125 -Node: Locale influences conversions335234 -Ref: table-locale-affects337981 -Node: All Operators338569 -Node: Arithmetic Ops339199 -Node: Concatenation341704 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1344523 -Node: Assignment Ops344629 -Ref: table-assign-ops349608 -Node: Increment Ops350880 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions354318 -Node: Truth Values355403 -Node: Typing and Comparison356452 -Node: Variable Typing357262 -Node: Comparison Operators360915 -Ref: table-relational-ops361325 -Node: POSIX String Comparison364820 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1365892 -Node: Boolean Ops366030 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1370509 -Node: Conditional Exp370600 -Node: Function Calls372327 -Node: Precedence376207 -Node: Locales379868 -Node: Expressions Summary381500 -Node: Patterns and Actions384060 -Node: Pattern Overview385180 -Node: Regexp Patterns386859 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-Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2603656 -Node: Library Names603827 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1607281 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2607504 -Node: General Functions607590 -Node: Strtonum Function608693 -Node: Assert Function611715 -Node: Round Function615039 -Node: Cliff Random Function616580 -Node: Ordinal Functions617596 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1620659 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2620911 -Node: Join Function621122 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1622891 -Node: Getlocaltime Function623091 -Node: Readfile Function626835 -Node: Shell Quoting628805 -Node: Data File Management630206 -Node: Filetrans Function630838 -Node: Rewind Function634894 -Node: File Checking636281 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1637613 -Node: Empty Files637814 -Node: Ignoring Assigns639793 -Node: Getopt Function641344 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1652806 -Node: Passwd Functions653006 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1661843 -Node: Group Functions661931 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1669825 -Node: Walking Arrays670038 -Node: Library Functions Summary671641 -Node: Library Exercises673042 -Node: Sample Programs674322 -Node: Running Examples675092 -Node: Clones675820 -Node: Cut Program677044 -Node: Egrep Program686763 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1694261 -Node: Id Program694371 -Node: Split Program698016 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1701464 -Node: Tee Program701592 -Node: Uniq Program704381 -Node: Wc Program711800 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1716050 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs716144 -Node: Dupword Program717357 -Node: Alarm Program719388 -Node: Translate Program724192 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1728757 -Node: Labels Program729027 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1732378 -Node: Word Sorting732462 -Node: History Sorting736533 -Node: Extract Program738369 -Node: Simple Sed745894 -Node: Igawk Program748962 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1763286 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2763487 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3763609 -Node: Anagram Program763724 -Node: Signature Program766781 -Node: Programs Summary768028 -Node: Programs Exercises769221 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1773352 -Node: Advanced Features773443 -Node: Nondecimal Data775391 -Node: Array Sorting776981 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal777678 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1786011 -Node: Array Sorting Functions786129 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1790018 -Node: Two-way I/O790214 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1795159 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2795345 -Node: TCP/IP Networking795427 -Node: Profiling798300 -Node: Advanced Features Summary805847 -Node: Internationalization807780 -Node: I18N and L10N809260 -Node: Explaining gettext809946 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1814971 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2815155 -Node: Programmer i18n815320 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1820186 -Node: Translator i18n820235 -Node: String Extraction821029 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1822160 -Node: Printf Ordering822246 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1825032 -Node: I18N Portability825096 -Ref: I18N 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Math Caution885853 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1886903 -Node: Inexactness of computations887272 -Node: Inexact representation888231 -Node: Comparing FP Values889588 -Node: Errors accumulate890670 -Node: Getting Accuracy892103 -Node: Try To Round894765 -Node: Setting precision895664 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings896348 -Node: Setting the rounding mode898137 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes898501 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1901956 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers902135 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1905121 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems905270 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1909143 -Node: Floating point summary909181 -Node: Dynamic Extensions911375 -Node: Extension Intro912927 -Node: Plugin License914193 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline914990 -Ref: figure-load-extension915418 -Ref: figure-register-new-function916898 -Ref: figure-call-new-function917902 -Node: Extension API Description919888 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction921338 -Node: General Data Types926162 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1931901 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions932200 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1935039 -Node: Constructor Functions935135 -Node: Registration Functions936869 -Node: Extension Functions937554 -Node: Exit Callback Functions939851 -Node: Extension Version String941099 -Node: Input Parsers941764 -Node: Output Wrappers951641 -Node: Two-way processors956156 -Node: Printing Messages958360 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1959436 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'959588 -Node: Requesting Values960328 -Ref: table-value-types-returned961056 -Node: Accessing Parameters962013 -Node: Symbol Table Access963244 -Node: Symbol table by name963758 -Node: Symbol table by cookie965739 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1969883 -Node: Cached values969946 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1973445 -Node: Array Manipulation973536 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1974634 -Node: Array Data Types974671 -Ref: Array Data 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-Node: PC Compiling1109342 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11112363 -Node: PC Testing1112472 -Node: PC Using1113648 -Node: Cygwin1117763 -Node: MSYS1118586 -Node: VMS Installation1119086 -Node: VMS Compilation1119878 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11121100 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1121158 -Node: VMS Installation Details1122842 -Node: VMS Running1125094 -Node: VMS GNV1127930 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1128664 -Node: Bugs1129134 -Node: Other Versions1133017 -Node: Installation summary1139439 -Node: Notes1140495 -Node: Compatibility Mode1141360 -Node: Additions1142142 -Node: Accessing The Source1143067 -Node: Adding Code1144503 -Node: New Ports1150668 -Node: Derived Files1155150 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11160625 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21160659 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31161255 -Node: Future Extensions1161369 -Node: Implementation Limitations1161975 -Node: Extension Design1163223 -Node: Old Extension Problems1164377 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11165894 -Node: Extension New 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+Node: Constants318617 +Node: Scalar Constants319308 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1320167 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers320417 +Node: Regexp Constants323435 +Node: Using Constant Regexps323960 +Node: Variables327103 +Node: Using Variables327758 +Node: Assignment Options329669 +Node: Conversion331544 +Node: Strings And Numbers332068 +Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1335133 +Node: Locale influences conversions335242 +Ref: table-locale-affects337989 +Node: All Operators338577 +Node: Arithmetic Ops339207 +Node: Concatenation341712 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1344531 +Node: Assignment Ops344637 +Ref: table-assign-ops349616 +Node: Increment Ops350888 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions354326 +Node: Truth Values355411 +Node: Typing and Comparison356460 +Node: Variable Typing357270 +Node: Comparison Operators360923 +Ref: table-relational-ops361333 +Node: POSIX String Comparison364828 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1365900 +Node: Boolean Ops366038 +Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1370517 +Node: Conditional Exp370608 +Node: Function Calls372335 +Node: Precedence376215 +Node: Locales379876 +Node: Expressions Summary381508 +Node: Patterns and Actions384068 +Node: Pattern Overview385188 +Node: Regexp Patterns386867 +Node: Expression Patterns387410 +Node: Ranges391120 +Node: BEGIN/END394226 +Node: Using BEGIN/END394987 +Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1397721 +Node: I/O And BEGIN/END397827 +Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE400141 +Node: Empty403042 +Node: Using Shell Variables403359 +Node: Action Overview405632 +Node: Statements407958 +Node: If Statement409806 +Node: While Statement411301 +Node: Do Statement413330 +Node: For Statement414474 +Node: Switch Statement417631 +Node: Break Statement420013 +Node: Continue Statement422054 +Node: Next Statement423881 +Node: Nextfile Statement426262 +Node: Exit Statement428892 +Node: Built-in Variables431295 +Node: User-modified432428 +Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1440109 +Node: Auto-set440171 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1453206 +Ref: 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Robbins" Date: Fri, 12 Dec 2014 07:42:32 +0200 Subject: Small doc fix. --- doc/gawk.info | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index fe080ce1..d6fccecd 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -11850,7 +11850,7 @@ undefined. Thus, avoid writing programs that assume that parameters are evaluated from left to right or from right to left. For example: i = 5 - j = atan2(i++, i *= 2) + j = atan2(++i, i *= 2) If the order of evaluation is left to right, then `i' first becomes 6, and then 12, and `atan2()' is called with the two arguments 6 and -- cgit v1.2.3 From 06e47b84ed3eb2ec562ee9910d192853f351a0bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Wed, 24 Dec 2014 19:39:05 +0200 Subject: Update foreword from Mike Brennan. --- doc/gawk.info | 1109 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 556 insertions(+), 553 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index d6fccecd..0224c7d5 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -797,6 +797,9 @@ module loads the C/C++ module as a dynamic plug-in. *note Dynamic Extensions::, has all the details, and as expected, many examples to help you learn the ins and outs. + I enjoy programming in AWK and had fun (re)reading this book. I +think you will too. + Michael Brennan Author of `mawk' October 2014 @@ -31853,7 +31856,7 @@ Index * Brennan, Michael <2>: Simple Sed. (line 25) * Brennan, Michael <3>: Delete. (line 56) * Brennan, Michael <4>: Acknowledgments. (line 78) -* Brennan, Michael <5>: Foreword4. (line 30) +* Brennan, Michael <5>: Foreword4. (line 33) * Brennan, Michael: Foreword3. (line 84) * Brian Kernighan's awk <1>: I/O Functions. (line 43) * Brian Kernighan's awk <2>: Gory Details. 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gettext-Footnote-2815252 +Node: Programmer i18n815417 +Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1820283 +Node: Translator i18n820332 +Node: String Extraction821126 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1822257 +Node: Printf Ordering822343 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1825129 +Node: I18N Portability825193 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1827648 +Node: I18N Example827711 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1830514 +Node: Gawk I18N830586 +Node: I18N Summary831224 +Node: Debugger832563 +Node: Debugging833585 +Node: Debugging Concepts834026 +Node: Debugging Terms835879 +Node: Awk Debugging838451 +Node: Sample Debugging Session839345 +Node: Debugger Invocation839865 +Node: Finding The Bug841249 +Node: List of Debugger Commands847724 +Node: Breakpoint Control849057 +Node: Debugger Execution Control852753 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data856117 +Node: Execution Stack859495 +Node: Debugger Info861132 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands865149 +Node: Readline Support870178 +Node: Limitations871070 +Node: Debugging Summary873184 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic874352 +Node: Computer Arithmetic875768 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges879366 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1880225 +Node: Math Definitions880282 +Ref: table-ieee-formats883570 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1884174 +Node: MPFR features884279 +Node: FP Math Caution885950 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1887000 +Node: Inexactness of computations887369 +Node: Inexact representation888328 +Node: Comparing FP Values889685 +Node: Errors accumulate890767 +Node: Getting Accuracy892200 +Node: Try To Round894862 +Node: Setting precision895761 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings896445 +Node: Setting the rounding mode898234 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes898598 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1902053 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers902232 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1905218 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems905367 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1909240 +Node: Floating point summary909278 +Node: Dynamic Extensions911472 +Node: Extension Intro913024 +Node: Plugin License914290 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline915087 +Ref: figure-load-extension915515 +Ref: figure-register-new-function916995 +Ref: figure-call-new-function917999 +Node: Extension API Description919985 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction921435 +Node: General Data Types926259 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1931998 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions932297 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1935136 +Node: Constructor Functions935232 +Node: Registration Functions936966 +Node: Extension Functions937651 +Node: Exit Callback Functions939948 +Node: Extension Version String941196 +Node: Input Parsers941861 +Node: Output Wrappers951740 +Node: Two-way processors956255 +Node: Printing Messages958459 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1959535 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'959687 +Node: Requesting Values960427 +Ref: table-value-types-returned961155 +Node: Accessing Parameters962112 +Node: Symbol Table Access963343 +Node: Symbol table by name963857 +Node: Symbol table by cookie965838 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1969982 +Node: Cached values970045 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1973544 +Node: Array Manipulation973635 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1974733 +Node: Array Data Types974770 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1977425 +Node: Array Functions977517 +Node: Flattening Arrays981371 +Node: Creating Arrays988263 +Node: Extension API Variables993034 +Node: Extension Versioning993670 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables995571 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate996636 +Node: Finding Extensions1000445 +Node: Extension Example1001005 +Node: Internal File Description1001777 +Node: Internal File Ops1005844 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11017514 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1017654 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11020037 +Node: Extension Samples1020310 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1021836 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1029474 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1030965 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1032180 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1033855 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1034691 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1035567 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1036378 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1036968 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1037708 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1039648 +Node: Extension Sample Time1040743 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1042092 +Node: gawkextlib1042583 +Node: Extension summary1045241 +Node: Extension Exercises1048930 +Node: Language History1049652 +Node: V7/SVR3.11051308 +Node: SVR41053489 +Node: POSIX1054934 +Node: BTL1056323 +Node: POSIX/GNU1057057 +Node: Feature History1062621 +Node: Common Extensions1075719 +Node: Ranges and Locales1077043 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11081661 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21081688 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31081922 +Node: Contributors1082143 +Node: History summary1087684 +Node: Installation1089054 +Node: Gawk Distribution1090000 +Node: Getting1090484 +Node: Extracting1091307 +Node: Distribution contents1092942 +Node: Unix Installation1098659 +Node: Quick Installation1099276 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1101700 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1103438 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1105807 +Node: PC Installation1106265 +Node: PC Binary Installation1107584 +Node: PC Compiling1109432 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11112453 +Node: PC Testing1112562 +Node: PC Using1113738 +Node: Cygwin1117853 +Node: MSYS1118676 +Node: VMS Installation1119176 +Node: VMS Compilation1119968 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11121190 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1121248 +Node: VMS Installation Details1122932 +Node: VMS Running1125184 +Node: VMS GNV1128020 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1128754 +Node: Bugs1129224 +Node: Other Versions1133107 +Node: Installation summary1139535 +Node: Notes1140591 +Node: Compatibility Mode1141456 +Node: Additions1142238 +Node: Accessing The Source1143163 +Node: Adding Code1144599 +Node: New Ports1150764 +Node: Derived Files1155246 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11160721 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21160755 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31161351 +Node: Future Extensions1161465 +Node: Implementation Limitations1162071 +Node: Extension Design1163319 +Node: Old Extension Problems1164473 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11165990 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1166047 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11169407 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1169596 +Node: Extension Future Growth1171704 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1172540 +Node: Notes summary1174302 +Node: Basic Concepts1175488 +Node: Basic High Level1176169 +Ref: figure-general-flow1176441 +Ref: figure-process-flow1177040 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11180269 +Node: Basic Data Typing1180454 +Node: Glossary1183782 +Node: Copying1208940 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1246496 +Node: Index1271632  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 15fba5cef614e836b6ed35543b8e7ae49f52a450 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Wed, 24 Dec 2014 20:41:09 +0200 Subject: Start on doc updates. --- doc/gawk.info | 1191 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------- 1 file changed, 632 insertions(+), 559 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 37494e64..92495978 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -246,6 +246,7 @@ entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". * Special Caveats:: Things to watch out for. * Close Files And Pipes:: Closing Input and Output Files and Pipes. +* Nonfatal:: Enabling Nonfatal Output. * Output Summary:: Output summary. * Output Exercises:: Exercises. * Values:: Constants, Variables, and Regular @@ -6119,6 +6120,7 @@ function. `gawk' allows access to inherited file descriptors. * Close Files And Pipes:: Closing Input and Output Files and Pipes. +* Nonfatal:: Enabling Nonfatal Output. * Output Summary:: Output summary. * Output Exercises:: Exercises. @@ -7032,7 +7034,7 @@ that `gawk' provides: behavior.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Close Files And Pipes, Next: Output Summary, Prev: Special Files, Up: Printing +File: gawk.info, Node: Close Files And Pipes, Next: Nonfatal, Prev: Special Files, Up: Printing 5.9 Closing Input and Output Redirections ========================================= @@ -7201,9 +7203,56 @@ call. See the system manual pages for information on how to decode this value.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output Exercises, Prev: Close Files And Pipes, Up: Printing +File: gawk.info, Node: Nonfatal, Next: Output Summary, Prev: Close Files And Pipes, Up: Printing -5.10 Summary +5.10 Enabling Nonfatal Output +============================= + +This minor node describes a `gawk'-specific feature. + + In standard `awk', output with `print' or `printf' to a nonexistent +file, or some other I/O error (such as filling up the disk) is a fatal +error. + + $ gawk 'BEGIN { print "hi" > "/no/such/file" }' + error--> gawk: cmd. line:1: fatal: can't redirect to `/no/such/file' (No such file or directory) + + `gawk' makes it possible to detect that an error has occurred, +allowing you to possibly recover from the error, or at least print an +error message of your choosing before exiting. You can do this in one +of two ways: + + * For all output files, by assigning any value to + `PROCINFO["nonfatal"]'. + + * On a per-file basis, by assigning any value to `PROCINFO[FILENAME, + "nonfatal"]'. Here, FILENAME is the name of the file to which you + wish output to be nonfatal. + + Once you have enabled nonfatal output, you must check `ERRNO' after +every relevant `print' or `printf' statement to see if something went +wrong. It is also a good idea to initialize `ERRNO' to zero before +attempting the output. For example: + + $ gawk ' + > BEGIN { + > PROCINFO["nonfatal"] = 1 + > ERRNO = 0 + > print "hi" > "/no/such/file" + > if (ERRNO) { + > print("Output failed:", ERRNO) > "/dev/stderr" + > exit 1 + > } + > }' + error--> Output failed: No such file or directory + + Here, `gawk' did not produce a fatal error; instead it let the `awk' +program code detect the problem and handle it. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output Exercises, Prev: Nonfatal, Up: Printing + +5.11 Summary ============ * The `print' statement prints comma-separated expressions. Each @@ -7225,11 +7274,16 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output Exercises, Prev: Close Fi For coprocesses, it is possible to close only one direction of the communications. + * Normally errors with `print' or `printf' are fatal. `gawk' lets + you make output errors be nonfatal either for all files or on a + per-file basis. You must then check for errors after every + relevant output statement. +  File: gawk.info, Node: Output Exercises, Prev: Output Summary, Up: Printing -5.11 Exercises +5.12 Exercises ============== 1. Rewrite the program: @@ -26931,6 +26985,24 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'. Dynamic Extensions::). + Version *FIXME* XXXX introduced the following changes: + + * Changes to `ENVIRON' are reflected into `gawk''s environment and + that of programs that it runs. *Note Auto-set::. + + * The `--pretty-print' option no longer runs the `awk' program too. + FIXME: Add xref. + + * The `igawk' program and its manual page are no longer installed + when `gawk' is built. FIXME: Add xref. + + * The `div()' function. FIXME: Add xref. + + * The maximum number of hexdecimal digits in `\x' escapes is now two. + FIXME: Add xref. + + * Nonfatal output with `print' and `printf'. *Note Nonfatal::. +  File: gawk.info, Node: Common Extensions, Next: Ranges and Locales, Prev: Feature History, Up: Language History @@ -34453,560 +34525,561 @@ Index  Tag Table: Node: Top1204 -Node: Foreword342225 -Node: Foreword446667 -Node: Preface48189 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-151060 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-251167 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-351400 -Node: History51542 -Node: Names53888 -Ref: Names-Footnote-154982 -Node: This Manual55128 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-161615 -Node: Conventions61715 -Node: Manual History64053 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-167035 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-267076 -Node: How To Contribute67150 -Node: Acknowledgments68279 -Node: Getting Started73084 -Node: Running gawk75517 -Node: One-shot76707 -Node: Read Terminal77955 -Node: Long79982 -Node: Executable Scripts81498 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184287 -Node: Comments84390 -Node: Quoting86872 -Node: DOS Quoting92396 -Node: Sample Data Files93071 -Node: Very Simple95666 -Node: Two Rules100564 -Node: More Complex102450 -Node: Statements/Lines105312 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1109767 -Node: Other Features110032 -Node: When110963 -Ref: When-Footnote-1112717 -Node: Intro Summary112782 -Node: Invoking Gawk113665 -Node: Command Line115179 -Node: Options115977 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1131781 -Ref: Options-Footnote-2132010 -Node: Other Arguments132035 -Node: Naming Standard Input134983 -Node: Environment Variables136076 -Node: AWKPATH Variable136634 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140047 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140092 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140352 -Node: Other Environment Variables141608 -Node: Exit Status145096 -Node: Include Files145772 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries149369 -Node: Obsolete150796 -Node: Undocumented151493 -Node: Invoking Summary151760 -Node: Regexp153424 -Node: Regexp Usage154878 -Node: Escape Sequences156915 -Node: Regexp Operators163156 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170582 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170729 -Node: Bracket Expressions170827 -Ref: table-char-classes172842 -Node: Leftmost Longest175766 -Node: Computed Regexps177068 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators180465 -Node: Case-sensitivity184138 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1187023 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187258 -Node: Regexp Summary187366 -Node: Reading Files188833 -Node: Records190927 -Node: awk split records191660 -Node: gawk split records196575 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1201119 -Node: Fields201156 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1203932 -Node: Nonconstant Fields204018 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1206261 -Node: Changing Fields206465 -Node: Field Separators212394 -Node: Default Field Splitting215099 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting216216 -Node: Single Character Fields219566 -Node: Command Line Field Separator220625 -Node: Full Line Fields223837 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1225354 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2225400 -Node: Field Splitting Summary225501 -Node: Constant Size227575 -Node: Splitting By Content232164 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236158 -Node: Multiple Line236321 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242207 -Node: Getline242386 -Node: Plain Getline244598 -Node: Getline/Variable247238 -Node: Getline/File248386 -Node: Getline/Variable/File249770 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1251373 -Node: Getline/Pipe251460 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254143 -Node: Getline/Coprocess255274 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess256526 -Node: Getline Notes257265 -Node: Getline Summary260057 -Ref: table-getline-variants260469 -Node: Read Timeout261298 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265123 -Node: Command-line directories265181 -Node: Input Summary266086 -Node: Input Exercises269387 -Node: Printing270115 -Node: Print271892 -Node: Print Examples273349 -Node: Output Separators276128 -Node: OFMT278146 -Node: Printf279500 -Node: Basic Printf280285 -Node: Control Letters281855 -Node: Format Modifiers285838 -Node: Printf Examples291847 -Node: Redirection294333 -Node: Special FD301174 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1304334 -Node: Special Files304408 -Node: Other Inherited Files305025 -Node: Special Network306025 -Node: Special Caveats306887 -Node: Close Files And Pipes307838 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1315020 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2315168 -Node: Output Summary315318 -Node: Output Exercises316316 -Node: Expressions316996 -Node: Values318181 -Node: Constants318859 -Node: Scalar Constants319550 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1320409 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers320659 -Node: Regexp Constants323677 -Node: Using Constant Regexps324202 -Node: Variables327345 -Node: Using Variables328000 -Node: Assignment Options329911 -Node: Conversion331786 -Node: Strings And Numbers332310 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1335375 -Node: Locale influences conversions335484 -Ref: table-locale-affects338231 -Node: All Operators338819 -Node: Arithmetic Ops339449 -Node: Concatenation341954 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1344773 -Node: Assignment Ops344879 -Ref: table-assign-ops349858 -Node: Increment Ops351130 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions354568 -Node: Truth Values355653 -Node: Typing and Comparison356702 -Node: Variable Typing357512 -Node: Comparison Operators361165 -Ref: table-relational-ops361575 -Node: POSIX String Comparison365070 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1366142 -Node: Boolean Ops366280 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1370759 -Node: Conditional Exp370850 -Node: Function Calls372577 -Node: Precedence376457 -Node: Locales380118 -Node: Expressions Summary381750 -Node: Patterns and Actions384310 -Node: Pattern Overview385430 -Node: Regexp Patterns387109 -Node: Expression Patterns387652 -Node: Ranges391362 -Node: BEGIN/END394468 -Node: Using BEGIN/END395229 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1397963 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END398069 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE400383 -Node: Empty403284 -Node: Using Shell Variables403601 -Node: Action Overview405874 -Node: Statements408200 -Node: If Statement410048 -Node: While Statement411543 -Node: Do Statement413572 -Node: For Statement414716 -Node: Switch Statement417873 -Node: Break Statement420255 -Node: Continue Statement422296 -Node: Next Statement424123 -Node: Nextfile Statement426504 -Node: Exit Statement429134 -Node: Built-in Variables431537 -Node: User-modified432670 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1440351 -Node: Auto-set440413 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1454105 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2454310 -Node: ARGC and ARGV454366 -Node: Pattern Action Summary458584 -Node: Arrays461011 -Node: Array Basics462340 -Node: Array Intro463184 -Ref: figure-array-elements465148 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1467674 -Node: Reference to Elements467802 -Node: Assigning Elements470254 -Node: Array Example470745 -Node: Scanning an Array472503 -Node: Controlling Scanning475519 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1480715 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts481031 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts483216 -Node: Delete484833 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1487576 -Node: Multidimensional487633 -Node: Multiscanning490730 -Node: Arrays of Arrays492319 -Node: Arrays Summary497078 -Node: Functions499170 -Node: Built-in500069 -Node: Calling Built-in501147 -Node: Numeric Functions503138 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1507957 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2508314 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3508362 -Node: String Functions508634 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1532109 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2532238 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3532486 -Node: Gory Details532573 -Ref: table-sub-escapes534354 -Ref: table-sub-proposed535874 -Ref: table-posix-sub537238 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes538774 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1539606 -Node: I/O Functions539757 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1546975 -Node: Time Functions547122 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1557610 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2557678 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3557836 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4557947 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5558059 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6558286 -Node: Bitwise Functions558552 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops559114 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1563423 -Node: Type Functions563592 -Node: I18N Functions564743 -Node: User-defined566388 -Node: Definition Syntax567193 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1572600 -Node: Function Example572671 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1575590 -Node: Function Caveats575612 -Node: Calling A Function576130 -Node: Variable Scope577088 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference580076 -Node: Return Statement583571 -Node: Dynamic Typing586552 -Node: Indirect Calls587481 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1598783 -Node: Functions Summary598911 -Node: Library Functions601613 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1605222 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2605365 -Node: Library Names605536 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1608990 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2609213 -Node: General Functions609299 -Node: Strtonum Function610402 -Node: Assert Function613424 -Node: Round Function616748 -Node: Cliff Random Function618289 -Node: Ordinal Functions619305 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1622368 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2622620 -Node: Join Function622831 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1624600 -Node: Getlocaltime Function624800 -Node: Readfile Function628544 -Node: Shell Quoting630514 -Node: Data File Management631915 -Node: Filetrans Function632547 -Node: Rewind Function636603 -Node: File Checking637990 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1639322 -Node: Empty Files639523 -Node: Ignoring Assigns641502 -Node: Getopt Function643053 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1654515 -Node: Passwd Functions654715 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1663552 -Node: Group Functions663640 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1671534 -Node: Walking Arrays671747 -Node: Library Functions Summary673350 -Node: Library Exercises674751 -Node: Sample Programs676031 -Node: Running Examples676801 -Node: Clones677529 -Node: Cut Program678753 -Node: Egrep Program688472 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1695970 -Node: Id Program696080 -Node: Split Program699725 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1703173 -Node: Tee Program703301 -Node: Uniq Program706090 -Node: Wc Program713509 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1717759 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs717853 -Node: Dupword Program719066 -Node: Alarm Program721097 -Node: Translate Program725901 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1730466 -Node: Labels Program730736 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1734087 -Node: Word Sorting734171 -Node: History Sorting738242 -Node: Extract Program740078 -Node: Simple Sed747603 -Node: Igawk Program750671 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1764995 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2765196 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3765318 -Node: Anagram Program765433 -Node: Signature Program768490 -Node: Programs Summary769737 -Node: Programs Exercises770930 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1775061 -Node: Advanced Features775152 -Node: Nondecimal Data777100 -Node: Array Sorting778690 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal779387 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1787720 -Node: Array Sorting Functions787838 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1791727 -Node: Two-way I/O791923 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1796868 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2797054 -Node: TCP/IP Networking797136 -Node: Profiling800009 -Node: Advanced Features Summary808286 -Node: Internationalization810219 -Node: I18N and L10N811699 -Node: Explaining gettext812385 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1817410 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2817594 -Node: Programmer i18n817759 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1822625 -Node: Translator i18n822674 -Node: String Extraction823468 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1824599 -Node: Printf Ordering824685 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1827471 -Node: I18N Portability827535 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1829990 -Node: I18N Example830053 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1832856 -Node: Gawk I18N832928 -Node: I18N Summary833566 -Node: Debugger834905 -Node: Debugging835927 -Node: Debugging Concepts836368 -Node: Debugging Terms838221 -Node: Awk Debugging840793 -Node: Sample Debugging Session841687 -Node: Debugger Invocation842207 -Node: Finding The Bug843591 -Node: List of Debugger Commands850066 -Node: Breakpoint Control851399 -Node: Debugger Execution Control855095 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data858459 -Node: Execution Stack861837 -Node: Debugger Info863474 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands867491 -Node: Readline Support872520 -Node: Limitations873412 -Node: Debugging Summary875526 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic876694 -Node: Computer Arithmetic878110 -Ref: table-numeric-ranges881708 -Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1882567 -Node: Math Definitions882624 -Ref: table-ieee-formats885912 -Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1886516 -Node: MPFR features886621 -Node: FP Math Caution888292 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1889342 -Node: Inexactness of computations889711 -Node: Inexact representation890670 -Node: Comparing FP Values892027 -Node: Errors accumulate893109 -Node: Getting Accuracy894542 -Node: Try To Round897204 -Node: Setting precision898103 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings898787 -Node: Setting the rounding mode900576 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes900940 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1904395 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers904574 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1909473 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems909622 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1913495 -Node: Floating point summary913533 -Node: Dynamic Extensions915727 -Node: Extension Intro917279 -Node: Plugin License918545 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline919342 -Ref: figure-load-extension919770 -Ref: figure-register-new-function921250 -Ref: figure-call-new-function922254 -Node: Extension API Description924240 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction925690 -Node: General Data Types930514 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1936253 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions936552 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1939391 -Node: Constructor Functions939487 -Node: Registration Functions941221 -Node: Extension Functions941906 -Node: Exit Callback Functions944203 -Node: Extension Version String945451 -Node: Input Parsers946116 -Node: Output Wrappers955995 -Node: Two-way processors960510 -Node: Printing Messages962714 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1963790 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'963942 -Node: Requesting Values964682 -Ref: table-value-types-returned965410 -Node: Accessing Parameters966367 -Node: Symbol Table Access967598 -Node: Symbol table by name968112 -Node: Symbol table by cookie970093 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1974237 -Node: Cached values974300 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1977799 -Node: Array Manipulation977890 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1978988 -Node: Array Data Types979025 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1981680 -Node: Array Functions981772 -Node: Flattening Arrays985626 -Node: Creating Arrays992518 -Node: Extension API Variables997289 -Node: Extension Versioning997925 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables999826 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate1000891 -Node: Finding Extensions1004700 -Node: Extension Example1005260 -Node: Internal File Description1006032 -Node: Internal File Ops1010099 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11021769 -Node: Using Internal File Ops1021909 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11024292 -Node: Extension Samples1024565 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions1026091 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1033729 -Node: Extension Sample Fork1035220 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace1036435 -Node: Extension Sample Ord1038110 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir1038946 -Ref: table-readdir-file-types1039822 -Node: Extension Sample Revout1040633 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1041223 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array1041963 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile1043903 -Node: Extension Sample Time1044998 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests1046347 -Node: gawkextlib1046838 -Node: Extension summary1049496 -Node: Extension Exercises1053185 -Node: Language History1053907 -Node: V7/SVR3.11055563 -Node: SVR41057744 -Node: POSIX1059189 -Node: BTL1060578 -Node: POSIX/GNU1061312 -Node: Feature History1066936 -Node: Common Extensions1080034 -Node: Ranges and Locales1081358 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11085976 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21086003 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31086237 -Node: Contributors1086458 -Node: History summary1091999 -Node: Installation1093369 -Node: Gawk Distribution1094315 -Node: Getting1094799 -Node: Extracting1095622 -Node: Distribution contents1097257 -Node: Unix Installation1103322 -Node: Quick Installation1104005 -Node: Shell Startup Files1106416 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1107495 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1109234 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1111603 -Node: PC Installation1112061 -Node: PC Binary Installation1113380 -Node: PC Compiling1115228 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11118249 -Node: PC Testing1118358 -Node: PC Using1119534 -Node: Cygwin1123649 -Node: MSYS1124472 -Node: VMS Installation1124972 -Node: VMS Compilation1125764 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11126986 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1127044 -Node: VMS Installation Details1128728 -Node: VMS Running1130980 -Node: VMS GNV1133816 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1134550 -Node: Bugs1135020 -Node: Other Versions1138903 -Node: Installation summary1145331 -Node: Notes1146387 -Node: Compatibility Mode1147252 -Node: Additions1148034 -Node: Accessing The Source1148959 -Node: Adding Code1150395 -Node: New Ports1156560 -Node: Derived Files1161042 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11166517 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21166551 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31167147 -Node: Future Extensions1167261 -Node: Implementation Limitations1167867 -Node: Extension Design1169115 -Node: Old Extension Problems1170269 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11171786 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1171843 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11175203 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1175392 -Node: Extension Future Growth1177500 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1178336 -Node: Notes summary1180098 -Node: Basic Concepts1181284 -Node: Basic High Level1181965 -Ref: figure-general-flow1182237 -Ref: figure-process-flow1182836 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11186065 -Node: Basic Data Typing1186250 -Node: Glossary1189578 -Node: Copying1214736 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1252292 -Node: Index1277428 +Node: Foreword342291 +Node: Foreword446733 +Node: Preface48255 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-151126 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-251233 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-351466 +Node: History51608 +Node: Names53954 +Ref: Names-Footnote-155048 +Node: This Manual55194 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-161681 +Node: Conventions61781 +Node: Manual History64119 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-167101 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-267142 +Node: How To Contribute67216 +Node: Acknowledgments68345 +Node: Getting Started73150 +Node: Running gawk75583 +Node: One-shot76773 +Node: Read Terminal78021 +Node: Long80048 +Node: Executable Scripts81564 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184353 +Node: Comments84456 +Node: Quoting86938 +Node: DOS Quoting92462 +Node: Sample Data Files93137 +Node: Very Simple95732 +Node: Two Rules100630 +Node: More Complex102516 +Node: Statements/Lines105378 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1109833 +Node: Other Features110098 +Node: When111029 +Ref: When-Footnote-1112783 +Node: Intro Summary112848 +Node: Invoking Gawk113731 +Node: Command Line115245 +Node: Options116043 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1131847 +Ref: Options-Footnote-2132076 +Node: Other Arguments132101 +Node: Naming Standard Input135049 +Node: Environment Variables136142 +Node: AWKPATH Variable136700 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140113 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140158 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140418 +Node: Other Environment Variables141674 +Node: Exit Status145162 +Node: Include Files145838 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries149435 +Node: Obsolete150862 +Node: Undocumented151559 +Node: Invoking Summary151826 +Node: Regexp153490 +Node: Regexp Usage154944 +Node: Escape Sequences156981 +Node: Regexp Operators163222 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170648 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170795 +Node: Bracket Expressions170893 +Ref: table-char-classes172908 +Node: Leftmost Longest175832 +Node: Computed Regexps177134 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators180531 +Node: Case-sensitivity184204 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1187089 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187324 +Node: Regexp Summary187432 +Node: Reading Files188899 +Node: Records190993 +Node: awk split records191726 +Node: gawk split records196641 +Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1201185 +Node: Fields201222 +Ref: Fields-Footnote-1203998 +Node: Nonconstant Fields204084 +Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1206327 +Node: Changing Fields206531 +Node: Field Separators212460 +Node: Default Field Splitting215165 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting216282 +Node: Single Character Fields219632 +Node: Command Line Field Separator220691 +Node: Full Line Fields223903 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1225420 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2225466 +Node: Field Splitting Summary225567 +Node: Constant Size227641 +Node: Splitting By Content232230 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236224 +Node: Multiple Line236387 +Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242273 +Node: Getline242452 +Node: Plain Getline244664 +Node: Getline/Variable247304 +Node: Getline/File248452 +Node: Getline/Variable/File249836 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1251439 +Node: Getline/Pipe251526 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254209 +Node: Getline/Coprocess255340 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess256592 +Node: Getline Notes257331 +Node: Getline Summary260123 +Ref: table-getline-variants260535 +Node: Read Timeout261364 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265189 +Node: Command-line directories265247 +Node: Input Summary266152 +Node: Input Exercises269453 +Node: Printing270181 +Node: Print272016 +Node: Print Examples273473 +Node: Output Separators276252 +Node: OFMT278270 +Node: Printf279624 +Node: Basic Printf280409 +Node: Control Letters281979 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Debugging Terms840248 +Node: Awk Debugging842820 +Node: Sample Debugging Session843714 +Node: Debugger Invocation844234 +Node: Finding The Bug845618 +Node: List of Debugger Commands852093 +Node: Breakpoint Control853426 +Node: Debugger Execution Control857122 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data860486 +Node: Execution Stack863864 +Node: Debugger Info865501 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands869518 +Node: Readline Support874547 +Node: Limitations875439 +Node: Debugging Summary877553 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic878721 +Node: Computer Arithmetic880137 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges883735 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1884594 +Node: Math Definitions884651 +Ref: table-ieee-formats887939 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1888543 +Node: MPFR features888648 +Node: FP Math Caution890319 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1891369 +Node: Inexactness of computations891738 +Node: Inexact representation892697 +Node: Comparing FP Values894054 +Node: Errors accumulate895136 +Node: Getting Accuracy896569 +Node: Try To Round899231 +Node: Setting precision900130 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings900814 +Node: Setting the rounding mode902603 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes902967 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1906422 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers906601 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1911500 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems911649 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1915522 +Node: Floating point summary915560 +Node: Dynamic Extensions917754 +Node: Extension Intro919306 +Node: Plugin License920572 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline921369 +Ref: figure-load-extension921797 +Ref: figure-register-new-function923277 +Ref: figure-call-new-function924281 +Node: Extension API Description926267 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction927717 +Node: General Data Types932541 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1938280 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions938579 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1941418 +Node: Constructor Functions941514 +Node: Registration Functions943248 +Node: Extension Functions943933 +Node: Exit Callback Functions946230 +Node: Extension Version String947478 +Node: Input Parsers948143 +Node: Output Wrappers958022 +Node: Two-way processors962537 +Node: Printing Messages964741 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1965817 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'965969 +Node: Requesting Values966709 +Ref: table-value-types-returned967437 +Node: Accessing Parameters968394 +Node: Symbol Table Access969625 +Node: Symbol table by name970139 +Node: Symbol table by cookie972120 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1976264 +Node: Cached values976327 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1979826 +Node: Array Manipulation979917 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1981015 +Node: Array Data Types981052 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1983707 +Node: Array Functions983799 +Node: Flattening Arrays987653 +Node: Creating Arrays994545 +Node: Extension API Variables999316 +Node: Extension Versioning999952 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables1001853 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate1002918 +Node: Finding Extensions1006727 +Node: Extension Example1007287 +Node: Internal File Description1008059 +Node: Internal File Ops1012126 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11023796 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1023936 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11026319 +Node: Extension Samples1026592 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1028118 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1035756 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1037247 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1038462 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1040137 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1040973 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1041849 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1042660 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1043250 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1043990 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1045930 +Node: Extension Sample Time1047025 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1048374 +Node: gawkextlib1048865 +Node: Extension summary1051523 +Node: Extension Exercises1055212 +Node: Language History1055934 +Node: V7/SVR3.11057590 +Node: SVR41059771 +Node: POSIX1061216 +Node: BTL1062605 +Node: POSIX/GNU1063339 +Node: Feature History1068963 +Node: Common Extensions1082665 +Node: Ranges and Locales1083989 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11088607 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21088634 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31088868 +Node: Contributors1089089 +Node: History summary1094630 +Node: Installation1096000 +Node: Gawk Distribution1096946 +Node: Getting1097430 +Node: Extracting1098253 +Node: Distribution contents1099888 +Node: Unix Installation1105953 +Node: Quick Installation1106636 +Node: Shell Startup Files1109047 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1110126 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1111865 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1114234 +Node: PC Installation1114692 +Node: PC Binary Installation1116011 +Node: PC Compiling1117859 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11120880 +Node: PC Testing1120989 +Node: PC Using1122165 +Node: Cygwin1126280 +Node: MSYS1127103 +Node: VMS Installation1127603 +Node: VMS Compilation1128395 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11129617 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1129675 +Node: VMS Installation Details1131359 +Node: VMS Running1133611 +Node: VMS GNV1136447 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1137181 +Node: Bugs1137651 +Node: Other Versions1141534 +Node: Installation summary1147962 +Node: Notes1149018 +Node: Compatibility Mode1149883 +Node: Additions1150665 +Node: Accessing The Source1151590 +Node: Adding Code1153026 +Node: New Ports1159191 +Node: Derived Files1163673 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11169148 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21169182 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31169778 +Node: Future Extensions1169892 +Node: Implementation Limitations1170498 +Node: Extension Design1171746 +Node: Old Extension Problems1172900 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11174417 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1174474 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11177834 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1178023 +Node: Extension Future Growth1180131 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1180967 +Node: Notes summary1182729 +Node: Basic Concepts1183915 +Node: Basic High Level1184596 +Ref: figure-general-flow1184868 +Ref: figure-process-flow1185467 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11188696 +Node: Basic Data Typing1188881 +Node: Glossary1192209 +Node: Copying1217367 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1254923 +Node: Index1280059  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 4160a0e1fe1aaf4919162010a33550bc22af9454 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Fri, 26 Dec 2014 09:41:09 +0200 Subject: Sort the glossary. --- doc/gawk.info | 70 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------------ 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 0224c7d5..4b016405 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -29549,13 +29549,11 @@ CHEM Brian Kernighan and Jon Bentley, and is available from `http://netlib.sandia.gov/netlib/typesetting/chem.gz'. -Cookie - A peculiar goodie, token, saying or remembrance produced by or - presented to a program. (With thanks to Professor Doug McIlroy.) - -Coprocess - A subordinate program with which two-way communications is - possible. +Comparison Expression + A relation that is either true or false, such as `a < b'. + Comparison expressions are used in `if', `while', `do', and `for' + statements, and in patterns to select which input records to + process. (*Note Typing and Comparison::.) Compiler A program that translates human-readable source code into @@ -29579,11 +29577,13 @@ Conditional Expression otherwise the value is EXPR3. In either case, only one of EXPR2 and EXPR3 is evaluated. (*Note Conditional Exp::.) -Comparison Expression - A relation that is either true or false, such as `a < b'. - Comparison expressions are used in `if', `while', `do', and `for' - statements, and in patterns to select which input records to - process. (*Note Typing and Comparison::.) +Cookie + A peculiar goodie, token, saying or remembrance produced by or + presented to a program. (With thanks to Professor Doug McIlroy.) + +Coprocess + A subordinate program with which two-way communications is + possible. Curly Braces See "Braces." @@ -29625,15 +29625,15 @@ Dynamic Regular Expression `"foo"', but it may also be an expression whose value can vary. (*Note Computed Regexps::.) +Empty String + See "Null String." + Environment A collection of strings, of the form `NAME=VAL', that each program has available to it. Users generally place values into the environment in order to provide information to various programs. Typical examples are the environment variables `HOME' and `PATH'. -Empty String - See "Null String." - Epoch The date used as the "beginning of time" for timestamps. Time values in most systems are represented as seconds since the epoch, @@ -29688,20 +29688,20 @@ Free Documentation License published and may be copied. (*Note GNU Free Documentation License::.) -Function - A specialized group of statements used to encapsulate general or - program-specific tasks. `awk' has a number of built-in functions, - and also allows you to define your own. (*Note Functions::.) - -FSF - See "Free Software Foundation." - Free Software Foundation A nonprofit organization dedicated to the production and distribution of freely distributable software. It was founded by Richard M. Stallman, the author of the original Emacs editor. GNU Emacs is the most widely used version of Emacs today. +FSF + See "Free Software Foundation." + +Function + A specialized group of statements used to encapsulate general or + program-specific tasks. `awk' has a number of built-in functions, + and also allows you to define your own. (*Note Functions::.) + `gawk' The GNU implementation of `awk'. @@ -29801,12 +29801,12 @@ Lesser General Public License archives or shared objects, and their source code may be distributed. -Linux - See "GNU/Linux." - LGPL See "Lesser General Public License." +Linux + See "GNU/Linux." + Localization The process of providing the data necessary for an internationalized program to work in a particular language. @@ -29945,13 +29945,13 @@ Search Path source files. In the shell, a list of directories to search for executable programs. +`sed' + See "Stream Editor." + Seed The initial value, or starting point, for a sequence of random numbers. -`sed' - See "Stream Editor." - Shell The command interpreter for Unix and POSIX-compliant systems. The shell works both interactively, and as a programming language for @@ -32010,7 +32010,7 @@ Index * compatibility mode (gawk), octal numbers: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 60) * compatibility mode (gawk), specifying: Options. (line 81) -* compiled programs <1>: Glossary. (line 157) +* compiled programs <1>: Glossary. (line 155) * compiled programs: Basic High Level. (line 15) * compiling gawk for Cygwin: Cygwin. (line 6) * compiling gawk for MS-DOS and MS-Windows: PC Compiling. (line 13) @@ -32056,7 +32056,7 @@ Index * CONVFMT variable: Strings And Numbers. (line 29) * CONVFMT variable, and array subscripts: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 6) -* cookie: Glossary. (line 149) +* cookie: Glossary. (line 177) * coprocesses <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 25) * coprocesses: Redirection. (line 96) * coprocesses, closing: Close Files And Pipes. @@ -32672,7 +32672,7 @@ Index * frame debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 27) * Free Documentation License (FDL): GNU Free Documentation License. (line 7) -* Free Software Foundation (FSF) <1>: Glossary. (line 296) +* Free Software Foundation (FSF) <1>: Glossary. (line 288) * Free Software Foundation (FSF) <2>: Getting. (line 10) * Free Software Foundation (FSF): Manual History. (line 6) * FreeBSD: Glossary. (line 611) @@ -32689,7 +32689,7 @@ Index * FS, containing ^: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 59) * FS, in multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 41) -* FSF (Free Software Foundation) <1>: Glossary. (line 296) +* FSF (Free Software Foundation) <1>: Glossary. (line 288) * FSF (Free Software Foundation) <2>: Getting. (line 10) * FSF (Free Software Foundation): Manual History. (line 6) * fts() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. @@ -33208,7 +33208,7 @@ Index * mawk utility <4>: Getline/Pipe. (line 62) * mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 117) * maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 221) -* McIlroy, Doug: Glossary. (line 149) +* McIlroy, Doug: Glossary. (line 177) * McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 100) * message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 42) * message object files, converting from portable object files: I18N Example. @@ -33959,7 +33959,7 @@ Index * square root: Numeric Functions. (line 77) * srand: Numeric Functions. (line 81) * stack frame: Debugging Terms. (line 10) -* Stallman, Richard <1>: Glossary. (line 296) +* Stallman, Richard <1>: Glossary. (line 288) * Stallman, Richard <2>: Contributors. (line 23) * Stallman, Richard <3>: Acknowledgments. (line 18) * Stallman, Richard: Manual History. (line 6) -- cgit v1.2.3 From 15a1d8d213380bd99b5dfe7f4cafcd6dedb8f0dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Sat, 27 Dec 2014 21:20:47 +0200 Subject: Make nonfatal work with stdout & stderr. Update doc more. --- doc/gawk.info | 1028 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 523 insertions(+), 505 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index ba16256f..08ec4452 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -3454,8 +3454,8 @@ sequences apply to both string constants and regexp constants: would continue incorporating hexadecimal digits into the value until a non-hexadecimal digit or the end of the string was encountered. However, using more than two hexadecimal - digits produced undefined results. As of version *FIXME:* - 4.3.0, only two digits are processed. + digits produced undefined results. As of version 4.2, only + two digits are processed. `\/' A literal slash (necessary for regexp constants only). This @@ -7249,6 +7249,11 @@ attempting the output. For example: Here, `gawk' did not produce a fatal error; instead it let the `awk' program code detect the problem and handle it. + This mechanism works also for standard output and standard error. +For standard output, you may use `PROCINFO["-", "nonfatal"]' or +`PROCINFO["/dev/stdout", "nonfatal"]'. For standard error, use +`PROCINFO["/dev/stderr", "nonfatal"]'. +  File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output Exercises, Prev: Nonfatal, Up: Printing @@ -26492,6 +26497,9 @@ the current version of `gawk'. - Directories on the command line produce a warning and are skipped (*note Command-line directories::). + - Output with `print' and `printf' need not be fatal (*note + Nonfatal::). + * New keywords: - The `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' special patterns (*note @@ -26543,6 +26551,9 @@ the current version of `gawk'. - The `bindtextdomain()', `dcgettext()' and `dcngettext()' functions for internationalization (*note Programmer i18n::). + - The `div()' function for doing integer division and remainder + (*note Numeric Functions::). + * Changes and/or additions in the command-line options: - The `AWKPATH' environment variable for specifying a path @@ -26597,7 +26608,10 @@ the current version of `gawk'. - Ultrix - * Support for MirBSD was removed at `gawk' version 4.2. + * Support for the following systems was removed from the code for + `gawk' version 4.2: + + - MirBSD  @@ -26984,25 +26998,29 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'. * The dynamic extension interface was completely redone (*note Dynamic Extensions::). + * Support for Ultrix was removed. + - Version *FIXME* XXXX introduced the following changes: + Version 4.2 introduced the following changes: * Changes to `ENVIRON' are reflected into `gawk''s environment and that of programs that it runs. *Note Auto-set::. * The `--pretty-print' option no longer runs the `awk' program too. - FIXME: Add xref. + *Note Options::. * The `igawk' program and its manual page are no longer installed - when `gawk' is built. FIXME: Add xref. + when `gawk' is built. *Note Igawk Program::. - * The `div()' function. FIXME: Add xref. + * The `div()' function. *Note Numeric Functions::. * The maximum number of hexdecimal digits in `\x' escapes is now two. - FIXME: Add xref. + *Note Escape Sequences::. * Nonfatal output with `print' and `printf'. *Note Nonfatal::. + * Support for MirBSD was removed. +  File: gawk.info, Node: Common Extensions, Next: Ranges and Locales, Prev: Feature History, Up: Language History @@ -34584,502 +34602,502 @@ Node: Invoking Summary151826 Node: Regexp153490 Node: Regexp Usage154944 Node: Escape Sequences156981 -Node: Regexp Operators163222 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170648 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170795 -Node: Bracket Expressions170893 -Ref: table-char-classes172908 -Node: Leftmost Longest175832 -Node: Computed Regexps177134 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators180531 -Node: Case-sensitivity184204 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1187089 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187324 -Node: Regexp Summary187432 -Node: Reading Files188899 -Node: Records190993 -Node: awk 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Function625084 +Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1626853 +Node: Getlocaltime Function627053 +Node: Readfile Function630797 +Node: Shell Quoting632767 +Node: Data File Management634168 +Node: Filetrans Function634800 +Node: Rewind Function638856 +Node: File Checking640243 +Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1641575 +Node: Empty Files641776 +Node: Ignoring Assigns643755 +Node: Getopt Function645306 +Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1656768 +Node: Passwd Functions656968 +Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1665805 +Node: Group Functions665893 +Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1673787 +Node: Walking Arrays674000 +Node: Library Functions Summary675603 +Node: Library Exercises677004 +Node: Sample Programs678284 +Node: Running Examples679054 +Node: Clones679782 +Node: Cut Program681006 +Node: Egrep Program690725 +Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1698223 +Node: Id Program698333 +Node: Split Program701978 +Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1705426 +Node: Tee Program705554 +Node: Uniq Program708343 +Node: Wc Program715762 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1720012 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs720106 +Node: Dupword Program721319 +Node: Alarm Program723350 +Node: Translate Program728154 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1732719 +Node: Labels Program732989 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1736340 +Node: Word Sorting736424 +Node: History Sorting740495 +Node: Extract Program742331 +Node: Simple Sed749856 +Node: Igawk Program752924 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1767248 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2767449 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3767571 +Node: Anagram Program767686 +Node: Signature Program770743 +Node: Programs Summary771990 +Node: Programs Exercises773183 +Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1777314 +Node: Advanced Features777405 +Node: Nondecimal Data779353 +Node: Array Sorting780943 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal781640 +Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1789973 +Node: Array Sorting Functions790091 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1793980 +Node: Two-way I/O794176 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1799121 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2799307 +Node: TCP/IP Networking799389 +Node: Profiling802262 +Node: Advanced Features Summary810539 +Node: Internationalization812472 +Node: I18N and L10N813952 +Node: Explaining gettext814638 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1819663 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2819847 +Node: Programmer i18n820012 +Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1824878 +Node: Translator i18n824927 +Node: String Extraction825721 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1826852 +Node: Printf Ordering826938 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1829724 +Node: I18N Portability829788 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1832243 +Node: I18N Example832306 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1835109 +Node: Gawk I18N835181 +Node: I18N Summary835819 +Node: Debugger837158 +Node: Debugging838180 +Node: Debugging Concepts838621 +Node: Debugging Terms840474 +Node: Awk Debugging843046 +Node: Sample Debugging Session843940 +Node: Debugger Invocation844460 +Node: Finding The Bug845844 +Node: List of Debugger Commands852319 +Node: Breakpoint Control853652 +Node: Debugger Execution Control857348 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data860712 +Node: Execution Stack864090 +Node: Debugger Info865727 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands869744 +Node: Readline Support874773 +Node: Limitations875665 +Node: Debugging Summary877779 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic878947 +Node: Computer Arithmetic880363 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges883961 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1884820 +Node: Math Definitions884877 +Ref: table-ieee-formats888165 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1888769 +Node: MPFR features888874 +Node: FP Math Caution890545 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1891595 +Node: Inexactness of computations891964 +Node: Inexact representation892923 +Node: Comparing FP Values894280 +Node: Errors accumulate895362 +Node: Getting Accuracy896795 +Node: Try To Round899457 +Node: Setting precision900356 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings901040 +Node: Setting the rounding mode902829 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes903193 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1906648 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers906827 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1911726 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems911875 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1915748 +Node: Floating point summary915786 +Node: Dynamic Extensions917980 +Node: Extension Intro919532 +Node: Plugin License920798 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline921595 +Ref: figure-load-extension922023 +Ref: figure-register-new-function923503 +Ref: figure-call-new-function924507 +Node: Extension API Description926493 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction927943 +Node: General Data Types932767 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1938506 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions938805 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1941644 +Node: Constructor Functions941740 +Node: Registration Functions943474 +Node: Extension Functions944159 +Node: Exit Callback Functions946456 +Node: Extension Version String947704 +Node: Input Parsers948369 +Node: Output Wrappers958248 +Node: Two-way processors962763 +Node: Printing Messages964967 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1966043 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'966195 +Node: Requesting Values966935 +Ref: table-value-types-returned967663 +Node: Accessing Parameters968620 +Node: Symbol Table Access969851 +Node: Symbol table by name970365 +Node: Symbol table by cookie972346 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1976490 +Node: Cached values976553 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1980052 +Node: Array Manipulation980143 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1981241 +Node: Array Data Types981278 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1983933 +Node: Array Functions984025 +Node: Flattening Arrays987879 +Node: Creating Arrays994771 +Node: Extension API Variables999542 +Node: Extension Versioning1000178 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables1002079 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate1003144 +Node: Finding Extensions1006953 +Node: Extension Example1007513 +Node: Internal File Description1008285 +Node: Internal File Ops1012352 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11024022 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1024162 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11026545 +Node: Extension Samples1026818 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1028344 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1035982 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1037473 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1038688 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1040363 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1041199 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1042075 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1042886 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1043476 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1044216 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1046156 +Node: Extension Sample Time1047251 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1048600 +Node: gawkextlib1049091 +Node: Extension summary1051749 +Node: Extension Exercises1055438 +Node: Language History1056160 +Node: V7/SVR3.11057816 +Node: SVR41059997 +Node: POSIX1061442 +Node: BTL1062831 +Node: POSIX/GNU1063565 +Node: Feature History1069446 +Node: Common Extensions1083240 +Node: Ranges and Locales1084564 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11089182 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21089209 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31089443 +Node: Contributors1089664 +Node: History summary1095205 +Node: Installation1096575 +Node: Gawk Distribution1097521 +Node: Getting1098005 +Node: Extracting1098828 +Node: Distribution contents1100463 +Node: Unix Installation1106528 +Node: Quick Installation1107211 +Node: Shell Startup Files1109622 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1110701 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1112440 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1114809 +Node: PC Installation1115267 +Node: PC Binary Installation1116586 +Node: PC Compiling1118434 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11121455 +Node: PC Testing1121564 +Node: PC Using1122740 +Node: Cygwin1126855 +Node: MSYS1127678 +Node: VMS Installation1128178 +Node: VMS Compilation1128970 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11130192 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1130250 +Node: VMS Installation Details1131934 +Node: VMS Running1134186 +Node: VMS GNV1137022 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1137756 +Node: Bugs1138226 +Node: Other Versions1142109 +Node: Installation summary1148537 +Node: Notes1149593 +Node: Compatibility Mode1150458 +Node: Additions1151240 +Node: Accessing The Source1152165 +Node: Adding Code1153601 +Node: New Ports1159766 +Node: Derived Files1164248 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11169723 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21169757 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31170353 +Node: Future Extensions1170467 +Node: Implementation Limitations1171073 +Node: Extension Design1172321 +Node: Old Extension Problems1173475 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11174992 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1175049 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11178409 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1178598 +Node: Extension Future Growth1180706 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1181542 +Node: Notes summary1183304 +Node: Basic Concepts1184490 +Node: Basic High Level1185171 +Ref: figure-general-flow1185443 +Ref: figure-process-flow1186042 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11189271 +Node: Basic Data Typing1189456 +Node: Glossary1192784 +Node: Copying1217942 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1255498 +Node: Index1280634  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 903e540568e70f71e0a2911cb5998ac2d82ebbb4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Andrew J. Schorr" Date: Sun, 4 Jan 2015 18:24:25 -0500 Subject: Document new user-visible features in gawk.1 and gawktexi.in. --- doc/gawk.info | 1256 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------- 1 file changed, 653 insertions(+), 603 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index e501b297..02b59b92 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -217,6 +217,7 @@ entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". `getline'. * Getline Summary:: Summary of `getline' Variants. * Read Timeout:: Reading input with a timeout. +* Retrying I/O:: Retrying I/O after certain errors. * Command-line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on the command line. * Input Summary:: Input summary. @@ -4168,6 +4169,7 @@ have to be named on the `awk' command line (*note Getline::). * Getline:: Reading files under explicit program control using the `getline' function. * Read Timeout:: Reading input with a timeout. +* Retrying I/O:: Retrying I/O after certain errors. * Command-line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on the command line. * Input Summary:: Input summary. @@ -5439,7 +5441,11 @@ how `awk' works. encounters the end of the file. If there is some error in getting a record, such as a file that cannot be opened, then `getline' returns -1. In this case, `gawk' sets the variable `ERRNO' to a string -describing the error that occurred. +describing the error that occurred. If the `errno' variable indicates +that the I/O operation may be retried, and `PROCINFO["input", "RETRY"]' +is set, then -2 will be returned instead of -1, and further calls to +`getline' may be attemped. *Note Retrying I/O::, for further +information about this feature. In the following examples, COMMAND stands for a string value that represents a shell command. @@ -5876,7 +5882,7 @@ VAR Table 4.1: `getline' variants and what they set  -File: gawk.info, Node: Read Timeout, Next: Command-line directories, Prev: Getline, Up: Reading Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Read Timeout, Next: Retrying I/O, Prev: Getline, Up: Reading Files 4.10 Reading Input with a Timeout ================================= @@ -5955,7 +5961,8 @@ a per command or connection basis. `gawk' considers a timeout event to be an error even though the attempt to read from the underlying device may succeed in a later attempt. This is a limitation, and it also means that you cannot use -this to multiplex input from two or more sources. +this to multiplex input from two or more sources. *Note Retrying +I/O::, for a way to enable later I/O attempts to succeed. Assigning a timeout value prevents read operations from blocking indefinitely. But bear in mind that there are other ways `gawk' can @@ -5970,9 +5977,36 @@ writing. (1) This assumes that standard input is the keyboard.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Command-line directories, Next: Input Summary, Prev: Read Timeout, Up: Reading Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Retrying I/O, Next: Command-line directories, Prev: Read Timeout, Up: Reading Files -4.11 Directories on the Command Line +4.11 Retrying I/O on Certain Input Errors +========================================= + +This minor node describes a feature that is specific to `gawk'. + + When `gawk' encounters an error while reading input, it will by +default return -1 from getline, and subsequent attempts to read from +that file will result in an end-of-file indication. However, you may +optionally instruct `gawk' to allow I/O to be retried when certain +errors are encountered by setting setting a special element in the +`PROCINFO' array (*note Auto-set::): + + PROCINFO["input_name", "RETRY"] + + When set, this causes `gawk' to check the value of the system +`errno' variable when an I/O error occurs. If `errno' indicates a +subsequent I/O attempt may succeed, `getline' will instead return -2 and +further calls to `getline' may succeed. This applies to `errno' values +EAGAIN, EWOULDBLOCK, EINTR, or ETIMEDOUT. + + This feature is useful in conjunction with `PROCINFO["input_name", +"READ_TIMEOUT"]' or situations where a file descriptor has been +configured to behave in a non-blocking fashion. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Command-line directories, Next: Input Summary, Prev: Retrying I/O, Up: Reading Files + +4.12 Directories on the Command Line ==================================== According to the POSIX standard, files named on the `awk' command line @@ -5995,7 +6029,7 @@ usable data from an `awk' program.  File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Next: Input Exercises, Prev: Command-line directories, Up: Reading Files -4.12 Summary +4.13 Summary ============ * Input is split into records based on the value of `RS'. The @@ -6068,7 +6102,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Next: Input Exercises, Prev: Command-li  File: gawk.info, Node: Input Exercises, Prev: Input Summary, Up: Reading Files -4.13 Exercises +4.14 Exercises ============== 1. Using the `FIELDWIDTHS' variable (*note Constant Size::), write a @@ -10363,6 +10397,11 @@ Options::), they are not special: `getline' returning -1. You are, of course, free to clear it yourself before doing an I/O operation. + If the value of `ERRNO' corresponds to a system error in the C + `errno' variable, then `PROCINFO["errno"]' will be set to the value + of `errno'. For non-system errors, `PROCINFO["errno"]' will be + zero. + `FILENAME' The name of the current input file. When no data files are listed on the command line, `awk' reads from the standard input and @@ -10411,6 +10450,10 @@ Options::), they are not special: `PROCINFO["egid"]' The value of the `getegid()' system call. + `PROCINFO["errno"]' + The value of the C `errno' variable when `ERRNO' is set to + the associated error message. + `PROCINFO["euid"]' The value of the `geteuid()' system call. @@ -10521,6 +10564,10 @@ Options::), they are not special: open input file, pipe, or coprocess. *Note Read Timeout::, for more information. + * It may be used to indicate that I/O may be retried when it + fails due to certain errors. *Note Retrying I/O::, for more + information. + * It may be used to cause coprocesses to communicate over pseudo-ttys instead of through two-way pipes; this is discussed further in *note Two-way I/O::. @@ -32246,9 +32293,9 @@ Index (line 143) * dark corner, exit statement: Exit Statement. (line 30) * dark corner, field separators: Full Line Fields. (line 22) -* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 104) +* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 109) * dark corner, FILENAME variable: Getline Notes. (line 19) -* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 328) +* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 341) * dark corner, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) * dark corner, FS as null string: Single Character Fields. (line 20) @@ -32442,7 +32489,7 @@ Index * differences in awk and gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable: User-modified. (line 37) * differences in awk and gawk, FPAT variable: User-modified. (line 43) -* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 130) +* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 135) * differences in awk and gawk, function arguments (gawk): Calling Built-in. (line 16) * differences in awk and gawk, getline command: Getline. (line 19) @@ -32465,7 +32512,7 @@ Index (line 263) * differences in awk and gawk, print/printf statements: Format Modifiers. (line 13) -* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 144) +* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 149) * differences in awk and gawk, read timeouts: Read Timeout. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, record separators: awk split records. (line 125) @@ -32473,9 +32520,10 @@ Index (line 43) * differences in awk and gawk, regular expressions: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) +* differences in awk and gawk, retrying I/O: Retrying I/O. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, RS/RT variables: gawk split records. (line 58) -* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 279) +* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 292) * differences in awk and gawk, single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, split() function: String Functions. @@ -32483,7 +32531,7 @@ Index * differences in awk and gawk, strings: Scalar Constants. (line 20) * differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: gawk split records. (line 77) -* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 283) +* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 296) * differences in awk and gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 151) * differences in awk and gawk, trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. @@ -32524,8 +32572,8 @@ Index * dynamically loaded extensions: Dynamic Extensions. (line 6) * e debugger command (alias for enable): Breakpoint Control. (line 73) * EBCDIC: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) -* effective group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 149) -* effective user ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 153) +* effective group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 154) +* effective user ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 162) * egrep utility <1>: Egrep Program. (line 6) * egrep utility: Bracket Expressions. (line 26) * egrep.awk program: Egrep Program. (line 54) @@ -32640,7 +32688,7 @@ Index (line 6) * extension API version: Extension Versioning. (line 6) -* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 246) +* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 255) * extension example: Extension Example. (line 6) * extension registration: Registration Functions. (line 6) @@ -32721,7 +32769,7 @@ Index * file names, distinguishing: Auto-set. (line 56) * file names, in compatibility mode: Special Caveats. (line 9) * file names, standard streams in gawk: Special FD. (line 48) -* FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 104) +* FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 109) * FILENAME variable: Reading Files. (line 6) * FILENAME variable, getline, setting with: Getline Notes. (line 19) * filenames, assignments as: Ignoring Assigns. (line 6) @@ -32789,9 +32837,9 @@ Index * flush buffered output: I/O Functions. (line 28) * fnmatch() extension function: Extension Sample Fnmatch. (line 12) -* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 114) +* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 119) * FNR variable: Records. (line 6) -* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 328) +* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 341) * for statement: For Statement. (line 6) * for statement, looping over arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 20) * fork() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. @@ -32841,7 +32889,7 @@ Index * FSF (Free Software Foundation): Manual History. (line 6) * fts() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. (line 61) -* FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 130) +* FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 135) * function calls: Function Calls. (line 6) * function calls, indirect: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * function calls, indirect, @-notation for: Indirect Calls. (line 47) @@ -32891,7 +32939,7 @@ Index * G-d: Acknowledgments. (line 94) * Garfinkle, Scott: Contributors. (line 34) * gawk program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 178) -* gawk version: Auto-set. (line 221) +* gawk version: Auto-set. (line 230) * gawk, ARGIND variable in: Other Arguments. (line 15) * gawk, awk and <1>: This Manual. (line 14) * gawk, awk and: Preface. (line 21) @@ -32926,7 +32974,7 @@ Index * gawk, FPAT variable in <1>: User-modified. (line 43) * gawk, FPAT variable in: Splitting By Content. (line 25) -* gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 130) +* gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 135) * gawk, function arguments and: Calling Built-in. (line 16) * gawk, hexadecimal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 42) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <1>: Array Sorting Functions. @@ -32958,7 +33006,7 @@ Index * gawk, predefined variables and: Built-in Variables. (line 14) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 99) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) -* gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 144) +* gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 149) * gawk, regexp constants and: Using Constant Regexps. (line 28) * gawk, regular expressions, case sensitivity: Case-sensitivity. @@ -32966,14 +33014,14 @@ Index * gawk, regular expressions, operators: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 6) * gawk, regular expressions, precedence: Regexp Operators. (line 161) -* gawk, RT variable in <1>: Auto-set. (line 279) +* gawk, RT variable in <1>: Auto-set. (line 292) * gawk, RT variable in <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) * gawk, RT variable in: awk split records. (line 125) * gawk, See Also awk: Preface. (line 34) * gawk, source code, obtaining: Getting. (line 6) * gawk, splitting fields and: Constant Size. (line 87) * gawk, string-translation functions: I18N Functions. (line 6) -* gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 283) +* gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 296) * gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable in: User-modified. (line 151) * gawk, timestamps: Time Functions. (line 6) * gawk, uses for: Preface. (line 34) @@ -33065,7 +33113,7 @@ Index * Grigera, Juan: Contributors. (line 57) * group database, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) * group file: Group Functions. (line 6) -* group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 194) +* group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 203) * groups, information about: Group Functions. (line 6) * gsub <1>: String Functions. (line 140) * gsub: Using Constant Regexps. @@ -33360,7 +33408,7 @@ Index * mawk utility <3>: Concatenation. (line 36) * mawk utility <4>: Getline/Pipe. (line 62) * mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 120) -* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 235) +* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 244) * McIlroy, Doug: Glossary. (line 177) * McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 100) * message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 42) @@ -33373,7 +33421,7 @@ Index * messages from extensions: Printing Messages. (line 6) * metacharacters in regular expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 6) * metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 139) -* minimum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 238) +* minimum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 247) * mktime: Time Functions. (line 25) * modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6) * monetary information, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 104) @@ -33422,7 +33470,7 @@ Index (line 47) * nexti debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 49) -* NF variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 119) +* NF variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 124) * NF variable: Fields. (line 33) * NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 107) * ni debugger command (alias for nexti): Debugger Execution Control. @@ -33431,9 +33479,9 @@ Index * non-existent array elements: Reference to Elements. (line 23) * not Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) -* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 139) +* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 144) * NR variable: Records. (line 6) -* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 328) +* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 341) * null strings <1>: Basic Data Typing. (line 26) * null strings <2>: Truth Values. (line 6) * null strings <3>: Regexp Field Splitting. @@ -33547,7 +33595,7 @@ Index * p debugger command (alias for print): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 36) * Papadopoulos, Panos: Contributors. (line 128) -* parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 203) +* parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 212) * parentheses (), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) * parentheses (), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 81) * password file: Passwd Functions. (line 16) @@ -33713,24 +33761,24 @@ Index * printing, unduplicated lines of text: Uniq Program. (line 6) * printing, user information: Id Program. (line 6) * private variables: Library Names. (line 11) -* process group idIDof gawk process: Auto-set. (line 197) -* process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 200) +* process group idIDof gawk process: Auto-set. (line 206) +* process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 209) * processes, two-way communications with: Two-way I/O. (line 6) * processing data: Basic High Level. (line 6) * PROCINFO array <1>: Passwd Functions. (line 6) * PROCINFO array <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) -* PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 144) +* PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 149) * PROCINFO array, and communications via ptys: Two-way I/O. (line 99) * PROCINFO array, and group membership: Group Functions. (line 6) * PROCINFO array, and user and group ID numbers: Id Program. (line 15) * PROCINFO array, testing the field splitting: Passwd Functions. (line 154) -* PROCINFO array, uses: Auto-set. (line 256) +* PROCINFO array, uses: Auto-set. (line 265) * PROCINFO, values of sorted_in: Controlling Scanning. (line 26) * profiling awk programs: Profiling. (line 6) * profiling awk programs, dynamically: Profiling. (line 178) -* program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 162) +* program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 171) * program, definition of: Getting Started. (line 21) * programming conventions, --non-decimal-data option: Nondecimal Data. (line 35) @@ -33865,6 +33913,7 @@ Index * relational operators, See comparison operators: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * replace in string: String Functions. (line 408) +* retrying I/O: Retrying I/O. (line 6) * return debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 54) * return statement, user-defined functions: Return Statement. (line 6) @@ -33888,7 +33937,7 @@ Index * right shift: Bitwise Functions. (line 53) * right shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * Ritchie, Dennis: Basic Data Typing. (line 54) -* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 266) +* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 279) * RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 228) * Robbins, Arnold <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <2>: Bugs. (line 70) @@ -33914,9 +33963,9 @@ Index * RS variable: awk split records. (line 12) * RS variable, multiline records and: Multiple Line. (line 17) * rshift: Bitwise Functions. (line 53) -* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 272) +* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 285) * RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 228) -* RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 279) +* RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 292) * RT variable <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) * RT variable: awk split records. (line 125) * Rubin, Paul <1>: Contributors. (line 15) @@ -33936,7 +33985,7 @@ Index * scanning arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 6) * scanning multidimensional arrays: Multiscanning. (line 11) * Schorr, Andrew <1>: Contributors. (line 133) -* Schorr, Andrew <2>: Auto-set. (line 311) +* Schorr, Andrew <2>: Auto-set. (line 324) * Schorr, Andrew: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Schreiber, Bert: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Schreiber, Rita: Acknowledgments. (line 38) @@ -34019,7 +34068,7 @@ Index (line 106) * sidebar, Changing FS Does Not Affect the Fields: Full Line Fields. (line 14) -* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 326) +* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 339) * sidebar, Controlling Output Buffering with system(): I/O Functions. (line 138) * sidebar, Escape Sequences for Metacharacters: Escape Sequences. @@ -34181,9 +34230,9 @@ Index * substr: String Functions. (line 481) * substring: String Functions. (line 481) * Sumner, Andrew: Other Versions. (line 68) -* supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 251) +* supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 260) * switch statement: Switch Statement. (line 6) -* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 283) +* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 296) * syntactic ambiguity: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 148) * system: I/O Functions. (line 106) @@ -34360,10 +34409,10 @@ Index * variables, uninitialized, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) * variables, user-defined: Variables. (line 6) -* version of gawk: Auto-set. (line 221) -* version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 246) -* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 232) -* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 228) +* version of gawk: Auto-set. (line 230) +* version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 255) +* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 241) +* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 237) * vertical bar (|): Regexp Operators. (line 70) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 9) @@ -34453,560 +34502,561 @@ Index  Tag Table: Node: Top1204 -Node: Foreword342225 -Node: Foreword446667 -Node: Preface48189 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-151060 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-251167 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-351400 -Node: History51542 -Node: Names53888 -Ref: Names-Footnote-154982 -Node: This Manual55128 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-161615 -Node: Conventions61715 -Node: Manual History64053 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-167035 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-267076 -Node: How To Contribute67150 -Node: Acknowledgments68279 -Node: Getting Started73084 -Node: Running gawk75517 -Node: One-shot76707 -Node: Read Terminal77955 -Node: Long79982 -Node: Executable Scripts81498 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184287 -Node: Comments84390 -Node: Quoting86872 -Node: DOS Quoting92396 -Node: Sample Data Files93071 -Node: Very Simple95666 -Node: Two Rules100564 -Node: More Complex102450 -Node: Statements/Lines105312 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1109767 -Node: Other Features110032 -Node: When110963 -Ref: When-Footnote-1112717 -Node: Intro Summary112782 -Node: Invoking Gawk113665 -Node: Command Line115179 -Node: Options115977 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1131781 -Ref: Options-Footnote-2132010 -Node: Other Arguments132035 -Node: Naming Standard Input134983 -Node: Environment Variables136076 -Node: AWKPATH Variable136634 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140047 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140092 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140352 -Node: Other Environment Variables141608 -Node: Exit Status145096 -Node: Include Files145772 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries149369 -Node: Obsolete150796 -Node: Undocumented151493 -Node: Invoking Summary151760 -Node: Regexp153424 -Node: Regexp Usage154878 -Node: Escape Sequences156915 -Node: Regexp Operators163156 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170582 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170729 -Node: Bracket Expressions170827 -Ref: table-char-classes172842 -Node: Leftmost Longest175766 -Node: Computed Regexps177068 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators180465 -Node: Case-sensitivity184138 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1187023 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187258 -Node: Regexp Summary187366 -Node: Reading Files188833 -Node: Records190927 -Node: awk split records191660 -Node: gawk split records196575 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1201119 -Node: Fields201156 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1203932 -Node: Nonconstant Fields204018 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1206261 -Node: Changing Fields206465 -Node: Field Separators212394 -Node: Default Field Splitting215099 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting216216 -Node: Single Character Fields219566 -Node: Command Line Field Separator220625 -Node: Full Line Fields223837 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1225354 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2225400 -Node: Field Splitting Summary225501 -Node: Constant Size227575 -Node: Splitting By Content232164 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236158 -Node: Multiple Line236321 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242207 -Node: Getline242386 -Node: Plain Getline244598 -Node: Getline/Variable247238 -Node: Getline/File248386 -Node: Getline/Variable/File249770 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1251373 -Node: Getline/Pipe251460 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254143 -Node: Getline/Coprocess255274 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess256526 -Node: Getline Notes257265 -Node: Getline Summary260057 -Ref: table-getline-variants260469 -Node: Read Timeout261298 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265123 -Node: Command-line directories265181 -Node: Input Summary266086 -Node: Input Exercises269387 -Node: Printing270115 -Node: Print271892 -Node: Print Examples273349 -Node: Output Separators276128 -Node: OFMT278146 -Node: Printf279500 -Node: Basic Printf280285 -Node: Control Letters281855 -Node: Format Modifiers285838 -Node: Printf Examples291847 -Node: Redirection294333 -Node: Special FD301174 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1304334 -Node: Special Files304408 -Node: Other Inherited Files305025 -Node: Special Network306025 -Node: Special Caveats306887 -Node: Close Files And Pipes307838 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1315020 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2315168 -Node: Output Summary315318 -Node: Output Exercises316316 -Node: Expressions316996 -Node: Values318181 -Node: Constants318859 -Node: Scalar Constants319550 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1320409 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers320659 -Node: Regexp Constants323677 -Node: Using Constant Regexps324202 -Node: Variables327345 -Node: Using Variables328000 -Node: Assignment Options329911 -Node: Conversion331786 -Node: Strings And Numbers332310 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1335375 -Node: Locale influences conversions335484 -Ref: table-locale-affects338231 -Node: All Operators338819 -Node: Arithmetic Ops339449 -Node: Concatenation341954 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1344773 -Node: Assignment Ops344879 -Ref: table-assign-ops349858 -Node: Increment Ops351130 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions354568 -Node: Truth Values355653 -Node: Typing and Comparison356702 -Node: Variable Typing357512 -Node: Comparison Operators361165 -Ref: table-relational-ops361575 -Node: POSIX String Comparison365070 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1366142 -Node: Boolean Ops366280 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1370759 -Node: Conditional Exp370850 -Node: Function Calls372577 -Node: Precedence376457 -Node: Locales380118 -Node: Expressions Summary381750 -Node: Patterns and Actions384310 -Node: Pattern Overview385430 -Node: Regexp Patterns387109 -Node: Expression Patterns387652 -Node: Ranges391362 -Node: BEGIN/END394468 -Node: Using BEGIN/END395229 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1397963 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END398069 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE400383 -Node: Empty403284 -Node: Using Shell Variables403601 -Node: Action Overview405874 -Node: Statements408200 -Node: If Statement410048 -Node: While Statement411543 -Node: Do Statement413572 -Node: For Statement414716 -Node: Switch Statement417873 -Node: Break Statement420255 -Node: Continue Statement422296 -Node: Next Statement424123 -Node: Nextfile Statement426504 -Node: Exit Statement429134 -Node: Built-in Variables431537 -Node: User-modified432670 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1440351 -Node: Auto-set440413 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1454105 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2454310 -Node: ARGC and ARGV454366 -Node: Pattern Action Summary458584 -Node: Arrays461011 -Node: Array Basics462340 -Node: Array Intro463184 -Ref: figure-array-elements465148 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1467674 -Node: Reference to Elements467802 -Node: Assigning Elements470254 -Node: Array Example470745 -Node: Scanning an Array472503 -Node: Controlling Scanning475519 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1480715 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts481031 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts483216 -Node: Delete484833 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1487576 -Node: Multidimensional487633 -Node: Multiscanning490730 -Node: Arrays of Arrays492319 -Node: Arrays Summary497078 -Node: Functions499170 -Node: Built-in500069 -Node: Calling Built-in501147 -Node: Numeric Functions503138 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1507957 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2508314 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3508362 -Node: String Functions508634 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1532109 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2532238 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3532486 -Node: Gory Details532573 -Ref: table-sub-escapes534354 -Ref: table-sub-proposed535874 -Ref: table-posix-sub537238 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes538774 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1539606 -Node: I/O Functions539757 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1546975 -Node: Time Functions547122 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1557610 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2557678 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3557836 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4557947 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5558059 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6558286 -Node: Bitwise Functions558552 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops559114 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1563423 -Node: Type Functions563592 -Node: I18N Functions564743 -Node: User-defined566388 -Node: Definition Syntax567193 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1572600 -Node: Function Example572671 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1575590 -Node: Function Caveats575612 -Node: Calling A Function576130 -Node: Variable Scope577088 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference580076 -Node: Return Statement583571 -Node: Dynamic Typing586552 -Node: Indirect Calls587481 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1598783 -Node: Functions Summary598911 -Node: Library Functions601613 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1605222 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2605365 -Node: Library Names605536 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1608990 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2609213 -Node: General Functions609299 -Node: Strtonum Function610402 -Node: Assert Function613424 -Node: Round Function616748 -Node: Cliff Random Function618289 -Node: Ordinal Functions619305 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1622368 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2622620 -Node: Join Function622831 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1624600 -Node: Getlocaltime Function624800 -Node: Readfile Function628544 -Node: Shell Quoting630514 -Node: Data File Management631915 -Node: Filetrans Function632547 -Node: Rewind Function636603 -Node: File Checking637990 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1639322 -Node: Empty Files639523 -Node: Ignoring Assigns641502 -Node: Getopt Function643053 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1654515 -Node: Passwd Functions654715 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1663552 -Node: Group Functions663640 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1671534 -Node: Walking Arrays671747 -Node: Library Functions Summary673350 -Node: Library Exercises674751 -Node: Sample Programs676031 -Node: Running Examples676801 -Node: Clones677529 -Node: Cut Program678753 -Node: Egrep Program688472 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1695970 -Node: Id Program696080 -Node: Split Program699725 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1703173 -Node: Tee Program703301 -Node: Uniq Program706090 -Node: Wc Program713509 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1717759 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs717853 -Node: Dupword Program719066 -Node: Alarm Program721097 -Node: Translate Program725901 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1730466 -Node: Labels Program730736 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1734087 -Node: Word Sorting734171 -Node: History Sorting738242 -Node: Extract Program740078 -Node: Simple Sed747603 -Node: Igawk Program750671 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1764995 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2765196 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3765318 -Node: Anagram Program765433 -Node: Signature Program768490 -Node: Programs Summary769737 -Node: Programs Exercises770930 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1775061 -Node: Advanced Features775152 -Node: Nondecimal Data777100 -Node: Array Sorting778690 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal779387 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1787720 -Node: Array Sorting Functions787838 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1791727 -Node: Two-way I/O791923 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1796868 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2797054 -Node: TCP/IP Networking797136 -Node: Profiling800009 -Node: Advanced Features Summary808286 -Node: Internationalization810219 -Node: I18N and L10N811699 -Node: Explaining gettext812385 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1817410 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2817594 -Node: Programmer i18n817759 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1822625 -Node: Translator i18n822674 -Node: String Extraction823468 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1824599 -Node: Printf Ordering824685 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1827471 -Node: I18N Portability827535 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1829990 -Node: I18N Example830053 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1832856 -Node: Gawk I18N832928 -Node: I18N Summary833566 -Node: Debugger834905 -Node: Debugging835927 -Node: Debugging Concepts836368 -Node: Debugging Terms838221 -Node: Awk Debugging840793 -Node: Sample Debugging Session841687 -Node: Debugger Invocation842207 -Node: Finding The Bug843591 -Node: List of Debugger Commands850066 -Node: Breakpoint Control851399 -Node: Debugger Execution Control855095 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data858459 -Node: Execution Stack861837 -Node: Debugger Info863474 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands867491 -Node: Readline Support872520 -Node: Limitations873412 -Node: Debugging Summary875526 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic876694 -Node: Computer Arithmetic878110 -Ref: table-numeric-ranges881708 -Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1882567 -Node: Math Definitions882624 -Ref: table-ieee-formats885912 -Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1886516 -Node: MPFR features886621 -Node: FP Math Caution888292 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1889342 -Node: Inexactness of computations889711 -Node: Inexact representation890670 -Node: Comparing FP Values892027 -Node: Errors accumulate893109 -Node: Getting Accuracy894542 -Node: Try To Round897204 -Node: Setting precision898103 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings898787 -Node: Setting the rounding mode900576 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes900940 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1904395 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers904574 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1909473 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems909622 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1913495 -Node: Floating point summary913533 -Node: Dynamic Extensions915727 -Node: Extension Intro917279 -Node: Plugin License918545 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline919342 -Ref: figure-load-extension919770 -Ref: figure-register-new-function921250 -Ref: figure-call-new-function922254 -Node: Extension API Description924240 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction925690 -Node: General Data Types930514 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1936253 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions936552 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1939391 -Node: Constructor Functions939487 -Node: Registration Functions941221 -Node: Extension Functions941906 -Node: Exit Callback Functions944203 -Node: Extension Version String945451 -Node: Input Parsers946116 -Node: Output Wrappers955995 -Node: Two-way processors960510 -Node: Printing Messages962714 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1963790 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'963942 -Node: Requesting Values964682 -Ref: table-value-types-returned965410 -Node: Accessing Parameters966367 -Node: Symbol Table Access967598 -Node: Symbol table by name968112 -Node: Symbol table by cookie970093 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1974237 -Node: Cached values974300 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1977799 -Node: Array Manipulation977890 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1978988 -Node: Array Data Types979025 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1981680 -Node: Array Functions981772 -Node: Flattening Arrays985626 -Node: Creating Arrays992518 -Node: Extension API Variables997289 -Node: Extension Versioning997925 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables999826 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate1000891 -Node: Finding Extensions1004700 -Node: Extension Example1005260 -Node: Internal File Description1006032 -Node: Internal File Ops1010099 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11021769 -Node: Using Internal File Ops1021909 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11024292 -Node: Extension Samples1024565 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions1026091 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1033729 -Node: Extension Sample Fork1035220 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace1036435 -Node: Extension Sample Ord1038110 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir1038946 -Ref: table-readdir-file-types1039822 -Node: Extension Sample Revout1040633 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1041223 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array1041963 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile1043903 -Node: Extension Sample Time1044998 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests1046347 -Node: gawkextlib1046838 -Node: Extension summary1049496 -Node: Extension Exercises1053185 -Node: Language History1053907 -Node: V7/SVR3.11055563 -Node: SVR41057744 -Node: POSIX1059189 -Node: BTL1060578 -Node: POSIX/GNU1061312 -Node: Feature History1066936 -Node: Common Extensions1080034 -Node: Ranges and Locales1081358 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11085976 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21086003 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31086237 -Node: Contributors1086458 -Node: History summary1091999 -Node: Installation1093369 -Node: Gawk Distribution1094315 -Node: Getting1094799 -Node: Extracting1095622 -Node: Distribution contents1097257 -Node: Unix Installation1103322 -Node: Quick Installation1104005 -Node: Shell Startup Files1106416 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1107495 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1109234 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1111603 -Node: PC Installation1112061 -Node: PC Binary Installation1113380 -Node: PC Compiling1115228 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11118249 -Node: PC Testing1118358 -Node: PC Using1119534 -Node: Cygwin1123649 -Node: MSYS1124472 -Node: VMS Installation1124972 -Node: VMS Compilation1125764 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11126986 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1127044 -Node: VMS Installation Details1128728 -Node: VMS Running1130980 -Node: VMS GNV1133816 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1134550 -Node: Bugs1135020 -Node: Other Versions1138903 -Node: Installation summary1145331 -Node: Notes1146387 -Node: Compatibility Mode1147252 -Node: Additions1148034 -Node: Accessing The Source1148959 -Node: Adding Code1150395 -Node: New Ports1156560 -Node: Derived Files1161042 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11166517 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21166551 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31167147 -Node: Future Extensions1167261 -Node: Implementation Limitations1167867 -Node: Extension Design1169115 -Node: Old Extension Problems1170269 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11171786 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1171843 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11175203 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1175392 -Node: Extension Future Growth1177500 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1178336 -Node: Notes summary1180098 -Node: Basic Concepts1181284 -Node: Basic High Level1181965 -Ref: figure-general-flow1182237 -Ref: figure-process-flow1182836 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11186065 -Node: Basic Data Typing1186250 -Node: Glossary1189578 -Node: Copying1214736 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1252292 -Node: Index1277428 +Node: Foreword342300 +Node: Foreword446742 +Node: Preface48264 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-151135 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-251242 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-351475 +Node: History51617 +Node: Names53963 +Ref: Names-Footnote-155057 +Node: This Manual55203 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-161690 +Node: Conventions61790 +Node: Manual History64128 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-167110 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-267151 +Node: How To Contribute67225 +Node: Acknowledgments68354 +Node: Getting Started73159 +Node: Running gawk75592 +Node: One-shot76782 +Node: Read Terminal78030 +Node: Long80057 +Node: Executable Scripts81573 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184362 +Node: Comments84465 +Node: Quoting86947 +Node: DOS Quoting92471 +Node: Sample Data Files93146 +Node: Very Simple95741 +Node: Two Rules100639 +Node: More Complex102525 +Node: Statements/Lines105387 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1109842 +Node: Other Features110107 +Node: When111038 +Ref: When-Footnote-1112792 +Node: Intro Summary112857 +Node: Invoking Gawk113740 +Node: Command Line115254 +Node: Options116052 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1131856 +Ref: Options-Footnote-2132085 +Node: Other Arguments132110 +Node: Naming Standard Input135058 +Node: Environment Variables136151 +Node: AWKPATH Variable136709 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140122 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140167 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140427 +Node: Other Environment Variables141683 +Node: Exit Status145171 +Node: Include Files145847 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries149444 +Node: Obsolete150871 +Node: Undocumented151568 +Node: Invoking Summary151835 +Node: Regexp153499 +Node: Regexp Usage154953 +Node: Escape Sequences156990 +Node: Regexp Operators163231 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170657 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170804 +Node: Bracket Expressions170902 +Ref: table-char-classes172917 +Node: Leftmost Longest175841 +Node: Computed Regexps177143 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators180540 +Node: Case-sensitivity184213 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1187098 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187333 +Node: Regexp Summary187441 +Node: Reading Files188908 +Node: Records191069 +Node: awk split records191802 +Node: gawk split records196717 +Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1201261 +Node: Fields201298 +Ref: Fields-Footnote-1204074 +Node: Nonconstant Fields204160 +Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1206403 +Node: Changing Fields206607 +Node: Field Separators212536 +Node: Default Field Splitting215241 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting216358 +Node: Single Character Fields219708 +Node: Command Line Field Separator220767 +Node: Full Line Fields223979 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1225496 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2225542 +Node: Field Splitting Summary225643 +Node: Constant Size227717 +Node: Splitting By Content232306 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236300 +Node: Multiple Line236463 +Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242349 +Node: Getline242528 +Node: Plain Getline245010 +Node: Getline/Variable247650 +Node: Getline/File248798 +Node: Getline/Variable/File250182 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1251785 +Node: Getline/Pipe251872 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254555 +Node: Getline/Coprocess255686 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess256938 +Node: Getline Notes257677 +Node: Getline Summary260469 +Ref: table-getline-variants260881 +Node: Read Timeout261710 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265597 +Node: Retrying I/O265655 +Node: Command-line directories266838 +Node: Input Summary267743 +Node: Input Exercises271044 +Node: Printing271772 +Node: Print273549 +Node: Print Examples275006 +Node: Output Separators277785 +Node: OFMT279803 +Node: Printf281157 +Node: Basic Printf281942 +Node: Control Letters283512 +Node: Format Modifiers287495 +Node: Printf Examples293504 +Node: Redirection295990 +Node: Special FD302831 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1305991 +Node: Special Files306065 +Node: Other Inherited Files306682 +Node: Special Network307682 +Node: Special Caveats308544 +Node: Close Files And Pipes309495 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1316677 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2316825 +Node: Output Summary316975 +Node: Output Exercises317973 +Node: Expressions318653 +Node: Values319838 +Node: Constants320516 +Node: Scalar Constants321207 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1322066 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers322316 +Node: Regexp Constants325334 +Node: Using Constant Regexps325859 +Node: Variables329002 +Node: Using Variables329657 +Node: Assignment Options331568 +Node: Conversion333443 +Node: Strings And Numbers333967 +Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1337032 +Node: Locale influences conversions337141 +Ref: table-locale-affects339888 +Node: All Operators340476 +Node: Arithmetic Ops341106 +Node: Concatenation343611 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1346430 +Node: Assignment Ops346536 +Ref: table-assign-ops351515 +Node: Increment Ops352787 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions356225 +Node: Truth Values357310 +Node: Typing and Comparison358359 +Node: Variable Typing359169 +Node: Comparison Operators362822 +Ref: table-relational-ops363232 +Node: POSIX String Comparison366727 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1367799 +Node: Boolean Ops367937 +Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1372416 +Node: Conditional Exp372507 +Node: Function Calls374234 +Node: Precedence378114 +Node: Locales381775 +Node: Expressions Summary383407 +Node: Patterns and Actions385967 +Node: Pattern Overview387087 +Node: Regexp Patterns388766 +Node: Expression Patterns389309 +Node: Ranges393019 +Node: BEGIN/END396125 +Node: Using BEGIN/END396886 +Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1399620 +Node: I/O And BEGIN/END399726 +Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE402040 +Node: Empty404941 +Node: Using Shell Variables405258 +Node: Action Overview407531 +Node: Statements409857 +Node: If Statement411705 +Node: While Statement413200 +Node: Do Statement415229 +Node: For Statement416373 +Node: Switch Statement419530 +Node: Break Statement421912 +Node: Continue Statement423953 +Node: Next Statement425780 +Node: Nextfile Statement428161 +Node: Exit Statement430791 +Node: Built-in Variables433194 +Node: User-modified434327 +Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1442008 +Node: Auto-set442070 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1456282 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2456487 +Node: ARGC and ARGV456543 +Node: Pattern Action Summary460761 +Node: Arrays463188 +Node: Array Basics464517 +Node: Array Intro465361 +Ref: figure-array-elements467325 +Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1469851 +Node: Reference to Elements469979 +Node: Assigning Elements472431 +Node: Array Example472922 +Node: Scanning an Array474680 +Node: Controlling Scanning477696 +Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1482892 +Node: Numeric Array Subscripts483208 +Node: Uninitialized Subscripts485393 +Node: Delete487010 +Ref: Delete-Footnote-1489753 +Node: Multidimensional489810 +Node: Multiscanning492907 +Node: Arrays of Arrays494496 +Node: Arrays Summary499255 +Node: Functions501347 +Node: Built-in502246 +Node: Calling Built-in503324 +Node: Numeric Functions505315 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1510134 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2510491 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3510539 +Node: String Functions510811 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1534286 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2534415 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3534663 +Node: Gory Details534750 +Ref: table-sub-escapes536531 +Ref: table-sub-proposed538051 +Ref: table-posix-sub539415 +Ref: table-gensub-escapes540951 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1541783 +Node: I/O Functions541934 +Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1549152 +Node: Time Functions549299 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1559787 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2559855 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3560013 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4560124 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5560236 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6560463 +Node: Bitwise Functions560729 +Ref: table-bitwise-ops561291 +Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1565600 +Node: Type Functions565769 +Node: I18N Functions566920 +Node: User-defined568565 +Node: Definition Syntax569370 +Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1574777 +Node: Function Example574848 +Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1577767 +Node: Function Caveats577789 +Node: Calling A Function578307 +Node: Variable Scope579265 +Node: Pass By Value/Reference582253 +Node: Return Statement585748 +Node: Dynamic Typing588729 +Node: Indirect Calls589658 +Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1600960 +Node: Functions Summary601088 +Node: Library Functions603790 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1607399 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2607542 +Node: Library Names607713 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1611167 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2611390 +Node: General Functions611476 +Node: Strtonum Function612579 +Node: Assert Function615601 +Node: Round Function618925 +Node: Cliff Random Function620466 +Node: Ordinal Functions621482 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1624545 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2624797 +Node: Join Function625008 +Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1626777 +Node: Getlocaltime Function626977 +Node: Readfile Function630721 +Node: Shell Quoting632691 +Node: Data File Management634092 +Node: Filetrans Function634724 +Node: Rewind Function638780 +Node: File Checking640167 +Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1641499 +Node: Empty Files641700 +Node: Ignoring Assigns643679 +Node: Getopt Function645230 +Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1656692 +Node: Passwd Functions656892 +Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1665729 +Node: Group Functions665817 +Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1673711 +Node: Walking Arrays673924 +Node: Library Functions Summary675527 +Node: Library Exercises676928 +Node: Sample Programs678208 +Node: Running Examples678978 +Node: Clones679706 +Node: Cut Program680930 +Node: Egrep Program690649 +Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1698147 +Node: Id Program698257 +Node: Split Program701902 +Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1705350 +Node: Tee Program705478 +Node: Uniq Program708267 +Node: Wc Program715686 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1719936 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs720030 +Node: Dupword Program721243 +Node: Alarm Program723274 +Node: Translate Program728078 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1732643 +Node: Labels Program732913 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1736264 +Node: Word Sorting736348 +Node: History Sorting740419 +Node: Extract Program742255 +Node: Simple Sed749780 +Node: Igawk Program752848 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1767172 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2767373 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3767495 +Node: Anagram Program767610 +Node: Signature Program770667 +Node: Programs Summary771914 +Node: Programs Exercises773107 +Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1777238 +Node: Advanced Features777329 +Node: Nondecimal Data779277 +Node: Array Sorting780867 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal781564 +Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1789897 +Node: Array Sorting Functions790015 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1793904 +Node: Two-way I/O794100 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1799045 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2799231 +Node: TCP/IP Networking799313 +Node: Profiling802186 +Node: Advanced Features Summary810463 +Node: Internationalization812396 +Node: I18N and L10N813876 +Node: Explaining gettext814562 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1819587 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2819771 +Node: Programmer i18n819936 +Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1824802 +Node: Translator i18n824851 +Node: String Extraction825645 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1826776 +Node: Printf Ordering826862 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1829648 +Node: I18N Portability829712 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1832167 +Node: I18N Example832230 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1835033 +Node: Gawk I18N835105 +Node: I18N Summary835743 +Node: Debugger837082 +Node: Debugging838104 +Node: Debugging Concepts838545 +Node: Debugging Terms840398 +Node: Awk Debugging842970 +Node: Sample Debugging Session843864 +Node: Debugger Invocation844384 +Node: Finding The Bug845768 +Node: List of Debugger Commands852243 +Node: Breakpoint Control853576 +Node: Debugger Execution Control857272 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data860636 +Node: Execution Stack864014 +Node: Debugger Info865651 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands869668 +Node: Readline Support874697 +Node: Limitations875589 +Node: Debugging Summary877703 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic878871 +Node: Computer Arithmetic880287 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges883885 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1884744 +Node: Math Definitions884801 +Ref: table-ieee-formats888089 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1888693 +Node: MPFR features888798 +Node: FP Math Caution890469 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1891519 +Node: Inexactness of computations891888 +Node: Inexact representation892847 +Node: Comparing FP Values894204 +Node: Errors accumulate895286 +Node: Getting Accuracy896719 +Node: Try To Round899381 +Node: Setting precision900280 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings900964 +Node: Setting the rounding mode902753 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes903117 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1906572 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers906751 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1911650 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems911799 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1915672 +Node: Floating point summary915710 +Node: Dynamic Extensions917904 +Node: Extension Intro919456 +Node: Plugin License920722 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline921519 +Ref: figure-load-extension921947 +Ref: figure-register-new-function923427 +Ref: figure-call-new-function924431 +Node: Extension API Description926417 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction927867 +Node: General Data Types932691 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1938430 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions938729 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1941568 +Node: Constructor Functions941664 +Node: Registration Functions943398 +Node: Extension Functions944083 +Node: Exit Callback Functions946380 +Node: Extension Version String947628 +Node: Input Parsers948293 +Node: Output Wrappers958172 +Node: Two-way processors962687 +Node: Printing Messages964891 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1965967 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'966119 +Node: Requesting Values966859 +Ref: table-value-types-returned967587 +Node: Accessing Parameters968544 +Node: Symbol Table Access969775 +Node: Symbol table by name970289 +Node: Symbol table by cookie972270 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1976414 +Node: Cached values976477 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1979976 +Node: Array Manipulation980067 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1981165 +Node: Array Data Types981202 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1983857 +Node: Array Functions983949 +Node: Flattening Arrays987803 +Node: Creating Arrays994695 +Node: Extension API Variables999466 +Node: Extension Versioning1000102 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables1002003 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate1003068 +Node: Finding Extensions1006877 +Node: Extension Example1007437 +Node: Internal File Description1008209 +Node: Internal File Ops1012276 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11023946 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1024086 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11026469 +Node: Extension Samples1026742 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1028268 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1035906 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1037397 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1038612 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1040287 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1041123 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1041999 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1042810 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1043400 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1044140 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1046080 +Node: Extension Sample Time1047175 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1048524 +Node: gawkextlib1049015 +Node: Extension summary1051673 +Node: Extension Exercises1055362 +Node: Language History1056084 +Node: V7/SVR3.11057740 +Node: SVR41059921 +Node: POSIX1061366 +Node: BTL1062755 +Node: POSIX/GNU1063489 +Node: Feature History1069113 +Node: Common Extensions1082211 +Node: Ranges and Locales1083535 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11088153 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21088180 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31088414 +Node: Contributors1088635 +Node: History summary1094176 +Node: Installation1095546 +Node: Gawk Distribution1096492 +Node: Getting1096976 +Node: Extracting1097799 +Node: Distribution contents1099434 +Node: Unix Installation1105499 +Node: Quick Installation1106182 +Node: Shell Startup Files1108593 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1109672 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1111411 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1113780 +Node: PC Installation1114238 +Node: PC Binary Installation1115557 +Node: PC Compiling1117405 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11120426 +Node: PC Testing1120535 +Node: PC Using1121711 +Node: Cygwin1125826 +Node: MSYS1126649 +Node: VMS Installation1127149 +Node: VMS Compilation1127941 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11129163 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1129221 +Node: VMS Installation Details1130905 +Node: VMS Running1133157 +Node: VMS GNV1135993 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1136727 +Node: Bugs1137197 +Node: Other Versions1141080 +Node: Installation summary1147508 +Node: Notes1148564 +Node: Compatibility Mode1149429 +Node: Additions1150211 +Node: Accessing The Source1151136 +Node: Adding Code1152572 +Node: New Ports1158737 +Node: Derived Files1163219 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11168694 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21168728 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31169324 +Node: Future Extensions1169438 +Node: Implementation Limitations1170044 +Node: Extension Design1171292 +Node: Old Extension Problems1172446 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11173963 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1174020 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11177380 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1177569 +Node: Extension Future Growth1179677 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1180513 +Node: Notes summary1182275 +Node: Basic Concepts1183461 +Node: Basic High Level1184142 +Ref: figure-general-flow1184414 +Ref: figure-process-flow1185013 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11188242 +Node: Basic Data Typing1188427 +Node: Glossary1191755 +Node: Copying1216913 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1254469 +Node: Index1279605  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From a29f6a213fb18c199a4b1358327dc6d21f59eb64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Andrew J. Schorr" Date: Sun, 4 Jan 2015 20:18:10 -0500 Subject: Document the new get_file API function in gawktexi.in. --- doc/gawk.info | 1187 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------- 1 file changed, 624 insertions(+), 563 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 02b59b92..9513e5d6 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -558,6 +558,7 @@ entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". * Array Functions:: Functions for working with arrays. * Flattening Arrays:: How to flatten arrays. * Creating Arrays:: How to create and populate arrays. +* Redirection API:: How to access and manipulate redirections. * Extension API Variables:: Variables provided by the API. * Extension Versioning:: API Version information. * Extension API Informational Variables:: Variables providing information about @@ -22922,6 +22923,7 @@ describes the API in detail. * Symbol Table Access:: Functions for accessing global variables. * Array Manipulation:: Functions for working with arrays. +* Redirection API:: How to access and manipulate redirections. * Extension API Variables:: Variables provided by the API. * Extension API Boilerplate:: Boilerplate code for using the API. @@ -22982,6 +22984,9 @@ operations: - Flattening an array for easy C style looping over all its indices and elements + * Accessing and manipulating redirections. + + Some points about using the API: * The following types, macros, and/or functions are referenced in @@ -24188,7 +24193,7 @@ using `release_value()'. `double' to store.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Array Manipulation, Next: Extension API Variables, Prev: Symbol Table Access, Up: Extension API Description +File: gawk.info, Node: Array Manipulation, Next: Redirection API, Prev: Symbol Table Access, Up: Extension API Description 16.4.11 Array Manipulation -------------------------- @@ -24673,9 +24678,64 @@ array: environment variable.)  -File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Variables, Next: Extension API Boilerplate, Prev: Array Manipulation, Up: Extension API Description - -16.4.12 API Variables +File: gawk.info, Node: Redirection API, Next: Extension API Variables, Prev: Array Manipulation, Up: Extension API Description + +16.4.12 Accessing and Manipulating Redirections +----------------------------------------------- + +The following function allows extensions to access and manipulate +redirections. + +`awk_bool_t get_file(const char *name,' +` size_t name_len,' +` const char *filetype,' +` int fd,' +` const awk_input_buf_t **ibufp,' +` const awk_output_buf_t **obufp);' + Look up a file in `gawk''s internal redirection table. If `name' + is NULL or `name_len' is 0, it returns data for the currently open + input file corresponding to `FILENAME' (and it will not access the + `filetype' argument, so that may be undefined). If the file is + not already open, it tries to open it. The `filetype' argument + must be NUL-terminated and should be one of: + `>' + A file opened for output. + + `>>' + A file opened for append. + + `<' + A file opened for input. + + `|>' + A pipe opened for output. + + `|<' + A pipe opened for input. + + `|&' + A two-way coprocess. + If the file is not already open, and the fd argument is + non-negative, `gawk' will use that file descriptor instead of + opening the file in the usual way. If the fd is non-negative, but + the file exists already, `gawk' ignores the fd and returns the + existing file. It is the caller's responsibility to notice that + neither the fd in the returned `awk_input_buf_t' nor the fd in the + returned `awk_output_buf_t' matches the requested value. Note that + supplying a file descriptor is currently NOT supported for pipes. + It should work for input, output, append, and two-way (coprocess) + sockets. If `filetype' is two-way, we assume that it is a socket! + Note that in the two-way case, the input and output file + descriptors may differ. To check for success, one must check + whether either matches. + + For example, this API function can be used to implement I/O +multiplexing or a socket library. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Variables, Next: Extension API Boilerplate, Prev: Redirection API, Up: Extension API Description + +16.4.13 API Variables --------------------- The API provides two sets of variables. The first provides information @@ -24692,7 +24752,7 @@ information about how `gawk' was invoked.  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Versioning, Next: Extension API Informational Variables, Up: Extension API Variables -16.4.12.1 API Version Constants and Variables +16.4.13.1 API Version Constants and Variables ............................................. The API provides both a "major" and a "minor" version number. The API @@ -24741,7 +24801,7 @@ Boilerplate::).  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Informational Variables, Prev: Extension Versioning, Up: Extension API Variables -16.4.12.2 Informational Variables +16.4.13.2 Informational Variables ................................. The API provides access to several variables that describe whether the @@ -24776,7 +24836,7 @@ not change during execution.  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Boilerplate, Prev: Extension API Variables, Up: Extension API Description -16.4.13 Boilerplate Code +16.4.14 Boilerplate Code ------------------------ As mentioned earlier (*note Extension Mechanism Outline::), the function @@ -34502,561 +34562,562 @@ Index  Tag Table: Node: Top1204 -Node: Foreword342300 -Node: Foreword446742 -Node: Preface48264 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-151135 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-251242 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-351475 -Node: History51617 -Node: Names53963 -Ref: Names-Footnote-155057 -Node: This Manual55203 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-161690 -Node: Conventions61790 -Node: Manual History64128 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-167110 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-267151 -Node: How To Contribute67225 -Node: Acknowledgments68354 -Node: Getting Started73159 -Node: Running gawk75592 -Node: One-shot76782 -Node: Read Terminal78030 -Node: Long80057 -Node: Executable Scripts81573 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184362 -Node: Comments84465 -Node: Quoting86947 -Node: DOS Quoting92471 -Node: Sample Data Files93146 -Node: Very Simple95741 -Node: Two Rules100639 -Node: More Complex102525 -Node: Statements/Lines105387 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1109842 -Node: Other Features110107 -Node: When111038 -Ref: When-Footnote-1112792 -Node: Intro Summary112857 -Node: Invoking Gawk113740 -Node: Command Line115254 -Node: Options116052 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1131856 -Ref: Options-Footnote-2132085 -Node: Other Arguments132110 -Node: Naming Standard Input135058 -Node: Environment Variables136151 -Node: AWKPATH Variable136709 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140122 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140167 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140427 -Node: Other Environment Variables141683 -Node: Exit Status145171 -Node: Include Files145847 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries149444 -Node: Obsolete150871 -Node: Undocumented151568 -Node: Invoking Summary151835 -Node: Regexp153499 -Node: Regexp Usage154953 -Node: Escape Sequences156990 -Node: Regexp Operators163231 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170657 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170804 -Node: Bracket Expressions170902 -Ref: table-char-classes172917 -Node: Leftmost Longest175841 -Node: Computed Regexps177143 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators180540 -Node: Case-sensitivity184213 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1187098 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187333 -Node: Regexp Summary187441 -Node: Reading Files188908 -Node: Records191069 -Node: awk split records191802 -Node: gawk split records196717 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1201261 -Node: Fields201298 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1204074 -Node: Nonconstant Fields204160 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1206403 -Node: Changing Fields206607 -Node: Field Separators212536 -Node: Default Field Splitting215241 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting216358 -Node: Single Character Fields219708 -Node: Command Line Field Separator220767 -Node: Full Line Fields223979 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1225496 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2225542 -Node: Field Splitting Summary225643 -Node: Constant Size227717 -Node: Splitting By Content232306 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236300 -Node: Multiple Line236463 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242349 -Node: Getline242528 -Node: Plain Getline245010 -Node: Getline/Variable247650 -Node: Getline/File248798 -Node: Getline/Variable/File250182 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1251785 -Node: Getline/Pipe251872 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254555 -Node: Getline/Coprocess255686 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess256938 -Node: Getline Notes257677 -Node: Getline Summary260469 -Ref: table-getline-variants260881 -Node: Read Timeout261710 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265597 -Node: Retrying I/O265655 -Node: Command-line directories266838 -Node: Input Summary267743 -Node: Input Exercises271044 -Node: Printing271772 -Node: Print273549 -Node: Print Examples275006 -Node: Output Separators277785 -Node: OFMT279803 -Node: Printf281157 -Node: Basic Printf281942 -Node: Control Letters283512 -Node: Format Modifiers287495 -Node: Printf Examples293504 -Node: Redirection295990 -Node: Special FD302831 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1305991 -Node: Special Files306065 -Node: Other Inherited Files306682 -Node: Special Network307682 -Node: Special Caveats308544 -Node: Close Files And Pipes309495 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1316677 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2316825 -Node: Output Summary316975 -Node: Output Exercises317973 -Node: Expressions318653 -Node: Values319838 -Node: Constants320516 -Node: Scalar Constants321207 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1322066 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers322316 -Node: Regexp Constants325334 -Node: Using Constant Regexps325859 -Node: Variables329002 -Node: Using Variables329657 -Node: Assignment Options331568 -Node: Conversion333443 -Node: Strings And Numbers333967 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1337032 -Node: Locale influences conversions337141 -Ref: table-locale-affects339888 -Node: All Operators340476 -Node: Arithmetic Ops341106 -Node: Concatenation343611 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1346430 -Node: Assignment Ops346536 -Ref: table-assign-ops351515 -Node: Increment Ops352787 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions356225 -Node: Truth Values357310 -Node: Typing and Comparison358359 -Node: Variable Typing359169 -Node: Comparison Operators362822 -Ref: table-relational-ops363232 -Node: POSIX String Comparison366727 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1367799 -Node: Boolean Ops367937 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1372416 -Node: Conditional Exp372507 -Node: Function Calls374234 -Node: Precedence378114 -Node: Locales381775 -Node: Expressions Summary383407 -Node: Patterns and Actions385967 -Node: Pattern Overview387087 -Node: Regexp Patterns388766 -Node: Expression Patterns389309 -Node: Ranges393019 -Node: BEGIN/END396125 -Node: Using BEGIN/END396886 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1399620 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END399726 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE402040 -Node: Empty404941 -Node: Using Shell Variables405258 -Node: Action Overview407531 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Sample Debugging Session843947 +Node: Debugger Invocation844467 +Node: Finding The Bug845851 +Node: List of Debugger Commands852326 +Node: Breakpoint Control853659 +Node: Debugger Execution Control857355 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data860719 +Node: Execution Stack864097 +Node: Debugger Info865734 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands869751 +Node: Readline Support874780 +Node: Limitations875672 +Node: Debugging Summary877786 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic878954 +Node: Computer Arithmetic880370 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges883968 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1884827 +Node: Math Definitions884884 +Ref: table-ieee-formats888172 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1888776 +Node: MPFR features888881 +Node: FP Math Caution890552 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1891602 +Node: Inexactness of computations891971 +Node: Inexact representation892930 +Node: Comparing FP Values894287 +Node: Errors accumulate895369 +Node: Getting Accuracy896802 +Node: Try To Round899464 +Node: Setting precision900363 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings901047 +Node: Setting the rounding mode902836 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes903200 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1906655 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers906834 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1911733 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems911882 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1915755 +Node: Floating point summary915793 +Node: Dynamic Extensions917987 +Node: Extension Intro919539 +Node: Plugin License920805 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline921602 +Ref: figure-load-extension922030 +Ref: figure-register-new-function923510 +Ref: figure-call-new-function924514 +Node: Extension API Description926500 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction928034 +Node: General Data Types932906 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1938645 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions938944 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1941783 +Node: Constructor Functions941879 +Node: Registration Functions943613 +Node: Extension Functions944298 +Node: Exit Callback Functions946595 +Node: Extension Version String947843 +Node: Input Parsers948508 +Node: Output Wrappers958387 +Node: Two-way processors962902 +Node: Printing Messages965106 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1966182 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'966334 +Node: Requesting Values967074 +Ref: table-value-types-returned967802 +Node: Accessing Parameters968759 +Node: Symbol Table Access969990 +Node: Symbol table by name970504 +Node: Symbol table by cookie972485 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1976629 +Node: Cached values976692 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1980191 +Node: Array Manipulation980282 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1981372 +Node: Array Data Types981409 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1984064 +Node: Array Functions984156 +Node: Flattening Arrays988010 +Node: Creating Arrays994902 +Node: Redirection API999673 +Node: Extension API Variables1001869 +Node: Extension Versioning1002502 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables1004403 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate1005468 +Node: Finding Extensions1009277 +Node: Extension Example1009837 +Node: Internal File Description1010609 +Node: Internal File Ops1014676 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11026346 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1026486 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11028869 +Node: Extension Samples1029142 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1030668 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1038306 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1039797 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1041012 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1042687 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1043523 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1044399 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1045210 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1045800 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1046540 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1048480 +Node: Extension Sample Time1049575 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1050924 +Node: gawkextlib1051415 +Node: Extension summary1054073 +Node: Extension Exercises1057762 +Node: Language History1058484 +Node: V7/SVR3.11060140 +Node: SVR41062321 +Node: POSIX1063766 +Node: BTL1065155 +Node: POSIX/GNU1065889 +Node: Feature History1071513 +Node: Common Extensions1084611 +Node: Ranges and Locales1085935 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11090553 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21090580 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31090814 +Node: Contributors1091035 +Node: History summary1096576 +Node: Installation1097946 +Node: Gawk Distribution1098892 +Node: Getting1099376 +Node: Extracting1100199 +Node: Distribution contents1101834 +Node: Unix Installation1107899 +Node: Quick Installation1108582 +Node: Shell Startup Files1110993 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1112072 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1113811 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1116180 +Node: PC Installation1116638 +Node: PC Binary Installation1117957 +Node: PC Compiling1119805 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11122826 +Node: PC Testing1122935 +Node: PC Using1124111 +Node: Cygwin1128226 +Node: MSYS1129049 +Node: VMS Installation1129549 +Node: VMS Compilation1130341 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11131563 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1131621 +Node: VMS Installation Details1133305 +Node: VMS Running1135557 +Node: VMS GNV1138393 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1139127 +Node: Bugs1139597 +Node: Other Versions1143480 +Node: Installation summary1149908 +Node: Notes1150964 +Node: Compatibility Mode1151829 +Node: Additions1152611 +Node: Accessing The Source1153536 +Node: Adding Code1154972 +Node: New Ports1161137 +Node: Derived Files1165619 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11171094 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21171128 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31171724 +Node: Future Extensions1171838 +Node: Implementation Limitations1172444 +Node: Extension Design1173692 +Node: Old Extension Problems1174846 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11176363 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1176420 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11179780 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1179969 +Node: Extension Future Growth1182077 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1182913 +Node: Notes summary1184675 +Node: Basic Concepts1185861 +Node: Basic High Level1186542 +Ref: figure-general-flow1186814 +Ref: figure-process-flow1187413 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11190642 +Node: Basic Data Typing1190827 +Node: Glossary1194155 +Node: Copying1219313 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1256869 +Node: Index1282005  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From e81b32fd38fb79595e7773670818f78e9a3e2df2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Andrew J. Schorr" Date: Mon, 5 Jan 2015 13:45:40 -0500 Subject: In texinfo docs, replace "Retrying I/O" with more accurate "Retrying Input". --- doc/gawk.info | 1143 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 572 insertions(+), 571 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 9513e5d6..60e0f6f9 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". `getline'. * Getline Summary:: Summary of `getline' Variants. * Read Timeout:: Reading input with a timeout. -* Retrying I/O:: Retrying I/O after certain errors. +* Retrying Input:: Retrying input after certain errors. * Command-line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on the command line. * Input Summary:: Input summary. @@ -4170,7 +4170,7 @@ have to be named on the `awk' command line (*note Getline::). * Getline:: Reading files under explicit program control using the `getline' function. * Read Timeout:: Reading input with a timeout. -* Retrying I/O:: Retrying I/O after certain errors. +* Retrying Input:: Retrying input after certain errors. * Command-line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on the command line. * Input Summary:: Input summary. @@ -5445,7 +5445,7 @@ record, such as a file that cannot be opened, then `getline' returns describing the error that occurred. If the `errno' variable indicates that the I/O operation may be retried, and `PROCINFO["input", "RETRY"]' is set, then -2 will be returned instead of -1, and further calls to -`getline' may be attemped. *Note Retrying I/O::, for further +`getline' may be attemped. *Note Retrying Input::, for further information about this feature. In the following examples, COMMAND stands for a string value that @@ -5883,7 +5883,7 @@ VAR Table 4.1: `getline' variants and what they set  -File: gawk.info, Node: Read Timeout, Next: Retrying I/O, Prev: Getline, Up: Reading Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Read Timeout, Next: Retrying Input, Prev: Getline, Up: Reading Files 4.10 Reading Input with a Timeout ================================= @@ -5963,7 +5963,7 @@ a per command or connection basis. attempt to read from the underlying device may succeed in a later attempt. This is a limitation, and it also means that you cannot use this to multiplex input from two or more sources. *Note Retrying -I/O::, for a way to enable later I/O attempts to succeed. +Input::, for a way to enable later I/O attempts to succeed. Assigning a timeout value prevents read operations from blocking indefinitely. But bear in mind that there are other ways `gawk' can @@ -5978,10 +5978,10 @@ writing. (1) This assumes that standard input is the keyboard.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Retrying I/O, Next: Command-line directories, Prev: Read Timeout, Up: Reading Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Retrying Input, Next: Command-line directories, Prev: Read Timeout, Up: Reading Files -4.11 Retrying I/O on Certain Input Errors -========================================= +4.11 Retrying Reads After Certain Input Errors +============================================== This minor node describes a feature that is specific to `gawk'. @@ -6005,7 +6005,7 @@ EAGAIN, EWOULDBLOCK, EINTR, or ETIMEDOUT. configured to behave in a non-blocking fashion.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Command-line directories, Next: Input Summary, Prev: Retrying I/O, Up: Reading Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Command-line directories, Next: Input Summary, Prev: Retrying Input, Up: Reading Files 4.12 Directories on the Command Line ==================================== @@ -10565,9 +10565,9 @@ Options::), they are not special: open input file, pipe, or coprocess. *Note Read Timeout::, for more information. - * It may be used to indicate that I/O may be retried when it - fails due to certain errors. *Note Retrying I/O::, for more - information. + * It may be used to indicate that input may be retried when it + fails due to certain errors. *Note Retrying Input::, for + more information. * It may be used to cause coprocesses to communicate over pseudo-ttys instead of through two-way pipes; this is @@ -32580,7 +32580,8 @@ Index (line 43) * differences in awk and gawk, regular expressions: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) -* differences in awk and gawk, retrying I/O: Retrying I/O. (line 6) +* differences in awk and gawk, retrying input: Retrying Input. + (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, RS/RT variables: gawk split records. (line 58) * differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 292) @@ -33973,7 +33974,7 @@ Index * relational operators, See comparison operators: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * replace in string: String Functions. (line 408) -* retrying I/O: Retrying I/O. (line 6) +* retrying input: Retrying Input. (line 6) * return debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 54) * return statement, user-defined functions: Return Statement. (line 6) @@ -34562,562 +34563,562 @@ Index  Tag Table: Node: Top1204 -Node: Foreword342383 -Node: Foreword446825 -Node: Preface48347 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-151218 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-251325 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-351558 -Node: History51700 -Node: Names54046 -Ref: Names-Footnote-155140 -Node: This Manual55286 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-161773 -Node: Conventions61873 -Node: Manual History64211 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-167193 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-267234 -Node: How To Contribute67308 -Node: Acknowledgments68437 -Node: Getting Started73242 -Node: Running gawk75675 -Node: One-shot76865 -Node: Read Terminal78113 -Node: Long80140 -Node: Executable Scripts81656 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184445 -Node: Comments84548 -Node: Quoting87030 -Node: DOS Quoting92554 -Node: Sample Data Files93229 -Node: Very Simple95824 -Node: Two Rules100722 -Node: More Complex102608 -Node: Statements/Lines105470 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1109925 -Node: Other Features110190 -Node: When111121 -Ref: When-Footnote-1112875 -Node: Intro Summary112940 -Node: Invoking Gawk113823 -Node: Command Line115337 -Node: Options116135 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1131939 -Ref: Options-Footnote-2132168 -Node: Other Arguments132193 -Node: Naming Standard Input135141 -Node: Environment Variables136234 -Node: AWKPATH Variable136792 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140205 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140250 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140510 -Node: Other Environment Variables141766 -Node: Exit Status145254 -Node: Include Files145930 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries149527 -Node: Obsolete150954 -Node: Undocumented151651 -Node: Invoking Summary151918 -Node: Regexp153582 -Node: Regexp Usage155036 -Node: Escape Sequences157073 -Node: Regexp Operators163314 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170740 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170887 -Node: Bracket Expressions170985 -Ref: table-char-classes173000 -Node: Leftmost Longest175924 -Node: Computed Regexps177226 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators180623 -Node: Case-sensitivity184296 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1187181 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187416 -Node: Regexp Summary187524 -Node: Reading Files188991 -Node: Records191152 -Node: awk split records191885 -Node: gawk split records196800 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1201344 -Node: Fields201381 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1204157 -Node: Nonconstant Fields204243 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1206486 -Node: Changing Fields206690 -Node: Field Separators212619 -Node: Default Field Splitting215324 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting216441 -Node: Single Character Fields219791 -Node: Command Line Field Separator220850 -Node: Full Line Fields224062 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1225579 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2225625 -Node: Field Splitting Summary225726 -Node: Constant Size227800 -Node: Splitting By Content232389 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236383 -Node: Multiple Line236546 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242432 -Node: Getline242611 -Node: Plain Getline245093 -Node: Getline/Variable247733 -Node: Getline/File248881 -Node: Getline/Variable/File250265 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1251868 -Node: Getline/Pipe251955 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254638 -Node: Getline/Coprocess255769 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess257021 -Node: Getline Notes257760 -Node: Getline Summary260552 -Ref: table-getline-variants260964 -Node: Read Timeout261793 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265680 -Node: Retrying I/O265738 -Node: Command-line directories266921 -Node: Input Summary267826 -Node: Input Exercises271127 -Node: Printing271855 -Node: Print273632 -Node: Print Examples275089 -Node: Output Separators277868 -Node: OFMT279886 -Node: Printf281240 -Node: Basic Printf282025 -Node: Control Letters283595 -Node: Format Modifiers287578 -Node: Printf Examples293587 -Node: Redirection296073 -Node: Special FD302914 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1306074 -Node: Special Files306148 -Node: Other Inherited Files306765 -Node: Special Network307765 -Node: Special Caveats308627 -Node: Close Files And Pipes309578 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1316760 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2316908 -Node: Output Summary317058 -Node: Output Exercises318056 -Node: Expressions318736 -Node: Values319921 -Node: Constants320599 -Node: Scalar Constants321290 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1322149 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers322399 -Node: Regexp Constants325417 -Node: Using Constant Regexps325942 -Node: Variables329085 -Node: Using Variables329740 -Node: Assignment Options331651 -Node: Conversion333526 -Node: Strings And Numbers334050 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1337115 -Node: Locale influences conversions337224 -Ref: table-locale-affects339971 -Node: All Operators340559 -Node: Arithmetic Ops341189 -Node: Concatenation343694 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1346513 -Node: Assignment Ops346619 -Ref: table-assign-ops351598 -Node: Increment Ops352870 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions356308 -Node: Truth Values357393 -Node: Typing and Comparison358442 -Node: Variable Typing359252 -Node: Comparison Operators362905 -Ref: table-relational-ops363315 -Node: POSIX String Comparison366810 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1367882 -Node: Boolean Ops368020 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1372499 -Node: Conditional Exp372590 -Node: Function Calls374317 -Node: Precedence378197 -Node: Locales381858 -Node: Expressions Summary383490 -Node: Patterns and Actions386050 -Node: Pattern Overview387170 -Node: Regexp Patterns388849 -Node: Expression Patterns389392 -Node: Ranges393102 -Node: BEGIN/END396208 -Node: Using BEGIN/END396969 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1399703 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END399809 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE402123 -Node: Empty405024 -Node: Using Shell Variables405341 -Node: Action Overview407614 -Node: Statements409940 -Node: If Statement411788 -Node: While Statement413283 -Node: Do Statement415312 -Node: For Statement416456 -Node: Switch Statement419613 -Node: Break Statement421995 -Node: Continue Statement424036 -Node: Next Statement425863 -Node: Nextfile Statement428244 -Node: Exit Statement430874 -Node: Built-in Variables433277 -Node: User-modified434410 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1442091 -Node: Auto-set442153 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1456365 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2456570 -Node: ARGC and ARGV456626 -Node: Pattern Action Summary460844 -Node: Arrays463271 -Node: Array Basics464600 -Node: Array Intro465444 -Ref: figure-array-elements467408 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1469934 -Node: Reference to Elements470062 -Node: Assigning Elements472514 -Node: Array Example473005 -Node: Scanning an Array474763 -Node: Controlling Scanning477779 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1482975 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts483291 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts485476 -Node: Delete487093 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1489836 -Node: Multidimensional489893 -Node: Multiscanning492990 -Node: Arrays of Arrays494579 -Node: Arrays Summary499338 -Node: Functions501430 -Node: Built-in502329 -Node: Calling Built-in503407 -Node: Numeric Functions505398 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1510217 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2510574 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3510622 -Node: String Functions510894 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1534369 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2534498 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3534746 -Node: Gory Details534833 -Ref: table-sub-escapes536614 -Ref: table-sub-proposed538134 -Ref: table-posix-sub539498 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes541034 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1541866 -Node: I/O Functions542017 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1549235 -Node: Time Functions549382 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1559870 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2559938 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3560096 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4560207 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5560319 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6560546 -Node: Bitwise Functions560812 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops561374 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1565683 -Node: Type Functions565852 -Node: I18N Functions567003 -Node: User-defined568648 -Node: Definition Syntax569453 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1574860 -Node: Function Example574931 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1577850 -Node: Function Caveats577872 -Node: Calling A Function578390 -Node: Variable Scope579348 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference582336 -Node: Return Statement585831 -Node: Dynamic Typing588812 -Node: Indirect Calls589741 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1601043 -Node: Functions Summary601171 -Node: Library Functions603873 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1607482 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2607625 -Node: Library Names607796 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1611250 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2611473 -Node: General Functions611559 -Node: Strtonum Function612662 -Node: Assert Function615684 -Node: Round Function619008 -Node: Cliff Random Function620549 -Node: Ordinal Functions621565 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1624628 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2624880 -Node: Join Function625091 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1626860 -Node: Getlocaltime Function627060 -Node: Readfile Function630804 -Node: Shell Quoting632774 -Node: Data File Management634175 -Node: Filetrans Function634807 -Node: Rewind Function638863 -Node: File Checking640250 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1641582 -Node: Empty Files641783 -Node: Ignoring Assigns643762 -Node: Getopt Function645313 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1656775 -Node: Passwd Functions656975 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1665812 -Node: Group Functions665900 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1673794 -Node: Walking Arrays674007 -Node: Library Functions Summary675610 -Node: Library Exercises677011 -Node: Sample Programs678291 -Node: Running Examples679061 -Node: Clones679789 -Node: Cut Program681013 -Node: Egrep Program690732 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1698230 -Node: Id Program698340 -Node: Split Program701985 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1705433 -Node: Tee Program705561 -Node: Uniq Program708350 -Node: Wc Program715769 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1720019 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs720113 -Node: Dupword Program721326 -Node: Alarm Program723357 -Node: Translate Program728161 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1732726 -Node: Labels Program732996 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1736347 -Node: Word Sorting736431 -Node: History Sorting740502 -Node: Extract Program742338 -Node: Simple Sed749863 -Node: Igawk Program752931 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1767255 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2767456 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3767578 -Node: Anagram Program767693 -Node: Signature Program770750 -Node: Programs Summary771997 -Node: Programs Exercises773190 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1777321 -Node: Advanced Features777412 -Node: Nondecimal Data779360 -Node: Array Sorting780950 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal781647 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1789980 -Node: Array Sorting Functions790098 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1793987 -Node: Two-way I/O794183 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1799128 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2799314 -Node: TCP/IP Networking799396 -Node: Profiling802269 -Node: Advanced Features Summary810546 -Node: Internationalization812479 -Node: I18N and L10N813959 -Node: Explaining gettext814645 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1819670 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2819854 -Node: Programmer i18n820019 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1824885 -Node: Translator i18n824934 -Node: String Extraction825728 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1826859 -Node: Printf Ordering826945 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1829731 -Node: I18N Portability829795 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1832250 -Node: I18N Example832313 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1835116 -Node: Gawk I18N835188 -Node: I18N Summary835826 -Node: Debugger837165 -Node: Debugging838187 -Node: Debugging Concepts838628 -Node: Debugging Terms840481 -Node: Awk Debugging843053 -Node: Sample Debugging Session843947 -Node: Debugger Invocation844467 -Node: Finding The Bug845851 -Node: List of Debugger Commands852326 -Node: Breakpoint Control853659 -Node: Debugger Execution Control857355 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data860719 -Node: Execution Stack864097 -Node: Debugger Info865734 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands869751 -Node: Readline Support874780 -Node: Limitations875672 -Node: Debugging Summary877786 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic878954 -Node: Computer Arithmetic880370 -Ref: table-numeric-ranges883968 -Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1884827 -Node: Math Definitions884884 -Ref: table-ieee-formats888172 -Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1888776 -Node: MPFR features888881 -Node: FP Math Caution890552 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1891602 -Node: Inexactness of computations891971 -Node: Inexact representation892930 -Node: Comparing FP Values894287 -Node: Errors accumulate895369 -Node: Getting Accuracy896802 -Node: Try To Round899464 -Node: Setting precision900363 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings901047 -Node: Setting the rounding mode902836 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes903200 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1906655 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers906834 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1911733 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems911882 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1915755 -Node: Floating point summary915793 -Node: Dynamic Extensions917987 -Node: Extension Intro919539 -Node: Plugin License920805 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline921602 -Ref: figure-load-extension922030 -Ref: figure-register-new-function923510 -Ref: figure-call-new-function924514 -Node: Extension API Description926500 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction928034 -Node: General Data Types932906 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1938645 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions938944 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1941783 -Node: Constructor Functions941879 -Node: Registration Functions943613 -Node: Extension Functions944298 -Node: Exit Callback Functions946595 -Node: Extension Version String947843 -Node: Input Parsers948508 -Node: Output Wrappers958387 -Node: Two-way processors962902 -Node: Printing Messages965106 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1966182 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'966334 -Node: Requesting Values967074 -Ref: table-value-types-returned967802 -Node: Accessing Parameters968759 -Node: Symbol Table Access969990 -Node: Symbol table by name970504 -Node: Symbol table by cookie972485 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1976629 -Node: Cached values976692 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1980191 -Node: Array Manipulation980282 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1981372 -Node: Array Data Types981409 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1984064 -Node: Array Functions984156 -Node: Flattening Arrays988010 -Node: Creating Arrays994902 -Node: Redirection API999673 -Node: Extension API Variables1001869 -Node: Extension Versioning1002502 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables1004403 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate1005468 -Node: Finding Extensions1009277 -Node: Extension Example1009837 -Node: Internal File Description1010609 -Node: Internal File Ops1014676 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11026346 -Node: Using Internal File Ops1026486 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11028869 -Node: Extension Samples1029142 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions1030668 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1038306 -Node: Extension Sample Fork1039797 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace1041012 -Node: Extension Sample Ord1042687 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir1043523 -Ref: table-readdir-file-types1044399 -Node: Extension Sample Revout1045210 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1045800 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array1046540 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile1048480 -Node: Extension Sample Time1049575 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests1050924 -Node: gawkextlib1051415 -Node: Extension summary1054073 -Node: Extension Exercises1057762 -Node: Language History1058484 -Node: V7/SVR3.11060140 -Node: SVR41062321 -Node: POSIX1063766 -Node: BTL1065155 -Node: POSIX/GNU1065889 -Node: Feature History1071513 -Node: Common Extensions1084611 -Node: Ranges and Locales1085935 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11090553 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21090580 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31090814 -Node: Contributors1091035 -Node: History summary1096576 -Node: Installation1097946 -Node: Gawk Distribution1098892 -Node: Getting1099376 -Node: Extracting1100199 -Node: Distribution contents1101834 -Node: Unix Installation1107899 -Node: Quick Installation1108582 -Node: Shell Startup Files1110993 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1112072 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1113811 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1116180 -Node: PC Installation1116638 -Node: PC Binary Installation1117957 -Node: PC Compiling1119805 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11122826 -Node: PC Testing1122935 -Node: PC Using1124111 -Node: Cygwin1128226 -Node: MSYS1129049 -Node: VMS Installation1129549 -Node: VMS Compilation1130341 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11131563 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1131621 -Node: VMS Installation Details1133305 -Node: VMS Running1135557 -Node: VMS GNV1138393 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1139127 -Node: Bugs1139597 -Node: Other Versions1143480 -Node: Installation summary1149908 -Node: Notes1150964 -Node: Compatibility Mode1151829 -Node: Additions1152611 -Node: Accessing The Source1153536 -Node: Adding Code1154972 -Node: New Ports1161137 -Node: Derived Files1165619 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11171094 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21171128 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31171724 -Node: Future Extensions1171838 -Node: Implementation Limitations1172444 -Node: Extension Design1173692 -Node: Old Extension Problems1174846 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11176363 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1176420 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11179780 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1179969 -Node: Extension Future Growth1182077 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1182913 -Node: Notes summary1184675 -Node: Basic Concepts1185861 -Node: Basic High Level1186542 -Ref: figure-general-flow1186814 -Ref: figure-process-flow1187413 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11190642 -Node: Basic Data Typing1190827 -Node: Glossary1194155 -Node: Copying1219313 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1256869 -Node: Index1282005 +Node: Foreword342385 +Node: Foreword446827 +Node: Preface48349 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-151220 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-251327 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-351560 +Node: History51702 +Node: Names54048 +Ref: Names-Footnote-155142 +Node: This Manual55288 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-161775 +Node: Conventions61875 +Node: Manual History64213 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-167195 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-267236 +Node: How To Contribute67310 +Node: Acknowledgments68439 +Node: Getting Started73244 +Node: Running gawk75677 +Node: One-shot76867 +Node: Read Terminal78115 +Node: Long80142 +Node: Executable Scripts81658 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184447 +Node: Comments84550 +Node: Quoting87032 +Node: DOS Quoting92556 +Node: Sample Data Files93231 +Node: Very Simple95826 +Node: Two Rules100724 +Node: More Complex102610 +Node: Statements/Lines105472 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1109927 +Node: Other Features110192 +Node: When111123 +Ref: When-Footnote-1112877 +Node: Intro Summary112942 +Node: Invoking Gawk113825 +Node: Command Line115339 +Node: Options116137 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1131941 +Ref: Options-Footnote-2132170 +Node: Other Arguments132195 +Node: Naming Standard Input135143 +Node: Environment Variables136236 +Node: AWKPATH Variable136794 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140207 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140252 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140512 +Node: Other Environment Variables141768 +Node: Exit Status145256 +Node: Include Files145932 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries149529 +Node: Obsolete150956 +Node: Undocumented151653 +Node: Invoking Summary151920 +Node: Regexp153584 +Node: Regexp Usage155038 +Node: Escape Sequences157075 +Node: Regexp Operators163316 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170742 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170889 +Node: Bracket Expressions170987 +Ref: table-char-classes173002 +Node: Leftmost Longest175926 +Node: Computed Regexps177228 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators180625 +Node: Case-sensitivity184298 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1187183 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187418 +Node: Regexp Summary187526 +Node: Reading Files188993 +Node: Records191156 +Node: awk split records191889 +Node: gawk split records196804 +Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1201348 +Node: Fields201385 +Ref: Fields-Footnote-1204161 +Node: Nonconstant Fields204247 +Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1206490 +Node: Changing Fields206694 +Node: Field Separators212623 +Node: Default Field Splitting215328 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting216445 +Node: Single Character Fields219795 +Node: Command Line Field Separator220854 +Node: Full Line Fields224066 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1225583 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2225629 +Node: Field Splitting Summary225730 +Node: Constant Size227804 +Node: Splitting By Content232393 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236387 +Node: Multiple Line236550 +Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242436 +Node: Getline242615 +Node: Plain Getline245099 +Node: Getline/Variable247739 +Node: Getline/File248887 +Node: Getline/Variable/File250271 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1251874 +Node: Getline/Pipe251961 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254644 +Node: Getline/Coprocess255775 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess257027 +Node: Getline Notes257766 +Node: Getline Summary260558 +Ref: table-getline-variants260970 +Node: Read Timeout261799 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265690 +Node: Retrying Input265748 +Node: Command-line directories266943 +Node: Input Summary267850 +Node: Input Exercises271151 +Node: Printing271879 +Node: Print273656 +Node: Print Examples275113 +Node: Output Separators277892 +Node: OFMT279910 +Node: Printf281264 +Node: Basic Printf282049 +Node: Control Letters283619 +Node: Format Modifiers287602 +Node: Printf Examples293611 +Node: Redirection296097 +Node: Special FD302938 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1306098 +Node: Special Files306172 +Node: Other Inherited Files306789 +Node: Special Network307789 +Node: Special Caveats308651 +Node: Close Files And Pipes309602 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1316784 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2316932 +Node: Output Summary317082 +Node: Output Exercises318080 +Node: Expressions318760 +Node: Values319945 +Node: Constants320623 +Node: Scalar Constants321314 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1322173 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers322423 +Node: Regexp Constants325441 +Node: Using Constant Regexps325966 +Node: Variables329109 +Node: Using Variables329764 +Node: Assignment Options331675 +Node: Conversion333550 +Node: Strings And Numbers334074 +Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1337139 +Node: Locale influences conversions337248 +Ref: table-locale-affects339995 +Node: All Operators340583 +Node: Arithmetic Ops341213 +Node: Concatenation343718 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1346537 +Node: Assignment Ops346643 +Ref: table-assign-ops351622 +Node: Increment Ops352894 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions356332 +Node: Truth Values357417 +Node: Typing and Comparison358466 +Node: Variable Typing359276 +Node: Comparison Operators362929 +Ref: table-relational-ops363339 +Node: POSIX String Comparison366834 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1367906 +Node: Boolean Ops368044 +Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1372523 +Node: Conditional Exp372614 +Node: Function Calls374341 +Node: Precedence378221 +Node: Locales381882 +Node: Expressions Summary383514 +Node: Patterns and Actions386074 +Node: Pattern Overview387194 +Node: Regexp Patterns388873 +Node: Expression Patterns389416 +Node: Ranges393126 +Node: BEGIN/END396232 +Node: Using BEGIN/END396993 +Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1399727 +Node: I/O And BEGIN/END399833 +Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE402147 +Node: Empty405048 +Node: Using Shell Variables405365 +Node: Action Overview407638 +Node: Statements409964 +Node: If Statement411812 +Node: While Statement413307 +Node: Do Statement415336 +Node: For Statement416480 +Node: Switch Statement419637 +Node: Break Statement422019 +Node: Continue Statement424060 +Node: Next Statement425887 +Node: Nextfile Statement428268 +Node: Exit Statement430898 +Node: Built-in Variables433301 +Node: User-modified434434 +Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1442115 +Node: Auto-set442177 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1456393 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2456598 +Node: ARGC and ARGV456654 +Node: Pattern Action Summary460872 +Node: Arrays463299 +Node: Array Basics464628 +Node: Array Intro465472 +Ref: figure-array-elements467436 +Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1469962 +Node: Reference to Elements470090 +Node: Assigning Elements472542 +Node: Array Example473033 +Node: Scanning an Array474791 +Node: Controlling Scanning477807 +Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1483003 +Node: Numeric Array Subscripts483319 +Node: Uninitialized Subscripts485504 +Node: Delete487121 +Ref: Delete-Footnote-1489864 +Node: Multidimensional489921 +Node: Multiscanning493018 +Node: Arrays of Arrays494607 +Node: Arrays Summary499366 +Node: Functions501458 +Node: Built-in502357 +Node: Calling Built-in503435 +Node: Numeric Functions505426 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1510245 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2510602 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3510650 +Node: String Functions510922 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1534397 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2534526 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3534774 +Node: Gory Details534861 +Ref: table-sub-escapes536642 +Ref: table-sub-proposed538162 +Ref: table-posix-sub539526 +Ref: table-gensub-escapes541062 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1541894 +Node: I/O Functions542045 +Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1549263 +Node: Time Functions549410 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1559898 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2559966 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3560124 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4560235 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5560347 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6560574 +Node: Bitwise Functions560840 +Ref: table-bitwise-ops561402 +Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1565711 +Node: Type Functions565880 +Node: I18N Functions567031 +Node: User-defined568676 +Node: Definition Syntax569481 +Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1574888 +Node: Function Example574959 +Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1577878 +Node: Function Caveats577900 +Node: Calling A Function578418 +Node: Variable Scope579376 +Node: Pass By Value/Reference582364 +Node: Return Statement585859 +Node: Dynamic Typing588840 +Node: Indirect Calls589769 +Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1601071 +Node: Functions Summary601199 +Node: Library Functions603901 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1607510 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2607653 +Node: Library Names607824 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1611278 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2611501 +Node: General Functions611587 +Node: Strtonum Function612690 +Node: Assert Function615712 +Node: Round Function619036 +Node: Cliff Random Function620577 +Node: Ordinal Functions621593 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1624656 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2624908 +Node: Join Function625119 +Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1626888 +Node: Getlocaltime Function627088 +Node: Readfile Function630832 +Node: Shell Quoting632802 +Node: Data File Management634203 +Node: Filetrans Function634835 +Node: Rewind Function638891 +Node: File Checking640278 +Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1641610 +Node: Empty Files641811 +Node: Ignoring Assigns643790 +Node: Getopt Function645341 +Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1656803 +Node: Passwd Functions657003 +Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1665840 +Node: Group Functions665928 +Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1673822 +Node: Walking Arrays674035 +Node: Library Functions Summary675638 +Node: Library Exercises677039 +Node: Sample Programs678319 +Node: Running Examples679089 +Node: Clones679817 +Node: Cut Program681041 +Node: Egrep Program690760 +Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1698258 +Node: Id Program698368 +Node: Split Program702013 +Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1705461 +Node: Tee Program705589 +Node: Uniq Program708378 +Node: Wc Program715797 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1720047 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs720141 +Node: Dupword Program721354 +Node: Alarm Program723385 +Node: Translate Program728189 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1732754 +Node: Labels Program733024 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1736375 +Node: Word Sorting736459 +Node: History Sorting740530 +Node: Extract Program742366 +Node: Simple Sed749891 +Node: Igawk Program752959 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1767283 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2767484 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3767606 +Node: Anagram Program767721 +Node: Signature Program770778 +Node: Programs Summary772025 +Node: Programs Exercises773218 +Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1777349 +Node: Advanced Features777440 +Node: Nondecimal Data779388 +Node: Array Sorting780978 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal781675 +Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1790008 +Node: Array Sorting Functions790126 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1794015 +Node: Two-way I/O794211 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1799156 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2799342 +Node: TCP/IP Networking799424 +Node: Profiling802297 +Node: Advanced Features Summary810574 +Node: Internationalization812507 +Node: I18N and L10N813987 +Node: Explaining gettext814673 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1819698 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2819882 +Node: Programmer i18n820047 +Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1824913 +Node: Translator i18n824962 +Node: String Extraction825756 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1826887 +Node: Printf Ordering826973 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1829759 +Node: I18N Portability829823 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1832278 +Node: I18N Example832341 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1835144 +Node: Gawk I18N835216 +Node: I18N Summary835854 +Node: Debugger837193 +Node: Debugging838215 +Node: Debugging Concepts838656 +Node: Debugging Terms840509 +Node: Awk Debugging843081 +Node: Sample Debugging Session843975 +Node: Debugger Invocation844495 +Node: Finding The Bug845879 +Node: List of Debugger Commands852354 +Node: Breakpoint Control853687 +Node: Debugger Execution Control857383 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data860747 +Node: Execution Stack864125 +Node: Debugger Info865762 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands869779 +Node: Readline Support874808 +Node: Limitations875700 +Node: Debugging Summary877814 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic878982 +Node: Computer Arithmetic880398 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges883996 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1884855 +Node: Math Definitions884912 +Ref: table-ieee-formats888200 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1888804 +Node: MPFR features888909 +Node: FP Math Caution890580 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1891630 +Node: Inexactness of computations891999 +Node: Inexact representation892958 +Node: Comparing FP Values894315 +Node: Errors accumulate895397 +Node: Getting Accuracy896830 +Node: Try To Round899492 +Node: Setting precision900391 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings901075 +Node: Setting the rounding mode902864 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes903228 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1906683 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers906862 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1911761 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems911910 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1915783 +Node: Floating point summary915821 +Node: Dynamic Extensions918015 +Node: Extension Intro919567 +Node: Plugin License920833 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline921630 +Ref: figure-load-extension922058 +Ref: figure-register-new-function923538 +Ref: figure-call-new-function924542 +Node: Extension API Description926528 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction928062 +Node: General Data Types932934 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1938673 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions938972 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1941811 +Node: Constructor Functions941907 +Node: Registration Functions943641 +Node: Extension Functions944326 +Node: Exit Callback Functions946623 +Node: Extension Version String947871 +Node: Input Parsers948536 +Node: Output Wrappers958415 +Node: Two-way processors962930 +Node: Printing Messages965134 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1966210 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'966362 +Node: Requesting Values967102 +Ref: table-value-types-returned967830 +Node: Accessing Parameters968787 +Node: Symbol Table Access970018 +Node: Symbol table by name970532 +Node: Symbol table by cookie972513 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1976657 +Node: Cached values976720 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1980219 +Node: Array Manipulation980310 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1981400 +Node: Array Data Types981437 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1984092 +Node: Array Functions984184 +Node: Flattening Arrays988038 +Node: Creating Arrays994930 +Node: Redirection API999701 +Node: Extension API Variables1001897 +Node: Extension Versioning1002530 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables1004431 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate1005496 +Node: Finding Extensions1009305 +Node: Extension Example1009865 +Node: Internal File Description1010637 +Node: Internal File Ops1014704 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11026374 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1026514 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11028897 +Node: Extension Samples1029170 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1030696 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1038334 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1039825 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1041040 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1042715 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1043551 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1044427 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1045238 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1045828 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1046568 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1048508 +Node: Extension Sample Time1049603 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1050952 +Node: gawkextlib1051443 +Node: Extension summary1054101 +Node: Extension Exercises1057790 +Node: Language History1058512 +Node: V7/SVR3.11060168 +Node: SVR41062349 +Node: POSIX1063794 +Node: BTL1065183 +Node: POSIX/GNU1065917 +Node: Feature History1071541 +Node: Common Extensions1084639 +Node: Ranges and Locales1085963 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11090581 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21090608 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31090842 +Node: Contributors1091063 +Node: History summary1096604 +Node: Installation1097974 +Node: Gawk Distribution1098920 +Node: Getting1099404 +Node: Extracting1100227 +Node: Distribution contents1101862 +Node: Unix Installation1107927 +Node: Quick Installation1108610 +Node: Shell Startup Files1111021 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1112100 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1113839 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1116208 +Node: PC Installation1116666 +Node: PC Binary Installation1117985 +Node: PC Compiling1119833 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11122854 +Node: PC Testing1122963 +Node: PC Using1124139 +Node: Cygwin1128254 +Node: MSYS1129077 +Node: VMS Installation1129577 +Node: VMS Compilation1130369 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11131591 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1131649 +Node: VMS Installation Details1133333 +Node: VMS Running1135585 +Node: VMS GNV1138421 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1139155 +Node: Bugs1139625 +Node: Other Versions1143508 +Node: Installation summary1149936 +Node: Notes1150992 +Node: Compatibility Mode1151857 +Node: Additions1152639 +Node: Accessing The Source1153564 +Node: Adding Code1155000 +Node: New Ports1161165 +Node: Derived Files1165647 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11171122 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21171156 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31171752 +Node: Future Extensions1171866 +Node: Implementation Limitations1172472 +Node: Extension Design1173720 +Node: Old Extension Problems1174874 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11176391 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1176448 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11179808 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1179997 +Node: Extension Future Growth1182105 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1182941 +Node: Notes summary1184703 +Node: Basic Concepts1185889 +Node: Basic High Level1186570 +Ref: figure-general-flow1186842 +Ref: figure-process-flow1187441 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11190670 +Node: Basic Data Typing1190855 +Node: Glossary1194183 +Node: Copying1219341 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1256897 +Node: Index1282033  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 4e952aea89bbfaecd12614f1249c830aff36c551 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Andrew J. Schorr" Date: Mon, 5 Jan 2015 14:37:56 -0500 Subject: Improve texinfo documentation of the get_file API function. --- doc/gawk.info | 246 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 127 insertions(+), 119 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 60e0f6f9..f0a9d84d 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -24715,22 +24715,30 @@ redirections. `|&' A two-way coprocess. - If the file is not already open, and the fd argument is - non-negative, `gawk' will use that file descriptor instead of - opening the file in the usual way. If the fd is non-negative, but - the file exists already, `gawk' ignores the fd and returns the - existing file. It is the caller's responsibility to notice that - neither the fd in the returned `awk_input_buf_t' nor the fd in the - returned `awk_output_buf_t' matches the requested value. Note that - supplying a file descriptor is currently NOT supported for pipes. - It should work for input, output, append, and two-way (coprocess) - sockets. If `filetype' is two-way, we assume that it is a socket! - Note that in the two-way case, the input and output file - descriptors may differ. To check for success, one must check - whether either matches. - - For example, this API function can be used to implement I/O -multiplexing or a socket library. + On error, a `false' value is returned. Otherwise, the return + status is `true', and additional information about the redirection + is returned in the `ibufp' and `obufp' pointers. For input + redirections, the `*ibufp' value should be non-NULL, and `*obufp' + should be NULL. For output redirections, the `*obufp' value + should be non-NULL, and `*ibufp' should be NULL. For two-way + coprocesses, both values should be non-NULL. In the usual case, + the extension is interested in `(*ibufp)->fd' and/or + `fileno((*obufp)->fp)'. If the file is not already open, and the + fd argument is non-negative, `gawk' will use that file descriptor + instead of opening the file in the usual way. If the fd is + non-negative, but the file exists already, `gawk' ignores the fd + and returns the existing file. It is the caller's responsibility + to notice that neither the fd in the returned `awk_input_buf_t' + nor the fd in the returned `awk_output_buf_t' matches the + requested value. Note that supplying a file descriptor is + currently NOT supported for pipes. It should work for input, + output, append, and two-way (coprocess) sockets. If `filetype' is + two-way, we assume that it is a socket! Note that in the two-way + case, the input and output file descriptors may differ. To check + for success, one must check whether either matches. + + It is anticipated that this API function will be used to implement +I/O multiplexing and a socket library.  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Variables, Next: Extension API Boilerplate, Prev: Redirection API, Up: Extension API Description @@ -35017,108 +35025,108 @@ Node: Array Functions984184 Node: Flattening Arrays988038 Node: Creating Arrays994930 Node: Redirection API999701 -Node: Extension API Variables1001897 -Node: Extension Versioning1002530 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables1004431 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate1005496 -Node: Finding Extensions1009305 -Node: Extension Example1009865 -Node: Internal File Description1010637 -Node: Internal File Ops1014704 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11026374 -Node: Using Internal File Ops1026514 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11028897 -Node: Extension Samples1029170 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions1030696 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1038334 -Node: Extension Sample Fork1039825 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace1041040 -Node: Extension Sample Ord1042715 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir1043551 -Ref: table-readdir-file-types1044427 -Node: Extension Sample Revout1045238 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1045828 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array1046568 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile1048508 -Node: Extension Sample Time1049603 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests1050952 -Node: gawkextlib1051443 -Node: Extension summary1054101 -Node: Extension Exercises1057790 -Node: Language History1058512 -Node: V7/SVR3.11060168 -Node: SVR41062349 -Node: POSIX1063794 -Node: BTL1065183 -Node: POSIX/GNU1065917 -Node: Feature History1071541 -Node: Common Extensions1084639 -Node: Ranges and Locales1085963 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11090581 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21090608 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31090842 -Node: Contributors1091063 -Node: History summary1096604 -Node: Installation1097974 -Node: Gawk Distribution1098920 -Node: Getting1099404 -Node: Extracting1100227 -Node: Distribution contents1101862 -Node: Unix Installation1107927 -Node: Quick Installation1108610 -Node: Shell Startup Files1111021 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1112100 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1113839 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1116208 -Node: PC Installation1116666 -Node: PC Binary Installation1117985 -Node: PC Compiling1119833 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11122854 -Node: PC Testing1122963 -Node: PC Using1124139 -Node: Cygwin1128254 -Node: MSYS1129077 -Node: VMS Installation1129577 -Node: VMS Compilation1130369 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11131591 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1131649 -Node: VMS Installation Details1133333 -Node: VMS Running1135585 -Node: VMS GNV1138421 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1139155 -Node: Bugs1139625 -Node: Other Versions1143508 -Node: Installation summary1149936 -Node: Notes1150992 -Node: Compatibility Mode1151857 -Node: Additions1152639 -Node: Accessing The Source1153564 -Node: Adding Code1155000 -Node: New Ports1161165 -Node: Derived Files1165647 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11171122 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21171156 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31171752 -Node: Future Extensions1171866 -Node: Implementation Limitations1172472 -Node: Extension Design1173720 -Node: Old Extension Problems1174874 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11176391 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1176448 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11179808 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1179997 -Node: Extension Future Growth1182105 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1182941 -Node: Notes summary1184703 -Node: Basic Concepts1185889 -Node: Basic High Level1186570 -Ref: figure-general-flow1186842 -Ref: figure-process-flow1187441 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11190670 -Node: Basic Data Typing1190855 -Node: Glossary1194183 -Node: Copying1219341 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1256897 -Node: Index1282033 +Node: Extension API Variables1002472 +Node: Extension Versioning1003105 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables1005006 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate1006071 +Node: Finding Extensions1009880 +Node: Extension Example1010440 +Node: Internal File Description1011212 +Node: Internal File Ops1015279 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11026949 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1027089 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11029472 +Node: Extension Samples1029745 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1031271 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1038909 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1040400 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1041615 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1043290 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1044126 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1045002 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1045813 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1046403 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1047143 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1049083 +Node: Extension Sample Time1050178 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1051527 +Node: gawkextlib1052018 +Node: Extension summary1054676 +Node: Extension Exercises1058365 +Node: Language History1059087 +Node: V7/SVR3.11060743 +Node: SVR41062924 +Node: POSIX1064369 +Node: BTL1065758 +Node: POSIX/GNU1066492 +Node: Feature History1072116 +Node: Common Extensions1085214 +Node: Ranges and Locales1086538 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11091156 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21091183 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31091417 +Node: Contributors1091638 +Node: History summary1097179 +Node: Installation1098549 +Node: Gawk Distribution1099495 +Node: Getting1099979 +Node: Extracting1100802 +Node: Distribution contents1102437 +Node: Unix Installation1108502 +Node: Quick Installation1109185 +Node: Shell Startup Files1111596 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1112675 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1114414 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1116783 +Node: PC Installation1117241 +Node: PC Binary Installation1118560 +Node: PC Compiling1120408 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11123429 +Node: PC Testing1123538 +Node: PC Using1124714 +Node: Cygwin1128829 +Node: MSYS1129652 +Node: VMS Installation1130152 +Node: VMS Compilation1130944 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11132166 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1132224 +Node: VMS Installation Details1133908 +Node: VMS Running1136160 +Node: VMS GNV1138996 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1139730 +Node: Bugs1140200 +Node: Other Versions1144083 +Node: Installation summary1150511 +Node: Notes1151567 +Node: Compatibility Mode1152432 +Node: Additions1153214 +Node: Accessing The Source1154139 +Node: Adding Code1155575 +Node: New Ports1161740 +Node: Derived Files1166222 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11171697 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21171731 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31172327 +Node: Future Extensions1172441 +Node: Implementation Limitations1173047 +Node: Extension Design1174295 +Node: Old Extension Problems1175449 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11176966 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1177023 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11180383 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1180572 +Node: Extension Future Growth1182680 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1183516 +Node: Notes summary1185278 +Node: Basic Concepts1186464 +Node: Basic High Level1187145 +Ref: figure-general-flow1187417 +Ref: figure-process-flow1188016 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11191245 +Node: Basic Data Typing1191430 +Node: Glossary1194758 +Node: Copying1219916 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1257472 +Node: Index1282608  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From d680707683794b92f2fc69e71dcb5b2a154598be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Mon, 19 Jan 2015 06:32:17 +0200 Subject: Doc edits. --- doc/gawk.info | 1155 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 578 insertions(+), 577 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 4b016405..47f21442 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY * awk: (gawk)Invoking gawk. Text scanning and processing. END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY - Copyright (C) 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996-2005, 2007, 2009-2014 + Copyright (C) 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996-2005, 2007, 2009-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ General Introduction This file documents `awk', a program that you can use to select particular records in a file and perform operations upon them. - Copyright (C) 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996-2005, 2007, 2009-2014 + Copyright (C) 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996-2005, 2007, 2009-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @@ -747,10 +747,10 @@ and associative arrays. Those looking for something new can try out The programs in this book make clear that an AWK program is typically much smaller and faster to develop than a counterpart written -in C. Consequently, there is often a payoff to prototype an algorithm -or design in AWK to get it running quickly and expose problems early. -Often, the interpreted performance is adequate and the AWK prototype -becomes the product. +in C. Consequently, there is often a payoff to prototyping an +algorithm or design in AWK to get it running quickly and expose +problems early. Often, the interpreted performance is adequate and the +AWK prototype becomes the product. The new `pgawk' (profiling `gawk'), produces program execution counts. I recently experimented with an algorithm that for n lines of @@ -774,16 +774,16 @@ Foreword to the Fourth Edition ****************************** Some things don't change. Thirteen years ago I wrote: "If you use AWK -or want to learn how, then read this book." True then and still true +or want to learn how, then read this book." True then, and still true today. - Learning to use a programming language is more than mastering the -syntax. One needs to acquire an understanding of how to use the + Learning to use a programming language is about more than mastering +the syntax. One needs to acquire an understanding of how to use the features of the language to solve practical programming problems. A focus of this book is many examples that show how to use AWK. Some things do change. Our computers are much faster and have more -memory. Consequently, speed and storage inefficiencies of a high level +memory. Consequently, speed and storage inefficiencies of a high-level language matter less. Prototyping in AWK and then rewriting in C for performance reasons happens less, because more often the prototype is fast enough. @@ -792,9 +792,9 @@ fast enough. C++. With `gawk' 4.1 and later, you do not have to choose between writing your program in AWK or in C/C++. You can write most of your program in AWK and the aspects that require C/C++ capabilities can be -written in C/C++ and then the pieces glued together when the `gawk' +written in C/C++, and then the pieces glued together when the `gawk' module loads the C/C++ module as a dynamic plug-in. *note Dynamic -Extensions::, has all the details, and as expected, many examples to +Extensions::, has all the details, and, as expected, many examples to help you learn the ins and outs. I enjoy programming in AWK and had fun (re)reading this book. I @@ -833,7 +833,7 @@ So most of the time, we don't distinguish between `gawk' and other * Validate data - * Produce indexes and perform other document preparation tasks + * Produce indexes and perform other document-preparation tasks * Experiment with algorithms that you can adapt later to other computer languages @@ -925,7 +925,7 @@ advice from Richard Stallman. John Woods contributed parts of the code as well. In 1988 and 1989, David Trueman, with help from me, thoroughly reworked `gawk' for compatibility with the newer `awk'. Circa 1994, I became the primary maintainer. Current development -focuses on bug fixes, performance improvements, standards compliance +focuses on bug fixes, performance improvements, standards compliance, and, occasionally, new features. In May 1997, Ju"rgen Kahrs felt the need for network access from @@ -937,10 +937,10 @@ the `gawk' distribution). His code finally became part of the main John Haque rewrote the `gawk' internals, in the process providing an `awk'-level debugger. This version became available as `gawk' version -4.0, in 2011. +4.0 in 2011. - *Note Contributors::, for a full list of those who made important -contributions to `gawk'. + *Note Contributors::, for a full list of those who have made +important contributions to `gawk'.  File: gawk.info, Node: Names, Next: This Manual, Prev: History, Up: Preface @@ -953,7 +953,7 @@ provided in *note Language History::. The language described in this Info file is often referred to as "new `awk'." By analogy, the original version of `awk' is referred to as "old `awk'." - Today, on most systems, when you run the `awk' utility, you get some + Today, on most systems, when you run the `awk' utility you get some version of new `awk'.(1) If your system's standard `awk' is the old one, you will see something like this if you try the test program: @@ -1013,9 +1013,9 @@ in *note Sample Programs::, should be of interest. This Info file is split into several parts, as follows: - * Part I describes the `awk' language and `gawk' program in detail. - It starts with the basics, and continues through all of the - features of `awk'. It contains the following chapters: + * Part I describes the `awk' language and the `gawk' program in + detail. It starts with the basics, and continues through all of + the features of `awk'. It contains the following chapters: - *note Getting Started::, provides the essentials you need to know to begin using `awk'. @@ -1046,9 +1046,10 @@ in *note Sample Programs::, should be of interest. `gawk' use. - *note Arrays::, covers `awk''s one-and-only data structure: - associative arrays. Deleting array elements and whole arrays - is also described, as well as sorting arrays in `gawk'. It - also describes how `gawk' provides arrays of arrays. + the associative array. Deleting array elements and whole + arrays is also described, as well as sorting arrays in + `gawk'. It also describes how `gawk' provides arrays of + arrays. - *note Functions::, describes the built-in functions `awk' and `gawk' provide, as well as how to define your own functions. @@ -34301,558 +34302,558 @@ Index Tag Table: Node: Top1204 Node: Foreword342156 -Node: Foreword446598 -Node: Preface48120 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-150991 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-251098 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-351331 -Node: History51473 -Node: Names53819 -Ref: Names-Footnote-154913 -Node: This Manual55059 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-161546 -Node: Conventions61646 -Node: Manual History63984 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-166966 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-267007 -Node: How To Contribute67081 -Node: Acknowledgments68210 -Node: Getting Started73015 -Node: Running gawk75448 -Node: One-shot76638 -Node: Read Terminal77886 -Node: Long79913 -Node: Executable Scripts81429 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184218 -Node: Comments84321 -Node: Quoting86803 -Node: DOS Quoting92327 -Node: Sample Data Files93002 -Node: Very Simple95597 -Node: Two Rules100495 -Node: More Complex102381 -Node: Statements/Lines105243 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1109698 -Node: Other Features109963 -Node: When110894 -Ref: When-Footnote-1112648 -Node: Intro Summary112713 -Node: Invoking Gawk113596 -Node: Command Line115110 -Node: Options115908 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1131841 -Ref: Options-Footnote-2132070 -Node: Other Arguments132095 -Node: Naming Standard Input135043 -Node: Environment Variables136136 -Node: AWKPATH Variable136694 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1139997 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140042 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140302 -Node: Other Environment Variables141445 -Node: Exit Status145173 -Node: Include Files145849 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries149446 -Node: Obsolete150873 -Node: Undocumented151570 -Node: Invoking Summary151837 -Node: Regexp153501 -Node: Regexp Usage154955 -Node: Escape Sequences156992 -Node: Regexp Operators163003 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170429 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170576 -Node: Bracket Expressions170674 -Ref: table-char-classes172689 -Node: Leftmost Longest175613 -Node: Computed Regexps176915 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators180312 -Node: Case-sensitivity183985 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1186870 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187105 -Node: Regexp Summary187213 -Node: Reading Files188680 -Node: Records190774 -Node: awk split records191507 -Node: gawk split records196422 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1200966 -Node: Fields201003 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1203779 -Node: Nonconstant Fields203865 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1206108 -Node: Changing Fields206312 -Node: Field Separators212241 -Node: Default Field Splitting214946 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting216063 -Node: Single Character Fields219413 -Node: Command Line Field Separator220472 -Node: Full Line Fields223684 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1225201 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2225247 -Node: Field Splitting Summary225348 -Node: Constant Size227422 -Node: Splitting By Content232011 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236005 -Node: Multiple Line236168 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242054 -Node: Getline242233 -Node: Plain Getline244445 -Node: Getline/Variable247085 -Node: Getline/File248233 -Node: Getline/Variable/File249617 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1251220 -Node: Getline/Pipe251307 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe253990 -Node: Getline/Coprocess255121 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess256373 -Node: Getline Notes257112 -Node: Getline Summary259904 -Ref: table-getline-variants260316 -Node: Read Timeout261145 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1264970 -Node: Command-line directories265028 -Node: Input Summary265933 -Node: Input Exercises269234 -Node: Printing269962 -Node: Print271739 -Node: Print Examples273196 -Node: Output Separators275975 -Node: OFMT277993 -Node: Printf279347 -Node: Basic Printf280132 -Node: Control Letters281702 -Node: Format Modifiers285685 -Node: Printf Examples291694 -Node: Redirection294180 -Node: Special FD301021 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1304181 -Node: Special Files304255 -Node: Other Inherited Files304872 -Node: Special Network305872 -Node: Special Caveats306734 -Node: Close Files And Pipes307685 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1314867 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2315015 -Node: Output Summary315165 -Node: Output Exercises316163 -Node: Expressions316843 -Node: Values318028 -Node: Constants318706 -Node: Scalar Constants319397 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1320256 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers320506 -Node: Regexp Constants323524 -Node: Using Constant Regexps324049 -Node: Variables327192 -Node: Using Variables327847 -Node: Assignment Options329758 -Node: Conversion331633 -Node: Strings And Numbers332157 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1335222 -Node: Locale influences conversions335331 -Ref: table-locale-affects338078 -Node: All Operators338666 -Node: Arithmetic Ops339296 -Node: Concatenation341801 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1344620 -Node: Assignment Ops344726 -Ref: table-assign-ops349705 -Node: Increment Ops350977 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions354415 -Node: Truth Values355500 -Node: Typing and Comparison356549 -Node: Variable Typing357359 -Node: Comparison Operators361012 -Ref: table-relational-ops361422 -Node: POSIX String Comparison364917 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1365989 -Node: Boolean Ops366127 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1370606 -Node: Conditional Exp370697 -Node: Function Calls372424 -Node: Precedence376304 -Node: Locales379965 -Node: Expressions Summary381597 -Node: Patterns and Actions384157 -Node: Pattern Overview385277 -Node: Regexp Patterns386956 -Node: Expression Patterns387499 -Node: Ranges391209 -Node: BEGIN/END394315 -Node: Using BEGIN/END395076 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1397810 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END397916 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE400230 -Node: Empty403131 -Node: Using Shell Variables403448 -Node: Action Overview405721 -Node: Statements408047 -Node: If Statement409895 -Node: While Statement411390 -Node: Do Statement413419 -Node: For Statement414563 -Node: Switch Statement417720 -Node: Break Statement420102 -Node: Continue Statement422143 -Node: Next Statement423970 -Node: Nextfile Statement426351 -Node: Exit Statement428981 -Node: Built-in Variables431384 -Node: User-modified432517 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1440198 -Node: Auto-set440260 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1453295 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2453500 -Node: ARGC and ARGV453556 -Node: Pattern Action Summary457774 -Node: Arrays460201 -Node: Array Basics461530 -Node: Array Intro462374 -Ref: figure-array-elements464338 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1466864 -Node: Reference to Elements466992 -Node: Assigning Elements469444 -Node: Array Example469935 -Node: Scanning an Array471693 -Node: Controlling Scanning474709 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1479905 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts480221 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts482406 -Node: Delete484023 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1486766 -Node: Multidimensional486823 -Node: Multiscanning489920 -Node: Arrays of Arrays491509 -Node: Arrays Summary496268 -Node: Functions498360 -Node: Built-in499259 -Node: Calling Built-in500337 -Node: Numeric Functions502328 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1506345 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2506702 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3506750 -Node: String Functions507022 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1530497 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2530626 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3530874 -Node: Gory Details530961 -Ref: table-sub-escapes532742 -Ref: table-sub-proposed534262 -Ref: table-posix-sub535626 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes537162 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1537994 -Node: I/O Functions538145 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1545363 -Node: Time Functions545510 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1555998 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2556066 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3556224 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4556335 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5556447 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6556674 -Node: Bitwise Functions556940 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops557502 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1561811 -Node: Type Functions561980 -Node: I18N Functions563131 -Node: User-defined564776 -Node: Definition Syntax565581 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1570988 -Node: Function Example571059 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1573978 -Node: Function Caveats574000 -Node: Calling A Function574518 -Node: Variable Scope575476 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference578464 -Node: Return Statement581959 -Node: Dynamic Typing584940 -Node: Indirect Calls585869 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1597171 -Node: Functions Summary597299 -Node: Library Functions600001 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1603610 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2603753 -Node: Library Names603924 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1607378 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2607601 -Node: General Functions607687 -Node: Strtonum Function608790 -Node: Assert Function611812 -Node: Round Function615136 -Node: Cliff Random Function616677 -Node: Ordinal Functions617693 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1620756 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2621008 -Node: Join Function621219 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1622988 -Node: Getlocaltime Function623188 -Node: Readfile Function626932 -Node: Shell Quoting628902 -Node: Data File Management630303 -Node: Filetrans Function630935 -Node: Rewind Function634991 -Node: File Checking636378 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1637710 -Node: Empty Files637911 -Node: Ignoring Assigns639890 -Node: Getopt Function641441 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1652903 -Node: Passwd Functions653103 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1661940 -Node: Group Functions662028 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1669922 -Node: Walking Arrays670135 -Node: Library Functions Summary671738 -Node: Library Exercises673139 -Node: Sample Programs674419 -Node: Running Examples675189 -Node: Clones675917 -Node: Cut Program677141 -Node: Egrep Program686860 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1694358 -Node: Id Program694468 -Node: Split Program698113 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1701561 -Node: Tee Program701689 -Node: Uniq Program704478 -Node: Wc Program711897 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1716147 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs716241 -Node: Dupword Program717454 -Node: Alarm Program719485 -Node: Translate Program724289 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1728854 -Node: Labels Program729124 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1732475 -Node: Word Sorting732559 -Node: History Sorting736630 -Node: Extract Program738466 -Node: Simple Sed745991 -Node: Igawk Program749059 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1763383 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2763584 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3763706 -Node: Anagram Program763821 -Node: Signature Program766878 -Node: Programs Summary768125 -Node: Programs Exercises769318 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1773449 -Node: Advanced Features773540 -Node: Nondecimal Data775488 -Node: Array Sorting777078 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal777775 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1786108 -Node: Array Sorting Functions786226 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1790115 -Node: Two-way I/O790311 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Level-Footnote-11180269 -Node: Basic Data Typing1180454 -Node: Glossary1183782 -Node: Copying1208940 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1246496 -Node: Index1271632 +Node: Foreword446600 +Node: Preface48131 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-151002 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-251109 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-351342 +Node: History51484 +Node: Names53835 +Ref: Names-Footnote-154928 +Node: This Manual55074 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-161579 +Node: Conventions61679 +Node: Manual History64017 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-166999 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-267040 +Node: How To Contribute67114 +Node: Acknowledgments68243 +Node: Getting Started73048 +Node: Running gawk75481 +Node: One-shot76671 +Node: Read Terminal77919 +Node: Long79946 +Node: Executable Scripts81462 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184251 +Node: Comments84354 +Node: Quoting86836 +Node: DOS Quoting92360 +Node: Sample Data Files93035 +Node: Very Simple95630 +Node: Two Rules100528 +Node: More Complex102414 +Node: Statements/Lines105276 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1109731 +Node: Other Features109996 +Node: When110927 +Ref: When-Footnote-1112681 +Node: Intro Summary112746 +Node: Invoking Gawk113629 +Node: Command Line115143 +Node: Options115941 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1131874 +Ref: Options-Footnote-2132103 +Node: Other Arguments132128 +Node: Naming Standard Input135076 +Node: Environment Variables136169 +Node: AWKPATH Variable136727 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140030 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140075 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140335 +Node: Other Environment Variables141478 +Node: Exit Status145206 +Node: Include Files145882 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries149479 +Node: Obsolete150906 +Node: Undocumented151603 +Node: Invoking Summary151870 +Node: Regexp153534 +Node: Regexp Usage154988 +Node: Escape Sequences157025 +Node: Regexp Operators163036 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170462 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170609 +Node: Bracket Expressions170707 +Ref: table-char-classes172722 +Node: Leftmost 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Locales-Footnote-21081721 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31081955 +Node: Contributors1082176 +Node: History summary1087717 +Node: Installation1089087 +Node: Gawk Distribution1090033 +Node: Getting1090517 +Node: Extracting1091340 +Node: Distribution contents1092975 +Node: Unix Installation1098692 +Node: Quick Installation1099309 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1101733 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1103471 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1105840 +Node: PC Installation1106298 +Node: PC Binary Installation1107617 +Node: PC Compiling1109465 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11112486 +Node: PC Testing1112595 +Node: PC Using1113771 +Node: Cygwin1117886 +Node: MSYS1118709 +Node: VMS Installation1119209 +Node: VMS Compilation1120001 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11121223 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1121281 +Node: VMS Installation Details1122965 +Node: VMS Running1125217 +Node: VMS GNV1128053 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1128787 +Node: Bugs1129257 +Node: Other Versions1133140 +Node: Installation summary1139568 +Node: Notes1140624 +Node: Compatibility Mode1141489 +Node: Additions1142271 +Node: Accessing The Source1143196 +Node: Adding Code1144632 +Node: New Ports1150797 +Node: Derived Files1155279 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11160754 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21160788 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31161384 +Node: Future Extensions1161498 +Node: Implementation Limitations1162104 +Node: Extension Design1163352 +Node: Old Extension Problems1164506 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11166023 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1166080 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11169440 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1169629 +Node: Extension Future Growth1171737 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1172573 +Node: Notes summary1174335 +Node: Basic Concepts1175521 +Node: Basic High Level1176202 +Ref: figure-general-flow1176474 +Ref: figure-process-flow1177073 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11180302 +Node: Basic Data Typing1180487 +Node: Glossary1183815 +Node: Copying1208973 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1246529 +Node: Index1271665  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 611ebfe5c55849245d47b4c5878eb85b27861f12 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Tue, 20 Jan 2015 21:55:01 +0200 Subject: O'Reilly fixes. --- doc/gawk.info | 1216 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 607 insertions(+), 609 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 47f21442..3f32c445 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -1047,8 +1047,8 @@ in *note Sample Programs::, should be of interest. - *note Arrays::, covers `awk''s one-and-only data structure: the associative array. Deleting array elements and whole - arrays is also described, as well as sorting arrays in - `gawk'. It also describes how `gawk' provides arrays of + arrays is described, as well as sorting arrays in `gawk'. + The major node also describes how `gawk' provides arrays of arrays. - *note Functions::, describes the built-in functions `awk' and @@ -1057,14 +1057,13 @@ in *note Sample Programs::, should be of interest. indirectly. * Part II shows how to use `awk' and `gawk' for problem solving. - There is lots of code here for you to read and learn from. It - contains the following chapters: + There is lots of code here for you to read and learn from. This + part contains the following chapters: - - *note Library Functions::, which provides a number of - functions meant to be used from main `awk' programs. + - *note Library Functions::, provides a number of functions + meant to be used from main `awk' programs. - - *note Sample Programs::, which provides many sample `awk' - programs. + - *note Sample Programs::, provides many sample `awk' programs. Reading these two chapters allows you to see `awk' solving real problems. @@ -1096,7 +1095,7 @@ in *note Sample Programs::, should be of interest. It contains the following appendices: - *note Language History::, describes how the `awk' language - has evolved since its first release to present. It also + has evolved since its first release to the present. It also describes how `gawk' has acquired features over time. - *note Installation::, describes how to get `gawk', how to @@ -1113,7 +1112,7 @@ in *note Sample Programs::, should be of interest. material for those who are completely unfamiliar with computer programming. - The *note Glossary::, defines most, if not all of, the + The *note Glossary::, defines most, if not all, of the significant terms used throughout the Info file. If you find terms that you aren't familiar with, try looking them up here. @@ -1142,8 +1141,8 @@ node briefly documents the typographical conventions used in Texinfo. common shell primary and secondary prompts, `$' and `>'. Input that you type is shown `like this'. Output from the command is preceded by the glyph "-|". This typically represents the command's standard -output. Error messages, and other output on the command's standard -error, are preceded by the glyph "error-->". For example: +output. Error messages and other output on the command's standard +error are preceded by the glyph "error-->". For example: $ echo hi on stdout -| hi on stdout @@ -1155,7 +1154,7 @@ particular, there are special characters called "control characters." These are characters that you type by holding down both the `CONTROL' key and another key, at the same time. For example, a `Ctrl-d' is typed by first pressing and holding the `CONTROL' key, next pressing the `d' -key and finally releasing both keys. +key, and finally releasing both keys. For the sake of brevity, throughout this Info file, we refer to Brian Kernighan's version of `awk' as "BWK `awk'." (*Note Other @@ -1171,7 +1170,7 @@ Dark Corners Until the POSIX standard (and `GAWK: Effective AWK Programming'), many features of `awk' were either poorly documented or not documented at all. Descriptions of such features (often called "dark corners") -are noted in this Info file with "(d.c.)". They also appear in the +are noted in this Info file with "(d.c.)." They also appear in the index under the heading "dark corner." But, as noted by the opening quote, any coverage of dark corners is @@ -1194,8 +1193,8 @@ editor. GNU Emacs is the most widely used version of Emacs today. The GNU(1) Project is an ongoing effort on the part of the Free Software Foundation to create a complete, freely distributable, -POSIX-compliant computing environment. The FSF uses the "GNU General -Public License" (GPL) to ensure that their software's source code is +POSIX-compliant computing environment. The FSF uses the GNU General +Public License (GPL) to ensure that its software's source code is always available to the end user. A copy of the GPL is included for your reference (*note Copying::). The GPL applies to the C language source code for `gawk'. To find out more about the FSF and the GNU @@ -1223,26 +1222,26 @@ original, "old" version of `awk'. I started working with that version in the fall of 1988. As work on it progressed, the FSF published several preliminary versions (numbered -0.X). In 1996, Edition 1.0 was released with `gawk' 3.0.0. The FSF +0.X). In 1996, edition 1.0 was released with `gawk' 3.0.0. The FSF published the first two editions under the title `The GNU Awk User's Guide'. This edition maintains the basic structure of the previous editions. For FSF edition 4.0, the content was thoroughly reviewed and updated. All references to `gawk' versions prior to 4.0 were removed. Of -significant note for that edition was *note Debugger::. +significant note for that edition was the addition of *note Debugger::. For FSF edition 4.1, the content has been reorganized into parts, and the major new additions are *note Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic::, and *note Dynamic Extensions::. This Info file will undoubtedly continue to evolve. If you find an -error in this Info file, please report it! *Note Bugs::, for +error in the Info file, please report it! *Note Bugs::, for information on submitting problem reports electronically. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) GNU stands for "GNU's not Unix." + (1) GNU stands for "GNU's Not Unix." (2) The terminology "GNU/Linux" is explained in the *note Glossary::. @@ -1286,7 +1285,7 @@ acknowledgments: this manual. Jay Fenlason contributed many ideas and sample programs. Richard Mlynarik and Robert Chassell gave helpful comments on drafts of this manual. The paper `A Supplemental - Document for `awk'' by John W. Pierce of the Chemistry Department + Document for AWK' by John W. Pierce of the Chemistry Department at UC San Diego, pinpointed several issues relevant both to `awk' implementation and to this manual, that would otherwise have escaped us. @@ -1299,7 +1298,7 @@ GNU Project. acknowledgements: The following people (in alphabetical order) provided helpful - comments on various versions of this book, Rick Adams, Dr. Nelson + comments on various versions of this book: Rick Adams, Dr. Nelson H.F. Beebe, Karl Berry, Dr. Michael Brennan, Rich Burridge, Claire Cloutier, Diane Close, Scott Deifik, Christopher ("Topher") Eliot, Jeffrey Friedl, Dr. Darrel Hankerson, Michal Jaegermann, Dr. @@ -1308,7 +1307,7 @@ acknowledgements: Robert J. Chassell provided much valuable advice on the use of Texinfo. He also deserves special thanks for convincing me _not_ - to title this Info file `How To Gawk Politely'. Karl Berry helped + to title this Info file `How to Gawk Politely'. Karl Berry helped significantly with the TeX part of Texinfo. I would like to thank Marshall and Elaine Hartholz of Seattle and @@ -1348,18 +1347,18 @@ of people. *Note Contributors::, for the full list. Thanks to Michael Brennan for the Forewords. Thanks to Patrice Dumas for the new `makeinfo' program. Thanks to -Karl Berry who continues to work to keep the Texinfo markup language +Karl Berry, who continues to work to keep the Texinfo markup language sane. Robert P.J. Day, Michael Brennan, and Brian Kernighan kindly acted as reviewers for the 2015 edition of this Info file. Their feedback helped improve the final work. - I would like to thank Brian Kernighan for invaluable assistance -during the testing and debugging of `gawk', and for ongoing help and -advice in clarifying numerous points about the language. We could not -have done nearly as good a job on either `gawk' or its documentation -without his help. + I would also like to thank Brian Kernighan for his invaluable +assistance during the testing and debugging of `gawk', and for his +ongoing help and advice in clarifying numerous points about the +language. We could not have done nearly as good a job on either `gawk' +or its documentation without his help. Brian is in a class by himself as a programmer and technical author. I have to thank him (yet again) for his ongoing friendship and for @@ -1402,10 +1401,10 @@ contain "function definitions", an advanced feature that we will ignore for now; *note User-defined::). Each rule specifies one pattern to search for and one action to perform upon finding the pattern. - Syntactically, a rule consists of a pattern followed by an action. -The action is enclosed in braces to separate it from the pattern. -Newlines usually separate rules. Therefore, an `awk' program looks -like this: + Syntactically, a rule consists of a "pattern" followed by an +"action". The action is enclosed in braces to separate it from the +pattern. Newlines usually separate rules. Therefore, an `awk' program +looks like this: PATTERN { ACTION } PATTERN { ACTION } @@ -1473,7 +1472,7 @@ program as the first argument of the `awk' command, like this: awk 'PROGRAM' INPUT-FILE1 INPUT-FILE2 ... -where PROGRAM consists of a series of PATTERNS and ACTIONS, as +where PROGRAM consists of a series of patterns and actions, as described earlier. This command format instructs the "shell", or command interpreter, @@ -1488,8 +1487,8 @@ programs from shell scripts, because it avoids the need for a separate file for the `awk' program. A self-contained shell script is more reliable because there are no other files to misplace. - Later in this chapter, *note Very Simple::, presents several short, -self-contained programs. + Later in this chapter, in *note Very Simple::, we'll see examples of +several short, self-contained programs.  File: gawk.info, Node: Read Terminal, Next: Long, Prev: One-shot, Up: Running gawk @@ -1504,7 +1503,7 @@ following command line: `awk' applies the PROGRAM to the "standard input", which usually means whatever you type on the keyboard. This continues until you indicate -end-of-file by typing `Ctrl-d'. (On other operating systems, the +end-of-file by typing `Ctrl-d'. (On non-POSIX operating systems, the end-of-file character may be different. For example, on OS/2, it is `Ctrl-z'.) @@ -1579,10 +1578,9 @@ that are provided on the `awk' command line. (Also, placing the program in a file allows us to use a literal single quote in the program text, instead of the magic `\47'.) - If you want to clearly identify your `awk' program files as such, -you can add the extension `.awk' to the file name. This doesn't affect -the execution of the `awk' program but it does make "housekeeping" -easier. + If you want to clearly identify an `awk' program file as such, you +can add the extension `.awk' to the file name. This doesn't affect the +execution of the `awk' program but it does make "housekeeping" easier.  File: gawk.info, Node: Executable Scripts, Next: Comments, Prev: Long, Up: Running gawk @@ -1711,7 +1709,7 @@ at a later time.  File: gawk.info, Node: Quoting, Prev: Comments, Up: Running gawk -1.1.6 Shell-Quoting Issues +1.1.6 Shell Quoting Issues -------------------------- * Menu: @@ -1806,7 +1804,7 @@ shell quoting tricks, like this: -| Here is a single quote <'> This program consists of three concatenated quoted strings. The first -and the third are single quoted, the second is double quoted. +and the third are single-quoted, and the second is double-quoted. This can be "simplified" to: @@ -1833,8 +1831,7 @@ like so: $ awk 'BEGIN { print "Here is a double quote <\42>" }' -| Here is a double quote <"> -This works nicely, except that you should comment clearly what the -escapes mean. +This works nicely, but you should comment clearly what the escapes mean. A fourth option is to use command-line variable assignment, like this: @@ -1843,11 +1840,11 @@ this: -| Here is a single quote <'> (Here, the two string constants and the value of `sq' are -concatenated into a single string which is printed by `print'.) +concatenated into a single string that is printed by `print'.) If you really need both single and double quotes in your `awk' program, it is probably best to move it into a separate file, where the -shell won't be part of the picture, and you can say what you mean. +shell won't be part of the picture and you can say what you mean.  File: gawk.info, Node: DOS Quoting, Up: Quoting @@ -1905,7 +1902,7 @@ of green crates shipped, the number of red boxes shipped, the number of orange bags shipped, and the number of blue packages shipped, respectively. There are 16 entries, covering the 12 months of last year and the first four months of the current year. An empty line separates -the data for the two years. +the data for the two years: Jan 13 25 15 115 Feb 15 32 24 226 @@ -1937,7 +1934,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Very Simple, Next: Two Rules, Prev: Sample Data Files, The following command runs a simple `awk' program that searches the input file `mail-list' for the character string `li' (a grouping of characters is usually called a "string"; the term "string" is based on -similar usage in English, such as "a string of pearls," or "a string of +similar usage in English, such as "a string of pearls" or "a string of cars in a train"): awk '/li/ { print $0 }' mail-list @@ -1973,24 +1970,25 @@ prints all lines matching the pattern `li'. By comparison, omitting the `print' statement but retaining the braces makes an empty action that does nothing (i.e., no lines are printed). - Many practical `awk' programs are just a line or two. Following is a -collection of useful, short programs to get you started. Some of these -programs contain constructs that haven't been covered yet. (The -description of the program will give you a good idea of what is going -on, but you'll need to read the rest of the Info file to become an -`awk' expert!) Most of the examples use a data file named `data'. -This is just a placeholder; if you use these programs yourself, -substitute your own file names for `data'. For future reference, note -that there is often more than one way to do things in `awk'. At some -point, you may want to look back at these examples and see if you can -come up with different ways to do the same things shown here: + Many practical `awk' programs are just a line or two long. +Following is a collection of useful, short programs to get you started. +Some of these programs contain constructs that haven't been covered +yet. (The description of the program will give you a good idea of what +is going on, but you'll need to read the rest of the Info file to +become an `awk' expert!) Most of the examples use a data file named +`data'. This is just a placeholder; if you use these programs +yourself, substitute your own file names for `data'. For future +reference, note that there is often more than one way to do things in +`awk'. At some point, you may want to look back at these examples and +see if you can come up with different ways to do the same things shown +here: * Print every line that is longer than 80 characters: awk 'length($0) > 80' data - The sole rule has a relational expression as its pattern and it - has no action--so it uses the default action, printing the record. + The sole rule has a relational expression as its pattern and has no + action--so it uses the default action, printing the record. * Print the length of the longest input line: @@ -2045,8 +2043,8 @@ come up with different ways to do the same things shown here: awk 'NR % 2 == 0' data - If you use the expression `NR % 2 == 1' instead, the program would - print the odd-numbered lines. + If you used the expression `NR % 2 == 1' instead, the program + would print the odd-numbered lines.  File: gawk.info, Node: Two Rules, Next: More Complex, Prev: Very Simple, Up: Getting Started @@ -32474,7 +32472,7 @@ Index * exit the debugger: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 99) * exp: Numeric Functions. (line 18) -* expand utility: Very Simple. (line 72) +* expand utility: Very Simple. (line 73) * Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 33) * exponent: Numeric Functions. (line 18) * expressions: Expressions. (line 6) @@ -34311,549 +34309,549 @@ Node: History51484 Node: Names53835 Ref: Names-Footnote-154928 Node: This Manual55074 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-161579 -Node: Conventions61679 -Node: Manual History64017 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-166999 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-267040 -Node: How To Contribute67114 -Node: Acknowledgments68243 -Node: Getting Started73048 -Node: Running gawk75481 -Node: One-shot76671 -Node: Read Terminal77919 -Node: Long79946 -Node: Executable Scripts81462 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184251 -Node: Comments84354 -Node: Quoting86836 -Node: DOS Quoting92360 -Node: Sample Data Files93035 -Node: Very Simple95630 -Node: Two Rules100528 -Node: More Complex102414 -Node: Statements/Lines105276 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1109731 -Node: Other Features109996 -Node: When110927 -Ref: When-Footnote-1112681 -Node: Intro Summary112746 -Node: Invoking Gawk113629 -Node: Command Line115143 -Node: Options115941 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1131874 -Ref: Options-Footnote-2132103 -Node: Other Arguments132128 -Node: Naming Standard Input135076 -Node: Environment Variables136169 -Node: AWKPATH Variable136727 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140030 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140075 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140335 -Node: Other Environment Variables141478 -Node: Exit Status145206 -Node: Include Files145882 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries149479 -Node: Obsolete150906 -Node: Undocumented151603 -Node: Invoking Summary151870 -Node: Regexp153534 -Node: Regexp Usage154988 -Node: Escape Sequences157025 -Node: Regexp Operators163036 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170462 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170609 -Node: Bracket Expressions170707 -Ref: table-char-classes172722 -Node: Leftmost Longest175646 -Node: Computed Regexps176948 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators180345 -Node: Case-sensitivity184018 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1186903 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187138 -Node: Regexp Summary187246 -Node: Reading Files188713 -Node: Records190807 -Node: awk split records191540 -Node: gawk split records196455 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1200999 -Node: Fields201036 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1203812 -Node: Nonconstant Fields203898 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1206141 -Node: Changing Fields206345 -Node: Field Separators212274 -Node: Default Field Splitting214979 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting216096 -Node: Single Character Fields219446 -Node: Command Line Field Separator220505 -Node: Full Line Fields223717 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1225234 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2225280 -Node: Field Splitting Summary225381 -Node: Constant Size227455 -Node: Splitting By Content232044 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236038 -Node: Multiple Line236201 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242087 -Node: Getline242266 -Node: Plain Getline244478 -Node: Getline/Variable247118 -Node: Getline/File248266 -Node: Getline/Variable/File249650 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1251253 -Node: Getline/Pipe251340 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254023 -Node: Getline/Coprocess255154 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess256406 -Node: Getline Notes257145 -Node: Getline Summary259937 -Ref: table-getline-variants260349 -Node: Read Timeout261178 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265003 -Node: Command-line directories265061 -Node: Input Summary265966 -Node: Input Exercises269267 -Node: Printing269995 -Node: Print271772 -Node: Print Examples273229 -Node: Output Separators276008 -Node: OFMT278026 -Node: Printf279380 -Node: Basic Printf280165 -Node: Control Letters281735 -Node: Format Modifiers285718 -Node: Printf Examples291727 -Node: Redirection294213 -Node: Special FD301054 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1304214 -Node: Special Files304288 -Node: Other Inherited Files304905 -Node: Special Network305905 -Node: Special Caveats306767 -Node: Close Files And Pipes307718 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1314900 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2315048 -Node: Output Summary315198 -Node: Output Exercises316196 -Node: Expressions316876 -Node: Values318061 -Node: Constants318739 -Node: Scalar Constants319430 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1320289 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers320539 -Node: Regexp Constants323557 -Node: Using Constant Regexps324082 -Node: Variables327225 -Node: Using Variables327880 -Node: Assignment Options329791 -Node: Conversion331666 -Node: Strings And Numbers332190 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1335255 -Node: Locale influences conversions335364 -Ref: table-locale-affects338111 -Node: All Operators338699 -Node: Arithmetic Ops339329 -Node: Concatenation341834 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1344653 -Node: Assignment Ops344759 -Ref: table-assign-ops349738 -Node: Increment Ops351010 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions354448 -Node: Truth Values355533 -Node: Typing and Comparison356582 -Node: Variable Typing357392 -Node: Comparison Operators361045 -Ref: table-relational-ops361455 -Node: POSIX String Comparison364950 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1366022 -Node: Boolean Ops366160 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1370639 -Node: Conditional Exp370730 -Node: Function Calls372457 -Node: Precedence376337 -Node: Locales379998 -Node: Expressions Summary381630 -Node: Patterns and Actions384190 -Node: Pattern Overview385310 -Node: Regexp Patterns386989 -Node: Expression Patterns387532 -Node: Ranges391242 -Node: BEGIN/END394348 -Node: Using BEGIN/END395109 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1397843 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END397949 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE400263 -Node: Empty403164 -Node: Using Shell Variables403481 -Node: Action Overview405754 -Node: Statements408080 -Node: If Statement409928 -Node: While Statement411423 -Node: Do Statement413452 -Node: For Statement414596 -Node: Switch Statement417753 -Node: Break Statement420135 -Node: Continue Statement422176 -Node: Next Statement424003 -Node: Nextfile Statement426384 -Node: Exit Statement429014 -Node: Built-in Variables431417 -Node: User-modified432550 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1440231 -Node: Auto-set440293 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1453328 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2453533 -Node: ARGC and ARGV453589 -Node: Pattern Action Summary457807 -Node: Arrays460234 -Node: Array Basics461563 -Node: Array Intro462407 -Ref: figure-array-elements464371 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1466897 -Node: Reference to Elements467025 -Node: Assigning Elements469477 -Node: Array Example469968 -Node: Scanning an Array471726 -Node: Controlling Scanning474742 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1479938 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts480254 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts482439 -Node: Delete484056 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1486799 -Node: Multidimensional486856 -Node: Multiscanning489953 -Node: Arrays of Arrays491542 -Node: Arrays Summary496301 -Node: Functions498393 -Node: Built-in499292 -Node: Calling Built-in500370 -Node: Numeric Functions502361 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1506378 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2506735 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3506783 -Node: String Functions507055 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1530530 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2530659 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3530907 -Node: Gory Details530994 -Ref: table-sub-escapes532775 -Ref: table-sub-proposed534295 -Ref: table-posix-sub535659 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes537195 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1538027 -Node: I/O Functions538178 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1545396 -Node: Time Functions545543 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1556031 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2556099 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3556257 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4556368 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5556480 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6556707 -Node: Bitwise Functions556973 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops557535 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1561844 -Node: Type Functions562013 -Node: I18N Functions563164 -Node: User-defined564809 -Node: Definition Syntax565614 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1571021 -Node: Function Example571092 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1574011 -Node: Function Caveats574033 -Node: Calling A Function574551 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Mechanism Goals1166115 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11169475 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1169664 +Node: Extension Future Growth1171772 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1172608 +Node: Notes summary1174370 +Node: Basic Concepts1175556 +Node: Basic High Level1176237 +Ref: figure-general-flow1176509 +Ref: figure-process-flow1177108 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11180337 +Node: Basic Data Typing1180522 +Node: Glossary1183850 +Node: Copying1209008 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1246564 +Node: Index1271700  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 501f5c4fc53a1c74a8a4074832dcc2bd72224ed6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Tue, 20 Jan 2015 22:00:37 +0200 Subject: Fix a typo. --- doc/gawk.info | 892 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 446 insertions(+), 446 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 3f32c445..b81c0700 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -5916,7 +5916,7 @@ the same as specifying no timeout at all. implicit loop that reads input records and matches them against patterns, like so: - $ gawk 'BEGIN { PROCINFO["-", "READ_TIMEOUT"] = 5000 } + $ gawk 'BEGIN { PROCINFO["-", "READ_TIMEOUT"] = 5000 } > { print "You entered: " $0 }' gawk -| You entered: gawk @@ -34408,450 +34408,450 @@ Node: Getline Notes257180 Node: Getline Summary259972 Ref: table-getline-variants260384 Node: Read Timeout261213 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265038 -Node: Command-line directories265096 -Node: Input Summary266001 -Node: Input Exercises269302 -Node: Printing270030 -Node: Print271807 -Node: Print 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Program-Footnote-1716214 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs716308 +Node: Dupword Program717521 +Node: Alarm Program719552 +Node: Translate Program724356 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1728921 +Node: Labels Program729191 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1732542 +Node: Word Sorting732626 +Node: History Sorting736697 +Node: Extract Program738533 +Node: Simple Sed746058 +Node: Igawk Program749126 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1763450 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2763651 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3763773 +Node: Anagram Program763888 +Node: Signature Program766945 +Node: Programs Summary768192 +Node: Programs Exercises769385 +Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1773516 +Node: Advanced Features773607 +Node: Nondecimal Data775555 +Node: Array Sorting777145 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal777842 +Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1786175 +Node: Array Sorting Functions786293 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1790182 +Node: Two-way I/O790378 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1795323 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2795509 +Node: TCP/IP Networking795591 +Node: Profiling798464 +Node: Advanced Features Summary806011 +Node: Internationalization807944 +Node: I18N and L10N809424 +Node: Explaining gettext810110 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1815135 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2815319 +Node: Programmer i18n815484 +Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1820350 +Node: Translator i18n820399 +Node: String Extraction821193 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1822324 +Node: Printf Ordering822410 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1825196 +Node: I18N Portability825260 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1827715 +Node: I18N Example827778 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1830581 +Node: Gawk I18N830653 +Node: I18N Summary831291 +Node: Debugger832630 +Node: Debugging833652 +Node: Debugging Concepts834093 +Node: Debugging Terms835946 +Node: Awk Debugging838518 +Node: Sample Debugging Session839412 +Node: Debugger Invocation839932 +Node: Finding The Bug841316 +Node: List of Debugger Commands847791 +Node: Breakpoint Control849124 +Node: Debugger Execution Control852820 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data856184 +Node: Execution Stack859562 +Node: Debugger Info861199 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands865216 +Node: Readline Support870245 +Node: Limitations871137 +Node: Debugging Summary873251 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic874419 +Node: Computer Arithmetic875835 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges879433 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1880292 +Node: Math Definitions880349 +Ref: table-ieee-formats883637 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1884241 +Node: MPFR features884346 +Node: FP Math Caution886017 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1887067 +Node: Inexactness of computations887436 +Node: Inexact representation888395 +Node: Comparing FP Values889752 +Node: Errors accumulate890834 +Node: Getting Accuracy892267 +Node: Try To Round894929 +Node: Setting precision895828 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings896512 +Node: Setting the rounding mode898301 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes898665 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1902120 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers902299 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1905285 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems905434 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1909307 +Node: Floating point summary909345 +Node: Dynamic Extensions911539 +Node: Extension Intro913091 +Node: Plugin License914357 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline915154 +Ref: figure-load-extension915582 +Ref: figure-register-new-function917062 +Ref: figure-call-new-function918066 +Node: Extension API Description920052 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction921502 +Node: General Data Types926326 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1932065 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions932364 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1935203 +Node: Constructor Functions935299 +Node: Registration Functions937033 +Node: Extension Functions937718 +Node: Exit Callback Functions940015 +Node: Extension Version String941263 +Node: Input Parsers941928 +Node: Output Wrappers951807 +Node: Two-way processors956322 +Node: Printing Messages958526 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1959602 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'959754 +Node: Requesting Values960494 +Ref: table-value-types-returned961222 +Node: Accessing Parameters962179 +Node: Symbol Table Access963410 +Node: Symbol table by name963924 +Node: Symbol table by cookie965905 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1970049 +Node: Cached values970112 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1973611 +Node: Array Manipulation973702 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1974800 +Node: Array Data Types974837 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1977492 +Node: Array Functions977584 +Node: Flattening Arrays981438 +Node: Creating Arrays988330 +Node: Extension API Variables993101 +Node: Extension Versioning993737 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables995638 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate996703 +Node: Finding Extensions1000512 +Node: Extension Example1001072 +Node: Internal File Description1001844 +Node: Internal File Ops1005911 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11017581 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1017721 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11020104 +Node: Extension Samples1020377 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1021903 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1029541 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1031032 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1032247 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1033922 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1034758 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1035634 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1036445 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1037035 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1037775 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1039715 +Node: Extension Sample Time1040810 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1042159 +Node: gawkextlib1042650 +Node: Extension summary1045308 +Node: Extension Exercises1048997 +Node: Language History1049719 +Node: V7/SVR3.11051375 +Node: SVR41053556 +Node: POSIX1055001 +Node: BTL1056390 +Node: POSIX/GNU1057124 +Node: Feature History1062688 +Node: Common Extensions1075786 +Node: Ranges and Locales1077110 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11081728 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21081755 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31081989 +Node: Contributors1082210 +Node: History summary1087751 +Node: Installation1089121 +Node: Gawk Distribution1090067 +Node: Getting1090551 +Node: Extracting1091374 +Node: Distribution contents1093009 +Node: Unix Installation1098726 +Node: Quick Installation1099343 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1101767 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1103505 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1105874 +Node: PC Installation1106332 +Node: PC Binary Installation1107651 +Node: PC Compiling1109499 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11112520 +Node: PC Testing1112629 +Node: PC Using1113805 +Node: Cygwin1117920 +Node: MSYS1118743 +Node: VMS Installation1119243 +Node: VMS Compilation1120035 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11121257 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1121315 +Node: VMS Installation Details1122999 +Node: VMS Running1125251 +Node: VMS GNV1128087 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1128821 +Node: Bugs1129291 +Node: Other Versions1133174 +Node: Installation summary1139602 +Node: Notes1140658 +Node: Compatibility Mode1141523 +Node: Additions1142305 +Node: Accessing The Source1143230 +Node: Adding Code1144666 +Node: New Ports1150831 +Node: Derived Files1155313 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11160788 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21160822 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31161418 +Node: Future Extensions1161532 +Node: Implementation Limitations1162138 +Node: Extension Design1163386 +Node: Old Extension Problems1164540 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11166057 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1166114 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11169474 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1169663 +Node: Extension Future Growth1171771 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1172607 +Node: Notes summary1174369 +Node: Basic Concepts1175555 +Node: Basic High Level1176236 +Ref: figure-general-flow1176508 +Ref: figure-process-flow1177107 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11180336 +Node: Basic Data Typing1180521 +Node: Glossary1183849 +Node: Copying1209007 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1246563 +Node: Index1271699  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 1b2704c322317629cef59d247e45b3dba3c21992 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Wed, 21 Jan 2015 08:44:37 +0200 Subject: More O'Reilly fixes. --- doc/gawk.info | 1161 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 581 insertions(+), 580 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index b81c0700..de004225 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -2277,9 +2277,10 @@ built-in functions for working with timestamps, performing bit manipulation, for runtime string translation (internationalization), determining the type of a variable, and array sorting. - As we develop our presentation of the `awk' language, we introduce -most of the variables and many of the functions. They are described -systematically in *note Built-in Variables::, and in *note Built-in::. + As we develop our presentation of the `awk' language, we will +introduce most of the variables and many of the functions. They are +described systematically in *note Built-in Variables::, and in *note +Built-in::.  File: gawk.info, Node: When, Next: Intro Summary, Prev: Other Features, Up: Getting Started @@ -2344,7 +2345,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Intro Summary, Prev: When, Up: Getting Started * You may use backslash continuation to continue a source line. Lines are automatically continued after a comma, open brace, - question mark, colon, `||', `&&', `do' and `else'. + question mark, colon, `||', `&&', `do', and `else'.  File: gawk.info, Node: Invoking Gawk, Next: Regexp, Prev: Getting Started, Up: Top @@ -2411,8 +2412,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Options, Next: Other Arguments, Prev: Command Line, U Options begin with a dash and consist of a single character. GNU-style long options consist of two dashes and a keyword. The keyword can be abbreviated, as long as the abbreviation allows the option to be -uniquely identified. If the option takes an argument, then the keyword -is either immediately followed by an equals sign (`=') and the +uniquely identified. If the option takes an argument, either the +keyword is immediately followed by an equals sign (`=') and the argument's value, or the keyword and the argument's value are separated by whitespace. If a particular option with a value is given more than once, it is the last value that counts. @@ -2427,10 +2428,10 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: `-f SOURCE-FILE' `--file SOURCE-FILE' - Read `awk' program source from SOURCE-FILE instead of in the first - nonoption argument. This option may be given multiple times; the - `awk' program consists of the concatenation of the contents of - each specified SOURCE-FILE. + Read the `awk' program source from SOURCE-FILE instead of in the + first nonoption argument. This option may be given multiple + times; the `awk' program consists of the concatenation of the + contents of each specified SOURCE-FILE. `-v VAR=VAL' `--assign VAR=VAL' @@ -2471,7 +2472,7 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: `-b' `--characters-as-bytes' Cause `gawk' to treat all input data as single-byte characters. - In addition, all output written with `print' or `printf' are + In addition, all output written with `print' or `printf' is treated as single-byte characters. Normally, `gawk' follows the POSIX standard and attempts to process @@ -2479,7 +2480,7 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: This can often involve converting multibyte characters into wide characters (internally), and can lead to problems or confusion if the input data does not contain valid multibyte characters. This - option is an easy way to tell `gawk': "hands off my data!". + option is an easy way to tell `gawk', "Hands off my data!" `-c' `--traditional' @@ -2514,7 +2515,7 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: default, the debugger reads commands interactively from the keyboard (standard input). The optional FILE argument allows you to specify a file with a list of commands for the debugger to - execute non-interactively. No space is allowed between the `-D' + execute noninteractively. No space is allowed between the `-D' and FILE, if FILE is supplied. `-e' PROGRAM-TEXT @@ -2549,23 +2550,23 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: `-g' `--gen-pot' - Analyze the source program and generate a GNU `gettext' Portable - Object Template file on standard output for all string constants + Analyze the source program and generate a GNU `gettext' portable + object template file on standard output for all string constants that have been marked for translation. *Note Internationalization::, for information about this option. `-h' `--help' - Print a "usage" message summarizing the short and long style + Print a "usage" message summarizing the short- and long-style options that `gawk' accepts and then exit. `-i' SOURCE-FILE `--include' SOURCE-FILE Read an `awk' source library from SOURCE-FILE. This option is completely equivalent to using the `@include' directive inside - your program. This option is very similar to the `-f' option, but - there are two important differences. First, when `-i' is used, - the program source is not loaded if it has been previously loaded, + your program. It is very similar to the `-f' option, but there + are two important differences. First, when `-i' is used, the + program source is not loaded if it has been previously loaded, whereas with `-f', `gawk' always loads the file. Second, because this option is intended to be used with code libraries, `gawk' does not recognize such files as constituting main program input. @@ -2627,15 +2628,15 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: `-o'[FILE] `--pretty-print'[`='FILE] - Enable pretty-printing of `awk' programs. By default, output + Enable pretty-printing of `awk' programs. By default, the output program is created in a file named `awkprof.out' (*note Profiling::). The optional FILE argument allows you to specify a different file name for the output. No space is allowed between the `-o' and FILE, if FILE is supplied. NOTE: Due to the way `gawk' has evolved, with this option - your program is still executed. This will change in the next - major release such that `gawk' will only pretty-print the + your program still executes. This will change in the next + major release, such that `gawk' will only pretty-print the program and not run it. `-O' @@ -2735,7 +2736,7 @@ input as a source of data.) Because it is clumsy using the standard `awk' mechanisms to mix source file and command-line `awk' programs, `gawk' provides the `-e' -option. This does not require you to pre-empt the standard input for +option. This does not require you to preempt the standard input for your source code; it allows you to easily mix command-line and library source code (*note AWKPATH Variable::). As with `-f', the `-e' and `-i' options may also be used multiple times on the command line. @@ -2894,7 +2895,7 @@ implementations, you must supply a precise pathname for each program file, unless the file is in the current directory. But with `gawk', if the file name supplied to the `-f' or `-i' options does not contain a directory separator `/', then `gawk' searches a list of directories -(called the "search path"), one by one, looking for a file with the +(called the "search path") one by one, looking for a file with the specified name. The search path is a string consisting of directory names separated by @@ -2927,9 +2928,9 @@ or by placing two colons next to each other [`::'].) Different past versions of `gawk' would also look explicitly in the current directory, either before or after the path search. As - of version 4.1.2, this no longer happens, and if you wish to look - in the current directory, you must include `.' either as a separate - entry, or as a null entry in the search path. + of version 4.1.2, this no longer happens; if you wish to look in + the current directory, you must include `.' either as a separate + entry or as a null entry in the search path. The default value for `AWKPATH' is `.:/usr/local/share/awk'.(2) Since `.' is included at the beginning, `gawk' searches first in the @@ -3035,7 +3036,7 @@ change. The variables are: If this variable exists, `gawk' includes the file name and line number within the `gawk' source code from which warning and/or fatal messages are generated. Its purpose is to help isolate the - source of a message, as there are multiple places which produce the + source of a message, as there are multiple places that produce the same warning or error message. `GAWK_NO_DFA' @@ -3058,16 +3059,16 @@ change. The variables are: evaluation stack, when needed. `INT_CHAIN_MAX' - The intended maximum number of items `gawk' will maintain on a - hash chain for managing arrays indexed by integers. + This specifies intended maximum number of items `gawk' will + maintain on a hash chain for managing arrays indexed by integers. `STR_CHAIN_MAX' - The intended maximum number of items `gawk' will maintain on a - hash chain for managing arrays indexed by strings. + This specifies intended maximum number of items `gawk' will + maintain on a hash chain for managing arrays indexed by strings. `TIDYMEM' If this variable exists, `gawk' uses the `mtrace()' library calls - from GNU LIBC to help track down possible memory leaks. + from the GNU C library to help track down possible memory leaks.  File: gawk.info, Node: Exit Status, Next: Include Files, Prev: Environment Variables, Up: Invoking Gawk @@ -3099,11 +3100,11 @@ This minor node describes a feature that is specific to `gawk'. files. This gives you the ability to split large `awk' source files into smaller, more manageable pieces, and also lets you reuse common `awk' code from various `awk' scripts. In other words, you can group -together `awk' functions, used to carry out specific tasks, into -external files. These files can be used just like function libraries, -using the `@include' keyword in conjunction with the `AWKPATH' -environment variable. Note that source files may also be included -using the `-i' option. +together `awk' functions used to carry out specific tasks into external +files. These files can be used just like function libraries, using the +`@include' keyword in conjunction with the `AWKPATH' environment +variable. Note that source files may also be included using the `-i' +option. Let's see an example. We'll start with two (trivial) `awk' scripts, namely `test1' and `test2'. Here is the `test1' script: @@ -3165,11 +3166,11 @@ Variable::) apply to `@include' also. This is very helpful in constructing `gawk' function libraries. If you have a large script with useful, general-purpose `awk' functions, you can break it down into library files and put those files in a -special directory. You can then include those "libraries," using -either the full pathnames of the files, or by setting the `AWKPATH' +special directory. You can then include those "libraries," either by +using the full pathnames of the files, or by setting the `AWKPATH' environment variable accordingly and then using `@include' with just -the file part of the full pathname. Of course, you can have more than -one directory to keep library files; the more complex the working +the file part of the full pathname. Of course, you can keep library +files in more than one directory; the more complex the working environment is, the more directories you may need to organize the files to be included. @@ -3181,8 +3182,8 @@ particular, `@include' is very useful for writing CGI scripts to be run from web pages. As mentioned in *note AWKPATH Variable::, the current directory is -always searched first for source files, before searching in `AWKPATH', -and this also applies to files named with `@include'. +always searched first for source files, before searching in `AWKPATH'; +this also applies to files named with `@include'.  File: gawk.info, Node: Loading Shared Libraries, Next: Obsolete, Prev: Include Files, Up: Invoking Gawk @@ -3227,8 +3228,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Obsolete, Next: Undocumented, Prev: Loading Shared Lib ==================================== This minor node describes features and/or command-line options from -previous releases of `gawk' that are either not available in the -current version or that are still supported but deprecated (meaning that +previous releases of `gawk' that either are not available in the +current version or are still supported but deprecated (meaning that they will _not_ be in the next release). The process-related special files `/dev/pid', `/dev/ppid', @@ -3256,7 +3257,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Invoking Summary, Prev: Undocumented, Up: Invoking Gaw run `awk'. * The three standard options for all versions of `awk' are `-f', - `-F' and `-v'. `gawk' supplies these and many others, as well as + `-F', and `-v'. `gawk' supplies these and many others, as well as corresponding GNU-style long options. * Nonoption command-line arguments are usually treated as file names, @@ -3286,7 +3287,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Invoking Summary, Prev: Undocumented, Up: Invoking Gaw * `gawk' allows you to load additional functions written in C or C++ using the `@load' statement and/or the `-l' option. (This - advanced feature is described later on in *note Dynamic + advanced feature is described later, in *note Dynamic Extensions::.)  @@ -3435,7 +3436,7 @@ sequences apply to both string constants and regexp constants: Horizontal TAB, `Ctrl-i', ASCII code 9 (HT). `\v' - Vertical tab, `Ctrl-k', ASCII code 11 (VT). + Vertical TAB, `Ctrl-k', ASCII code 11 (VT). `\NNN' The octal value NNN, where NNN stands for 1 to 3 digits between @@ -3482,7 +3483,7 @@ normally be a regexp operator. For example, `/a\+b/' matches the three characters `a+b'. For complete portability, do not use a backslash before any -character not shown in the previous list and that is not an operator. +character not shown in the previous list or that is not an operator. Backslash Before Regular Characters @@ -3544,7 +3545,7 @@ and converted into corresponding real characters as the very first step in processing regexps. Here is a list of metacharacters. All characters that are not escape -sequences and that are not listed in the following stand for themselves: +sequences and that are not listed here stand for themselves: `\' This suppresses the special meaning of a character when matching. @@ -3627,7 +3628,7 @@ sequences and that are not listed in the following stand for themselves: There are two subtle points to understand about how `*' works. First, the `*' applies only to the single preceding regular expression component (e.g., in `ph*', it applies just to the `h'). - To cause `*' to apply to a larger sub-expression, use parentheses: + To cause `*' to apply to a larger subexpression, use parentheses: `(ph)*' matches `ph', `phph', `phphph', and so on. Second, `*' finds as many repetitions as possible. If the text to @@ -3658,10 +3659,10 @@ sequences and that are not listed in the following stand for themselves: Matches `whhhy', but not `why' or `whhhhy'. `wh{3,5}y' - Matches `whhhy', `whhhhy', or `whhhhhy', only. + Matches `whhhy', `whhhhy', or `whhhhhy' only. `wh{2,}y' - Matches `whhy' or `whhhy', and so on. + Matches `whhy', `whhhy', and so on. Interval expressions were not traditionally available in `awk'. They were added as part of the POSIX standard to make `awk' and @@ -3763,7 +3764,7 @@ Class Meaning `[:print:]' Printable characters (characters that are not control characters) `[:punct:]' Punctuation characters (characters that are not letters, - digits control characters, or space characters) + digits, control characters, or space characters) `[:space:]' Space characters (such as space, TAB, and formfeed, to name a few) `[:upper:]' Uppercase alphabetic characters @@ -20564,8 +20565,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Gawk I18N, Next: I18N Summary, Prev: I18N Example, Up `gawk' itself has been internationalized using the GNU `gettext' package. (GNU `gettext' is described in complete detail in *note (GNU `gettext' utilities)Top:: gettext, GNU gettext tools.) As of this -writing, the latest version of GNU `gettext' is version 0.19.3 -(ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.19.3.tar.gz). +writing, the latest version of GNU `gettext' is version 0.19.4 +(ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.19.4.tar.gz). If a translation of `gawk''s messages exists, then `gawk' produces usage messages, warnings, and fatal errors in the local language. @@ -21922,7 +21923,7 @@ so: $ gawk --version -| GNU Awk 4.1.2, API: 1.1 (GNU MPFR 3.1.0-p3, GNU MP 5.0.2) - -| Copyright (C) 1989, 1991-2014 Free Software Foundation. + -| Copyright (C) 1989, 1991-2015 Free Software Foundation. ... (You may see different version numbers than what's shown here. That's @@ -28270,7 +28271,7 @@ Unix `awk' git clone git://github.com/onetrueawk/awk bwkawk - This command creates a copy of the Git (http://www.git-scm.com) + This command creates a copy of the Git (http://git-scm.com) repository in a directory named `bwkawk'. If you leave that argument off the `git' command line, the repository copy is created in a directory named `awk'. @@ -28502,7 +28503,7 @@ released versions of `gawk'. changes, you will probably wish to work with the development version. To do so, you will need to access the `gawk' source code repository. The code is maintained using the Git distributed version control system -(http://git-scm.com/). You will need to install it if your system +(http://git-scm.com). You will need to install it if your system doesn't have it. Once you have done so, use the command: git clone git://git.savannah.gnu.org/gawk.git @@ -34333,525 +34334,525 @@ Node: More Complex102449 Node: Statements/Lines105311 Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1109766 Node: Other Features110031 -Node: When110962 -Ref: When-Footnote-1112716 -Node: Intro Summary112781 -Node: Invoking Gawk113664 -Node: Command Line115178 -Node: Options115976 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1131909 -Ref: Options-Footnote-2132138 -Node: Other Arguments132163 -Node: Naming Standard Input135111 -Node: Environment Variables136204 -Node: AWKPATH Variable136762 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140065 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140110 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140370 -Node: Other Environment Variables141513 -Node: Exit Status145241 -Node: Include Files145917 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries149514 -Node: Obsolete150941 -Node: Undocumented151638 -Node: Invoking Summary151905 -Node: Regexp153569 -Node: Regexp Usage155023 -Node: Escape Sequences157060 -Node: Regexp Operators163071 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170497 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170644 -Node: Bracket Expressions170742 -Ref: table-char-classes172757 -Node: Leftmost Longest175681 -Node: Computed Regexps176983 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators180380 -Node: Case-sensitivity184053 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1186938 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187173 -Node: Regexp Summary187281 -Node: Reading Files188748 -Node: Records190842 -Node: awk split records191575 -Node: gawk split records196490 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1201034 -Node: Fields201071 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1203847 -Node: Nonconstant Fields203933 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1206176 -Node: Changing Fields206380 -Node: Field Separators212309 -Node: Default Field Splitting215014 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting216131 -Node: Single Character Fields219481 -Node: Command Line Field Separator220540 -Node: Full Line Fields223752 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1225269 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2225315 -Node: Field Splitting Summary225416 -Node: Constant Size227490 -Node: Splitting By Content232079 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236073 -Node: Multiple Line236236 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242122 -Node: Getline242301 -Node: Plain Getline244513 -Node: Getline/Variable247153 -Node: Getline/File248301 -Node: Getline/Variable/File249685 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1251288 -Node: Getline/Pipe251375 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254058 -Node: Getline/Coprocess255189 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess256441 -Node: Getline Notes257180 -Node: Getline Summary259972 -Ref: table-getline-variants260384 -Node: Read Timeout261213 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265037 -Node: Command-line directories265095 -Node: Input Summary266000 -Node: Input Exercises269301 -Node: Printing270029 -Node: Print271806 -Node: Print Examples273263 -Node: Output Separators276042 -Node: OFMT278060 -Node: Printf279414 -Node: Basic Printf280199 -Node: Control Letters281769 -Node: Format Modifiers285752 -Node: Printf Examples291761 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+Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1790171 +Node: Two-way I/O790367 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1795312 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2795498 +Node: TCP/IP Networking795580 +Node: Profiling798453 +Node: Advanced Features Summary806000 +Node: Internationalization807933 +Node: I18N and L10N809413 +Node: Explaining gettext810099 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1815124 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2815308 +Node: Programmer i18n815473 +Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1820339 +Node: Translator i18n820388 +Node: String Extraction821182 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1822313 +Node: Printf Ordering822399 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1825185 +Node: I18N Portability825249 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1827704 +Node: I18N Example827767 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1830570 +Node: Gawk I18N830642 +Node: I18N Summary831280 +Node: Debugger832619 +Node: Debugging833641 +Node: Debugging Concepts834082 +Node: Debugging Terms835935 +Node: Awk Debugging838507 +Node: Sample Debugging Session839401 +Node: Debugger Invocation839921 +Node: Finding The Bug841305 +Node: List of Debugger Commands847780 +Node: Breakpoint Control849113 +Node: Debugger Execution Control852809 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data856173 +Node: Execution Stack859551 +Node: Debugger Info861188 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands865205 +Node: Readline Support870234 +Node: Limitations871126 +Node: Debugging Summary873240 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic874408 +Node: Computer Arithmetic875824 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges879422 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1880281 +Node: Math Definitions880338 +Ref: table-ieee-formats883626 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1884230 +Node: MPFR features884335 +Node: FP Math Caution886006 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1887056 +Node: Inexactness of computations887425 +Node: Inexact representation888384 +Node: Comparing FP Values889741 +Node: Errors accumulate890823 +Node: Getting Accuracy892256 +Node: Try To Round894918 +Node: Setting precision895817 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings896501 +Node: Setting the rounding mode898290 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes898654 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1902109 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers902288 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1905274 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems905423 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1909296 +Node: Floating point summary909334 +Node: Dynamic Extensions911528 +Node: Extension Intro913080 +Node: Plugin License914346 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline915143 +Ref: figure-load-extension915571 +Ref: figure-register-new-function917051 +Ref: figure-call-new-function918055 +Node: Extension API Description920041 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction921491 +Node: General Data Types926315 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1932054 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions932353 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1935192 +Node: Constructor Functions935288 +Node: Registration Functions937022 +Node: Extension Functions937707 +Node: Exit Callback Functions940004 +Node: Extension Version String941252 +Node: Input Parsers941917 +Node: Output Wrappers951796 +Node: Two-way processors956311 +Node: Printing Messages958515 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1959591 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'959743 +Node: Requesting Values960483 +Ref: table-value-types-returned961211 +Node: Accessing Parameters962168 +Node: Symbol Table Access963399 +Node: Symbol table by name963913 +Node: Symbol table by cookie965894 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1970038 +Node: Cached values970101 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1973600 +Node: Array Manipulation973691 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1974789 +Node: Array Data Types974826 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1977481 +Node: Array Functions977573 +Node: Flattening Arrays981427 +Node: Creating Arrays988319 +Node: Extension API Variables993090 +Node: Extension Versioning993726 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables995627 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate996692 +Node: Finding Extensions1000501 +Node: Extension Example1001061 +Node: Internal File Description1001833 +Node: Internal File Ops1005900 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11017570 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1017710 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11020093 +Node: Extension Samples1020366 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1021892 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1029530 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1031021 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1032236 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1033911 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1034747 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1035623 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1036434 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1037024 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1037764 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1039704 +Node: Extension Sample Time1040799 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1042148 +Node: gawkextlib1042639 +Node: Extension summary1045297 +Node: Extension Exercises1048986 +Node: Language History1049708 +Node: V7/SVR3.11051364 +Node: SVR41053545 +Node: POSIX1054990 +Node: BTL1056379 +Node: POSIX/GNU1057113 +Node: Feature History1062677 +Node: Common Extensions1075775 +Node: Ranges and Locales1077099 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11081717 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21081744 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31081978 +Node: Contributors1082199 +Node: History summary1087740 +Node: Installation1089110 +Node: Gawk Distribution1090056 +Node: Getting1090540 +Node: Extracting1091363 +Node: Distribution contents1092998 +Node: Unix Installation1098715 +Node: Quick Installation1099332 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1101756 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1103494 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1105863 +Node: PC Installation1106321 +Node: PC Binary Installation1107640 +Node: PC Compiling1109488 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11112509 +Node: PC Testing1112618 +Node: PC Using1113794 +Node: Cygwin1117909 +Node: MSYS1118732 +Node: VMS Installation1119232 +Node: VMS Compilation1120024 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11121246 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1121304 +Node: VMS Installation Details1122988 +Node: VMS Running1125240 +Node: VMS GNV1128076 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1128810 +Node: Bugs1129280 +Node: Other Versions1133163 +Node: Installation summary1139587 +Node: Notes1140643 +Node: Compatibility Mode1141508 +Node: Additions1142290 +Node: Accessing The Source1143215 +Node: Adding Code1144650 +Node: New Ports1150815 +Node: Derived Files1155297 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11160772 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21160806 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31161402 +Node: Future Extensions1161516 +Node: Implementation Limitations1162122 +Node: Extension Design1163370 +Node: Old Extension Problems1164524 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11166041 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1166098 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11169458 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1169647 +Node: Extension Future Growth1171755 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1172591 +Node: Notes summary1174353 +Node: Basic Concepts1175539 +Node: Basic High Level1176220 +Ref: figure-general-flow1176492 +Ref: figure-process-flow1177091 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11180320 +Node: Basic Data Typing1180505 +Node: Glossary1183833 +Node: Copying1208991 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1246547 +Node: Index1271683  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 6f220759af1c8e37f56acd334a295daa8c4a2651 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Fri, 23 Jan 2015 13:04:09 +0200 Subject: More O'Reilly fixes. --- doc/gawk.info | 1289 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 646 insertions(+), 643 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index de004225..2a17cbcf 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -3802,8 +3802,9 @@ Collating symbols Equivalence classes Locale-specific names for a list of characters that are equal. The name is enclosed between `[=' and `=]'. For example, the name `e' - might be used to represent all of "e," "e`," and "e'." In this - case, `[[=e=]]' is a regexp that matches any of `e', `e'', or `e`'. + might be used to represent all of "e," "e^," "e`," and "e'." In + this case, `[[=e=]]' is a regexp that matches any of `e', `e^', + `e'', or `e`'. These features are very valuable in non-English-speaking locales. @@ -3825,7 +3826,7 @@ Consider the following: This example uses the `sub()' function to make a change to the input record. (`sub()' replaces the first instance of any text matched by the first argument with the string provided as the second argument; -*note String Functions::). Here, the regexp `/a+/' indicates "one or +*note String Functions::.) Here, the regexp `/a+/' indicates "one or more `a' characters," and the replacement text is `'. The input contains four `a' characters. `awk' (and POSIX) regular @@ -3862,15 +3863,16 @@ regexp": This sets `digits_regexp' to a regexp that describes one or more digits, and tests whether the input record matches this regexp. - NOTE: When using the `~' and `!~' operators, there is a difference - between a regexp constant enclosed in slashes and a string - constant enclosed in double quotes. If you are going to use a - string constant, you have to understand that the string is, in - essence, scanned _twice_: the first time when `awk' reads your + NOTE: When using the `~' and `!~' operators, be aware that there + is a difference between a regexp constant enclosed in slashes and + a string constant enclosed in double quotes. If you are going to + use a string constant, you have to understand that the string is, + in essence, scanned _twice_: the first time when `awk' reads your program, and the second time when it goes to match the string on the lefthand side of the operator with the pattern on the right. This is true of any string-valued expression (such as - `digits_regexp', shown previously), not just string constants. + `digits_regexp', shown in the previous example), not just string + constants. What difference does it make if the string is scanned twice? The answer has to do with escape sequences, and particularly with @@ -3967,7 +3969,7 @@ letters, digits, or underscores (`_'): `\B' Matches the empty string that occurs between two word-constituent - characters. For example, `/\Brat\B/' matches `crate' but it does + characters. For example, `/\Brat\B/' matches `crate', but it does not match `dirty rat'. `\B' is essentially the opposite of `\y'. There are two other operators that work on buffers. In Emacs, a @@ -3976,10 +3978,10 @@ letters, digits, or underscores (`_'): operators are: `\`' - Matches the empty string at the beginning of a buffer (string). + Matches the empty string at the beginning of a buffer (string) `\'' - Matches the empty string at the end of a buffer (string). + Matches the empty string at the end of a buffer (string) Because `^' and `$' always work in terms of the beginning and end of strings, these operators don't add any new capabilities for `awk'. @@ -4150,7 +4152,7 @@ one line. Each record is automatically split into chunks called parts of a record. On rare occasions, you may need to use the `getline' command. The -`getline' command is valuable, both because it can do explicit input +`getline' command is valuable both because it can do explicit input from any number of files, and because the files used with it do not have to be named on the `awk' command line (*note Getline::). @@ -4199,8 +4201,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: awk split records, Next: gawk split records, Up: Recor Records are separated by a character called the "record separator". By default, the record separator is the newline character. This is why -records are, by default, single lines. A different character can be -used for the record separator by assigning the character to the +records are, by default, single lines. To use a different character +for the record separator, simply assign that character to the predefined variable `RS'. Like any other variable, the value of `RS' can be changed in the @@ -4215,14 +4217,14 @@ BEGIN/END::). For example: awk 'BEGIN { RS = "u" } { print $0 }' mail-list -changes the value of `RS' to `u', before reading any input. This is a -string whose first character is the letter "u"; as a result, records -are separated by the letter "u." Then the input file is read, and the -second rule in the `awk' program (the action with no pattern) prints -each record. Because each `print' statement adds a newline at the end -of its output, this `awk' program copies the input with each `u' -changed to a newline. Here are the results of running the program on -`mail-list': +changes the value of `RS' to `u', before reading any input. The new +value is a string whose first character is the letter "u"; as a result, +records are separated by the letter "u". Then the input file is read, +and the second rule in the `awk' program (the action with no pattern) +prints each record. Because each `print' statement adds a newline at +the end of its output, this `awk' program copies the input with each +`u' changed to a newline. Here are the results of running the program +on `mail-list': $ awk 'BEGIN { RS = "u" } > { print $0 }' mail-list @@ -4270,11 +4272,11 @@ data file (*note Sample Data Files::), the line looks like this: Bill 555-1675 bill.drowning@hotmail.com A -It contains no `u' so there is no reason to split the record, unlike -the others which have one or more occurrences of the `u'. In fact, -this record is treated as part of the previous record; the newline -separating them in the output is the original newline in the data file, -not the one added by `awk' when it printed the record! +It contains no `u', so there is no reason to split the record, unlike +the others, which each have one or more occurrences of the `u'. In +fact, this record is treated as part of the previous record; the +newline separating them in the output is the original newline in the +data file, not the one added by `awk' when it printed the record! Another way to change the record separator is on the command line, using the variable-assignment feature (*note Other Arguments::): @@ -4340,8 +4342,8 @@ part of either record. character. However, when `RS' is a regular expression, `RT' contains the actual input text that matched the regular expression. - If the input file ended without any text that matches `RS', `gawk' -sets `RT' to the null string. + If the input file ends without any text matching `RS', `gawk' sets +`RT' to the null string. The following example illustrates both of these features. It sets `RS' equal to a regular expression that matches either a newline or a @@ -4439,12 +4441,12 @@ to these pieces of the record. You don't have to use them--you can operate on the whole record if you want--but fields are what make simple `awk' programs so powerful. - You use a dollar-sign (`$') to refer to a field in an `awk' program, + You use a dollar sign (`$') to refer to a field in an `awk' program, followed by the number of the field you want. Thus, `$1' refers to the -first field, `$2' to the second, and so on. (Unlike the Unix shells, -the field numbers are not limited to single digits. `$127' is the -127th field in the record.) For example, suppose the following is a -line of input: +first field, `$2' to the second, and so on. (Unlike in the Unix +shells, the field numbers are not limited to single digits. `$127' is +the 127th field in the record.) For example, suppose the following is +a line of input: This seems like a pretty nice example. @@ -4461,10 +4463,9 @@ as `$7', which is `example.'. If you try to reference a field beyond the last one (such as `$8' when the record has only seven fields), you get the empty string. (If used in a numeric operation, you get zero.) - The use of `$0', which looks like a reference to the "zero-th" -field, is a special case: it represents the whole input record. Use it -when you are not interested in specific fields. Here are some more -examples: + The use of `$0', which looks like a reference to the "zeroth" field, +is a special case: it represents the whole input record. Use it when +you are not interested in specific fields. Here are some more examples: $ awk '$1 ~ /li/ { print $0 }' mail-list -| Amelia 555-5553 amelia.zodiacusque@gmail.com F @@ -4512,8 +4513,8 @@ is another example of using expressions as field numbers: awk '{ print $(2*2) }' mail-list `awk' evaluates the expression `(2*2)' and uses its value as the -number of the field to print. The `*' sign represents multiplication, -so the expression `2*2' evaluates to four. The parentheses are used so +number of the field to print. The `*' represents multiplication, so +the expression `2*2' evaluates to four. The parentheses are used so that the multiplication is done before the `$' operation; they are necessary whenever there is a binary operator(1) in the field-number expression. This example, then, prints the type of relationship (the @@ -4537,7 +4538,7 @@ field number. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) A "binary operator", such as `*' for multiplication, is one that -takes two operands. The distinction is required, because `awk' also has +takes two operands. The distinction is required because `awk' also has unary (one-operand) and ternary (three-operand) operators.  @@ -4659,7 +4660,7 @@ value of `NF' and recomputes `$0'. (d.c.) Here is an example: decremented. Finally, there are times when it is convenient to force `awk' to -rebuild the entire record, using the current value of the fields and +rebuild the entire record, using the current values of the fields and `OFS'. To do this, use the seemingly innocuous assignment: $1 = $1 # force record to be reconstituted @@ -4679,7 +4680,7 @@ built-in function that updates `$0', such as `sub()' and `gsub()' It is important to remember that `$0' is the _full_ record, exactly as it was read from the input. This includes any leading or trailing whitespace, and the exact whitespace (or other characters) that -separate the fields. +separates the fields. It is a common error to try to change the field separators in a record simply by setting `FS' and `OFS', and then expecting a plain @@ -4747,7 +4748,7 @@ attached, such as: John Q. Smith, LXIX, 29 Oak St., Walamazoo, MI 42139 -The same program would extract `*LXIX', instead of `*29*Oak*St.'. If +The same program would extract `*LXIX' instead of `*29*Oak*St.'. If you were expecting the program to print the address, you would be surprised. The moral is to choose your data layout and separator characters carefully to prevent such problems. (If the data is not in @@ -4946,11 +4947,11 @@ your field and record separators. Perhaps the most common use of a single character as the field separator occurs when processing the Unix system password file. On many Unix systems, each user has a separate entry in the system -password file, one line per user. The information in these lines is -separated by colons. The first field is the user's login name and the -second is the user's encrypted or shadow password. (A shadow password -is indicated by the presence of a single `x' in the second field.) A -password file entry might look like this: +password file, with one line per user. The information in these lines +is separated by colons. The first field is the user's login name and +the second is the user's encrypted or shadow password. (A shadow +password is indicated by the presence of a single `x' in the second +field.) A password file entry might look like this: arnold:x:2076:10:Arnold Robbins:/home/arnold:/bin/bash @@ -4978,15 +4979,14 @@ When you do this, `$1' is the same as `$0'. According to the POSIX standard, `awk' is supposed to behave as if each record is split into fields at the time it is read. In particular, this means that if you change the value of `FS' after a -record is read, the value of the fields (i.e., how they were split) +record is read, the values of the fields (i.e., how they were split) should reflect the old value of `FS', not the new one. However, many older implementations of `awk' do not work this way. Instead, they defer splitting the fields until a field is actually referenced. The fields are split using the _current_ value of `FS'! (d.c.) This behavior can be difficult to diagnose. The following -example illustrates the difference between the two methods. (The -`sed'(2) command prints just the first line of `/etc/passwd'.) +example illustrates the difference between the two methods: sed 1q /etc/passwd | awk '{ FS = ":" ; print $1 }' @@ -4999,6 +4999,8 @@ first line of the file, something like: root:x:0:0:Root:/: + (The `sed'(2) command prints just the first line of `/etc/passwd'.) + ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) Thanks to Andrew Schorr for this tip. @@ -5152,7 +5154,7 @@ run on a system with card readers is another story!) splitting again. Use `FS = FS' to make this happen, without having to know the current value of `FS'. In order to tell which kind of field splitting is in effect, use `PROCINFO["FS"]' (*note Auto-set::). The -value is `"FS"' if regular field splitting is being used, or it is +value is `"FS"' if regular field splitting is being used, or `"FIELDWIDTHS"' if fixed-width field splitting is being used: if (PROCINFO["FS"] == "FS") @@ -5185,10 +5187,10 @@ what they are, and not by what they are not. The most notorious such case is so-called "comma-separated values" (CSV) data. Many spreadsheet programs, for example, can export their data into text files, where each record is terminated with a newline, -and fields are separated by commas. If only commas separated the data, +and fields are separated by commas. If commas only separated the data, there wouldn't be an issue. The problem comes when one of the fields contains an _embedded_ comma. In such cases, most programs embed the -field in double quotes.(1) So we might have data like this: +field in double quotes.(1) So, we might have data like this: Robbins,Arnold,"1234 A Pretty Street, NE",MyTown,MyState,12345-6789,USA @@ -5255,9 +5257,9 @@ being used. provides an elegant solution for the majority of cases, and the `gawk' developers are satisfied with that. - As written, the regexp used for `FPAT' requires that each field have -a least one character. A straightforward modification (changing -changed the first `+' to `*') allows fields to be empty: + As written, the regexp used for `FPAT' requires that each field +contain at least one character. A straightforward modification +(changing the first `+' to `*') allows fields to be empty: FPAT = "([^,]*)|(\"[^\"]+\")" @@ -5265,9 +5267,8 @@ changed the first `+' to `*') allows fields to be empty: available for splitting regular strings (*note String Functions::). To recap, `gawk' provides three independent methods to split input -records into fields. `gawk' uses whichever mechanism was last chosen -based on which of the three variables--`FS', `FIELDWIDTHS', and -`FPAT'--was last assigned to. +records into fields. The mechanism used is based on which of the three +variables--`FS', `FIELDWIDTHS', or `FPAT'--was last assigned to. ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -5305,7 +5306,7 @@ empty; lines that contain only whitespace do not count.) `"\n\n+"' to `RS'. This regexp matches the newline at the end of the record and one or more blank lines after the record. In addition, a regular expression always matches the longest possible sequence when -there is a choice (*note Leftmost Longest::). So the next record +there is a choice (*note Leftmost Longest::). So, the next record doesn't start until the first nonblank line that follows--no matter how many blank lines appear in a row, they are considered one record separator. @@ -5317,12 +5318,12 @@ last record, the final newline is removed from the record. In the second case, this special processing is not done. (d.c.) Now that the input is separated into records, the second step is to -separate the fields in the record. One way to do this is to divide each -of the lines into fields in the normal manner. This happens by default -as the result of a special feature. When `RS' is set to the empty -string, _and_ `FS' is set to a single character, the newline character -_always_ acts as a field separator. This is in addition to whatever -field separations result from `FS'.(1) +separate the fields in the records. One way to do this is to divide +each of the lines into fields in the normal manner. This happens by +default as the result of a special feature. When `RS' is set to the +empty string _and_ `FS' is set to a single character, the newline +character _always_ acts as a field separator. This is in addition to +whatever field separations result from `FS'.(1) The original motivation for this special exception was probably to provide useful behavior in the default case (i.e., `FS' is equal to @@ -5330,17 +5331,17 @@ provide useful behavior in the default case (i.e., `FS' is equal to newline character to separate fields, because there is no way to prevent it. However, you can work around this by using the `split()' function to break up the record manually (*note String Functions::). -If you have a single character field separator, you can work around the +If you have a single-character field separator, you can work around the special feature in a different way, by making `FS' into a regexp for that single character. For example, if the field separator is a percent character, instead of `FS = "%"', use `FS = "[%]"'. Another way to separate fields is to put each field on a separate line: to do this, just set the variable `FS' to the string `"\n"'. -(This single character separator matches a single newline.) A +(This single-character separator matches a single newline.) A practical example of a data file organized this way might be a mailing -list, where each entry is separated by blank lines. Consider a mailing -list in a file named `addresses', which looks like this: +list, where blank lines separate the entries. Consider a mailing list +in a file named `addresses', which looks like this: Jane Doe 123 Main Street @@ -5423,7 +5424,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Getline, Next: Read Timeout, Prev: Multiple Line, Up: So far we have been getting our input data from `awk''s main input stream--either the standard input (usually your keyboard, sometimes the -output from another program) or from the files specified on the command +output from another program) or the files specified on the command line. The `awk' language has a special built-in command called `getline' that can be used to read input under your explicit control. @@ -5561,7 +5562,7 @@ and produces these results: free The `getline' command used in this way sets only the variables `NR', -`FNR', and `RT' (and of course, VAR). The record is not split into +`FNR', and `RT' (and, of course, VAR). The record is not split into fields, so the values of the fields (including `$0') and the value of `NF' do not change. @@ -5571,8 +5572,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Getline/File, Next: Getline/Variable/File, Prev: Getli 4.9.3 Using `getline' from a File --------------------------------- -Use `getline < FILE' to read the next record from FILE. Here FILE is a -string-valued expression that specifies the file name. `< FILE' is +Use `getline < FILE' to read the next record from FILE. Here, FILE is +a string-valued expression that specifies the file name. `< FILE' is called a "redirection" because it directs input to come from a different place. For example, the following program reads its input record from the file `secondary.input' when it encounters a first field @@ -5708,8 +5709,8 @@ all `awk' implementations. treatment of a construct like `"echo " "date" | getline'. Most versions, including the current version, treat it at as `("echo " "date") | getline'. (This is also how BWK `awk' behaves.) Some - versions changed and treated it as `"echo " ("date" | getline)'. - (This is how `mawk' behaves.) In short, _always_ use explicit + versions instead treat it as `"echo " ("date" | getline)'. (This + is how `mawk' behaves.) In short, _always_ use explicit parentheses, and then you won't have to worry.  @@ -5745,15 +5746,16 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Getline/Coprocess, Next: Getline/Variable/Coprocess, P 4.9.7 Using `getline' from a Coprocess -------------------------------------- -Input into `getline' from a pipe is a one-way operation. The command -that is started with `COMMAND | getline' only sends data _to_ your -`awk' program. +Reading input into `getline' from a pipe is a one-way operation. The +command that is started with `COMMAND | getline' only sends data _to_ +your `awk' program. On occasion, you might want to send data to another program for processing and then read the results back. `gawk' allows you to start a "coprocess", with which two-way communications are possible. This is done with the `|&' operator. Typically, you write data to the -coprocess first and then read results back, as shown in the following: +coprocess first and then read the results back, as shown in the +following: print "SOME QUERY" |& "db_server" "db_server" |& getline @@ -5815,7 +5817,7 @@ in mind: files. (d.c.) (See *note BEGIN/END::; also *note Auto-set::.) * Using `FILENAME' with `getline' (`getline < FILENAME') is likely - to be a source for confusion. `awk' opens a separate input stream + to be a source of confusion. `awk' opens a separate input stream from the current input file. However, by not using a variable, `$0' and `NF' are still updated. If you're doing this, it's probably by accident, and you should reconsider what it is you're @@ -5823,15 +5825,15 @@ in mind: * *note Getline Summary::, presents a table summarizing the `getline' variants and which variables they can affect. It is - worth noting that those variants which do not use redirection can + worth noting that those variants that do not use redirection can cause `FILENAME' to be updated if they cause `awk' to start reading a new input file. * If the variable being assigned is an expression with side effects, different versions of `awk' behave differently upon encountering end-of-file. Some versions don't evaluate the expression; many - versions (including `gawk') do. Here is an example, due to Duncan - Moore: + versions (including `gawk') do. Here is an example, courtesy of + Duncan Moore: BEGIN { system("echo 1 > f") @@ -5839,8 +5841,8 @@ in mind: print c } - Here, the side effect is the `++c'. Is `c' incremented if end of - file is encountered, before the element in `a' is assigned? + Here, the side effect is the `++c'. Is `c' incremented if + end-of-file is encountered before the element in `a' is assigned? `gawk' treats `getline' like a function call, and evaluates the expression `a[++c]' before attempting to read from `f'. However, @@ -5884,8 +5886,8 @@ This minor node describes a feature that is specific to `gawk'. You may specify a timeout in milliseconds for reading input from the keyboard, a pipe, or two-way communication, including TCP/IP sockets. -This can be done on a per input, command, or connection basis, by -setting a special element in the `PROCINFO' array (*note Auto-set::): +This can be done on a per-input, per-command, or per-connection basis, +by setting a special element in the `PROCINFO' array (*note Auto-set::): PROCINFO["input_name", "READ_TIMEOUT"] = TIMEOUT IN MILLISECONDS @@ -5909,7 +5911,7 @@ for more than five seconds: print $0 `gawk' terminates the read operation if input does not arrive after -waiting for the timeout period, returns failure and sets `ERRNO' to an +waiting for the timeout period, returns failure, and sets `ERRNO' to an appropriate string value. A negative or zero value for the timeout is the same as specifying no timeout at all. @@ -5949,7 +5951,7 @@ input to arrive: environment variable exists, `gawk' uses its value to initialize the timeout value. The exclusive use of the environment variable to specify timeout has the disadvantage of not being able to control it on -a per command or connection basis. +a per-command or per-connection basis. `gawk' considers a timeout event to be an error even though the attempt to read from the underlying device may succeed in a later @@ -6017,7 +6019,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Next: Input Exercises, Prev: Command-li * `gawk' sets `RT' to the text matched by `RS'. * After splitting the input into records, `awk' further splits the - record into individual fields, named `$1', `$2', and so on. `$0' + records into individual fields, named `$1', `$2', and so on. `$0' is the whole record, and `NF' indicates how many fields there are. The default way to split fields is between whitespace characters. @@ -6031,19 +6033,21 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Next: Input Exercises, Prev: Command-li * Field splitting is more complicated than record splitting: - Field separator value Fields are split ... `awk' / - `gawk' + Field separator value Fields are split ... `awk' / + `gawk' ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - `FS == " "' On runs of whitespace `awk' - `FS == ANY SINGLE On that character `awk' - CHARACTER' - `FS == REGEXP' On text matching the regexp `awk' - `FS == ""' Each individual character is `gawk' - a separate field - `FIELDWIDTHS == LIST OF Based on character position `gawk' - COLUMNS' - `FPAT == REGEXP' On the text surrounding text `gawk' - matching the regexp + `FS == " "' On runs of whitespace `awk' + `FS == ANY SINGLE On that character `awk' + CHARACTER' + `FS == REGEXP' On text matching the `awk' + regexp + `FS == ""' Such that each individual `gawk' + character is a separate + field + `FIELDWIDTHS == LIST OF Based on character `gawk' + COLUMNS' position + `FPAT == REGEXP' On the text surrounding `gawk' + text matching the regexp * Using `FS = "\n"' causes the entire record to be a single field (assuming that newlines separate records). @@ -6053,12 +6057,11 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Next: Input Exercises, Prev: Command-li * Use `PROCINFO["FS"]' to see how fields are being split. - * Use `getline' in its various forms to read additional records, - from the default input stream, from a file, or from a pipe or - coprocess. + * Use `getline' in its various forms to read additional records from + the default input stream, from a file, or from a pipe or coprocess. - * Use `PROCINFO[FILE, "READ_TIMEOUT"]' to cause reads to timeout for - FILE. + * Use `PROCINFO[FILE, "READ_TIMEOUT"]' to cause reads to time out + for FILE. * Directories on the command line are fatal for standard `awk'; `gawk' ignores them if not in POSIX mode. @@ -6152,7 +6155,7 @@ you will probably get an error. Keep in mind that a space is printed between any two items. Note that the `print' statement is a statement and not an -expression--you can't use it in the pattern part of a PATTERN-ACTION +expression--you can't use it in the pattern part of a pattern-action statement, for example.  @@ -6300,7 +6303,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: OFMT, Next: Printf, Prev: Output Separators, Up: Prin =========================================== When printing numeric values with the `print' statement, `awk' -internally converts the number to a string of characters and prints +internally converts each number to a string of characters and prints that string. `awk' uses the `sprintf()' function to do this conversion (*note String Functions::). For now, it suffices to say that the `sprintf()' function accepts a "format specification" that tells it how @@ -6355,7 +6358,7 @@ A simple `printf' statement looks like this: As for `print', the entire list of arguments may optionally be enclosed in parentheses. Here too, the parentheses are necessary if any of the -item expressions use the `>' relational operator; otherwise, it can be +item expressions uses the `>' relational operator; otherwise, it can be confused with an output redirection (*note Redirection::). The difference between `printf' and `print' is the FORMAT argument. @@ -6382,7 +6385,7 @@ statements. For example: > }' -| Don't Panic! -Here, neither the `+' nor the `OUCH!' appear in the output message. +Here, neither the `+' nor the `OUCH!' appears in the output message.  File: gawk.info, Node: Control Letters, Next: Format Modifiers, Prev: Basic Printf, Up: Printf @@ -6421,7 +6424,7 @@ width. Here is a list of the format-control letters: (The `%i' specification is for compatibility with ISO C.) `%e', `%E' - Print a number in scientific (exponential) notation; for example: + Print a number in scientific (exponential) notation. For example: printf "%4.3e\n", 1950 @@ -6446,7 +6449,7 @@ width. Here is a list of the format-control letters: Math Definitions::). `%F' - Like `%f' but the infinity and "not a number" values are spelled + Like `%f', but the infinity and "not a number" values are spelled using uppercase letters. The `%F' format is a POSIX extension to ISO C; not all systems @@ -6640,7 +6643,7 @@ string, like so: s = "abcdefg" printf "%" w "." p "s\n", s -This is not particularly easy to read but it does work. +This is not particularly easy to read, but it does work. C programmers may be used to supplying additional modifiers (`h', `j', `l', `L', `t', and `z') in `printf' format strings. These are not @@ -6679,7 +6682,7 @@ an aligned two-column table of names and phone numbers, as shown here: -| Jean-Paul 555-2127 In this case, the phone numbers had to be printed as strings because -the numbers are separated by a dash. Printing the phone numbers as +the numbers are separated by dashes. Printing the phone numbers as numbers would have produced just the first three digits: `555'. This would have been pretty confusing. @@ -6727,7 +6730,7 @@ output, usually the screen. Both `print' and `printf' can also send their output to other places. This is called "redirection". NOTE: When `--sandbox' is specified (*note Options::), redirecting - output to files, pipes and coprocesses is disabled. + output to files, pipes, and coprocesses is disabled. A redirection appears after the `print' or `printf' statement. Redirections in `awk' are written just like redirections in shell @@ -6767,7 +6770,7 @@ work identically for `printf': Each output file contains one name or number per line. `print ITEMS >> OUTPUT-FILE' - This redirection prints the items into the pre-existing output file + This redirection prints the items into the preexisting output file named OUTPUT-FILE. The difference between this and the single-`>' redirection is that the old contents (if any) of OUTPUT-FILE are not erased. Instead, the `awk' output is appended to the file. @@ -6815,8 +6818,8 @@ work identically for `printf': `print ITEMS |& COMMAND' This redirection prints the items to the input of COMMAND. The difference between this and the single-`|' redirection is that the - output from COMMAND can be read with `getline'. Thus COMMAND is a - "coprocess", which works together with, but subsidiary to, the + output from COMMAND can be read with `getline'. Thus, COMMAND is + a "coprocess", which works together with but is subsidiary to the `awk' program. This feature is a `gawk' extension, and is not available in POSIX @@ -6840,7 +6843,7 @@ a file, and then to use `>>' for subsequent output: This is indeed how redirections must be used from the shell. But in `awk', it isn't necessary. In this kind of case, a program should use `>' for all the `print' statements, because the output file is only -opened once. (It happens that if you mix `>' and `>>' that output is +opened once. (It happens that if you mix `>' and `>>' output is produced in the expected order. However, mixing the operators for the same file is definitely poor style, and is confusing to readers of your program.) @@ -6873,14 +6876,14 @@ command lines to be fed to the shell.  File: gawk.info, Node: Special FD, Next: Special Files, Prev: Redirection, Up: Printing -5.7 Special Files for Standard Pre-Opened Data Streams -====================================================== +5.7 Special Files for Standard Preopened Data Streams +===================================================== Running programs conventionally have three input and output streams already available to them for reading and writing. These are known as the "standard input", "standard output", and "standard error output". -These open streams (and any other open file or pipe) are often referred -to by the technical term "file descriptors". +These open streams (and any other open files or pipes) are often +referred to by the technical term "file descriptors". These streams are, by default, connected to your keyboard and screen, but they are often redirected with the shell, via the `<', `<<', @@ -6905,7 +6908,7 @@ error messages to the screen, like this: (`/dev/tty' is a special file supplied by the operating system that is connected to your keyboard and screen. It represents the "terminal,"(1) which on modern systems is a keyboard and screen, not a serial console.) -This generally has the same effect but not always: although the +This generally has the same effect, but not always: although the standard error stream is usually the screen, it can be redirected; when that happens, writing to the screen is not correct. In fact, if `awk' is run from a background job, it may not have a terminal at all. Then @@ -6932,7 +6935,7 @@ becomes: print "Serious error detected!" > "/dev/stderr" - Note the use of quotes around the file name. Like any other + Note the use of quotes around the file name. Like with any other redirection, the value must be a string. It is a common error to omit the quotes, which leads to confusing results. @@ -6965,7 +6968,7 @@ there are special file names reserved for TCP/IP networking.  File: gawk.info, Node: Other Inherited Files, Next: Special Network, Up: Special Files -5.8.1 Accessing Other Open Files With `gawk' +5.8.1 Accessing Other Open Files with `gawk' -------------------------------------------- Besides the `/dev/stdin', `/dev/stdout', and `/dev/stderr' special file @@ -7015,7 +7018,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Special Caveats, Prev: Special Network, Up: Special Fi Here are some things to bear in mind when using the special file names that `gawk' provides: - * Recognition of the file names for the three standard pre-opened + * Recognition of the file names for the three standard preopened files is disabled only in POSIX mode. * Recognition of the other special file names is disabled if `gawk' @@ -7024,7 +7027,7 @@ that `gawk' provides: * `gawk' _always_ interprets these special file names. For example, using `/dev/fd/4' for output actually writes on file descriptor 4, - and not on a new file descriptor that is `dup()''ed from file + and not on a new file descriptor that is `dup()'ed from file descriptor 4. Most of the time this does not matter; however, it is important to _not_ close any of the files related to file descriptors 0, 1, and 2. Doing so results in unpredictable @@ -7184,8 +7187,8 @@ closing input or output files, respectively. This value is zero if the close succeeds, or -1 if it fails. The POSIX standard is very vague; it says that `close()' returns -zero on success and nonzero otherwise. In general, different -implementations vary in what they report when closing pipes; thus the +zero on success and a nonzero value otherwise. In general, different +implementations vary in what they report when closing pipes; thus, the return value cannot be used portably. (d.c.) In POSIX mode (*note Options::), `gawk' just returns zero when closing a pipe. @@ -7211,8 +7214,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output Exercises, Prev: Close Fi numeric values for the `print' statement. * The `printf' statement provides finer-grained control over output, - with format control letters for different data types and various - flags that modify the behavior of the format control letters. + with format-control letters for different data types and various + flags that modify the behavior of the format-control letters. * Output from both `print' and `printf' may be redirected to files, pipes, and coprocesses. @@ -28318,7 +28321,7 @@ Unix `awk' To get `awka', go to `http://sourceforge.net/projects/awka'. The project seems to be frozen; no new code changes have been made - since approximately 2003. + since approximately 2001. `pawk' Nelson H.F. Beebe at the University of Utah has modified BWK `awk' @@ -28558,7 +28561,7 @@ possible to include them: document describes how GNU software should be written. If you haven't read it, please do so, preferably _before_ starting to modify `gawk'. (The `GNU Coding Standards' are available from the - GNU Project's website (http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards_toc.html). + GNU Project's website (http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/). Texinfo, Info, and DVI versions are also available.) 5. Use the `gawk' coding style. The C code for `gawk' follows the @@ -31263,7 +31266,7 @@ Index * ! (exclamation point), !~ operator <5>: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) * ! (exclamation point), !~ operator <6>: Computed Regexps. (line 6) * ! (exclamation point), !~ operator: Regexp Usage. (line 19) -* " (double quote), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 29) +* " (double quote), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 30) * " (double quote), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 54) * # (number sign), #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 6) @@ -31498,7 +31501,7 @@ Index * \ (backslash), in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6) * \ (backslash), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. (line 105) -* \ (backslash), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 29) +* \ (backslash), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 30) * \ (backslash), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) * \ (backslash), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) * ^ (caret), ^ operator: Precedence. (line 49) @@ -31767,7 +31770,7 @@ Index * backslash (\), in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6) * backslash (\), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. (line 105) -* backslash (\), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 29) +* backslash (\), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 30) * backslash (\), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) * backslash (\), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) * backtrace debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 13) @@ -32364,7 +32367,7 @@ Index * dollar sign ($), incrementing fields and arrays: Increment Ops. (line 30) * dollar sign ($), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 35) -* double quote ("), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 29) +* double quote ("), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 30) * double quote ("), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 54) * down debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 23) * Drepper, Ulrich: Acknowledgments. (line 52) @@ -32750,7 +32753,7 @@ Index * gawk, awk and: Preface. (line 21) * gawk, bitwise operations in: Bitwise Functions. (line 40) * gawk, break statement in: Break Statement. (line 51) -* gawk, character classes and: Bracket Expressions. (line 100) +* gawk, character classes and: Bracket Expressions. (line 101) * gawk, coding style in: Adding Code. (line 38) * gawk, command-line options, and regular expressions: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 70) @@ -33027,7 +33030,7 @@ Index (line 13) * internationalization, localization: User-modified. (line 151) * internationalization, localization, character classes: Bracket Expressions. - (line 100) + (line 101) * internationalization, localization, gawk and: Internationalization. (line 13) * internationalization, localization, locale categories: Explaining gettext. @@ -33245,8 +33248,8 @@ Index * newlines, as field separators: Default Field Splitting. (line 6) * newlines, as record separators: awk split records. (line 12) -* newlines, in dynamic regexps: Computed Regexps. (line 59) -* newlines, in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 69) +* newlines, in dynamic regexps: Computed Regexps. (line 60) +* newlines, in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 70) * newlines, printing: Print Examples. (line 12) * newlines, separating statements in actions <1>: Statements. (line 10) * newlines, separating statements in actions: Action Overview. @@ -33672,8 +33675,8 @@ Index * regexp constants, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 34) * regexp constants, in gawk: Using Constant Regexps. (line 28) -* regexp constants, slashes vs. quotes: Computed Regexps. (line 29) -* regexp constants, vs. string constants: Computed Regexps. (line 39) +* regexp constants, slashes vs. quotes: Computed Regexps. (line 30) +* regexp constants, vs. string constants: Computed Regexps. (line 40) * register extension: Registration Functions. (line 6) * regular expressions: Regexp. (line 6) @@ -33692,7 +33695,7 @@ Index (line 57) * regular expressions, dynamic: Computed Regexps. (line 6) * regular expressions, dynamic, with embedded newlines: Computed Regexps. - (line 59) + (line 60) * regular expressions, gawk, command-line options: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 70) * regular expressions, interval expressions and: Options. (line 281) @@ -33889,7 +33892,7 @@ Index * sidebar, Understanding #!: Executable Scripts. (line 31) * sidebar, Understanding $0: Changing Fields. (line 134) * sidebar, Using \n in Bracket Expressions of Dynamic Regexps: Computed Regexps. - (line 57) + (line 58) * sidebar, Using close()'s Return Value: Close Files And Pipes. (line 131) * SIGHUP signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 211) @@ -33983,7 +33986,7 @@ Index * stream editors: Full Line Fields. (line 22) * strftime: Time Functions. (line 48) * string constants: Scalar Constants. (line 15) -* string constants, vs. regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 39) +* string constants, vs. regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 40) * string extraction (internationalization): String Extraction. (line 6) * string length: String Functions. (line 171) @@ -34118,7 +34121,7 @@ Index * troubleshooting, quotes with file names: Special FD. (line 62) * troubleshooting, readable data files: File Checking. (line 6) * troubleshooting, regexp constants vs. string constants: Computed Regexps. - (line 39) + (line 40) * troubleshooting, string concatenation: Concatenation. (line 26) * troubleshooting, substr() function: String Functions. (line 499) * troubleshooting, system() function: I/O Functions. (line 128) @@ -34364,495 +34367,495 @@ Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170485 Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170632 Node: Bracket Expressions170730 Ref: table-char-classes172745 -Node: Leftmost Longest175670 -Node: Computed Regexps176972 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators180369 -Node: Case-sensitivity184042 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1186927 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187162 -Node: Regexp Summary187270 -Node: Reading Files188737 -Node: Records190831 -Node: awk split records191564 -Node: gawk split records196479 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1201023 -Node: Fields201060 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1203836 -Node: Nonconstant Fields203922 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1206165 -Node: Changing Fields206369 -Node: Field Separators212298 -Node: Default Field Splitting215003 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting216120 -Node: Single Character Fields219470 -Node: Command Line Field Separator220529 -Node: Full Line Fields223741 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1225258 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2225304 -Node: Field Splitting Summary225405 -Node: Constant Size227479 -Node: Splitting By Content232068 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236062 -Node: Multiple Line236225 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242111 -Node: Getline242290 -Node: Plain Getline244502 -Node: Getline/Variable247142 -Node: Getline/File248290 -Node: Getline/Variable/File249674 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1251277 -Node: Getline/Pipe251364 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254047 -Node: Getline/Coprocess255178 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess256430 -Node: Getline Notes257169 -Node: Getline Summary259961 -Ref: table-getline-variants260373 -Node: Read Timeout261202 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265026 -Node: Command-line directories265084 -Node: Input Summary265989 -Node: Input Exercises269290 -Node: Printing270018 -Node: Print271795 -Node: Print Examples273252 -Node: Output Separators276031 -Node: OFMT278049 -Node: Printf279403 -Node: Basic Printf280188 -Node: Control Letters281758 -Node: Format Modifiers285741 -Node: Printf Examples291750 -Node: Redirection294236 -Node: Special FD301077 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1304237 -Node: Special Files304311 -Node: Other Inherited Files304928 -Node: Special Network305928 -Node: Special Caveats306790 -Node: Close Files And Pipes307741 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1314923 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2315071 -Node: Output Summary315221 -Node: Output Exercises316219 -Node: Expressions316899 -Node: Values318084 -Node: Constants318762 -Node: Scalar Constants319453 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1320312 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers320562 -Node: Regexp Constants323580 -Node: Using Constant Regexps324105 -Node: Variables327248 -Node: Using Variables327903 -Node: Assignment Options329814 -Node: Conversion331689 -Node: Strings And Numbers332213 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1335278 -Node: Locale influences conversions335387 -Ref: table-locale-affects338134 -Node: All Operators338722 -Node: Arithmetic Ops339352 -Node: Concatenation341857 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1344676 -Node: Assignment Ops344782 -Ref: table-assign-ops349761 -Node: Increment Ops351033 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions354471 -Node: Truth Values355556 -Node: Typing and Comparison356605 -Node: Variable Typing357415 -Node: Comparison Operators361068 -Ref: table-relational-ops361478 -Node: POSIX String Comparison364973 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1366045 -Node: Boolean Ops366183 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1370662 -Node: Conditional Exp370753 -Node: Function Calls372480 -Node: Precedence376360 -Node: Locales380021 -Node: Expressions Summary381653 -Node: Patterns and Actions384213 -Node: Pattern Overview385333 -Node: Regexp Patterns387012 -Node: Expression Patterns387555 -Node: Ranges391265 -Node: BEGIN/END394371 -Node: Using BEGIN/END395132 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1397866 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END397972 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE400286 -Node: Empty403187 -Node: Using Shell Variables403504 -Node: Action Overview405777 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+Node: Extension Versioning993867 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables995768 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate996833 +Node: Finding Extensions1000642 +Node: Extension Example1001202 +Node: Internal File Description1001974 +Node: Internal File Ops1006041 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11017711 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1017851 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11020234 +Node: Extension Samples1020507 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1022033 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1029671 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1031162 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1032377 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1034052 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1034888 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1035764 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1036575 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1037165 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1037905 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1039845 +Node: Extension Sample Time1040940 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1042289 +Node: gawkextlib1042780 +Node: Extension summary1045438 +Node: Extension Exercises1049127 +Node: Language History1049849 +Node: V7/SVR3.11051505 +Node: SVR41053686 +Node: POSIX1055131 +Node: BTL1056520 +Node: POSIX/GNU1057254 +Node: Feature History1062818 +Node: Common Extensions1075916 +Node: Ranges and Locales1077240 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11081858 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21081885 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31082119 +Node: Contributors1082340 +Node: History summary1087881 +Node: Installation1089251 +Node: Gawk Distribution1090197 +Node: Getting1090681 +Node: Extracting1091504 +Node: Distribution contents1093139 +Node: Unix Installation1098856 +Node: Quick Installation1099473 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1101897 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1103635 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1106004 +Node: PC Installation1106462 +Node: PC Binary Installation1107781 +Node: PC Compiling1109629 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11112650 +Node: PC Testing1112759 +Node: PC Using1113935 +Node: Cygwin1118050 +Node: MSYS1118873 +Node: VMS Installation1119373 +Node: VMS Compilation1120165 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11121387 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1121445 +Node: VMS Installation Details1123129 +Node: VMS Running1125381 +Node: VMS GNV1128217 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1128951 +Node: Bugs1129421 +Node: Other Versions1133304 +Node: Installation summary1139728 +Node: Notes1140784 +Node: Compatibility Mode1141649 +Node: Additions1142431 +Node: Accessing The Source1143356 +Node: Adding Code1144791 +Node: New Ports1150948 +Node: Derived Files1155430 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11160905 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21160939 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31161535 +Node: Future Extensions1161649 +Node: Implementation Limitations1162255 +Node: Extension Design1163503 +Node: Old Extension Problems1164657 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11166174 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1166231 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11169591 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1169780 +Node: Extension Future Growth1171888 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1172724 +Node: Notes summary1174486 +Node: Basic Concepts1175672 +Node: Basic High Level1176353 +Ref: figure-general-flow1176625 +Ref: figure-process-flow1177224 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11180453 +Node: Basic Data Typing1180638 +Node: Glossary1183966 +Node: Copying1209124 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1246680 +Node: Index1271816  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 65f80a8ce75f050e30a400ff5eee3c08366bb518 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Fri, 23 Jan 2015 14:06:20 +0200 Subject: Add more entries to the glossary. --- doc/gawk.info | 227 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 187 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 2a17cbcf..365ca95c 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -29443,6 +29443,21 @@ ANSI C++ programming languages. These standards often become international standards as well. See also "ISO." +Argument + An argument can be two different things. It can be an option or a + file name passed to a command while invoking it from the command + line, or it can be something passed to a "function" inside a + program, e.g. inside `awk'. + + In the latter case, an argument can be passed to a function in two + ways. Either it is given to the called function by value, i.e., a + copy of the value of the variable is made available to the called + function, but the original variable cannot be modified by the + function itself; or it is given by reference, i.e., a pointer to + the interested variable is passed to the function, which can then + directly modify it. In `awk' scalars are passed by value, and + arrays are passed by reference. See "Pass By Value/Reference." + Array A grouping of multiple values under the same name. Most languages just provide sequential arrays. `awk' provides associative arrays. @@ -29478,6 +29493,26 @@ Bash The GNU version of the standard shell (the Bourne-Again SHell). See also "Bourne Shell." +Binary + Base-two notation, where the digits are `0'-`1'. Since electronic + circuitry works "naturally" in base 2 (just think of Off/On), + everything inside a computer is calculated using base 2. Each digit + represents the presence (or absence) of a power of 2 and is called + a "bit". So, for example, the base-two number `10101' is the same + as decimal 21, ((1 x 16) + (1 x 4) + (1 x 1)). + + Since base-two numbers quickly become very long to read and write, + they are usually grouped by 3 (i.e., they are read as octal + numbers), or by 4 (i.e., they are read as hexadecimal numbers). + There is no direct way to insert base 2 numbers in a C program. + If need arises, such numbers are usually inserted as octal or + hexadecimal numbers. The number of base-two digits that fit into + registers used for representing integer numbers in computers is a + rough indication of the computing power of the computer itself. + Most computers nowadays use 64 bits for representing integer + numbers in their registers, but 32-bit, 16-bit and 8-bit registers + have been widely used in the past. *Note Nondecimal-numbers::. + Bit Short for "Binary Digit." All values in computer memory ultimately reduce to binary digits: values that are either zero or @@ -29506,6 +29541,19 @@ Braces The characters `{' and `}'. Braces are used in `awk' for delimiting actions, compound statements, and function bodies. +Bracket Expression + Inside a "regular expression", an expression included in square + brackets, meant to designate a single character as belonging to a + specified character class. A bracket expression can contain a list + of one or more characters, like `[abc]', a range of characters, + like `[A-Z]', or a name, delimited by `:', that designates a known + set of characters, like `[:digit:]'. The form of bracket expression + enclosed between `:' is independent of the underlying + representation of the character themselves, which could utilize + the ASCII, ECBDIC, or Unicode codesets, depending on the + architecture of the computer system, and on localization. See + also "Regular Expression." + Built-in Function The `awk' language provides built-in functions that perform various numerical, I/O-related, and string computations. Examples are @@ -29533,9 +29581,25 @@ C In general, `gawk' attempts to be as similar to the 1990 version of ISO C as makes sense. +C Shell + The C Shell (`csh' or its improved version, `tcsh') is a Unix + shell that was created by Bill Joy in the late 1970s. The C shell + was differentiated from other shells by its interactive features + and overall style, which looks more like C. The C Shell is not + backward compatible with the Bourne Shell, so special attention is + required when converting scripts written for other Unix shells to + the C shell, especially with regard to the management of shell + variables. See also "Bourne Shell." + C++ A popular object-oriented programming language derived from C. +Character Class + See "Bracket Expression." + +Character List + See "Bracket Expression." + Character Set The set of numeric codes used by a computer system to represent the characters (letters, numbers, punctuation, etc.) of a particular @@ -29563,10 +29627,21 @@ Compiler machine-executable object code. The object code is then executed directly by the computer. See also "Interpreter." +Complemented Bracket Expression + The negation of a "bracket expression". All that is _not_ + described by a given bracket expression. The symbol `^' precedes + the negated bracket expression. E.g.: `[[^:digit:]' designates + whatever character is not a digit. `[^bad]' designates whatever + character is not one of the letters `b', `a', or `d'. See + "Bracket Expression." + Compound Statement A series of `awk' statements, enclosed in curly braces. Compound statements may be nested. (*Note Statements::.) +Computed Regexps + See "Dynamic Regular Expressions." + Concatenation Concatenating two strings means sticking them together, one after another, producing a new string. For example, the string `foo' @@ -29580,6 +29655,12 @@ Conditional Expression otherwise the value is EXPR3. In either case, only one of EXPR2 and EXPR3 is evaluated. (*Note Conditional Exp::.) +Control Statement + A control statement is an instruction to perform a given operation + or a set of operations inside an `awk' program, if a given + condition is true. Control statements are: `if', `for', `while', + and `do' (*note Statements::). + Cookie A peculiar goodie, token, saying or remembrance produced by or presented to a program. (With thanks to Professor Doug McIlroy.) @@ -29686,6 +29767,12 @@ Format are controlled by the format strings contained in the predefined variables `CONVFMT' and `OFMT'. (*Note Control Letters::.) +Fortran + Shorthand for FORmula TRANslator, one of the first programming + languages available for scientific calculations. It was created by + John Backus, and has been available since 1957. It is still in use + today. + Free Documentation License This document describes the terms under which this Info file is published and may be copied. (*Note GNU Free Documentation @@ -29701,9 +29788,16 @@ FSF See "Free Software Foundation." Function - A specialized group of statements used to encapsulate general or - program-specific tasks. `awk' has a number of built-in functions, - and also allows you to define your own. (*Note Functions::.) + A part of an `awk' program that can be invoked from every point of + the program, to perform a task. `awk' has several built-in + functions. Users can define their own functions in every part of + the program. Function can be recursive, i.e., they may invoke + themselves. *Note Functions::. In `gawk' it is also possible to + have functions shared among different programs, and included where + required using the `@include' directive (*note Include Files::). + In `gawk' the name of the function that should be invoked can be + generated at run time, i.e., dynamically. The `gawk' extension + API provides constructor functions (*note Constructor Functions::). `gawk' The GNU implementation of `awk'. @@ -29799,6 +29893,12 @@ Keyword `else', `exit', `for...in', `for', `function', `func', `if', `next', `nextfile', `switch', and `while'. +Korn Shell + The Korn Shell (`ksh') is a Unix shell which was developed by + David Korn at Bell Laboratories in the early 1980s. The Korn Shell + is backward-compatible with the Bourne shell and includes many + features of the C shell. See also "Bourne Shell." + Lesser General Public License This document describes the terms under which binary library archives or shared objects, and their source code may be @@ -29836,6 +29936,13 @@ Metacharacters Instead, they denote regular expression operations, such as repetition, grouping, or alternation. +Nesting + Nesting is where information is organized in layers, or where + objects contain other similar objects. In `gawk' the `@include' + directive can be nested. The "natural" nesting of arithmetic and + logical operations can be changed using parentheses (*note + Precedence::). + No-op An operation that does nothing. @@ -29855,6 +29962,11 @@ Octal are written in C using a leading `0', to indicate their base. Thus, `013' is 11 ((1 x 8) + 3). *Note Nondecimal-numbers::. +Output Record + A single chunk of data that is written out by `awk'. Usually, an + `awk' output record consists of one or more lines of text. *Note + Records::. + Pattern Patterns tell `awk' which input records are interesting to which rules. @@ -29870,6 +29982,9 @@ PEBKAC computer usage problems. (Problem Exists Between Keyboard And Chair.) +Plug-in + See "Extensions." + POSIX The name for a series of standards that specify a Portable Operating System interface. The "IX" denotes the Unix heritage of @@ -29893,6 +30008,9 @@ Range (of input lines) can specify ranges of input lines for `awk' to process or it can specify single lines. (*Note Pattern Overview::.) +Record + See "Input record" and "Output record." + Recursion When a function calls itself, either directly or indirectly. If this is clear, stop, and proceed to the next entry. Otherwise, @@ -29909,6 +30027,16 @@ Redirection using the `>', `>>', `|', and `|&' operators. (*Note Getline::, and *note Redirection::.) +Reference Counts + An internal mechanism in `gawk' to minimize the amount of memory + needed to store the value of string variables. If the value + assumed by a variable is used in more than one place, only one + copy of the value itself is kept, and the associated reference + count is increased when the same value is used by an additional + variable, and decresed when the related variable is no longer in + use. When the reference count goes to zero, the memory space used + to store the value of the variable is freed. + Regexp See "Regular Expression." @@ -29927,6 +30055,15 @@ Regular Expression Constant when you write the `awk' program and cannot be changed during its execution. (*Note Regexp Usage::.) +Regular Expression Operators + See "Metacharacters." + +Rounding + Rounding the result of an arithmetic operation can be tricky. + More than one way of rounding exists, and in `gawk' it is possible + to choose which method should be used in a program. *Note Setting + the rounding mode::. + Rule A segment of an `awk' program that specifies how to process single input records. A rule consists of a "pattern" and an "action". @@ -29988,6 +30125,11 @@ Special File handed directly to the underlying operating system--for example, `/dev/stderr'. (*Note Special Files::.) +Statement + An expression inside an `awk' program in the action part of a + pattern-action rule, or inside an `awk' function. A statement can + be a variable assignment, an array operation, a loop, etc. + Stream Editor A program that reads records from an input stream and processes them one or more at a time. This is in contrast with batch @@ -30030,10 +30172,15 @@ UTC reference time for day and date calculations. See also "Epoch" and "GMT." +Variable + A name for a value. In `awk', variables may be either scalars or + arrays. + Whitespace A sequence of space, TAB, or newline characters occurring inside an input record or a string. +  File: gawk.info, Node: Copying, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Glossary, Up: Top @@ -31629,7 +31776,7 @@ Index (line 18) * artificial intelligence, gawk and: Distribution contents. (line 52) -* ASCII <1>: Glossary. (line 133) +* ASCII <1>: Glossary. (line 197) * ASCII: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) * asort <1>: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) @@ -31801,7 +31948,7 @@ Index * BEGINFILE pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 69) * beginfile() user-defined function: Filetrans Function. (line 61) -* Bentley, Jon: Glossary. (line 143) +* Bentley, Jon: Glossary. (line 207) * Benzinger, Michael: Contributors. (line 97) * Berry, Karl <1>: Ranges and Locales. (line 74) * Berry, Karl: Acknowledgments. (line 33) @@ -31883,7 +32030,7 @@ Index * Brink, Jeroen: DOS Quoting. (line 10) * Broder, Alan J.: Contributors. (line 88) * Brown, Martin: Contributors. (line 82) -* BSD-based operating systems: Glossary. (line 611) +* BSD-based operating systems: Glossary. (line 753) * bt debugger command (alias for backtrace): Execution Stack. (line 13) * Buening, Andreas <1>: Bugs. (line 70) * Buening, Andreas <2>: Contributors. (line 92) @@ -31925,7 +32072,7 @@ Index (line 56) * character lists in regular expression: Bracket Expressions. (line 6) * character lists, See bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 56) -* character sets (machine character encodings) <1>: Glossary. (line 133) +* character sets (machine character encodings) <1>: Glossary. (line 197) * character sets (machine character encodings): Ordinal Functions. (line 45) * character sets, See Also bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. @@ -31936,7 +32083,7 @@ Index * Chassell, Robert J.: Acknowledgments. (line 33) * chdir() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. (line 12) -* chem utility: Glossary. (line 143) +* chem utility: Glossary. (line 207) * chr() extension function: Extension Sample Ord. (line 15) * chr() user-defined function: Ordinal Functions. (line 16) @@ -32013,7 +32160,7 @@ Index * compatibility mode (gawk), octal numbers: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 60) * compatibility mode (gawk), specifying: Options. (line 81) -* compiled programs <1>: Glossary. (line 155) +* compiled programs <1>: Glossary. (line 219) * compiled programs: Basic High Level. (line 15) * compiling gawk for Cygwin: Cygwin. (line 6) * compiling gawk for MS-DOS and MS-Windows: PC Compiling. (line 13) @@ -32059,7 +32206,7 @@ Index * CONVFMT variable: Strings And Numbers. (line 29) * CONVFMT variable, and array subscripts: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 6) -* cookie: Glossary. (line 177) +* cookie: Glossary. (line 258) * coprocesses <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 25) * coprocesses: Redirection. (line 96) * coprocesses, closing: Close Files And Pipes. @@ -32083,7 +32230,7 @@ Index * cut.awk program: Cut Program. (line 45) * d debugger command (alias for delete): Breakpoint Control. (line 64) * d.c., See dark corner: Conventions. (line 42) -* dark corner <1>: Glossary. (line 188) +* dark corner <1>: Glossary. (line 269) * dark corner: Conventions. (line 42) * dark corner, "0" is actually true: Truth Values. (line 24) * dark corner, /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. @@ -32429,7 +32576,7 @@ Index * environment variables used by gawk: Environment Variables. (line 6) * environment variables, in ENVIRON array: Auto-set. (line 60) -* epoch, definition of: Glossary. (line 234) +* epoch, definition of: Glossary. (line 315) * equals sign (=), = operator: Assignment Ops. (line 6) * equals sign (=), == operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * equals sign (=), == operator: Comparison Operators. @@ -32675,10 +32822,10 @@ Index * frame debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 27) * Free Documentation License (FDL): GNU Free Documentation License. (line 7) -* Free Software Foundation (FSF) <1>: Glossary. (line 288) +* Free Software Foundation (FSF) <1>: Glossary. (line 375) * Free Software Foundation (FSF) <2>: Getting. (line 10) * Free Software Foundation (FSF): Manual History. (line 6) -* FreeBSD: Glossary. (line 611) +* FreeBSD: Glossary. (line 753) * FS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 50) * FS variable: Field Separators. (line 15) * FS variable, --field-separator option and: Options. (line 21) @@ -32692,7 +32839,7 @@ Index * FS, containing ^: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 59) * FS, in multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 41) -* FSF (Free Software Foundation) <1>: Glossary. (line 288) +* FSF (Free Software Foundation) <1>: Glossary. (line 375) * FSF (Free Software Foundation) <2>: Getting. (line 10) * FSF (Free Software Foundation): Manual History. (line 6) * fts() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. @@ -32839,7 +32986,7 @@ Index (line 63) * gawkextlib: gawkextlib. (line 6) * gawkextlib project: gawkextlib. (line 6) -* General Public License (GPL): Glossary. (line 305) +* General Public License (GPL): Glossary. (line 399) * General Public License, See GPL: Manual History. (line 11) * generate time values: Time Functions. (line 25) * gensub <1>: String Functions. (line 90) @@ -32897,18 +33044,18 @@ Index * GNU awk, See gawk: Preface. (line 51) * GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License. (line 7) -* GNU General Public License: Glossary. (line 305) -* GNU Lesser General Public License: Glossary. (line 396) +* GNU General Public License: Glossary. (line 399) +* GNU Lesser General Public License: Glossary. (line 496) * GNU long options <1>: Options. (line 6) * GNU long options: Command Line. (line 13) * GNU long options, printing list of: Options. (line 154) -* GNU Project <1>: Glossary. (line 314) +* GNU Project <1>: Glossary. (line 408) * GNU Project: Manual History. (line 11) -* GNU/Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 611) +* GNU/Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 753) * GNU/Linux <2>: I18N Example. (line 55) * GNU/Linux: Manual History. (line 28) * Gordon, Assaf: Contributors. (line 105) -* GPL (General Public License) <1>: Glossary. (line 305) +* GPL (General Public License) <1>: Glossary. (line 399) * GPL (General Public License): Manual History. (line 11) * GPL (General Public License), printing: Options. (line 88) * grcat program: Group Functions. (line 16) @@ -33040,20 +33187,20 @@ Index * internationalization, localization, portability and: I18N Portability. (line 6) * internationalizing a program: Explaining gettext. (line 6) -* interpreted programs <1>: Glossary. (line 356) +* interpreted programs <1>: Glossary. (line 450) * interpreted programs: Basic High Level. (line 15) * interval expressions, regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 116) * inventory-shipped file: Sample Data Files. (line 32) * invoke shell command: I/O Functions. (line 106) * isarray: Type Functions. (line 11) -* ISO: Glossary. (line 367) -* ISO 8859-1: Glossary. (line 133) -* ISO Latin-1: Glossary. (line 133) +* ISO: Glossary. (line 461) +* ISO 8859-1: Glossary. (line 197) +* ISO Latin-1: Glossary. (line 197) * Jacobs, Andrew: Passwd Functions. (line 90) * Jaegermann, Michal <1>: Contributors. (line 45) * Jaegermann, Michal: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Java implementation of awk: Other Versions. (line 117) -* Java programming language: Glossary. (line 379) +* Java programming language: Glossary. (line 473) * jawk: Other Versions. (line 117) * Jedi knights: Undocumented. (line 6) * Johansen, Chris: Signature Program. (line 25) @@ -33062,7 +33209,7 @@ Index * Kahrs, Ju"rgen: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Kasal, Stepan: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Kenobi, Obi-Wan: Undocumented. (line 6) -* Kernighan, Brian <1>: Glossary. (line 143) +* Kernighan, Brian <1>: Glossary. (line 207) * Kernighan, Brian <2>: Basic Data Typing. (line 54) * Kernighan, Brian <3>: Other Versions. (line 13) * Kernighan, Brian <4>: Contributors. (line 11) @@ -33103,8 +33250,8 @@ Index * length: String Functions. (line 171) * length of input record: String Functions. (line 178) * length of string: String Functions. (line 171) -* Lesser General Public License (LGPL): Glossary. (line 396) -* LGPL (Lesser General Public License): Glossary. (line 396) +* Lesser General Public License (LGPL): Glossary. (line 496) +* LGPL (Lesser General Public License): Glossary. (line 496) * libmawk: Other Versions. (line 125) * libraries of awk functions: Library Functions. (line 6) * libraries of awk functions, assertions: Assert Function. (line 6) @@ -33149,7 +33296,7 @@ Index * lint checking, undefined functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 85) * LINT variable: User-modified. (line 88) -* Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 611) +* Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 753) * Linux <2>: I18N Example. (line 55) * Linux: Manual History. (line 28) * list all global variables, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 48) @@ -33211,7 +33358,7 @@ Index * mawk utility <4>: Getline/Pipe. (line 62) * mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 117) * maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 221) -* McIlroy, Doug: Glossary. (line 177) +* McIlroy, Doug: Glossary. (line 258) * McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 100) * message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 42) * message object files, converting from portable object files: I18N Example. @@ -33239,7 +33386,7 @@ Index * names, functions: Definition Syntax. (line 23) * namespace issues: Library Names. (line 6) * namespace issues, functions: Definition Syntax. (line 23) -* NetBSD: Glossary. (line 611) +* NetBSD: Glossary. (line 753) * networks, programming: TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * networks, support for: Special Network. (line 6) * newlines <1>: Boolean Ops. (line 69) @@ -33327,7 +33474,7 @@ Index * OFS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 113) * OFS variable <2>: Output Separators. (line 6) * OFS variable: Changing Fields. (line 64) -* OpenBSD: Glossary. (line 611) +* OpenBSD: Glossary. (line 753) * OpenSolaris: Other Versions. (line 100) * operating systems, BSD-based: Manual History. (line 28) * operating systems, PC, gawk on: PC Using. (line 6) @@ -33600,7 +33747,7 @@ Index * programming languages, Ada: Glossary. (line 11) * programming languages, data-driven vs. procedural: Getting Started. (line 12) -* programming languages, Java: Glossary. (line 379) +* programming languages, Java: Glossary. (line 473) * programming, basic steps: Basic High Level. (line 20) * programming, concepts: Basic Concepts. (line 6) * pwcat program: Passwd Functions. (line 23) @@ -33962,7 +34109,7 @@ Index * square root: Numeric Functions. (line 77) * srand: Numeric Functions. (line 81) * stack frame: Debugging Terms. (line 10) -* Stallman, Richard <1>: Glossary. (line 288) +* Stallman, Richard <1>: Glossary. (line 375) * Stallman, Richard <2>: Contributors. (line 23) * Stallman, Richard <3>: Acknowledgments. (line 18) * Stallman, Richard: Manual History. (line 6) @@ -34147,14 +34294,14 @@ Index * undisplay debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 80) * undocumented features: Undocumented. (line 6) -* Unicode <1>: Glossary. (line 133) +* Unicode <1>: Glossary. (line 197) * Unicode <2>: Ranges and Locales. (line 61) * Unicode: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) * uninitialized variables, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) * uniq utility: Uniq Program. (line 6) * uniq.awk program: Uniq Program. (line 65) -* Unix: Glossary. (line 611) +* Unix: Glossary. (line 753) * Unix awk, backslashes in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 117) * Unix awk, close() function and: Close Files And Pipes. @@ -34854,8 +35001,8 @@ Ref: figure-process-flow1177224 Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11180453 Node: Basic Data Typing1180638 Node: Glossary1183966 -Node: Copying1209124 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1246680 -Node: Index1271816 +Node: Copying1215912 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1253468 +Node: Index1278604  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 2443fb7afd788395e1c6baf067299f42317df21b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Sun, 25 Jan 2015 18:55:25 +0200 Subject: Fix a bad URL in the doc. --- doc/gawk.info | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 365ca95c..a6b8fac0 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -29614,7 +29614,7 @@ CHEM A preprocessor for `pic' that reads descriptions of molecules and produces `pic' input for drawing them. It was written in `awk' by Brian Kernighan and Jon Bentley, and is available from - `http://netlib.sandia.gov/netlib/typesetting/chem.gz'. + `http://netlib.org/typesetting/chem'. Comparison Expression A relation that is either true or false, such as `a < b'. @@ -35001,8 +35001,8 @@ Ref: figure-process-flow1177224 Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11180453 Node: Basic Data Typing1180638 Node: Glossary1183966 -Node: Copying1215912 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1253468 -Node: Index1278604 +Node: Copying1215895 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1253451 +Node: Index1278587  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From e7df7131092924b2d4ef1f41bac3d03affa9485b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Sun, 25 Jan 2015 19:54:07 +0200 Subject: Fix another bad URL. --- doc/gawk.info | 296 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 148 insertions(+), 148 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 372c6ddc..2af7b429 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -22510,7 +22510,7 @@ set: It's not that well known but it's not that obscure either. It's Euler's modification to Newton's method for calculating pi. Take a look at lines (23) - (25) here: - `http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PiFormulas.htm'. + `http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PiFormulas.html'. The algorithm I wrote simply expands the multiply by 2 and works from the innermost expression outwards. I used this to program HP @@ -35011,152 +35011,152 @@ Node: Setting the rounding mode900775 Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes901139 Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1904594 Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers904773 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1909672 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems909821 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1913694 -Node: Floating point summary913732 -Node: Dynamic Extensions915926 -Node: Extension Intro917478 -Node: Plugin License918744 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline919541 -Ref: figure-load-extension919969 -Ref: figure-register-new-function921449 -Ref: figure-call-new-function922453 -Node: Extension API Description924439 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction925889 -Node: General Data Types930713 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1936452 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions936751 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1939590 -Node: Constructor Functions939686 -Node: Registration Functions941420 -Node: Extension Functions942105 -Node: Exit Callback Functions944402 -Node: Extension Version String945650 -Node: Input Parsers946315 -Node: Output Wrappers956194 -Node: Two-way processors960709 -Node: Printing Messages962913 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1963989 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'964141 -Node: Requesting Values964881 -Ref: table-value-types-returned965609 -Node: Accessing Parameters966566 -Node: Symbol Table Access967797 -Node: Symbol table by name968311 -Node: Symbol table by cookie970292 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1974436 -Node: Cached values974499 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1977998 -Node: Array Manipulation978089 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1979187 -Node: Array Data Types979224 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1981879 -Node: Array Functions981971 -Node: Flattening Arrays985825 -Node: Creating Arrays992717 -Node: Extension API Variables997488 -Node: Extension Versioning998124 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables1000025 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate1001090 -Node: 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BTL1060777 -Node: POSIX/GNU1061511 -Node: Feature History1067135 -Node: Common Extensions1080233 -Node: Ranges and Locales1081557 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11086175 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21086202 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31086436 -Node: Contributors1086657 -Node: History summary1092198 -Node: Installation1093568 -Node: Gawk Distribution1094514 -Node: Getting1094998 -Node: Extracting1095821 -Node: Distribution contents1097456 -Node: Unix Installation1103521 -Node: Quick Installation1104204 -Node: Shell Startup Files1106615 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1107694 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1109433 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1111802 -Node: PC Installation1112260 -Node: PC Binary Installation1113579 -Node: PC Compiling1115427 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11118448 -Node: PC Testing1118557 -Node: PC Using1119733 -Node: Cygwin1123848 -Node: MSYS1124671 -Node: VMS Installation1125171 -Node: VMS Compilation1125963 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11127185 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1127243 -Node: VMS Installation Details1128927 -Node: VMS Running1131179 -Node: VMS GNV1134015 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1134749 -Node: Bugs1135219 -Node: Other Versions1139102 -Node: Installation summary1145526 -Node: Notes1146582 -Node: Compatibility Mode1147447 -Node: Additions1148229 -Node: Accessing The Source1149154 -Node: Adding Code1150589 -Node: New Ports1156746 -Node: Derived Files1161228 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11166703 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21166737 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31167333 -Node: Future Extensions1167447 -Node: Implementation Limitations1168053 -Node: Extension Design1169301 -Node: Old Extension Problems1170455 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11171972 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1172029 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11175389 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1175578 -Node: Extension Future Growth1177686 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1178522 -Node: Notes summary1180284 -Node: Basic Concepts1181470 -Node: Basic High Level1182151 -Ref: figure-general-flow1182423 -Ref: figure-process-flow1183022 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11186251 -Node: Basic Data Typing1186436 -Node: Glossary1189764 -Node: Copying1221693 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1259249 -Node: Index1284385 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1909673 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems909822 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1913695 +Node: Floating point summary913733 +Node: Dynamic Extensions915927 +Node: Extension Intro917479 +Node: Plugin License918745 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline919542 +Ref: figure-load-extension919970 +Ref: figure-register-new-function921450 +Ref: figure-call-new-function922454 +Node: Extension API Description924440 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction925890 +Node: General Data Types930714 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1936453 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions936752 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1939591 +Node: Constructor Functions939687 +Node: Registration Functions941421 +Node: Extension Functions942106 +Node: Exit Callback Functions944403 +Node: Extension Version String945651 +Node: Input Parsers946316 +Node: Output Wrappers956195 +Node: Two-way processors960710 +Node: Printing Messages962914 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1963990 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'964142 +Node: Requesting Values964882 +Ref: table-value-types-returned965610 +Node: Accessing Parameters966567 +Node: Symbol Table Access967798 +Node: Symbol table by name968312 +Node: Symbol table by cookie970293 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1974437 +Node: Cached values974500 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1977999 +Node: Array Manipulation978090 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1979188 +Node: Array Data Types979225 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1981880 +Node: Array Functions981972 +Node: Flattening Arrays985826 +Node: Creating Arrays992718 +Node: Extension API Variables997489 +Node: Extension Versioning998125 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables1000026 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate1001091 +Node: Finding Extensions1004900 +Node: Extension Example1005460 +Node: Internal File Description1006232 +Node: Internal File Ops1010299 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11021969 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1022109 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11024492 +Node: Extension Samples1024765 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1026291 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1033929 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1035420 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1036635 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1038310 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1039146 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1040022 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1040833 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1041423 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1042163 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1044103 +Node: Extension Sample Time1045198 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1046547 +Node: gawkextlib1047038 +Node: Extension summary1049696 +Node: Extension Exercises1053385 +Node: Language History1054107 +Node: V7/SVR3.11055763 +Node: SVR41057944 +Node: POSIX1059389 +Node: BTL1060778 +Node: POSIX/GNU1061512 +Node: Feature History1067136 +Node: Common Extensions1080234 +Node: Ranges and Locales1081558 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11086176 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21086203 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31086437 +Node: Contributors1086658 +Node: History summary1092199 +Node: Installation1093569 +Node: Gawk Distribution1094515 +Node: Getting1094999 +Node: Extracting1095822 +Node: Distribution contents1097457 +Node: Unix Installation1103522 +Node: Quick Installation1104205 +Node: Shell Startup Files1106616 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1107695 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1109434 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1111803 +Node: PC Installation1112261 +Node: PC Binary Installation1113580 +Node: PC Compiling1115428 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11118449 +Node: PC Testing1118558 +Node: PC Using1119734 +Node: Cygwin1123849 +Node: MSYS1124672 +Node: VMS Installation1125172 +Node: VMS Compilation1125964 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11127186 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1127244 +Node: VMS Installation Details1128928 +Node: VMS Running1131180 +Node: VMS GNV1134016 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1134750 +Node: Bugs1135220 +Node: Other Versions1139103 +Node: Installation summary1145527 +Node: Notes1146583 +Node: Compatibility Mode1147448 +Node: Additions1148230 +Node: Accessing The Source1149155 +Node: Adding Code1150590 +Node: New Ports1156747 +Node: Derived Files1161229 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11166704 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21166738 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31167334 +Node: Future Extensions1167448 +Node: Implementation Limitations1168054 +Node: Extension Design1169302 +Node: Old Extension Problems1170456 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11171973 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1172030 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11175390 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1175579 +Node: Extension Future Growth1177687 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1178523 +Node: Notes summary1180285 +Node: Basic Concepts1181471 +Node: Basic High Level1182152 +Ref: figure-general-flow1182424 +Ref: figure-process-flow1183023 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11186252 +Node: Basic Data Typing1186437 +Node: Glossary1189765 +Node: Copying1221694 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1259250 +Node: Index1284386  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 547b160b254cc6501578c69ea38228ca2d829c49 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Sun, 25 Jan 2015 22:20:30 +0200 Subject: More O'Reilly edits. --- doc/gawk.info | 1084 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 542 insertions(+), 542 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index a6b8fac0..e32e2511 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -7266,9 +7266,9 @@ value to a variable or a field by using an assignment operator. An expression can serve as a pattern or action statement on its own. Most other kinds of statements contain one or more expressions that specify the data on which to operate. As in other languages, -expressions in `awk' include variables, array references, constants, -and function calls, as well as combinations of these with various -operators. +expressions in `awk' can include variables, array references, +constants, and function calls, as well as combinations of these with +various operators. * Menu: @@ -7287,8 +7287,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Values, Next: All Operators, Up: Expressions ========================================= Expressions are built up from values and the operations performed upon -them. This minor node describes the elementary objects which provide -the values used in expressions. +them. This minor node describes the elementary objects that provide the +values used in expressions. * Menu: @@ -7333,14 +7333,14 @@ the same value: 1.05e+2 1050e-1 - A string constant consists of a sequence of characters enclosed in + A "string constant" consists of a sequence of characters enclosed in double quotation marks. For example: "parrot" represents the string whose contents are `parrot'. Strings in `gawk' can be of any length, and they can contain any of the possible -eight-bit ASCII characters including ASCII NUL (character code zero). +eight-bit ASCII characters, including ASCII NUL (character code zero). Other `awk' implementations may have difficulty with some character codes. @@ -7360,14 +7360,14 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Nondecimal-numbers, Next: Regexp Constants, Prev: Scal In `awk', all numbers are in decimal (i.e., base 10). Many other programming languages allow you to specify numbers in other bases, often octal (base 8) and hexadecimal (base 16). In octal, the numbers go 0, -1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, and so on. Just as `11', in decimal, -is 1 times 10 plus 1, so `11', in octal, is 1 times 8, plus 1. This -equals 9 in decimal. In hexadecimal, there are 16 digits. Because the -everyday decimal number system only has ten digits (`0'-`9'), the -letters `a' through `f' are used to represent the rest. (Case in the -letters is usually irrelevant; hexadecimal `a' and `A' have the same -value.) Thus, `11', in hexadecimal, is 1 times 16 plus 1, which equals -17 in decimal. +1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, and so on. Just as `11' in decimal is +1 times 10 plus 1, so `11' in octal is 1 times 8 plus 1. This equals 9 +in decimal. In hexadecimal, there are 16 digits. Because the everyday +decimal number system only has ten digits (`0'-`9'), the letters `a' +through `f' are used to represent the rest. (Case in the letters is +usually irrelevant; hexadecimal `a' and `A' have the same value.) +Thus, `11' in hexadecimal is 1 times 16 plus 1, which equals 17 in +decimal. Just by looking at plain `11', you can't tell what base it's in. So, in C, C++, and other languages derived from C, there is a special @@ -7375,13 +7375,13 @@ notation to signify the base. Octal numbers start with a leading `0', and hexadecimal numbers start with a leading `0x' or `0X': `11' - Decimal value 11. + Decimal value 11 `011' - Octal 11, decimal value 9. + Octal 11, decimal value 9 `0x11' - Hexadecimal 11, decimal value 17. + Hexadecimal 11, decimal value 17 This example shows the difference: @@ -7400,11 +7400,11 @@ really need to do this, use the `--non-decimal-data' command-line option; *note Nondecimal Data::.) If you have octal or hexadecimal data, you can use the `strtonum()' function (*note String Functions::) to convert the data into a number. Most of the time, you will want to -use octal or hexadecimal constants when working with the built-in bit -manipulation functions; see *note Bitwise Functions::, for more +use octal or hexadecimal constants when working with the built-in +bit-manipulation functions; see *note Bitwise Functions::, for more information. - Unlike some early C implementations, `8' and `9' are not valid in + Unlike in some early C implementations, `8' and `9' are not valid in octal constants. For example, `gawk' treats `018' as decimal 18: $ gawk 'BEGIN { print "021 is", 021 ; print 018 }' @@ -7431,12 +7431,12 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Regexp Constants, Prev: Nondecimal-numbers, Up: Consta 6.1.1.3 Regular Expression Constants .................................... -A regexp constant is a regular expression description enclosed in +A "regexp constant" is a regular expression description enclosed in slashes, such as `/^beginning and end$/'. Most regexps used in `awk' programs are constant, but the `~' and `!~' matching operators can also match computed or dynamic regexps (which are typically just ordinary -strings or variables that contain a regexp, but could be a more complex -expression). +strings or variables that contain a regexp, but could be more complex +expressions).  File: gawk.info, Node: Using Constant Regexps, Next: Variables, Prev: Constants, Up: Values @@ -7488,7 +7488,7 @@ and `patsplit()' functions (*note String Functions::). Modern implementations of `awk', including `gawk', allow the third argument of `split()' to be a regexp constant, but some older implementations do not. (d.c.) Because some built-in functions accept regexp constants -as arguments, it can be confusing when attempting to use regexp +as arguments, confusion can arise when attempting to use regexp constants as arguments to user-defined functions (*note User-defined::). For example: @@ -7511,10 +7511,11 @@ User-defined::). For example: In this example, the programmer wants to pass a regexp constant to the user-defined function `mysub()', which in turn passes it on to either `sub()' or `gsub()'. However, what really happens is that the -`pat' parameter is either one or zero, depending upon whether or not -`$0' matches `/hi/'. `gawk' issues a warning when it sees a regexp -constant used as a parameter to a user-defined function, because -passing a truth value in this way is probably not what was intended. +`pat' parameter is assigned a value of either one or zero, depending +upon whether or not `$0' matches `/hi/'. `gawk' issues a warning when +it sees a regexp constant used as a parameter to a user-defined +function, because passing a truth value in this way is probably not +what was intended.  File: gawk.info, Node: Variables, Next: Conversion, Prev: Using Constant Regexps, Up: Values @@ -7522,7 +7523,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Variables, Next: Conversion, Prev: Using Constant Rege 6.1.3 Variables --------------- -Variables are ways of storing values at one point in your program for +"Variables" are ways of storing values at one point in your program for use later in another part of your program. They can be manipulated entirely within the program text, and they can also be assigned values on the `awk' command line. @@ -7551,14 +7552,14 @@ variables. A variable name is a valid expression by itself; it represents the variable's current value. Variables are given new values with -"assignment operators", "increment operators", and "decrement -operators". *Note Assignment Ops::. In addition, the `sub()' and -`gsub()' functions can change a variable's value, and the `match()', -`split()', and `patsplit()' functions can change the contents of their -array parameters. *Note String Functions::. +"assignment operators", "increment operators", and "decrement operators" +(*note Assignment Ops::). In addition, the `sub()' and `gsub()' +functions can change a variable's value, and the `match()', `split()', +and `patsplit()' functions can change the contents of their array +parameters (*note String Functions::). A few variables have special built-in meanings, such as `FS' (the -field separator), and `NF' (the number of fields in the current input +field separator) and `NF' (the number of fields in the current input record). *Note Built-in Variables::, for a list of the predefined variables. These predefined variables can be used and assigned just like all other variables, but their values are also used or changed @@ -7755,7 +7756,7 @@ point, so the default behavior was restored to use a period as the decimal point character. You can use the `--use-lc-numeric' option (*note Options::) to force `gawk' to use the locale's decimal point character. (`gawk' also uses the locale's decimal point character when -in POSIX mode, either via `--posix', or the `POSIXLY_CORRECT' +in POSIX mode, either via `--posix' or the `POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable, as shown previously.) *note table-locale-affects:: describes the cases in which the @@ -7771,10 +7772,10 @@ Input Use period Use locale Table 6.1: Locale decimal point versus a period - Finally, modern day formal standards and IEEE standard floating-point -representation can have an unusual but important effect on the way -`gawk' converts some special string values to numbers. The details are -presented in *note POSIX Floating Point Problems::. + Finally, modern-day formal standards and the IEEE standard +floating-point representation can have an unusual but important effect +on the way `gawk' converts some special string values to numbers. The +details are presented in *note POSIX Floating Point Problems::.  File: gawk.info, Node: All Operators, Next: Truth Values and Conditions, Prev: Values, Up: Expressions @@ -7782,7 +7783,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: All Operators, Next: Truth Values and Conditions, Prev 6.2 Operators: Doing Something with Values ========================================== -This minor node introduces the "operators" which make use of the values +This minor node introduces the "operators" that make use of the values provided by constants and variables. * Menu: @@ -7963,7 +7964,7 @@ you'll get. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) It happens that BWK `awk', `gawk' and `mawk' all "get it right," + (1) It happens that BWK `awk', `gawk', and `mawk' all "get it right," but you should not rely on this.  @@ -8080,7 +8081,7 @@ righthand expression. For example: The indices of `bar' are practically guaranteed to be different, because `rand()' returns different values each time it is called. (Arrays and the `rand()' function haven't been covered yet. *Note Arrays::, and -*note Numeric Functions::, for more information). This example +*note Numeric Functions::, for more information.) This example illustrates an important fact about assignment operators: the lefthand expression is only evaluated _once_. @@ -8098,14 +8099,14 @@ converted to a number. Operator Effect -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -LVALUE `+=' INCREMENT Add INCREMENT to the value of LVALUE -LVALUE `-=' DECREMENT Subtract DECREMENT from the value of LVALUE -LVALUE `*=' Multiply the value of LVALUE by COEFFICIENT +LVALUE `+=' INCREMENT Add INCREMENT to the value of LVALUE. +LVALUE `-=' DECREMENT Subtract DECREMENT from the value of LVALUE. +LVALUE `*=' Multiply the value of LVALUE by COEFFICIENT. COEFFICIENT -LVALUE `/=' DIVISOR Divide the value of LVALUE by DIVISOR -LVALUE `%=' MODULUS Set LVALUE to its remainder by MODULUS -LVALUE `^=' POWER -LVALUE `**=' POWER Raise LVALUE to the power POWER (c.e.) +LVALUE `/=' DIVISOR Divide the value of LVALUE by DIVISOR. +LVALUE `%=' MODULUS Set LVALUE to its remainder by MODULUS. +LVALUE `^=' POWER Raise LVALUE to the power POWER. +LVALUE `**=' POWER Raise LVALUE to the power POWER. (c.e.) Table 6.2: Arithmetic assignment operators @@ -8190,8 +8191,8 @@ is a summary of increment and decrement expressions: Operator Evaluation Order - Doctor, doctor! It hurts when I do this! - So don't do that! -- Groucho Marx + Doctor, it hurts when I do this! + Then don't do that! -- Groucho Marx What happens for something like the following? @@ -8206,7 +8207,7 @@ Or something even stranger? In other words, when do the various side effects prescribed by the postfix operators (`b++') take effect? When side effects happen is -"implementation defined". In other words, it is up to the particular +"implementation-defined". In other words, it is up to the particular version of `awk'. The result for the first example may be 12 or 13, and for the second, it may be 22 or 23. @@ -8221,7 +8222,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Truth Values and Conditions, Next: Function Calls, Pre =============================== In certain contexts, expression values also serve as "truth values"; -(i.e., they determine what should happen next as the program runs). This +i.e., they determine what should happen next as the program runs. This minor node describes how `awk' defines "true" and "false" and how values are compared. @@ -8275,10 +8276,10 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Typing and Comparison, Next: Boolean Ops, Prev: Truth The Guide is definitive. Reality is frequently inaccurate. -- Douglas Adams, `The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy' - Unlike other programming languages, `awk' variables do not have a -fixed type. Instead, they can be either a number or a string, depending -upon the value that is assigned to them. We look now at how variables -are typed, and how `awk' compares variables. + Unlike in other programming languages, in `awk' variables do not +have a fixed type. Instead, they can be either a number or a string, +depending upon the value that is assigned to them. We look now at how +variables are typed, and how `awk' compares variables. * Menu: @@ -8299,16 +8300,16 @@ of the variable is important because the types of two variables determine how they are compared. Variable typing follows these rules: * A numeric constant or the result of a numeric operation has the - NUMERIC attribute. + "numeric" attribute. * A string constant or the result of a string operation has the - STRING attribute. + "string" attribute. * Fields, `getline' input, `FILENAME', `ARGV' elements, `ENVIRON' elements, and the elements of an array created by `match()', `split()', and `patsplit()' that are numeric strings have the - STRNUM attribute. Otherwise, they have the STRING attribute. - Uninitialized variables also have the STRNUM attribute. + "strnum" attribute. Otherwise, they have the "string" attribute. + Uninitialized variables also have the "strnum" attribute. * Attributes propagate across assignments but are not changed by any use. @@ -8350,12 +8351,13 @@ constant, then a string comparison is performed. Otherwise, a numeric comparison is performed. This point bears additional emphasis: All user input is made of -characters, and so is first and foremost of STRING type; input strings -that look numeric are additionally given the STRNUM attribute. Thus, -the six-character input string ` +3.14' receives the STRNUM attribute. +characters, and so is first and foremost of string type; input strings +that look numeric are additionally given the strnum attribute. Thus, +the six-character input string ` +3.14' receives the strnum attribute. In contrast, the eight characters `" +3.14"' appearing in program text comprise a string constant. The following examples print `1' when the -comparison between the two different constants is true, `0' otherwise: +comparison between the two different constants is true, and `0' +otherwise: $ echo ' +3.14' | awk '{ print($0 == " +3.14") }' True -| 1 @@ -8454,7 +8456,7 @@ comparison is: -| false the result is `false' because both `$1' and `$2' are user input. They -are numeric strings--therefore both have the STRNUM attribute, +are numeric strings--therefore both have the strnum attribute, dictating a numeric comparison. The purpose of the comparison rules and the use of numeric strings is to attempt to produce the behavior that is "least surprising," while still "doing the right thing." @@ -8513,7 +8515,7 @@ is an example to illustrate the difference, in an `en_US.UTF-8' locale: ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) Technically, string comparison is supposed to behave the same -way as if the strings are compared with the C `strcoll()' function. +way as if the strings were compared with the C `strcoll()' function.  File: gawk.info, Node: Boolean Ops, Next: Conditional Exp, Prev: Typing and Comparison, Up: Truth Values and Conditions @@ -8576,7 +8578,7 @@ Boolean operators are: The `&&' and `||' operators are called "short-circuit" operators because of the way they work. Evaluation of the full expression is -"short-circuited" if the result can be determined part way through its +"short-circuited" if the result can be determined partway through its evaluation. Statements that end with `&&' or `||' can be continued simply by @@ -8629,15 +8631,15 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Conditional Exp, Prev: Boolean Ops, Up: Truth Values a A "conditional expression" is a special kind of expression that has three operands. It allows you to use one expression's value to select -one of two other expressions. The conditional expression is the same -as in the C language, as shown here: +one of two other expressions. The conditional expression in `awk' is +the same as in the C language, as shown here: SELECTOR ? IF-TRUE-EXP : IF-FALSE-EXP There are three subexpressions. The first, SELECTOR, is always computed first. If it is "true" (not zero or not null), then -IF-TRUE-EXP is computed next and its value becomes the value of the -whole expression. Otherwise, IF-FALSE-EXP is computed next and its +IF-TRUE-EXP is computed next, and its value becomes the value of the +whole expression. Otherwise, IF-FALSE-EXP is computed next, and its value becomes the value of the whole expression. For example, the following expression produces the absolute value of `x': @@ -8671,7 +8673,7 @@ A "function" is a name for a particular calculation. This enables you to ask for it by name at any point in the program. For example, the function `sqrt()' computes the square root of a number. - A fixed set of functions are "built-in", which means they are + A fixed set of functions are "built in", which means they are available in every `awk' program. The `sqrt()' function is one of these. *Note Built-in::, for a list of built-in functions and their descriptions. In addition, you can define functions for use in your @@ -8806,7 +8808,7 @@ precedence: Increment, decrement. `^ **' - Exponentiation. These operators group right-to-left. + Exponentiation. These operators group right to left. `+ - !' Unary plus, minus, logical "not." @@ -8833,7 +8835,7 @@ String concatenation operand of another operator. As a result, it does not make sense to use a redirection operator near another operator of lower precedence without parentheses. Such combinations (e.g., `print - foo > a ? b : c'), result in syntax errors. The correct way to + foo > a ? b : c') result in syntax errors. The correct way to write this statement is `print foo > (a ? b : c)'. `~ !~' @@ -8843,16 +8845,16 @@ String concatenation Array membership. `&&' - Logical "and". + Logical "and." `||' - Logical "or". + Logical "or." `?:' - Conditional. This operator groups right-to-left. + Conditional. This operator groups right to left. `= += -= *= /= %= ^= **=' - Assignment. These operators group right-to-left. + Assignment. These operators group right to left. NOTE: The `|&', `**', and `**=' operators are not specified by POSIX. For maximum portability, do not use them. @@ -8920,24 +8922,24 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Expressions Summary, Prev: Locales, Up: Expressions * `awk' provides the usual arithmetic operators (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, modulus), and unary plus - and minus. It also provides comparison operators, boolean - operators, array membership testing, and regexp matching - operators. String concatenation is accomplished by placing two - expressions next to each other; there is no explicit operator. - The three-operand `?:' operator provides an "if-else" test within - expressions. + and minus. It also provides comparison operators, Boolean + operators, an array membership testing operator, and regexp + matching operators. String concatenation is accomplished by + placing two expressions next to each other; there is no explicit + operator. The three-operand `?:' operator provides an "if-else" + test within expressions. * Assignment operators provide convenient shorthands for common arithmetic operations. - * In `awk', a value is considered to be true if it is non-zero _or_ + * In `awk', a value is considered to be true if it is nonzero _or_ non-null. Otherwise, the value is false. * A variable's type is set upon each assignment and may change over its lifetime. The type determines how it behaves in comparisons (string or numeric). - * Function calls return a value which may be used as part of a larger + * Function calls return a value that may be used as part of a larger expression. Expressions used to pass parameter values are fully evaluated before the function is called. `awk' provides built-in and user-defined functions; this is described in *note Functions::. @@ -9111,7 +9113,7 @@ inside Boolean patterns. Likewise, the special patterns `BEGIN', `END', `BEGINFILE', and `ENDFILE', which never match any input record, are not expressions and cannot appear inside Boolean patterns. - The precedence of the different operators which can appear in + The precedence of the different operators that can appear in patterns is described in *note Precedence::.  @@ -9131,8 +9133,8 @@ following: prints every record in `myfile' between `on'/`off' pairs, inclusive. A range pattern starts out by matching BEGPAT against every input -record. When a record matches BEGPAT, the range pattern is "turned on" -and the range pattern matches this record as well. As long as the +record. When a record matches BEGPAT, the range pattern is "turned +on", and the range pattern matches this record as well. As long as the range pattern stays turned on, it automatically matches every input record read. The range pattern also matches ENDPAT against every input record; when this succeeds, the range pattern is "turned off" again for @@ -9250,7 +9252,7 @@ for more information on using library functions. *Note Library Functions::, for a number of useful library functions. If an `awk' program has only `BEGIN' rules and no other rules, then -the program exits after the `BEGIN' rule is run.(1) However, if an +the program exits after the `BEGIN' rules are run.(1) However, if an `END' rule exists, then the input is read, even if there are no other rules in the program. This is necessary in case the `END' rule checks the `FNR' and `NR' variables. @@ -9276,7 +9278,7 @@ give `$0' a real value is to execute a `getline' command without a variable (*note Getline::). Another way is simply to assign a value to `$0'. - The second point is similar to the first but from the other + The second point is similar to the first, but from the other direction. Traditionally, due largely to implementation issues, `$0' and `NF' were _undefined_ inside an `END' rule. The POSIX standard specifies that `NF' is available in an `END' rule. It contains the @@ -9337,7 +9339,7 @@ tasks that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to perform: entirely. Otherwise, `gawk' exits with the usual fatal error. * If you have written extensions that modify the record handling (by - inserting an "input parser," *note Input Parsers::), you can invoke + inserting an "input parser"; *note Input Parsers::), you can invoke them at this point, before `gawk' has started processing the file. (This is a _very_ advanced feature, currently used only by the `gawkextlib' project (http://gawkextlib.sourceforge.net).) @@ -9347,16 +9349,15 @@ last record in an input file. For the last input file, it will be called before any `END' rules. The `ENDFILE' rule is executed even for empty input files. - Normally, when an error occurs when reading input in the normal input -processing loop, the error is fatal. However, if an `ENDFILE' rule is -present, the error becomes non-fatal, and instead `ERRNO' is set. This -makes it possible to catch and process I/O errors at the level of the -`awk' program. + Normally, when an error occurs when reading input in the normal +input-processing loop, the error is fatal. However, if an `ENDFILE' +rule is present, the error becomes non-fatal, and instead `ERRNO' is +set. This makes it possible to catch and process I/O errors at the +level of the `awk' program. The `next' statement (*note Next Statement::) is not allowed inside either a `BEGINFILE' or an `ENDFILE' rule. The `nextfile' statement is -allowed only inside a `BEGINFILE' rule, but not inside an `ENDFILE' -rule. +allowed only inside a `BEGINFILE' rule, not inside an `ENDFILE' rule. The `getline' statement (*note Getline::) is restricted inside both `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE': only redirected forms of `getline' are @@ -9401,11 +9402,11 @@ following program: END { print nmatches, "found" }' /path/to/data The `awk' program consists of two pieces of quoted text that are -concatenated together to form the program. The first part is double -quoted, which allows substitution of the `pattern' shell variable -inside the quotes. The second part is single quoted. +concatenated together to form the program. The first part is +double-quoted, which allows substitution of the `pattern' shell +variable inside the quotes. The second part is single-quoted. - Variable substitution via quoting works, but can be potentially + Variable substitution via quoting works, but can potentially be messy. It requires a good understanding of the shell's quoting rules (*note Quoting::), and it's often difficult to correctly match up the quotes when reading the program. @@ -9602,15 +9603,15 @@ The body of this loop is a compound statement enclosed in braces, containing two statements. The loop works in the following manner: first, the value of `i' is set to one. Then, the `while' statement tests whether `i' is less than or equal to three. This is true when -`i' equals one, so the `i'-th field is printed. Then the `i++' +`i' equals one, so the `i'th field is printed. Then the `i++' increments the value of `i' and the loop repeats. The loop terminates when `i' reaches four. A newline is not required between the condition and the body; however, using one makes the program clearer unless the body is a -compound statement or else is very simple. The newline after the -open-brace that begins the compound statement is not required either, -but the program is harder to read without it. +compound statement or else is very simple. The newline after the open +brace that begins the compound statement is not required either, but the +program is harder to read without it.  File: gawk.info, Node: Do Statement, Next: For Statement, Prev: While Statement, Up: Statements @@ -9633,7 +9634,7 @@ Contrast this with the corresponding `while' statement: while (CONDITION) BODY -This statement does not execute BODY even once if the CONDITION is +This statement does not execute the BODY even once if the CONDITION is false to begin with. The following is an example of a `do' statement: { @@ -9689,7 +9690,7 @@ loop.) The same is true of the INCREMENT part. Incrementing additional variables requires separate statements at the end of the loop. The C compound expression, using C's comma operator, is useful in this -context but it is not supported in `awk'. +context, but it is not supported in `awk'. Most often, INCREMENT is an increment expression, as in the previous example. But this is not required; it can be any expression @@ -9765,7 +9766,7 @@ statement looks like this: Control flow in the `switch' statement works as it does in C. Once a match to a given case is made, the case statement bodies execute until -a `break', `continue', `next', `nextfile' or `exit' is encountered, or +a `break', `continue', `next', `nextfile', or `exit' is encountered, or the end of the `switch' statement itself. For example: while ((c = getopt(ARGC, ARGV, "aksx")) != -1) { @@ -10008,12 +10009,11 @@ listed in `ARGV'. standard. See the Austin Group website (http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=607). - The current version of BWK `awk', and `mawk' also support -`nextfile'. However, they don't allow the `nextfile' statement inside -function bodies (*note User-defined::). `gawk' does; a `nextfile' -inside a function body reads the next record and starts processing it -with the first rule in the program, just as any other `nextfile' -statement. + The current version of BWK `awk' and `mawk' also support `nextfile'. +However, they don't allow the `nextfile' statement inside function +bodies (*note User-defined::). `gawk' does; a `nextfile' inside a +function body reads the next record and starts processing it with the +first rule in the program, just as any other `nextfile' statement.  File: gawk.info, Node: Exit Statement, Prev: Nextfile Statement, Up: Statements @@ -10041,9 +10041,9 @@ record, skips reading any remaining input records, and executes the they do not execute. In such a case, if you don't want the `END' rule to do its job, set -a variable to nonzero before the `exit' statement and check that -variable in the `END' rule. *Note Assert Function::, for an example -that does this. +a variable to a nonzero value before the `exit' statement and check +that variable in the `END' rule. *Note Assert Function::, for an +example that does this. If an argument is supplied to `exit', its value is used as the exit status code for the `awk' process. If no argument is supplied, `exit' @@ -10101,7 +10101,7 @@ of activity.  File: gawk.info, Node: User-modified, Next: Auto-set, Up: Built-in Variables -7.5.1 Built-In Variables That Control `awk' +7.5.1 Built-in Variables That Control `awk' ------------------------------------------- The following is an alphabetical list of variables that you can change @@ -33018,7 +33018,7 @@ Index * getline from a file: Getline/File. (line 6) * getline into a variable: Getline/Variable. (line 6) * getline statement, BEGINFILE/ENDFILE patterns and: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. - (line 54) + (line 53) * getlocaltime() user-defined function: Getlocaltime Function. (line 16) * getopt() function (C library): Getopt Function. (line 15) @@ -34586,423 +34586,423 @@ Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2315212 Node: Output Summary315362 Node: Output Exercises316360 Node: Expressions317040 -Node: Values318225 -Node: Constants318903 -Node: Scalar Constants319594 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1320453 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers320703 -Node: Regexp Constants323721 -Node: Using Constant Regexps324246 -Node: Variables327389 -Node: Using Variables328044 -Node: Assignment Options329955 -Node: Conversion331830 -Node: Strings And Numbers332354 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1335419 -Node: Locale influences conversions335528 -Ref: table-locale-affects338275 -Node: All Operators338863 -Node: Arithmetic Ops339493 -Node: Concatenation341998 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1344817 -Node: Assignment Ops344923 -Ref: table-assign-ops349902 -Node: Increment Ops351174 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions354612 -Node: Truth Values355697 -Node: Typing and Comparison356746 -Node: Variable Typing357556 -Node: Comparison Operators361209 -Ref: table-relational-ops361619 -Node: POSIX String Comparison365114 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1366186 -Node: Boolean Ops366324 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1370803 -Node: Conditional Exp370894 -Node: Function Calls372621 -Node: Precedence376501 -Node: Locales380162 -Node: Expressions Summary381794 -Node: Patterns and Actions384354 -Node: Pattern Overview385474 -Node: Regexp Patterns387153 -Node: Expression Patterns387696 -Node: Ranges391406 -Node: BEGIN/END394512 -Node: Using BEGIN/END395273 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1398007 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END398113 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE400427 -Node: Empty403328 -Node: Using Shell Variables403645 -Node: Action Overview405918 -Node: Statements408244 -Node: If Statement410092 -Node: While Statement411587 -Node: Do Statement413616 -Node: For Statement414760 -Node: Switch Statement417917 -Node: Break Statement420299 -Node: Continue Statement422340 -Node: Next Statement424167 -Node: Nextfile Statement426548 -Node: Exit Statement429178 -Node: Built-in Variables431581 -Node: User-modified432714 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1440395 -Node: Auto-set440457 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1453492 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2453697 -Node: ARGC and ARGV453753 -Node: Pattern Action Summary457971 -Node: Arrays460398 -Node: Array Basics461727 -Node: Array Intro462571 -Ref: figure-array-elements464535 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1467061 -Node: Reference to Elements467189 -Node: Assigning Elements469641 -Node: Array Example470132 -Node: Scanning an Array471890 -Node: Controlling Scanning474906 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1480102 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts480418 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts482603 -Node: Delete484220 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1486963 -Node: Multidimensional487020 -Node: Multiscanning490117 -Node: Arrays of Arrays491706 -Node: Arrays Summary496465 -Node: Functions498557 -Node: Built-in499456 -Node: Calling Built-in500534 -Node: Numeric Functions502525 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1506542 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2506899 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3506947 -Node: String Functions507219 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1530694 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2530823 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3531071 -Node: Gory Details531158 -Ref: table-sub-escapes532939 -Ref: table-sub-proposed534459 -Ref: table-posix-sub535823 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes537359 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1538191 -Node: I/O Functions538342 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1545560 -Node: Time Functions545707 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1556195 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2556263 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3556421 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4556532 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5556644 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6556871 -Node: Bitwise Functions557137 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops557699 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1562008 -Node: Type Functions562177 -Node: I18N Functions563328 -Node: User-defined564973 -Node: Definition Syntax565778 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1571185 -Node: Function Example571256 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1574175 -Node: Function Caveats574197 -Node: Calling A Function574715 -Node: Variable Scope575673 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference578661 -Node: Return Statement582156 -Node: Dynamic Typing585137 -Node: Indirect Calls586066 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1597368 -Node: Functions Summary597496 -Node: Library Functions600198 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1603807 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2603950 -Node: Library Names604121 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1607575 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2607798 -Node: General Functions607884 -Node: Strtonum Function608987 -Node: Assert Function612009 -Node: Round Function615333 -Node: Cliff Random Function616874 -Node: Ordinal Functions617890 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1620953 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2621205 -Node: Join Function621416 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1623185 -Node: Getlocaltime Function623385 -Node: Readfile Function627129 -Node: Shell Quoting629099 -Node: Data File Management630500 -Node: Filetrans Function631132 -Node: Rewind Function635188 -Node: File Checking636575 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1637907 -Node: Empty Files638108 -Node: Ignoring Assigns640087 -Node: Getopt Function641638 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1653100 -Node: Passwd Functions653300 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1662137 -Node: Group Functions662225 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1670119 -Node: Walking Arrays670332 -Node: Library Functions Summary671935 -Node: Library Exercises673336 -Node: Sample Programs674616 -Node: Running Examples675386 -Node: Clones676114 -Node: Cut Program677338 -Node: Egrep Program687057 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1694555 -Node: Id Program694665 -Node: Split Program698310 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1701758 -Node: Tee Program701886 -Node: Uniq Program704675 -Node: Wc Program712094 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1716344 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs716438 -Node: Dupword Program717651 -Node: Alarm Program719682 -Node: Translate Program724486 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1729051 -Node: Labels Program729321 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1732672 -Node: Word Sorting732756 -Node: History Sorting736827 -Node: Extract Program738663 -Node: Simple Sed746188 -Node: Igawk Program749256 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1763580 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2763781 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3763903 -Node: Anagram Program764018 -Node: Signature Program767075 -Node: Programs Summary768322 -Node: Programs Exercises769515 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1773646 -Node: Advanced Features773737 -Node: Nondecimal Data775685 -Node: Array Sorting777275 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal777972 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1786305 -Node: Array Sorting Functions786423 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1790312 -Node: Two-way I/O790508 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1795453 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2795639 -Node: TCP/IP Networking795721 -Node: Profiling798594 -Node: Advanced Features Summary806141 -Node: Internationalization808074 -Node: I18N and L10N809554 -Node: Explaining gettext810240 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1815265 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2815449 -Node: Programmer i18n815614 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1820480 -Node: Translator i18n820529 -Node: String Extraction821323 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1822454 -Node: Printf Ordering822540 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1825326 -Node: I18N Portability825390 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1827845 -Node: I18N Example827908 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1830711 -Node: Gawk I18N830783 -Node: I18N Summary831421 -Node: Debugger832760 -Node: Debugging833782 -Node: Debugging Concepts834223 -Node: Debugging Terms836076 -Node: Awk Debugging838648 -Node: Sample Debugging Session839542 -Node: Debugger Invocation840062 -Node: Finding The Bug841446 -Node: List of Debugger Commands847921 -Node: Breakpoint Control849254 -Node: Debugger Execution Control852950 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data856314 -Node: Execution Stack859692 -Node: Debugger Info861329 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands865346 -Node: Readline Support870375 -Node: Limitations871267 -Node: Debugging Summary873381 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic874549 -Node: Computer Arithmetic875965 -Ref: table-numeric-ranges879563 -Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1880422 -Node: Math Definitions880479 -Ref: table-ieee-formats883767 -Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1884371 -Node: MPFR features884476 -Node: FP Math Caution886147 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1887197 -Node: Inexactness of computations887566 -Node: Inexact representation888525 -Node: Comparing FP Values889882 -Node: Errors accumulate890964 -Node: Getting Accuracy892397 -Node: Try To Round895059 -Node: Setting precision895958 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings896642 -Node: Setting the rounding mode898431 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes898795 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1902250 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers902429 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1905415 -Node: POSIX Floating 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Extension Sample File Functions1022033 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1029671 -Node: Extension Sample Fork1031162 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace1032377 -Node: Extension Sample Ord1034052 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir1034888 -Ref: table-readdir-file-types1035764 -Node: Extension Sample Revout1036575 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1037165 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array1037905 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile1039845 -Node: Extension Sample Time1040940 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests1042289 -Node: gawkextlib1042780 -Node: Extension summary1045438 -Node: Extension Exercises1049127 -Node: Language History1049849 -Node: V7/SVR3.11051505 -Node: SVR41053686 -Node: POSIX1055131 -Node: BTL1056520 -Node: POSIX/GNU1057254 -Node: Feature History1062818 -Node: Common Extensions1075916 -Node: Ranges and Locales1077240 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11081858 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21081885 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31082119 -Node: Contributors1082340 -Node: History 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Getopt Function641741 +Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1653203 +Node: Passwd Functions653403 +Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1662240 +Node: Group Functions662328 +Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1670222 +Node: Walking Arrays670435 +Node: Library Functions Summary672038 +Node: Library Exercises673439 +Node: Sample Programs674719 +Node: Running Examples675489 +Node: Clones676217 +Node: Cut Program677441 +Node: Egrep Program687160 +Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1694658 +Node: Id Program694768 +Node: Split Program698413 +Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1701861 +Node: Tee Program701989 +Node: Uniq Program704778 +Node: Wc Program712197 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1716447 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs716541 +Node: Dupword Program717754 +Node: Alarm Program719785 +Node: Translate Program724589 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1729154 +Node: Labels Program729424 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1732775 +Node: Word Sorting732859 +Node: History Sorting736930 +Node: Extract Program738766 +Node: Simple Sed746291 +Node: Igawk Program749359 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1763683 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2763884 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3764006 +Node: Anagram Program764121 +Node: Signature Program767178 +Node: Programs Summary768425 +Node: Programs Exercises769618 +Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1773749 +Node: Advanced Features773840 +Node: Nondecimal Data775788 +Node: Array Sorting777378 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal778075 +Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1786408 +Node: Array Sorting Functions786526 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1790415 +Node: Two-way I/O790611 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1795556 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2795742 +Node: TCP/IP Networking795824 +Node: Profiling798697 +Node: Advanced Features Summary806244 +Node: Internationalization808177 +Node: I18N and L10N809657 +Node: Explaining gettext810343 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1815368 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2815552 +Node: Programmer i18n815717 +Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1820583 +Node: Translator i18n820632 +Node: String Extraction821426 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1822557 +Node: Printf Ordering822643 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1825429 +Node: I18N Portability825493 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1827948 +Node: I18N Example828011 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1830814 +Node: Gawk I18N830886 +Node: I18N Summary831524 +Node: Debugger832863 +Node: Debugging833885 +Node: Debugging Concepts834326 +Node: Debugging Terms836179 +Node: Awk Debugging838751 +Node: Sample Debugging Session839645 +Node: Debugger Invocation840165 +Node: Finding The Bug841549 +Node: List of Debugger Commands848024 +Node: Breakpoint Control849357 +Node: Debugger Execution Control853053 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data856417 +Node: Execution Stack859795 +Node: Debugger Info861432 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands865449 +Node: Readline Support870478 +Node: Limitations871370 +Node: Debugging Summary873484 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic874652 +Node: Computer Arithmetic876068 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges879666 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1880525 +Node: Math Definitions880582 +Ref: table-ieee-formats883870 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1884474 +Node: MPFR features884579 +Node: FP Math Caution886250 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1887300 +Node: Inexactness of computations887669 +Node: Inexact representation888628 +Node: Comparing FP Values889985 +Node: Errors accumulate891067 +Node: Getting Accuracy892500 +Node: Try To Round895162 +Node: Setting precision896061 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings896745 +Node: Setting the rounding mode898534 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes898898 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1902353 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers902532 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1905518 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems905667 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1909540 +Node: Floating point summary909578 +Node: Dynamic Extensions911772 +Node: Extension Intro913324 +Node: Plugin License914590 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline915387 +Ref: figure-load-extension915815 +Ref: figure-register-new-function917295 +Ref: figure-call-new-function918299 +Node: Extension API Description920285 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction921735 +Node: General Data Types926559 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1932298 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions932597 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1935436 +Node: Constructor Functions935532 +Node: Registration Functions937266 +Node: Extension Functions937951 +Node: Exit Callback Functions940248 +Node: Extension Version String941496 +Node: Input Parsers942161 +Node: Output Wrappers952040 +Node: Two-way processors956555 +Node: Printing Messages958759 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1959835 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'959987 +Node: Requesting Values960727 +Ref: table-value-types-returned961455 +Node: Accessing Parameters962412 +Node: Symbol Table Access963643 +Node: Symbol table by name964157 +Node: Symbol table by cookie966138 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1970282 +Node: Cached values970345 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1973844 +Node: Array Manipulation973935 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1975033 +Node: Array Data Types975070 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1977725 +Node: Array Functions977817 +Node: Flattening Arrays981671 +Node: Creating Arrays988563 +Node: Extension API Variables993334 +Node: Extension Versioning993970 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables995871 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate996936 +Node: Finding Extensions1000745 +Node: Extension Example1001305 +Node: Internal File Description1002077 +Node: Internal File Ops1006144 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11017814 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1017954 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11020337 +Node: Extension Samples1020610 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1022136 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1029774 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1031265 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1032480 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1034155 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1034991 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1035867 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1036678 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1037268 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1038008 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1039948 +Node: Extension Sample Time1041043 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1042392 +Node: gawkextlib1042883 +Node: Extension summary1045541 +Node: Extension Exercises1049230 +Node: Language History1049952 +Node: V7/SVR3.11051608 +Node: SVR41053789 +Node: POSIX1055234 +Node: BTL1056623 +Node: POSIX/GNU1057357 +Node: Feature History1062921 +Node: Common Extensions1076019 +Node: Ranges and Locales1077343 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11081961 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21081988 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31082222 +Node: Contributors1082443 +Node: History summary1087984 +Node: Installation1089354 +Node: Gawk Distribution1090300 +Node: Getting1090784 +Node: Extracting1091607 +Node: Distribution contents1093242 +Node: Unix Installation1098959 +Node: Quick Installation1099576 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1102000 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1103738 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1106107 +Node: PC Installation1106565 +Node: PC Binary Installation1107884 +Node: PC Compiling1109732 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11112753 +Node: PC Testing1112862 +Node: PC Using1114038 +Node: Cygwin1118153 +Node: MSYS1118976 +Node: VMS Installation1119476 +Node: VMS Compilation1120268 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11121490 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1121548 +Node: VMS Installation Details1123232 +Node: VMS Running1125484 +Node: VMS GNV1128320 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1129054 +Node: Bugs1129524 +Node: Other Versions1133407 +Node: Installation summary1139831 +Node: Notes1140887 +Node: Compatibility Mode1141752 +Node: Additions1142534 +Node: Accessing The Source1143459 +Node: Adding Code1144894 +Node: New Ports1151051 +Node: Derived Files1155533 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11161008 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21161042 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31161638 +Node: Future Extensions1161752 +Node: Implementation Limitations1162358 +Node: Extension Design1163606 +Node: Old Extension Problems1164760 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11166277 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1166334 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11169694 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1169883 +Node: Extension Future Growth1171991 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1172827 +Node: Notes summary1174589 +Node: Basic Concepts1175775 +Node: Basic High Level1176456 +Ref: figure-general-flow1176728 +Ref: figure-process-flow1177327 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11180556 +Node: Basic Data Typing1180741 +Node: Glossary1184069 +Node: Copying1215998 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1253554 +Node: Index1278690  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 762f30020bfa5e333345adc25d34da84918faa96 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Mon, 26 Jan 2015 22:35:52 +0200 Subject: More O'Reilly fixes. --- doc/gawk.info | 801 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 401 insertions(+), 400 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index e32e2511..ef092701 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -10125,11 +10125,11 @@ description of each variable.) use binary I/O. Any other string value is treated the same as `"rw"', but causes `gawk' to generate a warning message. `BINMODE' is described in more detail in *note PC Using::. `mawk' - (*note Other Versions::), also supports this variable, but only + (*note Other Versions::) also supports this variable, but only using numeric values. ``CONVFMT'' - This string controls conversion of numbers to strings (*note + A string that controls the conversion of numbers to strings (*note Conversion::). It works by being passed, in effect, as the first argument to the `sprintf()' function (*note String Functions::). Its default value is `"%.6g"'. `CONVFMT' was introduced by the @@ -10176,7 +10176,7 @@ description of each variable.) `IGNORECASE #' If `IGNORECASE' is nonzero or non-null, then all string comparisons - and all regular expression matching are case independent. Thus, + and all regular expression matching are case-independent. Thus, regexp matching with `~' and `!~', as well as the `gensub()', `gsub()', `index()', `match()', `patsplit()', `split()', and `sub()' functions, record termination with `RS', and field @@ -10196,7 +10196,7 @@ description of each variable.) Assigning a false value to `LINT' turns off the lint warnings. This variable is a `gawk' extension. It is not special in other - `awk' implementations. Unlike the other special variables, + `awk' implementations. Unlike with the other special variables, changing `LINT' does affect the production of lint warnings, even if `gawk' is in compatibility mode. Much as the `--lint' and `--traditional' options independently control different aspects of @@ -10204,17 +10204,18 @@ description of each variable.) execution is independent of the flavor of `awk' being executed. `OFMT' - Controls conversion of numbers to strings (*note Conversion::) for - printing with the `print' statement. It works by being passed as - the first argument to the `sprintf()' function (*note String - Functions::). Its default value is `"%.6g"'. Earlier versions of - `awk' used `OFMT' to specify the format for converting numbers to - strings in general expressions; this is now done by `CONVFMT'. + A string that controls conversion of numbers to strings (*note + Conversion::) for printing with the `print' statement. It works + by being passed as the first argument to the `sprintf()' function + (*note String Functions::). Its default value is `"%.6g"'. + Earlier versions of `awk' used `OFMT' to specify the format for + converting numbers to strings in general expressions; this is now + done by `CONVFMT'. `OFS' - This is the output field separator (*note Output Separators::). - It is output between the fields printed by a `print' statement. - Its default value is `" "', a string consisting of a single space. + The output field separator (*note Output Separators::). It is + output between the fields printed by a `print' statement. Its + default value is `" "', a string consisting of a single space. `ORS' The output record separator. It is output at the end of every @@ -10264,7 +10265,7 @@ description of each variable.)  File: gawk.info, Node: Auto-set, Next: ARGC and ARGV, Prev: User-modified, Up: Built-in Variables -7.5.2 Built-In Variables That Convey Information +7.5.2 Built-in Variables That Convey Information ------------------------------------------------ The following is an alphabetical list of variables that `awk' sets @@ -10368,14 +10369,14 @@ Options::), they are not special: `NF' The number of fields in the current input record. `NF' is set - each time a new record is read, when a new field is created or + each time a new record is read, when a new field is created, or when `$0' changes (*note Fields::). Unlike most of the variables described in this node, assigning a value to `NF' has the potential to affect `awk''s internal workings. In particular, assignments to `NF' can be used to - create or remove fields from the current record. *Note Changing - Fields::. + create fields in or remove fields from the current record. *Note + Changing Fields::. `FUNCTAB #' An array whose indices and corresponding values are the names of @@ -10410,7 +10411,7 @@ Options::), they are not special: `PROCINFO["identifiers"]' A subarray, indexed by the names of all identifiers used in - the text of the AWK program. An "identifier" is simply the + the text of the `awk' program. An "identifier" is simply the name of a variable (be it scalar or array), built-in function, user-defined function, or extension function. For each identifier, the value of the element is one of the @@ -10431,7 +10432,7 @@ Options::), they are not special: `"untyped"' The identifier is untyped (could be used as a scalar or - array, `gawk' doesn't know yet). + an array; `gawk' doesn't know yet). `"user"' The identifier is a user-defined function. @@ -10520,7 +10521,7 @@ Options::), they are not special: string, or -1 if no match is found. `RSTART' - The start-index in characters of the substring that is matched by + The start index in characters of the substring that is matched by the `match()' function (*note String Functions::). `RSTART' is set by invoking the `match()' function. Its value is the position of the string where the matched substring starts, or zero if no @@ -10570,7 +10571,7 @@ Options::), they are not special: } NOTE: In order to avoid severe time-travel paradoxes,(2) - neither `FUNCTAB' nor `SYMTAB' are available as elements + neither `FUNCTAB' nor `SYMTAB' is available as an element within the `SYMTAB' array. Changing `NR' and `FNR' @@ -10709,7 +10710,7 @@ are passed on to the `awk' program. (*Note Getopt Function::, for an When designing your program, you should choose options that don't conflict with `gawk''s, because it will process any options that it accepts before passing the rest of the command line on to your program. -Using `#!' with the `-E' option may help (*Note Executable Scripts::, +Using `#!' with the `-E' option may help (*note Executable Scripts::, and *note Options::,).  @@ -10720,14 +10721,14 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Pattern Action Summary, Prev: Built-in Variables, Up: * Pattern-action pairs make up the basic elements of an `awk' program. Patterns are either normal expressions, range - expressions, regexp constants, one of the special keywords - `BEGIN', `END', `BEGINFILE', `ENDFILE', or empty. The action + expressions, or regexp constants; one of the special keywords + `BEGIN', `END', `BEGINFILE', or `ENDFILE'; or empty. The action executes if the current record matches the pattern. Empty (missing) patterns match all records. - * I/O from `BEGIN' and `END' rules have certain constraints. This - is also true, only more so, for `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' rules. - The latter two give you "hooks" into `gawk''s file processing, + * I/O from `BEGIN' and `END' rules has certain constraints. This is + also true, only more so, for `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' rules. The + latter two give you "hooks" into `gawk''s file processing, allowing you to recover from a file that otherwise would cause a fatal error (such as a file that cannot be opened). @@ -10748,11 +10749,11 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Pattern Action Summary, Prev: Built-in Variables, Up: iteration of a loop (or get out of a `switch'). * `next' and `nextfile' let you read the next record and start over - at the top of your program, or skip to the next input file and + at the top of your program or skip to the next input file and start over, respectively. * The `exit' statement terminates your program. When executed from - an action (or function body) it transfers control to the `END' + an action (or function body), it transfers control to the `END' statements. From an `END' statement body, it exits immediately. You may pass an optional numeric value to be used as `awk''s exit status. @@ -32489,7 +32490,7 @@ Index (line 77) * differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 269) * differences in awk and gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. - (line 151) + (line 152) * differences in awk and gawk, trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. (line 66) * directories, command-line: Command-line directories. @@ -32977,7 +32978,7 @@ Index * gawk, splitting fields and: Constant Size. (line 87) * gawk, string-translation functions: I18N Functions. (line 6) * gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 269) -* gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable in: User-modified. (line 151) +* gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable in: User-modified. (line 152) * gawk, timestamps: Time Functions. (line 6) * gawk, uses for: Preface. (line 34) * gawk, versions of, information about, printing: Options. (line 302) @@ -33175,7 +33176,7 @@ Index * internationalization: I18N Functions. (line 6) * internationalization, localization <1>: Internationalization. (line 13) -* internationalization, localization: User-modified. (line 151) +* internationalization, localization: User-modified. (line 152) * internationalization, localization, character classes: Bracket Expressions. (line 101) * internationalization, localization, gawk and: Internationalization. @@ -33471,7 +33472,7 @@ Index * OFMT variable <2>: Strings And Numbers. (line 57) * OFMT variable: OFMT. (line 15) * OFMT variable, POSIX awk and: OFMT. (line 27) -* OFS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 113) +* OFS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 114) * OFS variable <2>: Output Separators. (line 6) * OFS variable: Changing Fields. (line 64) * OpenBSD: Glossary. (line 753) @@ -33524,7 +33525,7 @@ Index (line 12) * ord() user-defined function: Ordinal Functions. (line 16) * order of evaluation, concatenation: Concatenation. (line 41) -* ORS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 118) +* ORS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 119) * ORS variable: Output Separators. (line 21) * output field separator, See OFS variable: Changing Fields. (line 64) * output record separator, See ORS variable: Output Separators. @@ -33664,7 +33665,7 @@ Index * POSIX, gawk extensions not included in: POSIX/GNU. (line 6) * POSIX, programs, implementing in awk: Clones. (line 6) * POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 341) -* PREC variable: User-modified. (line 123) +* PREC variable: User-modified. (line 124) * precedence <1>: Precedence. (line 6) * precedence: Increment Ops. (line 60) * precedence, regexp operators: Regexp Operators. (line 156) @@ -33679,7 +33680,7 @@ Index * print statement, commas, omitting: Print Examples. (line 31) * print statement, I/O operators in: Precedence. (line 71) * print statement, line continuations and: Print Examples. (line 76) -* print statement, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 113) +* print statement, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 114) * print statement, See Also redirection, of output: Redirection. (line 17) * print statement, sprintf() function and: Round Function. (line 6) @@ -33794,7 +33795,7 @@ Index * readfile() user-defined function: Readfile Function. (line 30) * reading input files: Reading Files. (line 6) * recipe for a programming language: History. (line 6) -* record separators <1>: User-modified. (line 132) +* record separators <1>: User-modified. (line 133) * record separators: awk split records. (line 6) * record separators, changing: awk split records. (line 85) * record separators, regular expressions as: awk split records. @@ -33906,8 +33907,8 @@ Index * round to nearest integer: Numeric Functions. (line 23) * round() user-defined function: Round Function. (line 16) * rounding numbers: Round Function. (line 6) -* ROUNDMODE variable: User-modified. (line 127) -* RS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 132) +* ROUNDMODE variable: User-modified. (line 128) +* RS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 133) * RS variable: awk split records. (line 12) * RS variable, multiline records and: Multiple Line. (line 17) * rshift: Bitwise Functions. (line 53) @@ -33964,12 +33965,12 @@ Index * separators, field, FIELDWIDTHS variable and: User-modified. (line 37) * separators, field, FPAT variable and: User-modified. (line 43) * separators, field, POSIX and: Fields. (line 6) -* separators, for records <1>: User-modified. (line 132) +* separators, for records <1>: User-modified. (line 133) * separators, for records: awk split records. (line 6) * separators, for records, regular expressions as: awk split records. (line 125) * separators, for statements in actions: Action Overview. (line 19) -* separators, subscript: User-modified. (line 145) +* separators, subscript: User-modified. (line 146) * set breakpoint: Breakpoint Control. (line 11) * set debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 59) @@ -34101,7 +34102,7 @@ Index * split.awk program: Split Program. (line 30) * sprintf <1>: String Functions. (line 383) * sprintf: OFMT. (line 15) -* sprintf() function, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 113) +* sprintf() function, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 114) * sprintf() function, print/printf statements and: Round Function. (line 6) * sqrt: Numeric Functions. (line 77) @@ -34163,7 +34164,7 @@ Index (line 43) * sub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 462) * sub() function, escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) -* subscript separators: User-modified. (line 145) +* subscript separators: User-modified. (line 146) * subscripts in arrays, multidimensional: Multidimensional. (line 10) * subscripts in arrays, multidimensional, scanning: Multiscanning. (line 11) @@ -34171,7 +34172,7 @@ Index (line 6) * subscripts in arrays, uninitialized variables as: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) -* SUBSEP variable: User-modified. (line 145) +* SUBSEP variable: User-modified. (line 146) * SUBSEP variable, and multidimensional arrays: Multidimensional. (line 16) * substitute in string: String Functions. (line 90) @@ -34210,7 +34211,7 @@ Index * text, printing: Print. (line 22) * text, printing, unduplicated lines of: Uniq Program. (line 6) * TEXTDOMAIN variable <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 9) -* TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 151) +* TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 152) * TEXTDOMAIN variable, BEGIN pattern and: Programmer i18n. (line 60) * TEXTDOMAIN variable, portability and: I18N Portability. (line 20) * textdomain() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 28) @@ -34649,360 +34650,360 @@ Node: Nextfile Statement426645 Node: Exit Statement429273 Node: Built-in Variables431684 Node: User-modified432817 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1440498 -Node: Auto-set440560 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1453595 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2453800 -Node: ARGC and ARGV453856 -Node: Pattern Action Summary458074 -Node: Arrays460501 -Node: Array Basics461830 -Node: Array Intro462674 -Ref: figure-array-elements464638 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1467164 -Node: Reference to Elements467292 -Node: Assigning Elements469744 -Node: Array Example470235 -Node: Scanning an Array471993 -Node: Controlling Scanning475009 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1480205 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts480521 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts482706 -Node: Delete484323 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1487066 -Node: Multidimensional487123 -Node: Multiscanning490220 -Node: Arrays of Arrays491809 -Node: Arrays Summary496568 -Node: Functions498660 -Node: Built-in499559 -Node: Calling Built-in500637 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License1253554 -Node: Index1278690 +Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1440520 +Node: Auto-set440582 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1453634 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2453839 +Node: ARGC and ARGV453895 +Node: Pattern Action Summary458113 +Node: Arrays460546 +Node: Array Basics461875 +Node: Array Intro462719 +Ref: figure-array-elements464683 +Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1467209 +Node: Reference to Elements467337 +Node: Assigning Elements469789 +Node: Array Example470280 +Node: Scanning an Array472038 +Node: Controlling Scanning475054 +Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1480250 +Node: Numeric Array Subscripts480566 +Node: Uninitialized Subscripts482751 +Node: Delete484368 +Ref: Delete-Footnote-1487111 +Node: Multidimensional487168 +Node: Multiscanning490265 +Node: Arrays of Arrays491854 +Node: Arrays Summary496613 +Node: Functions498705 +Node: Built-in499604 +Node: Calling Built-in500682 +Node: Numeric Functions502673 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1506690 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2507047 +Ref: 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Commands865494 +Node: Readline Support870523 +Node: Limitations871415 +Node: Debugging Summary873529 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic874697 +Node: Computer Arithmetic876113 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges879711 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1880570 +Node: Math Definitions880627 +Ref: table-ieee-formats883915 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1884519 +Node: MPFR features884624 +Node: FP Math Caution886295 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1887345 +Node: Inexactness of computations887714 +Node: Inexact representation888673 +Node: Comparing FP Values890030 +Node: Errors accumulate891112 +Node: Getting Accuracy892545 +Node: Try To Round895207 +Node: Setting precision896106 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings896790 +Node: Setting the rounding mode898579 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes898943 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1902398 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers902577 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1905563 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems905712 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1909585 +Node: Floating point summary909623 +Node: Dynamic Extensions911817 +Node: Extension Intro913369 +Node: Plugin License914635 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline915432 +Ref: figure-load-extension915860 +Ref: figure-register-new-function917340 +Ref: figure-call-new-function918344 +Node: Extension API Description920330 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction921780 +Node: General Data Types926604 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1932343 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions932642 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1935481 +Node: Constructor Functions935577 +Node: Registration Functions937311 +Node: Extension Functions937996 +Node: Exit Callback Functions940293 +Node: Extension Version String941541 +Node: Input Parsers942206 +Node: Output Wrappers952085 +Node: Two-way processors956600 +Node: Printing Messages958804 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1959880 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'960032 +Node: Requesting Values960772 +Ref: table-value-types-returned961500 +Node: Accessing Parameters962457 +Node: Symbol Table Access963688 +Node: Symbol table by name964202 +Node: Symbol table by cookie966183 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1970327 +Node: Cached values970390 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1973889 +Node: Array Manipulation973980 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1975078 +Node: Array Data Types975115 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1977770 +Node: Array Functions977862 +Node: Flattening Arrays981716 +Node: Creating Arrays988608 +Node: Extension API Variables993379 +Node: Extension Versioning994015 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables995916 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate996981 +Node: Finding Extensions1000790 +Node: Extension Example1001350 +Node: Internal File Description1002122 +Node: Internal File Ops1006189 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11017859 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1017999 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11020382 +Node: Extension Samples1020655 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1022181 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1029819 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1031310 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1032525 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1034200 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1035036 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1035912 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1036723 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1037313 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1038053 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1039993 +Node: Extension Sample Time1041088 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1042437 +Node: gawkextlib1042928 +Node: Extension summary1045586 +Node: Extension Exercises1049275 +Node: Language History1049997 +Node: V7/SVR3.11051653 +Node: SVR41053834 +Node: POSIX1055279 +Node: BTL1056668 +Node: POSIX/GNU1057402 +Node: Feature History1062966 +Node: Common Extensions1076064 +Node: Ranges and Locales1077388 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11082006 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21082033 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31082267 +Node: Contributors1082488 +Node: History summary1088029 +Node: Installation1089399 +Node: Gawk Distribution1090345 +Node: Getting1090829 +Node: Extracting1091652 +Node: Distribution contents1093287 +Node: Unix Installation1099004 +Node: Quick Installation1099621 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1102045 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1103783 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1106152 +Node: PC Installation1106610 +Node: PC Binary Installation1107929 +Node: PC Compiling1109777 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11112798 +Node: PC Testing1112907 +Node: PC Using1114083 +Node: Cygwin1118198 +Node: MSYS1119021 +Node: VMS Installation1119521 +Node: VMS Compilation1120313 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11121535 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1121593 +Node: VMS Installation Details1123277 +Node: VMS Running1125529 +Node: VMS GNV1128365 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1129099 +Node: Bugs1129569 +Node: Other Versions1133452 +Node: Installation summary1139876 +Node: Notes1140932 +Node: Compatibility Mode1141797 +Node: Additions1142579 +Node: Accessing The Source1143504 +Node: Adding Code1144939 +Node: New Ports1151096 +Node: Derived Files1155578 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11161053 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21161087 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31161683 +Node: Future Extensions1161797 +Node: Implementation Limitations1162403 +Node: Extension Design1163651 +Node: Old Extension Problems1164805 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11166322 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1166379 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11169739 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1169928 +Node: Extension Future Growth1172036 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1172872 +Node: Notes summary1174634 +Node: Basic Concepts1175820 +Node: Basic High Level1176501 +Ref: figure-general-flow1176773 +Ref: figure-process-flow1177372 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11180601 +Node: Basic Data Typing1180786 +Node: Glossary1184114 +Node: Copying1216043 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1253599 +Node: Index1278735  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 62fe40d1944810a79c13bd519a5f1157c49cefb6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Tue, 27 Jan 2015 06:21:23 +0200 Subject: O'Reilly fixes. --- doc/gawk.info | 804 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 407 insertions(+), 397 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index ef092701..80cca4be 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -10855,9 +10855,9 @@ languages allow arbitrary starting and ending indices--e.g., `15 .. 27'--but the size of the array is still fixed when the array is declared.) - A contiguous array of four elements might look like the following -example, conceptually, if the element values are 8, `"foo"', `""', and -30 as shown in *note figure-array-elements::: + A contiguous array of four elements might look like *note +figure-array-elements::, conceptually, if the element values are eight, +`"foo"', `""', and 30. +---------+---------+--------+---------+ | 8 | "foo" | "" | 30 | @r{Value} @@ -10866,17 +10866,19 @@ example, conceptually, if the element values are 8, `"foo"', `""', and Figure 8.1: A contiguous array Only the values are stored; the indices are implicit from the order of -the values. Here, 8 is the value at index zero, because 8 appears in the -position with zero elements before it. +the values. Here, eight is the value at index zero, because eight +appears in the position with zero elements before it. Arrays in `awk' are different--they are "associative". This means that each array is a collection of pairs--an index and its corresponding array element value: - Index 3 Value 30 - Index 1 Value "foo" - Index 0 Value 8 - Index 2 Value "" + Index Value +------------------------ + `3' `30' + `1' `"foo"' + `0' `8' + `2' `""' The pairs are shown in jumbled order because their order is irrelevant.(1) @@ -10885,11 +10887,13 @@ irrelevant.(1) at any time. For example, suppose a tenth element is added to the array whose value is `"number ten"'. The result is: - Index 10 Value "number ten" - Index 3 Value 30 - Index 1 Value "foo" - Index 0 Value 8 - Index 2 Value "" + Index Value +------------------------------- + `10' `"number ten"' + `3' `30' + `1' `"foo"' + `0' `8' + `2' `""' Now the array is "sparse", which just means some indices are missing. It has elements 0-3 and 10, but doesn't have elements 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or @@ -10900,17 +10904,19 @@ have to be positive integers. Any number, or even a string, can be an index. For example, the following is an array that translates words from English to French: - Index "dog" Value "chien" - Index "cat" Value "chat" - Index "one" Value "un" - Index 1 Value "un" + Index Value +------------------------ + `"dog"' `"chien"' + `"cat"' `"chat"' + `"one"' `"un"' + `1' `"un"' Here we decided to translate the number one in both spelled-out and numeric form--thus illustrating that a single array can have both numbers and strings as indices. (In fact, array subscripts are always strings. There are some subtleties to how numbers work when used as array subscripts; this is discussed in more detail in *note Numeric -Array Subscripts::.) Here, the number `1' isn't double quoted, because +Array Subscripts::.) Here, the number `1' isn't double-quoted, because `awk' automatically converts it to a string. The value of `IGNORECASE' has no effect upon array subscripting. @@ -10934,7 +10940,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Reference to Elements, Next: Assigning Elements, Prev: ----------------------------------- The principal way to use an array is to refer to one of its elements. -An array reference is an expression as follows: +An "array reference" is an expression as follows: ARRAY[INDEX-EXPRESSION] @@ -10942,8 +10948,8 @@ Here, ARRAY is the name of an array. The expression INDEX-EXPRESSION is the index of the desired element of the array. The value of the array reference is the current value of that array -element. For example, `foo[4.3]' is an expression for the element of -array `foo' at index `4.3'. +element. For example, `foo[4.3]' is an expression referencing the +element of array `foo' at index `4.3'. A reference to an array element that has no recorded value yields a value of `""', the null string. This includes elements that have not @@ -11010,7 +11016,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Array Example, Next: Scanning an Array, Prev: Assignin The following program takes a list of lines, each beginning with a line number, and prints them out in order of line number. The line numbers -are not in order when they are first read--instead they are scrambled. +are not in order when they are first read--instead, they are scrambled. This program sorts the lines by making an array using the line numbers as subscripts. The program then prints out the lines in sorted order of their numbers. It is a very simple program and gets confused upon @@ -11081,7 +11087,7 @@ has previously used, with the variable VAR set to that index. The following program uses this form of the `for' statement. The first rule scans the input records and notes which words appear (at least once) in the input, by storing a one into the array `used' with -the word as index. The second rule scans the elements of `used' to +the word as the index. The second rule scans the elements of `used' to find all the distinct words that appear in the input. It prints each word that is more than 10 characters long and also prints the number of such words. *Note String Functions::, for more information on the @@ -11164,7 +11170,7 @@ internal implementation of arrays and will vary from one version of Often, though, you may wish to do something simple, such as "traverse the array by comparing the indices in ascending order," or "traverse the array by comparing the values in descending order." -`gawk' provides two mechanisms which give you this control. +`gawk' provides two mechanisms that give you this control: * Set `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]' to one of a set of predefined values. We describe this now. @@ -11212,22 +11218,26 @@ available: which `gawk' uses internally to perform the sorting. `"@ind_str_desc"' - String indices ordered from high to low. + Like `"@ind_str_asc"', but the string indices are ordered from + high to low. `"@ind_num_desc"' - Numeric indices ordered from high to low. + Like `"@ind_num_asc"', but the numeric indices are ordered from + high to low. `"@val_type_desc"' - Element values, based on type, ordered from high to low. - Subarrays, if present, come out first. + Like `"@val_type_asc"', but the element values, based on type, are + ordered from high to low. Subarrays, if present, come out first. `"@val_str_desc"' - Element values, treated as strings, ordered from high to low. - Subarrays, if present, come out first. + Like `"@val_str_asc"', but the element values, treated as strings, + are ordered from high to low. Subarrays, if present, come out + first. `"@val_num_desc"' - Element values, treated as numbers, ordered from high to low. - Subarrays, if present, come out first. + Like `"@val_num_asc"', but the element values, treated as numbers, + are ordered from high to low. Subarrays, if present, come out + first. The array traversal order is determined before the `for' loop starts to run. Changing `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]' in the loop body does not @@ -11413,8 +11423,8 @@ deleting elements in an array: This example removes all the elements from the array `frequencies'. Once an element is deleted, a subsequent `for' statement to scan the -array does not report that element and the `in' operator to check for -the presence of that element returns zero (i.e., false): +array does not report that element and using the `in' operator to check +for the presence of that element returns zero (i.e., false): delete foo[4] if (4 in foo) @@ -11617,7 +11627,7 @@ two-element subarray at index `1' of the main array `a': This simulates a true two-dimensional array. Each subarray element can contain another subarray as a value, which in turn can hold other arrays as well. In this way, you can create arrays of three or more -dimensions. The indices can be any `awk' expression, including scalars +dimensions. The indices can be any `awk' expressions, including scalars separated by commas (i.e., a regular `awk' simulated multidimensional subscript). So the following is valid in `gawk': @@ -11626,7 +11636,7 @@ subscript). So the following is valid in `gawk': Each subarray and the main array can be of different length. In fact, the elements of an array or its subarray do not all have to have the same type. This means that the main array and any of its subarrays -can be non-rectangular, or jagged in structure. You can assign a scalar +can be nonrectangular, or jagged in structure. You can assign a scalar value to the index `4' of the main array `a', even though `a[1]' is itself an array and not a scalar: @@ -11644,8 +11654,8 @@ the element at that index: a[4][5][6][7] = "An element in a four-dimensional array" This removes the scalar value from index `4' and then inserts a -subarray of subarray of subarray containing a scalar. You can also -delete an entire subarray or subarray of subarrays: +three-level nested subarray containing a scalar. You can also delete an +entire subarray or subarray of subarrays: delete a[4][5] a[4][5] = "An element in subarray a[4]" @@ -11653,7 +11663,7 @@ delete an entire subarray or subarray of subarrays: But recall that you can not delete the main array `a' and then use it as a scalar. - The built-in functions which take array arguments can also be used + The built-in functions that take array arguments can also be used with subarrays. For example, the following code fragment uses `length()' (*note String Functions::) to determine the number of elements in the main array `a' and its subarrays: @@ -11674,7 +11684,7 @@ be nested to scan all the elements of an array of arrays if it is rectangular in structure. In order to print the contents (scalar values) of a two-dimensional array of arrays (i.e., in which each first-level element is itself an array, not necessarily of the same -length) you could use the following code: +length), you could use the following code: for (i in array) for (j in array[i]) @@ -11756,9 +11766,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Arrays Summary, Prev: Arrays of Arrays, Up: Arrays of `awk'. * Standard `awk' simulates multidimensional arrays by separating - subscript values with a comma. The values are concatenated into a + subscript values with commas. The values are concatenated into a single string, separated by the value of `SUBSEP'. The fact that - such a subscript was created in this way is not retained; thus + such a subscript was created in this way is not retained; thus, changing `SUBSEP' may have unexpected consequences. You can use `(SUB1, SUB2, ...) in ARRAY' to see if such a multidimensional subscript exists in ARRAY. @@ -11766,7 +11776,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Arrays Summary, Prev: Arrays of Arrays, Up: Arrays * `gawk' provides true arrays of arrays. You use a separate set of square brackets for each dimension in such an array: `data[row][col]', for example. Array elements may thus be either - scalar values (number or string) or another array. + scalar values (number or string) or other arrays. * Use the `isarray()' built-in function to determine if an array element is itself a subarray. @@ -12319,7 +12329,7 @@ Options::): split("cul-de-sac", a, "-", seps) - splits the string `cul-de-sac' into three fields using `-' as the + splits the string `"cul-de-sac"' into three fields using `-' as the separator. It sets the contents of the array `a' as follows: a[1] = "cul" @@ -31743,7 +31753,7 @@ Index * arrays: Arrays. (line 6) * arrays of arrays: Arrays of Arrays. (line 6) * arrays, an example of using: Array Example. (line 6) -* arrays, and IGNORECASE variable: Array Intro. (line 94) +* arrays, and IGNORECASE variable: Array Intro. (line 100) * arrays, as parameters to functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 44) * arrays, associative: Array Intro. (line 50) @@ -31770,7 +31780,7 @@ Index (line 6) * arrays, sorting, and IGNORECASE variable: Array Sorting Functions. (line 83) -* arrays, sparse: Array Intro. (line 72) +* arrays, sparse: Array Intro. (line 76) * arrays, subscripts, uninitialized variables as: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) * arrays, unassigned elements: Reference to Elements. @@ -32063,7 +32073,7 @@ Index * case keyword: Switch Statement. (line 6) * case sensitivity, and regexps: User-modified. (line 76) * case sensitivity, and string comparisons: User-modified. (line 76) -* case sensitivity, array indices and: Array Intro. (line 94) +* case sensitivity, array indices and: Array Intro. (line 100) * case sensitivity, converting case: String Functions. (line 522) * case sensitivity, example programs: Library Functions. (line 53) * case sensitivity, gawk: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) @@ -32936,7 +32946,7 @@ Index * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <1>: Array Sorting Functions. (line 83) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <2>: String Functions. (line 58) -* gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <3>: Array Intro. (line 94) +* gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <3>: Array Intro. (line 100) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <4>: User-modified. (line 76) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) * gawk, implementation issues: Notes. (line 6) @@ -33103,7 +33113,7 @@ Index * ignore breakpoint: Breakpoint Control. (line 87) * ignore debugger command: Breakpoint Control. (line 87) * IGNORECASE variable: User-modified. (line 76) -* IGNORECASE variable, and array indices: Array Intro. (line 94) +* IGNORECASE variable, and array indices: Array Intro. (line 100) * IGNORECASE variable, and array sorting functions: Array Sorting Functions. (line 83) * IGNORECASE variable, in example programs: Library Functions. @@ -34093,7 +34103,7 @@ Index * source code, QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 139) * source code, Solaris awk: Other Versions. (line 100) * source files, search path for: Programs Exercises. (line 70) -* sparse arrays: Array Intro. (line 72) +* sparse arrays: Array Intro. (line 76) * Spencer, Henry: Glossary. (line 16) * split: String Functions. (line 316) * split string into array: String Functions. (line 297) @@ -34659,351 +34669,351 @@ Node: Pattern Action Summary458113 Node: Arrays460546 Node: Array Basics461875 Node: Array Intro462719 -Ref: figure-array-elements464683 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1467209 -Node: Reference to Elements467337 -Node: Assigning Elements469789 -Node: Array Example470280 -Node: Scanning an Array472038 -Node: Controlling Scanning475054 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1480250 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts480566 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts482751 -Node: Delete484368 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1487111 -Node: Multidimensional487168 -Node: Multiscanning490265 -Node: Arrays of Arrays491854 -Node: Arrays Summary496613 -Node: Functions498705 -Node: Built-in499604 -Node: Calling Built-in500682 -Node: Numeric Functions502673 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1506690 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2507047 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3507095 -Node: String Functions507367 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1530842 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2530971 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3531219 -Node: Gory Details531306 -Ref: table-sub-escapes533087 -Ref: table-sub-proposed534607 -Ref: table-posix-sub535971 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes537507 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1538339 -Node: I/O Functions538490 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1545708 -Node: Time Functions545855 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1556343 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2556411 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3556569 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4556680 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5556792 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6557019 -Node: Bitwise Functions557285 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops557847 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1562156 -Node: Type Functions562325 -Node: I18N Functions563476 -Node: User-defined565121 -Node: Definition Syntax565926 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1571333 -Node: Function Example571404 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1574323 -Node: Function Caveats574345 -Node: Calling A Function574863 -Node: Variable Scope575821 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference578809 -Node: Return Statement582304 -Node: Dynamic Typing585285 -Node: Indirect Calls586214 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1597516 -Node: Functions Summary597644 -Node: Library Functions600346 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1603955 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2604098 -Node: Library Names604269 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1607723 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2607946 -Node: General Functions608032 -Node: Strtonum Function609135 -Node: Assert Function612157 -Node: Round Function615481 -Node: Cliff Random Function617022 -Node: Ordinal Functions618038 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1621101 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2621353 -Node: Join Function621564 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1623333 -Node: Getlocaltime Function623533 -Node: Readfile Function627277 -Node: Shell Quoting629247 -Node: Data File Management630648 -Node: Filetrans Function631280 -Node: Rewind Function635336 -Node: File Checking636723 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1638055 -Node: Empty Files638256 -Node: Ignoring Assigns640235 -Node: Getopt Function641786 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1653248 -Node: Passwd Functions653448 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1662285 -Node: Group Functions662373 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1670267 -Node: Walking Arrays670480 -Node: Library Functions Summary672083 -Node: Library Exercises673484 -Node: Sample Programs674764 -Node: Running Examples675534 -Node: Clones676262 -Node: Cut Program677486 -Node: Egrep Program687205 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1694703 -Node: Id Program694813 -Node: Split Program698458 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1701906 -Node: Tee Program702034 -Node: Uniq Program704823 -Node: Wc Program712242 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1716492 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs716586 -Node: Dupword Program717799 -Node: Alarm Program719830 -Node: Translate Program724634 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1729199 -Node: Labels Program729469 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1732820 -Node: Word Sorting732904 -Node: History Sorting736975 -Node: Extract Program738811 -Node: Simple Sed746336 -Node: Igawk Program749404 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1763728 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2763929 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3764051 -Node: Anagram Program764166 -Node: Signature Program767223 -Node: Programs Summary768470 -Node: Programs Exercises769663 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1773794 -Node: Advanced Features773885 -Node: Nondecimal Data775833 -Node: Array Sorting777423 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal778120 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1786453 -Node: Array Sorting Functions786571 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1790460 -Node: Two-way I/O790656 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1795601 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2795787 -Node: TCP/IP Networking795869 -Node: Profiling798742 -Node: Advanced Features Summary806289 -Node: Internationalization808222 -Node: I18N and L10N809702 -Node: Explaining gettext810388 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1815413 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2815597 -Node: Programmer i18n815762 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1820628 -Node: Translator i18n820677 -Node: String Extraction821471 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1822602 -Node: Printf Ordering822688 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1825474 -Node: I18N Portability825538 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1827993 -Node: I18N Example828056 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1830859 -Node: Gawk I18N830931 -Node: I18N Summary831569 -Node: Debugger832908 -Node: Debugging833930 -Node: Debugging Concepts834371 -Node: Debugging Terms836224 -Node: Awk Debugging838796 -Node: Sample Debugging Session839690 -Node: Debugger Invocation840210 -Node: Finding The Bug841594 -Node: List of Debugger Commands848069 -Node: Breakpoint Control849402 -Node: Debugger Execution Control853098 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data856462 -Node: Execution Stack859840 -Node: Debugger Info861477 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands865494 -Node: Readline Support870523 -Node: Limitations871415 -Node: Debugging Summary873529 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic874697 -Node: Computer Arithmetic876113 -Ref: table-numeric-ranges879711 -Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1880570 -Node: Math Definitions880627 -Ref: table-ieee-formats883915 -Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1884519 -Node: MPFR features884624 -Node: FP Math Caution886295 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1887345 -Node: Inexactness of computations887714 -Node: Inexact representation888673 -Node: Comparing FP Values890030 -Node: Errors accumulate891112 -Node: Getting Accuracy892545 -Node: Try To Round895207 -Node: Setting precision896106 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings896790 -Node: Setting the rounding mode898579 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes898943 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1902398 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers902577 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1905563 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems905712 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1909585 -Node: Floating point summary909623 -Node: Dynamic Extensions911817 -Node: Extension Intro913369 -Node: Plugin License914635 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline915432 -Ref: figure-load-extension915860 -Ref: figure-register-new-function917340 -Ref: figure-call-new-function918344 -Node: Extension API Description920330 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction921780 -Node: General Data Types926604 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1932343 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions932642 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1935481 -Node: Constructor Functions935577 -Node: Registration Functions937311 -Node: Extension Functions937996 -Node: Exit Callback Functions940293 -Node: Extension Version String941541 -Node: Input Parsers942206 -Node: Output Wrappers952085 -Node: Two-way processors956600 -Node: Printing Messages958804 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1959880 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'960032 -Node: Requesting Values960772 -Ref: table-value-types-returned961500 -Node: Accessing Parameters962457 -Node: Symbol Table Access963688 -Node: Symbol table by name964202 -Node: Symbol table by cookie966183 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+Node: Clones676541 +Node: Cut Program677765 +Node: Egrep Program687484 +Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1694982 +Node: Id Program695092 +Node: Split Program698737 +Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1702185 +Node: Tee Program702313 +Node: Uniq Program705102 +Node: Wc Program712521 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1716771 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs716865 +Node: Dupword Program718078 +Node: Alarm Program720109 +Node: Translate Program724913 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1729478 +Node: Labels Program729748 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1733099 +Node: Word Sorting733183 +Node: History Sorting737254 +Node: Extract Program739090 +Node: Simple Sed746615 +Node: Igawk Program749683 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1764007 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2764208 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3764330 +Node: Anagram Program764445 +Node: Signature Program767502 +Node: Programs Summary768749 +Node: Programs Exercises769942 +Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1774073 +Node: Advanced Features774164 +Node: Nondecimal 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+Node: Debugger833187 +Node: Debugging834209 +Node: Debugging Concepts834650 +Node: Debugging Terms836503 +Node: Awk Debugging839075 +Node: Sample Debugging Session839969 +Node: Debugger Invocation840489 +Node: Finding The Bug841873 +Node: List of Debugger Commands848348 +Node: Breakpoint Control849681 +Node: Debugger Execution Control853377 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data856741 +Node: Execution Stack860119 +Node: Debugger Info861756 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands865773 +Node: Readline Support870802 +Node: Limitations871694 +Node: Debugging Summary873808 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic874976 +Node: Computer Arithmetic876392 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges879990 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1880849 +Node: Math Definitions880906 +Ref: table-ieee-formats884194 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1884798 +Node: MPFR features884903 +Node: FP Math Caution886574 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1887624 +Node: Inexactness of computations887993 +Node: Inexact representation888952 +Node: Comparing FP Values890309 +Node: Errors accumulate891391 +Node: Getting Accuracy892824 +Node: Try To Round895486 +Node: Setting precision896385 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings897069 +Node: Setting the rounding mode898858 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes899222 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1902677 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers902856 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1905842 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems905991 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1909864 +Node: Floating point summary909902 +Node: Dynamic Extensions912096 +Node: Extension Intro913648 +Node: Plugin License914914 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline915711 +Ref: figure-load-extension916139 +Ref: figure-register-new-function917619 +Ref: figure-call-new-function918623 +Node: Extension API Description920609 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction922059 +Node: General Data Types926883 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1932622 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions932921 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1935760 +Node: Constructor Functions935856 +Node: Registration Functions937590 +Node: Extension Functions938275 +Node: Exit Callback Functions940572 +Node: Extension Version String941820 +Node: Input Parsers942485 +Node: Output Wrappers952364 +Node: Two-way processors956879 +Node: Printing Messages959083 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1960159 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'960311 +Node: Requesting Values961051 +Ref: table-value-types-returned961779 +Node: Accessing Parameters962736 +Node: Symbol Table Access963967 +Node: Symbol table by name964481 +Node: Symbol table by cookie966462 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1970606 +Node: Cached values970669 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1974168 +Node: Array Manipulation974259 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1975357 +Node: Array Data Types975394 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1978049 +Node: Array Functions978141 +Node: Flattening Arrays981995 +Node: Creating Arrays988887 +Node: Extension API Variables993658 +Node: Extension Versioning994294 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables996195 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate997260 +Node: Finding Extensions1001069 +Node: Extension Example1001629 +Node: Internal File Description1002401 +Node: Internal File Ops1006468 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11018138 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1018278 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11020661 +Node: Extension Samples1020934 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1022460 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1030098 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1031589 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1032804 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1034479 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1035315 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1036191 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1037002 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1037592 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1038332 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1040272 +Node: Extension Sample Time1041367 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1042716 +Node: gawkextlib1043207 +Node: Extension summary1045865 +Node: Extension Exercises1049554 +Node: Language History1050276 +Node: V7/SVR3.11051932 +Node: SVR41054113 +Node: POSIX1055558 +Node: BTL1056947 +Node: POSIX/GNU1057681 +Node: Feature History1063245 +Node: Common Extensions1076343 +Node: Ranges and Locales1077667 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11082285 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21082312 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31082546 +Node: Contributors1082767 +Node: History summary1088308 +Node: Installation1089678 +Node: Gawk Distribution1090624 +Node: Getting1091108 +Node: Extracting1091931 +Node: Distribution contents1093566 +Node: Unix Installation1099283 +Node: Quick Installation1099900 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1102324 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1104062 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1106431 +Node: PC Installation1106889 +Node: PC Binary Installation1108208 +Node: PC Compiling1110056 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11113077 +Node: PC Testing1113186 +Node: PC Using1114362 +Node: Cygwin1118477 +Node: MSYS1119300 +Node: VMS Installation1119800 +Node: VMS Compilation1120592 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11121814 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1121872 +Node: VMS Installation Details1123556 +Node: VMS Running1125808 +Node: VMS GNV1128644 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1129378 +Node: Bugs1129848 +Node: Other Versions1133731 +Node: Installation summary1140155 +Node: Notes1141211 +Node: Compatibility Mode1142076 +Node: Additions1142858 +Node: Accessing The Source1143783 +Node: Adding Code1145218 +Node: New Ports1151375 +Node: Derived Files1155857 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11161332 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21161366 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31161962 +Node: Future Extensions1162076 +Node: Implementation Limitations1162682 +Node: Extension Design1163930 +Node: Old Extension Problems1165084 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11166601 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1166658 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11170018 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1170207 +Node: Extension Future Growth1172315 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1173151 +Node: Notes summary1174913 +Node: Basic Concepts1176099 +Node: Basic High Level1176780 +Ref: figure-general-flow1177052 +Ref: figure-process-flow1177651 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11180880 +Node: Basic Data Typing1181065 +Node: Glossary1184393 +Node: Copying1216322 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1253878 +Node: Index1279014  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 5153d0f04b7ad460b23ae5a011061f7b93a122ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Tue, 27 Jan 2015 20:57:58 +0200 Subject: O'Reilly edits and other fixes. --- doc/gawk.info | 899 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 452 insertions(+), 447 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 80cca4be..6a107df5 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -11796,7 +11796,9 @@ internationalize and localize programs. Besides the built-in functions, `awk' has provisions for writing new functions that the rest of a program can use. The second half of this -major node describes these "user-defined" functions. +major node describes these "user-defined" functions. Finally, we +explore indirect function calls, a `gawk'-specific extension that lets +you determine at runtime what function is to be called. * Menu: @@ -11808,7 +11810,7 @@ major node describes these "user-defined" functions.  File: gawk.info, Node: Built-in, Next: User-defined, Up: Functions -9.1 Built-In Functions +9.1 Built-in Functions ====================== "Built-in" functions are always available for your `awk' program to @@ -11833,7 +11835,7 @@ for your convenience.  File: gawk.info, Node: Calling Built-in, Next: Numeric Functions, Up: Built-in -9.1.1 Calling Built-In Functions +9.1.1 Calling Built-in Functions -------------------------------- To call one of `awk''s built-in functions, write the name of the @@ -11870,9 +11872,10 @@ are evaluated from left to right or from right to left. For example: j = atan2(++i, i *= 2) If the order of evaluation is left to right, then `i' first becomes -6, and then 12, and `atan2()' is called with the two arguments 6 and -12. But if the order of evaluation is right to left, `i' first becomes -10, then 11, and `atan2()' is called with the two arguments 11 and 10. +six, and then 12, and `atan2()' is called with the two arguments six +and 12. But if the order of evaluation is right to left, `i' first +becomes 10, then 11, and `atan2()' is called with the two arguments 11 +and 10.  File: gawk.info, Node: Numeric Functions, Next: String Functions, Prev: Calling Built-in, Up: Built-in @@ -11913,7 +11916,7 @@ brackets ([ ]): Often random integers are needed instead. Following is a user-defined function that can be used to obtain a random - non-negative integer less than N: + nonnegative integer less than N: function randint(n) { @@ -12003,7 +12006,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: String Functions, Next: I/O Functions, Prev: Numeric F The functions in this minor node look at or change the text of one or more strings. - `gawk' understands locales (*note Locales::), and does all string + `gawk' understands locales (*note Locales::) and does all string processing in terms of _characters_, not _bytes_. This distinction is particularly important to understand for locales where one character may be represented by multiple bytes. Thus, for example, `length()' @@ -12074,7 +12077,7 @@ Options::): a[2] = "de" a[3] = "sac" - The `asorti()' function works similarly to `asort()', however, the + The `asorti()' function works similarly to `asort()'; however, the _indices_ are sorted, instead of the values. Thus, in the previous example, starting with the same initial set of indices and values in `a', calling `asorti(a)' would yield: @@ -12162,7 +12165,7 @@ Options::): With BWK `awk' and `gawk', it is a fatal error to use a regexp constant for FIND. Other implementations allow it, simply treating the regexp constant as an expression meaning `$0 ~ - /regexp/'. (d.c.). + /regexp/'. (d.c.) `length('[STRING]`)' Return the number of characters in STRING. If STRING is a number, @@ -12206,9 +12209,9 @@ Options::): `match(STRING, REGEXP' [`, ARRAY']`)' Search STRING for the longest, leftmost substring matched by the - regular expression, REGEXP and return the character position - (index) at which that substring begins (one, if it starts at the - beginning of STRING). If no match is found, return zero. + regular expression REGEXP and return the character position (index) + at which that substring begins (one, if it starts at the beginning + of STRING). If no match is found, return zero. The REGEXP argument may be either a regexp constant (`/'...`/') or a string constant (`"'...`"'). In the latter case, the string is @@ -12216,7 +12219,7 @@ Options::): discussion of the difference between the two forms, and the implications for writing your program correctly. - The order of the first two arguments is backwards from most other + The order of the first two arguments is the opposite of most other string functions that work with regular expressions, such as `sub()' and `gsub()'. It might help to remember that for `match()', the order is the same as for the `~' operator: `STRING @@ -12283,8 +12286,8 @@ Options::): There may not be subscripts for the start and index for every parenthesized subexpression, because they may not all have matched - text; thus they should be tested for with the `in' operator (*note - Reference to Elements::). + text; thus, they should be tested for with the `in' operator + (*note Reference to Elements::). The ARRAY argument to `match()' is a `gawk' extension. In compatibility mode (*note Options::), using a third argument is a @@ -12317,12 +12320,12 @@ Options::): FIELDSEP, is a regexp describing where to split STRING (much as `FS' can be a regexp describing where to split input records). If FIELDSEP is omitted, the value of `FS' is used. `split()' returns - the number of elements created. SEPS is a `gawk' extension with + the number of elements created. SEPS is a `gawk' extension, with `SEPS[I]' being the separator string between `ARRAY[I]' and - `ARRAY[I+1]'. If FIELDSEP is a single space then any leading + `ARRAY[I+1]'. If FIELDSEP is a single space, then any leading whitespace goes into `SEPS[0]' and any trailing whitespace goes - into `SEPS[N]' where N is the return value of `split()' (i.e., the - number of elements in ARRAY). + into `SEPS[N]', where N is the return value of `split()' (i.e., + the number of elements in ARRAY). The `split()' function splits strings into pieces in a manner similar to the way input lines are split into fields. For example: @@ -12346,17 +12349,18 @@ Options::): As with input field-splitting, when the value of FIELDSEP is `" "', leading and trailing whitespace is ignored in values assigned to the elements of ARRAY but not in SEPS, and the elements - are separated by runs of whitespace. Also, as with input - field-splitting, if FIELDSEP is the null string, each individual + are separated by runs of whitespace. Also, as with input field + splitting, if FIELDSEP is the null string, each individual character in the string is split into its own array element. (c.e.) Note, however, that `RS' has no effect on the way `split()' works. - Even though `RS = ""' causes newline to also be an input field - separator, this does not affect how `split()' splits strings. + Even though `RS = ""' causes the newline character to also be an + input field separator, this does not affect how `split()' splits + strings. Modern implementations of `awk', including `gawk', allow the third - argument to be a regexp constant (`/abc/') as well as a string. + argument to be a regexp constant (`/'...`/') as well as a string. (d.c.) The POSIX standard allows this as well. *Note Computed Regexps::, for a discussion of the difference between using a string constant or a regexp constant, and the implications for @@ -12457,7 +12461,7 @@ Options::): { sub(/\|/, "\\&"); print } As mentioned, the third argument to `sub()' must be a variable, - field or array element. Some versions of `awk' allow the third + field, or array element. Some versions of `awk' allow the third argument to be an expression that is not an lvalue. In such a case, `sub()' still searches for the pattern and returns zero or one, but the result of the substitution (if any) is thrown away @@ -12582,11 +12586,11 @@ example, `"a\qb"' is treated as `"aqb"'. At the runtime level, the various functions handle sequences of `\' and `&' differently. The situation is (sadly) somewhat complex. -Historically, the `sub()' and `gsub()' functions treated the two -character sequence `\&' specially; this sequence was replaced in the -generated text with a single `&'. Any other `\' within the REPLACEMENT -string that did not precede an `&' was passed through unchanged. This -is illustrated in *note table-sub-escapes::. +Historically, the `sub()' and `gsub()' functions treated the +two-character sequence `\&' specially; this sequence was replaced in +the generated text with a single `&'. Any other `\' within the +REPLACEMENT string that did not precede an `&' was passed through +unchanged. This is illustrated in *note table-sub-escapes::. You type `sub()' sees `sub()' generates ------- --------- -------------- @@ -12601,10 +12605,10 @@ is illustrated in *note table-sub-escapes::. Table 9.1: Historical escape sequence processing for `sub()' and `gsub()' -This table shows both the lexical-level processing, where an odd number -of backslashes becomes an even number at the runtime level, as well as -the runtime processing done by `sub()'. (For the sake of simplicity, -the rest of the following tables only show the case of even numbers of +This table shows the lexical-level processing, where an odd number of +backslashes becomes an even number at the runtime level, as well as the +runtime processing done by `sub()'. (For the sake of simplicity, the +rest of the following tables only show the case of even numbers of backslashes entered at the lexical level.) The problem with the historical approach is that there is no way to @@ -12628,10 +12632,10 @@ This is shown in *note table-sub-proposed::. `\\q' `\q' A literal `\q' `\\\\' `\\' `\\' -Table 9.2: GNU `awk' rules for `sub()' and backslash +Table 9.2: `gawk' rules for `sub()' and backslash In a nutshell, at the runtime level, there are now three special -sequences of characters (`\\\&', `\\&' and `\&') whereas historically +sequences of characters (`\\\&', `\\&', and `\&') whereas historically there was only one. However, as in the historical case, any `\' that is not part of one of these three sequences is not special and appears in the output literally. @@ -12661,7 +12665,7 @@ Table 9.3: POSIX rules for `sub()' and `gsub()' `\\\\' is seen as `\\' and produces `\' instead of `\\'. Starting with version 3.1.4, `gawk' followed the POSIX rules when -`--posix' is specified (*note Options::). Otherwise, it continued to +`--posix' was specified (*note Options::). Otherwise, it continued to follow the proposed rules, as that had been its behavior for many years. When version 4.0.0 was released, the `gawk' maintainer made the @@ -12688,9 +12692,9 @@ the `\' does not, as shown in *note table-gensub-escapes::. Table 9.4: Escape sequence processing for `gensub()' - Because of the complexity of the lexical and runtime level processing -and the special cases for `sub()' and `gsub()', we recommend the use of -`gawk' and `gensub()' when you have to do substitutions. + Because of the complexity of the lexical- and runtime-level +processing and the special cases for `sub()' and `gsub()', we recommend +the use of `gawk' and `gensub()' when you have to do substitutions. ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -12717,10 +12721,10 @@ parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): When closing a coprocess, it is occasionally useful to first close one end of the two-way pipe and then to close the other. This is done by providing a second argument to `close()'. This second - argument should be one of the two string values `"to"' or `"from"', - indicating which end of the pipe to close. Case in the string does - not matter. *Note Two-way I/O::, which discusses this feature in - more detail and gives an example. + argument (HOW) should be one of the two string values `"to"' or + `"from"', indicating which end of the pipe to close. Case in the + string does not matter. *Note Two-way I/O::, which discusses this + feature in more detail and gives an example. Note that the second argument to `close()' is a `gawk' extension; it is not available in compatibility mode (*note Options::). @@ -12738,7 +12742,7 @@ parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): sometimes it is necessary to force a program to "flush" its buffers (i.e., write the information to its destination, even if a buffer is not full). This is the purpose of the `fflush()' - function--`gawk' also buffers its output and the `fflush()' + function--`gawk' also buffers its output, and the `fflush()' function forces `gawk' to flush its buffers. Brian Kernighan added `fflush()' to his `awk' in April 1992. For @@ -12755,16 +12759,17 @@ parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): output files and pipes if the argument was the null string. This was changed in order to be compatible with Brian Kernighan's `awk', in the hope that standardizing this - feature in POSIX would then be easier (which indeed helped). + feature in POSIX would then be easier (which indeed proved to + be the case). With `gawk', you can use `fflush("/dev/stdout")' if you wish to flush only the standard output. `fflush()' returns zero if the buffer is successfully flushed; - otherwise, it returns non-zero. (`gawk' returns -1.) In the case - where all buffers are flushed, the return value is zero only if - all buffers were flushed successfully. Otherwise, it is -1, and - `gawk' warns about the problem FILENAME. + otherwise, it returns a nonzero value. (`gawk' returns -1.) In + the case where all buffers are flushed, the return value is zero + only if all buffers were flushed successfully. Otherwise, it is + -1, and `gawk' warns about the problem FILENAME. `gawk' also issues a warning message if you attempt to flush a file or pipe that was opened for reading (such as with `getline'), @@ -12773,9 +12778,9 @@ parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering - As a side point, buffering issues can be even more confusing, - depending upon whether your program is "interactive" (i.e., - communicating with a user sitting at a keyboard).(1) + As a side point, buffering issues can be even more confusing if + your program is "interactive" (i.e., communicating with a user + sitting at a keyboard).(1) Interactive programs generally "line buffer" their output (i.e., they write out every line). Noninteractive programs wait until @@ -12804,7 +12809,7 @@ parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): shot. `system(COMMAND)' - Execute the operating-system command COMMAND and then return to + Execute the operating system command COMMAND and then return to the `awk' program. Return COMMAND's exit status. For example, if the following fragment of code is put in your `awk' @@ -12893,14 +12898,14 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Time Functions, Next: Bitwise Functions, Prev: I/O Fun `awk' programs are commonly used to process log files containing timestamp information, indicating when a particular log record was -written. Many programs log their timestamp in the form returned by the -`time()' system call, which is the number of seconds since a particular -epoch. On POSIX-compliant systems, it is the number of seconds since -1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC, not counting leap seconds.(1) All known -POSIX-compliant systems support timestamps from 0 through 2^31 - 1, -which is sufficient to represent times through 2038-01-19 03:14:07 UTC. -Many systems support a wider range of timestamps, including negative -timestamps that represent times before the epoch. +written. Many programs log their timestamps in the form returned by +the `time()' system call, which is the number of seconds since a +particular epoch. On POSIX-compliant systems, it is the number of +seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC, not counting leap seconds.(1) +All known POSIX-compliant systems support timestamps from 0 through +2^31 - 1, which is sufficient to represent times through 2038-01-19 +03:14:07 UTC. Many systems support a wider range of timestamps, +including negative timestamps that represent times before the epoch. In order to make it easier to process such log files and to produce useful reports, `gawk' provides the following functions for working @@ -12923,9 +12928,9 @@ enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): specified; for example, an hour of -1 means 1 hour before midnight. The origin-zero Gregorian calendar is assumed, with year 0 preceding year 1 and year -1 preceding year 0. The time is - assumed to be in the local timezone. If the daylight-savings flag - is positive, the time is assumed to be daylight savings time; if - zero, the time is assumed to be standard time; and if negative + assumed to be in the local time zone. If the daylight-savings + flag is positive, the time is assumed to be daylight savings time; + if zero, the time is assumed to be standard time; and if negative (the default), `mktime()' attempts to determine whether daylight savings time is in effect for the specified time. @@ -13066,23 +13071,23 @@ the following date format specifications: The weekday as a decimal number (1-7). Monday is day one. `%U' - The week number of the year (the first Sunday as the first day of - week one) as a decimal number (00-53). + The week number of the year (with the first Sunday as the first + day of week one) as a decimal number (00-53). `%V' - The week number of the year (the first Monday as the first day of - week one) as a decimal number (01-53). The method for determining - the week number is as specified by ISO 8601. (To wit: if the week - containing January 1 has four or more days in the new year, then - it is week one; otherwise it is week 53 of the previous year and - the next week is week one.) + The week number of the year (with the first Monday as the first + day of week one) as a decimal number (01-53). The method for + determining the week number is as specified by ISO 8601. (To wit: + if the week containing January 1 has four or more days in the new + year, then it is week one; otherwise it is week 53 of the previous + year and the next week is week one.) `%w' The weekday as a decimal number (0-6). Sunday is day zero. `%W' - The week number of the year (the first Monday as the first day of - week one) as a decimal number (00-53). + The week number of the year (with the first Monday as the first + day of week one) as a decimal number (00-53). `%x' The locale's "appropriate" date representation. (This is `%A %B @@ -13099,8 +13104,8 @@ the following date format specifications: The full year as a decimal number (e.g., 2015). `%z' - The timezone offset in a +HHMM format (e.g., the format necessary - to produce RFC 822/RFC 1036 date headers). + The time zone offset in a `+HHMM' format (e.g., the format + necessary to produce RFC 822/RFC 1036 date headers). `%Z' The time zone name or abbreviation; no characters if no time zone @@ -13217,7 +13222,7 @@ each successive pair of bits in the operands. Three common operations are bitwise AND, OR, and XOR. The operations are described in *note table-bitwise-ops::. - Bit Operator + Bit operator | AND | OR | XOR |--+--+--+--+--+-- Operands | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 @@ -13273,7 +13278,7 @@ paragraph, don't worry about it.) Here is a user-defined function (*note User-defined::) that illustrates the use of these functions: - # bits2str --- turn a byte into readable 1's and 0's + # bits2str --- turn a byte into readable ones and zeros function bits2str(bits, data, mask) { @@ -13331,9 +13336,9 @@ Nondecimal-numbers::), and then demonstrates the results of the ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) This example shows that 0's come in on the left side. For + (1) This example shows that zeros come in on the left side. For `gawk', this is always true, but in some languages, it's possible to -have the left side fill with 1's. +have the left side fill with ones.  File: gawk.info, Node: Type Functions, Next: I18N Functions, Prev: Bitwise Functions, Up: Built-in @@ -31453,7 +31458,7 @@ Index * * (asterisk), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 89) * * (asterisk), * operator, null strings, matching: String Functions. - (line 536) + (line 537) * * (asterisk), ** operator <1>: Precedence. (line 49) * * (asterisk), ** operator: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81) * * (asterisk), **= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) @@ -31512,7 +31517,7 @@ Index * --re-interval option: Options. (line 281) * --sandbox option: Options. (line 288) * --sandbox option, disabling system() function: I/O Functions. - (line 128) + (line 129) * --sandbox option, input redirection with getline: Getline. (line 19) * --sandbox option, output redirection with print, printf: Redirection. (line 6) @@ -31814,7 +31819,7 @@ Index * asterisk (*), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 89) * asterisk (*), * operator, null strings, matching: String Functions. - (line 536) + (line 537) * asterisk (*), ** operator <1>: Precedence. (line 49) * asterisk (*), ** operator: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81) * asterisk (*), **= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) @@ -32021,7 +32026,7 @@ Index * Brennan, Michael: Foreword3. (line 84) * Brian Kernighan's awk <1>: I/O Functions. (line 43) * Brian Kernighan's awk <2>: Gory Details. (line 19) -* Brian Kernighan's awk <3>: String Functions. (line 492) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <3>: String Functions. (line 493) * Brian Kernighan's awk <4>: Delete. (line 51) * Brian Kernighan's awk <5>: Nextfile Statement. (line 47) * Brian Kernighan's awk <6>: Continue Statement. (line 44) @@ -32047,8 +32052,8 @@ Index * Buening, Andreas <2>: Contributors. (line 92) * Buening, Andreas: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * buffering, input/output <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 52) -* buffering, input/output: I/O Functions. (line 140) -* buffering, interactive vs. noninteractive: I/O Functions. (line 75) +* buffering, input/output: I/O Functions. (line 141) +* buffering, interactive vs. noninteractive: I/O Functions. (line 76) * buffers, flushing: I/O Functions. (line 32) * buffers, operators for: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 48) @@ -32074,7 +32079,7 @@ Index * case sensitivity, and regexps: User-modified. (line 76) * case sensitivity, and string comparisons: User-modified. (line 76) * case sensitivity, array indices and: Array Intro. (line 100) -* case sensitivity, converting case: String Functions. (line 522) +* case sensitivity, converting case: String Functions. (line 523) * case sensitivity, example programs: Library Functions. (line 53) * case sensitivity, gawk: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) * case sensitivity, regexps and: Case-sensitivity. (line 6) @@ -32203,9 +32208,9 @@ Index * control statements: Statements. (line 6) * controlling array scanning order: Controlling Scanning. (line 14) -* convert string to lower case: String Functions. (line 523) -* convert string to number: String Functions. (line 390) -* convert string to upper case: String Functions. (line 529) +* convert string to lower case: String Functions. (line 524) +* convert string to number: String Functions. (line 391) +* convert string to upper case: String Functions. (line 530) * converting integer array subscripts: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 31) * converting, dates to timestamps: Time Functions. (line 76) @@ -32283,7 +32288,7 @@ Index (line 148) * dark corner, regexp constants, as arguments to user-defined functions: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) -* dark corner, split() function: String Functions. (line 361) +* dark corner, split() function: String Functions. (line 362) * dark corner, strings, storing: gawk split records. (line 83) * dark corner, value of ARGV[0]: Auto-set. (line 39) * data, fixed-width: Constant Size. (line 6) @@ -32819,7 +32824,7 @@ Index * format time string: Time Functions. (line 48) * formats, numeric output: OFMT. (line 6) * formatting output: Printf. (line 6) -* formatting strings: String Functions. (line 383) +* formatting strings: String Functions. (line 384) * forward slash (/) to enclose regular expressions: Regexp. (line 10) * forward slash (/), / operator: Precedence. (line 55) * forward slash (/), /= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) @@ -33078,7 +33083,7 @@ Index * gsub <1>: String Functions. (line 140) * gsub: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) -* gsub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 462) +* gsub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 463) * gsub() function, escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) * h debugger command (alias for help): Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 66) @@ -33181,7 +33186,7 @@ Index * integers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Integers. (line 6) * integers, unsigned: Computer Arithmetic. (line 41) -* interacting with other programs: I/O Functions. (line 106) +* interacting with other programs: I/O Functions. (line 107) * internationalization <1>: I18N and L10N. (line 6) * internationalization: I18N Functions. (line 6) * internationalization, localization <1>: Internationalization. @@ -33202,7 +33207,7 @@ Index * interpreted programs: Basic High Level. (line 15) * interval expressions, regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 116) * inventory-shipped file: Sample Data Files. (line 32) -* invoke shell command: I/O Functions. (line 106) +* invoke shell command: I/O Functions. (line 107) * isarray: Type Functions. (line 11) * ISO: Glossary. (line 461) * ISO 8859-1: Glossary. (line 197) @@ -33362,7 +33367,7 @@ Index * matching, expressions, See comparison expressions: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * matching, leftmost longest: Multiple Line. (line 26) -* matching, null strings: String Functions. (line 536) +* matching, null strings: String Functions. (line 537) * mawk utility <1>: Other Versions. (line 48) * mawk utility <2>: Nextfile Statement. (line 47) * mawk utility <3>: Concatenation. (line 36) @@ -33453,7 +33458,7 @@ Index (line 43) * null strings, converting numbers to strings: Strings And Numbers. (line 21) -* null strings, matching: String Functions. (line 536) +* null strings, matching: String Functions. (line 537) * number as string of bits: Bitwise Functions. (line 110) * number of array elements: String Functions. (line 201) * number sign (#), #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. @@ -33623,7 +33628,7 @@ Index * portability, operators: Increment Ops. (line 60) * portability, operators, not in POSIX awk: Precedence. (line 98) * portability, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 361) -* portability, substr() function: String Functions. (line 512) +* portability, substr() function: String Functions. (line 513) * portable object files <1>: Translator i18n. (line 6) * portable object files: Explaining gettext. (line 37) * portable object files, converting to message object files: I18N Example. @@ -33872,7 +33877,7 @@ Index * regular expressions, searching for: Egrep Program. (line 6) * relational operators, See comparison operators: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) -* replace in string: String Functions. (line 408) +* replace in string: String Functions. (line 409) * return debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 54) * return statement, user-defined functions: Return Statement. (line 6) @@ -34029,14 +34034,14 @@ Index (line 14) * sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 312) * sidebar, Controlling Output Buffering with system(): I/O Functions. - (line 138) + (line 139) * sidebar, Escape Sequences for Metacharacters: Escape Sequences. (line 134) * sidebar, FS and IGNORECASE: Field Splitting Summary. (line 38) * sidebar, Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering: I/O Functions. - (line 73) -* sidebar, Matching the Null String: String Functions. (line 534) + (line 74) +* sidebar, Matching the Null String: String Functions. (line 535) * sidebar, Operator Evaluation Order: Increment Ops. (line 58) * sidebar, Piping into sh: Redirection. (line 134) * sidebar, Pre-POSIX awk Used OFMT for String Conversion: Strings And Numbers. @@ -34110,7 +34115,7 @@ Index * split utility: Split Program. (line 6) * split() function, array elements, deleting: Delete. (line 61) * split.awk program: Split Program. (line 30) -* sprintf <1>: String Functions. (line 383) +* sprintf <1>: String Functions. (line 384) * sprintf: OFMT. (line 15) * sprintf() function, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 114) * sprintf() function, print/printf statements and: Round Function. @@ -34156,7 +34161,7 @@ Index * strings splitting, example: String Functions. (line 335) * strings, converting <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 110) * strings, converting: Strings And Numbers. (line 6) -* strings, converting letter case: String Functions. (line 522) +* strings, converting letter case: String Functions. (line 523) * strings, converting, numbers to: User-modified. (line 30) * strings, empty, See null strings: awk split records. (line 115) * strings, extracting: String Extraction. (line 6) @@ -34166,13 +34171,13 @@ Index * strings, null: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 43) * strings, numeric: Variable Typing. (line 6) -* strtonum: String Functions. (line 390) +* strtonum: String Functions. (line 391) * strtonum() function (gawk), --non-decimal-data option and: Nondecimal Data. (line 35) -* sub <1>: String Functions. (line 408) +* sub <1>: String Functions. (line 409) * sub: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) -* sub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 462) +* sub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 463) * sub() function, escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) * subscript separators: User-modified. (line 146) * subscripts in arrays, multidimensional: Multidimensional. (line 10) @@ -34186,15 +34191,15 @@ Index * SUBSEP variable, and multidimensional arrays: Multidimensional. (line 16) * substitute in string: String Functions. (line 90) -* substr: String Functions. (line 481) -* substring: String Functions. (line 481) +* substr: String Functions. (line 482) +* substring: String Functions. (line 482) * Sumner, Andrew: Other Versions. (line 68) * supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 237) * switch statement: Switch Statement. (line 6) * SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 269) * syntactic ambiguity: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 148) -* system: I/O Functions. (line 106) +* system: I/O Functions. (line 107) * systime: Time Functions. (line 66) * t debugger command (alias for tbreak): Breakpoint Control. (line 90) * tbreak debugger command: Breakpoint Control. (line 90) @@ -34244,8 +34249,8 @@ Index * timestamps, converting dates to: Time Functions. (line 76) * timestamps, formatted: Getlocaltime Function. (line 6) -* tolower: String Functions. (line 523) -* toupper: String Functions. (line 529) +* tolower: String Functions. (line 524) +* toupper: String Functions. (line 530) * tr utility: Translate Program. (line 6) * trace debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 108) @@ -34264,14 +34269,14 @@ Index (line 22) * troubleshooting, fatal errors, printf format strings: Format Modifiers. (line 158) -* troubleshooting, fflush() function: I/O Functions. (line 62) +* troubleshooting, fflush() function: I/O Functions. (line 63) * troubleshooting, function call syntax: Function Calls. (line 30) * troubleshooting, gawk: Compatibility Mode. (line 6) * troubleshooting, gawk, bug reports: Bugs. (line 9) * troubleshooting, gawk, fatal errors, function arguments: Calling Built-in. (line 16) * troubleshooting, getline function: File Checking. (line 25) -* troubleshooting, gsub()/sub() functions: String Functions. (line 472) +* troubleshooting, gsub()/sub() functions: String Functions. (line 473) * troubleshooting, match() function: String Functions. (line 292) * troubleshooting, print statement, omitting commas: Print Examples. (line 31) @@ -34281,8 +34286,8 @@ Index * troubleshooting, regexp constants vs. string constants: Computed Regexps. (line 40) * troubleshooting, string concatenation: Concatenation. (line 26) -* troubleshooting, substr() function: String Functions. (line 499) -* troubleshooting, system() function: I/O Functions. (line 128) +* troubleshooting, substr() function: String Functions. (line 500) +* troubleshooting, system() function: I/O Functions. (line 129) * troubleshooting, typographical errors, global variables: Options. (line 98) * true, logical: Truth Values. (line 6) @@ -34686,334 +34691,334 @@ Node: Multiscanning490548 Node: Arrays of Arrays492137 Node: Arrays Summary496891 Node: Functions498982 -Node: Built-in499881 -Node: Calling Built-in500959 -Node: Numeric Functions502950 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1506967 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2507324 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3507372 -Node: String Functions507644 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1531121 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2531250 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3531498 -Node: Gory Details531585 -Ref: table-sub-escapes533366 -Ref: table-sub-proposed534886 -Ref: table-posix-sub536250 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes537786 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1538618 -Node: I/O Functions538769 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1545987 -Node: Time Functions546134 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1556622 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2556690 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3556848 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4556959 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5557071 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6557298 -Node: Bitwise Functions557564 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops558126 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1562435 -Node: Type Functions562604 -Node: I18N Functions563755 -Node: User-defined565400 -Node: Definition Syntax566205 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1571612 -Node: Function Example571683 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1574602 -Node: Function Caveats574624 -Node: Calling A Function575142 -Node: Variable Scope576100 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference579088 -Node: Return Statement582583 -Node: Dynamic Typing585564 -Node: Indirect Calls586493 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1597795 -Node: Functions Summary597923 -Node: Library Functions600625 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1604234 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2604377 -Node: Library Names604548 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1608002 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2608225 -Node: General Functions608311 -Node: Strtonum Function609414 -Node: Assert Function612436 -Node: Round Function615760 -Node: Cliff Random Function617301 -Node: Ordinal Functions618317 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1621380 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2621632 -Node: Join Function621843 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1623612 -Node: Getlocaltime Function623812 -Node: Readfile Function627556 -Node: Shell Quoting629526 -Node: Data File Management630927 -Node: Filetrans Function631559 -Node: Rewind Function635615 -Node: File Checking637002 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1638334 -Node: Empty Files638535 -Node: Ignoring Assigns640514 -Node: Getopt Function642065 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1653527 -Node: Passwd Functions653727 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1662564 -Node: Group Functions662652 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1670546 -Node: Walking Arrays670759 -Node: Library Functions Summary672362 -Node: Library Exercises673763 -Node: Sample Programs675043 -Node: Running Examples675813 -Node: Clones676541 -Node: Cut Program677765 -Node: Egrep Program687484 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1694982 -Node: Id Program695092 -Node: Split Program698737 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1702185 -Node: Tee Program702313 -Node: Uniq Program705102 -Node: Wc Program712521 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1716771 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs716865 -Node: Dupword Program718078 -Node: Alarm Program720109 -Node: Translate Program724913 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1729478 -Node: Labels Program729748 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1733099 -Node: Word Sorting733183 -Node: History Sorting737254 -Node: Extract Program739090 -Node: Simple Sed746615 -Node: Igawk Program749683 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1764007 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2764208 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3764330 -Node: Anagram Program764445 -Node: Signature Program767502 -Node: Programs Summary768749 -Node: Programs Exercises769942 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1774073 -Node: Advanced Features774164 -Node: Nondecimal Data776112 -Node: Array Sorting777702 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal778399 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1786732 -Node: Array Sorting Functions786850 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1790739 -Node: Two-way I/O790935 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1795880 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2796066 -Node: TCP/IP Networking796148 -Node: Profiling799021 -Node: Advanced Features Summary806568 -Node: Internationalization808501 -Node: I18N and L10N809981 -Node: Explaining gettext810667 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1815692 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2815876 -Node: Programmer i18n816041 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1820907 -Node: Translator i18n820956 -Node: String Extraction821750 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1822881 -Node: Printf Ordering822967 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1825753 -Node: I18N Portability825817 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1828272 -Node: I18N Example828335 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1831138 -Node: Gawk I18N831210 -Node: I18N Summary831848 -Node: Debugger833187 -Node: Debugging834209 -Node: Debugging Concepts834650 -Node: Debugging Terms836503 -Node: Awk Debugging839075 -Node: Sample Debugging Session839969 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Traversal778606 +Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1786939 +Node: Array Sorting Functions787057 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1790946 +Node: Two-way I/O791142 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1796087 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2796273 +Node: TCP/IP Networking796355 +Node: Profiling799228 +Node: Advanced Features Summary806775 +Node: Internationalization808708 +Node: I18N and L10N810188 +Node: Explaining gettext810874 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1815899 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2816083 +Node: Programmer i18n816248 +Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1821114 +Node: Translator i18n821163 +Node: String Extraction821957 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1823088 +Node: Printf Ordering823174 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1825960 +Node: I18N Portability826024 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1828479 +Node: I18N Example828542 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1831345 +Node: Gawk I18N831417 +Node: I18N Summary832055 +Node: Debugger833394 +Node: Debugging834416 +Node: Debugging Concepts834857 +Node: Debugging Terms836710 +Node: Awk Debugging839282 +Node: Sample Debugging Session840176 +Node: Debugger Invocation840696 +Node: Finding The Bug842080 +Node: List of Debugger Commands848555 +Node: Breakpoint Control849888 +Node: Debugger Execution Control853584 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data856948 +Node: Execution Stack860326 +Node: Debugger Info861963 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands865980 +Node: Readline Support871009 +Node: Limitations871901 +Node: Debugging Summary874015 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic875183 +Node: Computer Arithmetic876599 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges880197 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1881056 +Node: Math Definitions881113 +Ref: table-ieee-formats884401 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1885005 +Node: MPFR features885110 +Node: FP Math Caution886781 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1887831 +Node: Inexactness of computations888200 +Node: Inexact representation889159 +Node: Comparing FP Values890516 +Node: Errors accumulate891598 +Node: Getting Accuracy893031 +Node: Try To Round895693 +Node: Setting precision896592 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings897276 +Node: Setting the rounding mode899065 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes899429 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1902884 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers903063 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1906049 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems906198 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1910071 +Node: Floating point summary910109 +Node: Dynamic Extensions912303 +Node: Extension Intro913855 +Node: Plugin License915121 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline915918 +Ref: figure-load-extension916346 +Ref: figure-register-new-function917826 +Ref: figure-call-new-function918830 +Node: Extension API Description920816 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction922266 +Node: General Data Types927090 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1932829 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions933128 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1935967 +Node: Constructor Functions936063 +Node: Registration Functions937797 +Node: Extension Functions938482 +Node: Exit Callback Functions940779 +Node: Extension Version String942027 +Node: Input Parsers942692 +Node: Output Wrappers952571 +Node: Two-way processors957086 +Node: Printing Messages959290 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1960366 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'960518 +Node: Requesting Values961258 +Ref: table-value-types-returned961986 +Node: Accessing Parameters962943 +Node: Symbol Table Access964174 +Node: Symbol table by name964688 +Node: Symbol table by cookie966669 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1970813 +Node: Cached values970876 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1974375 +Node: Array Manipulation974466 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1975564 +Node: Array Data Types975601 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1978256 +Node: Array Functions978348 +Node: Flattening Arrays982202 +Node: Creating Arrays989094 +Node: Extension API Variables993865 +Node: Extension Versioning994501 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables996402 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate997467 +Node: Finding Extensions1001276 +Node: Extension Example1001836 +Node: Internal File Description1002608 +Node: Internal File Ops1006675 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11018345 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1018485 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11020868 +Node: Extension Samples1021141 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1022667 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1030305 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1031796 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1033011 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1034686 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1035522 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1036398 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1037209 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1037799 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1038539 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1040479 +Node: Extension Sample Time1041574 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1042923 +Node: gawkextlib1043414 +Node: Extension summary1046072 +Node: Extension Exercises1049761 +Node: Language History1050483 +Node: V7/SVR3.11052139 +Node: SVR41054320 +Node: POSIX1055765 +Node: BTL1057154 +Node: POSIX/GNU1057888 +Node: Feature History1063452 +Node: Common Extensions1076550 +Node: Ranges and Locales1077874 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11082492 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21082519 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31082753 +Node: Contributors1082974 +Node: History summary1088515 +Node: Installation1089885 +Node: Gawk Distribution1090831 +Node: Getting1091315 +Node: Extracting1092138 +Node: Distribution contents1093773 +Node: Unix Installation1099490 +Node: Quick Installation1100107 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1102531 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1104269 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1106638 +Node: PC Installation1107096 +Node: PC Binary Installation1108415 +Node: PC Compiling1110263 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11113284 +Node: PC Testing1113393 +Node: PC Using1114569 +Node: Cygwin1118684 +Node: MSYS1119507 +Node: VMS Installation1120007 +Node: VMS Compilation1120799 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11122021 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1122079 +Node: VMS Installation Details1123763 +Node: VMS Running1126015 +Node: VMS GNV1128851 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1129585 +Node: Bugs1130055 +Node: Other Versions1133938 +Node: Installation summary1140362 +Node: Notes1141418 +Node: Compatibility Mode1142283 +Node: Additions1143065 +Node: Accessing The Source1143990 +Node: Adding Code1145425 +Node: New Ports1151582 +Node: Derived Files1156064 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11161539 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21161573 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31162169 +Node: Future Extensions1162283 +Node: Implementation Limitations1162889 +Node: Extension Design1164137 +Node: Old Extension Problems1165291 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11166808 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1166865 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11170225 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1170414 +Node: Extension Future Growth1172522 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1173358 +Node: Notes summary1175120 +Node: Basic Concepts1176306 +Node: Basic High Level1176987 +Ref: figure-general-flow1177259 +Ref: figure-process-flow1177858 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11181087 +Node: Basic Data Typing1181272 +Node: Glossary1184600 +Node: Copying1216529 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1254085 +Node: Index1279221  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 1bd1b885c7dd16b5e4ab78c040312f6f7d742784 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Fri, 30 Jan 2015 10:06:16 +0200 Subject: Disallow calling a function parameter. Check params are not function names. --- doc/gawk.info | 632 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 317 insertions(+), 315 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 6a107df5..4e975b14 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -13459,11 +13459,13 @@ the argument names are used to hold the argument values given in the call. A function cannot have two parameters with the same name, nor may it -have a parameter with the same name as the function itself. In -addition, according to the POSIX standard, function parameters cannot -have the same name as one of the special predefined variables (*note -Built-in Variables::). Not all versions of `awk' enforce this -restriction. +have a parameter with the same name as the function itself. + + CAUTION: According to the POSIX standard, function parameters + cannot have the same name as one of the special predefined + variables (*note Built-in Variables::), nor may a function + parameter have the same name as another function. Not all + versions of `awk' enforce these restrictions. Local variables act like the empty string if referenced where a string value is required, and like zero if referenced where a numeric @@ -14065,13 +14067,13 @@ using indirect function calls: # average --- return the average of the values in fields $first - $last - function average(first, last, sum, i) + function average(first, last, the_sum, i) { - sum = 0; + the_sum = 0; for (i = first; i <= last; i++) - sum += $i + the_sum += $i - return sum / (last - first + 1) + return the_sum / (last - first + 1) } # sum --- return the sum of the values in fields $first - $last @@ -32157,7 +32159,7 @@ Index * common extensions, \x escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 61) * common extensions, BINMODE variable: PC Using. (line 33) * common extensions, delete to delete entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) -* common extensions, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 93) +* common extensions, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 95) * common extensions, length() applied to an array: String Functions. (line 201) * common extensions, RS as a regexp: gawk split records. (line 6) @@ -32678,7 +32680,7 @@ Index * extensions, common, BINMODE variable: PC Using. (line 33) * extensions, common, delete to delete entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) * extensions, common, fflush() function: I/O Functions. (line 43) -* extensions, common, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 93) +* extensions, common, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 95) * extensions, common, length() applied to an array: String Functions. (line 201) * extensions, common, RS as a regexp: gawk split records. (line 6) @@ -32895,7 +32897,7 @@ Index * functions, library, user database, reading: Passwd Functions. (line 6) * functions, names of: Definition Syntax. (line 23) -* functions, recursive: Definition Syntax. (line 83) +* functions, recursive: Definition Syntax. (line 85) * functions, string-translation: I18N Functions. (line 6) * functions, undefined: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 68) @@ -33616,7 +33618,7 @@ Index (line 65) * portability, deleting array elements: Delete. (line 56) * portability, example programs: Library Functions. (line 42) -* portability, functions, defining: Definition Syntax. (line 109) +* portability, functions, defining: Definition Syntax. (line 111) * portability, gawk: New Ports. (line 6) * portability, gettext library and: Explaining gettext. (line 11) * portability, internationalization and: I18N Portability. (line 6) @@ -33661,7 +33663,7 @@ Index * POSIX awk, field separators and <1>: Full Line Fields. (line 16) * POSIX awk, field separators and: Fields. (line 6) * POSIX awk, FS variable and: User-modified. (line 60) -* POSIX awk, function keyword in: Definition Syntax. (line 93) +* POSIX awk, function keyword in: Definition Syntax. (line 95) * POSIX awk, functions and, gsub()/sub(): Gory Details. (line 90) * POSIX awk, functions and, length(): String Functions. (line 180) * POSIX awk, GNU long options and: Options. (line 15) @@ -33754,7 +33756,7 @@ Index * programming conventions, functions, calling: Calling Built-in. (line 10) * programming conventions, functions, writing: Definition Syntax. - (line 65) + (line 67) * programming conventions, gawk extensions: Internal File Ops. (line 45) * programming conventions, private variable names: Library Names. @@ -33823,7 +33825,7 @@ Index * records, splitting input into: Records. (line 6) * records, terminating: awk split records. (line 125) * records, treating files as: gawk split records. (line 93) -* recursive functions: Definition Syntax. (line 83) +* recursive functions: Definition Syntax. (line 85) * redirect gawk output, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 72) * redirection of input: Getline/File. (line 6) * redirection of output: Redirection. (line 6) @@ -33992,7 +33994,7 @@ Index * set directory of message catalogs: I18N Functions. (line 12) * set watchpoint: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 67) -* shadowing of variable values: Definition Syntax. (line 71) +* shadowing of variable values: Definition Syntax. (line 73) * shell quoting, rules for: Quoting. (line 6) * shells, piping commands into: Redirection. (line 136) * shells, quoting: Using Shell Variables. @@ -34366,7 +34368,7 @@ Index * variables, predefined conveying information: Auto-set. (line 6) * variables, private: Library Names. (line 11) * variables, setting: Options. (line 32) -* variables, shadowing: Definition Syntax. (line 71) +* variables, shadowing: Definition Syntax. (line 73) * variables, types of: Assignment Ops. (line 40) * variables, types of, comparison expressions and: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) @@ -34723,302 +34725,302 @@ Node: Type Functions562811 Node: I18N Functions563962 Node: User-defined565607 Node: Definition Syntax566412 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1571819 -Node: Function Example571890 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1574809 -Node: Function Caveats574831 -Node: Calling A Function575349 -Node: Variable Scope576307 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference579295 -Node: Return Statement582790 -Node: Dynamic Typing585771 -Node: Indirect Calls586700 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1598002 -Node: Functions Summary598130 -Node: Library Functions600832 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1604441 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2604584 -Node: Library Names604755 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1608209 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2608432 -Node: General Functions608518 -Node: Strtonum Function609621 -Node: Assert Function612643 -Node: Round Function615967 -Node: Cliff Random Function617508 -Node: Ordinal Functions618524 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1621587 -Ref: Ordinal 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+Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2621947 +Node: Join Function622158 +Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1623927 +Node: Getlocaltime Function624127 +Node: Readfile Function627871 +Node: Shell Quoting629841 +Node: Data File Management631242 +Node: Filetrans Function631874 +Node: Rewind Function635930 +Node: File Checking637317 +Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1638649 +Node: Empty Files638850 +Node: Ignoring Assigns640829 +Node: Getopt Function642380 +Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1653842 +Node: Passwd Functions654042 +Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1662879 +Node: Group Functions662967 +Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1670861 +Node: Walking Arrays671074 +Node: Library Functions Summary672677 +Node: Library Exercises674078 +Node: Sample Programs675358 +Node: Running Examples676128 +Node: Clones676856 +Node: Cut Program678080 +Node: Egrep Program687799 +Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1695297 +Node: Id Program695407 +Node: Split Program699052 +Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1702500 +Node: Tee Program702628 +Node: Uniq Program705417 +Node: Wc Program712836 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1717086 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs717180 +Node: Dupword Program718393 +Node: Alarm Program720424 +Node: Translate Program725228 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1729793 +Node: Labels Program730063 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1733414 +Node: Word Sorting733498 +Node: History Sorting737569 +Node: Extract Program739405 +Node: Simple Sed746930 +Node: Igawk Program749998 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1764322 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2764523 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3764645 +Node: Anagram Program764760 +Node: Signature Program767817 +Node: Programs Summary769064 +Node: Programs Exercises770257 +Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1774388 +Node: Advanced Features774479 +Node: Nondecimal Data776427 +Node: Array Sorting778017 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal778714 +Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1787047 +Node: Array Sorting Functions787165 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1791054 +Node: Two-way I/O791250 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1796195 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2796381 +Node: TCP/IP Networking796463 +Node: Profiling799336 +Node: Advanced Features Summary806883 +Node: Internationalization808816 +Node: I18N and L10N810296 +Node: Explaining gettext810982 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1816007 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2816191 +Node: Programmer i18n816356 +Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1821222 +Node: Translator i18n821271 +Node: String Extraction822065 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1823196 +Node: Printf Ordering823282 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1826068 +Node: I18N Portability826132 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1828587 +Node: I18N Example828650 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1831453 +Node: Gawk I18N831525 +Node: I18N Summary832163 +Node: Debugger833502 +Node: Debugging834524 +Node: Debugging Concepts834965 +Node: Debugging Terms836818 +Node: Awk Debugging839390 +Node: Sample Debugging Session840284 +Node: Debugger Invocation840804 +Node: Finding The Bug842188 +Node: List of Debugger Commands848663 +Node: Breakpoint Control849996 +Node: Debugger Execution Control853692 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data857056 +Node: Execution Stack860434 +Node: Debugger Info862071 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands866088 +Node: Readline Support871117 +Node: Limitations872009 +Node: Debugging Summary874123 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic875291 +Node: Computer Arithmetic876707 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges880305 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1881164 +Node: Math Definitions881221 +Ref: table-ieee-formats884509 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1885113 +Node: MPFR features885218 +Node: FP Math Caution886889 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1887939 +Node: Inexactness of computations888308 +Node: Inexact representation889267 +Node: Comparing FP Values890624 +Node: Errors accumulate891706 +Node: Getting Accuracy893139 +Node: Try To Round895801 +Node: Setting precision896700 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings897384 +Node: Setting the rounding mode899173 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes899537 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1902992 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers903171 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1906157 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems906306 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1910179 +Node: Floating point summary910217 +Node: Dynamic Extensions912411 +Node: Extension Intro913963 +Node: Plugin License915229 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline916026 +Ref: figure-load-extension916454 +Ref: figure-register-new-function917934 +Ref: figure-call-new-function918938 +Node: Extension API Description920924 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction922374 +Node: General Data Types927198 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1932937 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions933236 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1936075 +Node: Constructor Functions936171 +Node: Registration Functions937905 +Node: Extension Functions938590 +Node: Exit Callback Functions940887 +Node: Extension Version String942135 +Node: Input Parsers942800 +Node: Output Wrappers952679 +Node: Two-way processors957194 +Node: Printing Messages959398 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1960474 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'960626 +Node: Requesting Values961366 +Ref: table-value-types-returned962094 +Node: Accessing Parameters963051 +Node: Symbol Table Access964282 +Node: Symbol table by name964796 +Node: Symbol table by cookie966777 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1970921 +Node: Cached values970984 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1974483 +Node: Array Manipulation974574 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1975672 +Node: Array Data Types975709 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1978364 +Node: Array Functions978456 +Node: Flattening Arrays982310 +Node: Creating Arrays989202 +Node: Extension API Variables993973 +Node: Extension Versioning994609 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables996510 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate997575 +Node: Finding Extensions1001384 +Node: Extension Example1001944 +Node: Internal File Description1002716 +Node: Internal File Ops1006783 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11018453 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1018593 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11020976 +Node: Extension Samples1021249 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1022775 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1030413 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1031904 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1033119 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1034794 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1035630 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1036506 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1037317 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1037907 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1038647 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1040587 +Node: Extension Sample Time1041682 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1043031 +Node: gawkextlib1043522 +Node: Extension summary1046180 +Node: Extension Exercises1049869 +Node: Language History1050591 +Node: V7/SVR3.11052247 +Node: SVR41054428 +Node: POSIX1055873 +Node: BTL1057262 +Node: POSIX/GNU1057996 +Node: Feature History1063560 +Node: Common Extensions1076658 +Node: Ranges and Locales1077982 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11082600 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21082627 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31082861 +Node: Contributors1083082 +Node: History summary1088623 +Node: Installation1089993 +Node: Gawk Distribution1090939 +Node: Getting1091423 +Node: Extracting1092246 +Node: Distribution contents1093881 +Node: Unix Installation1099598 +Node: Quick Installation1100215 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1102639 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1104377 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1106746 +Node: PC Installation1107204 +Node: PC Binary Installation1108523 +Node: PC Compiling1110371 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11113392 +Node: PC Testing1113501 +Node: PC Using1114677 +Node: Cygwin1118792 +Node: MSYS1119615 +Node: VMS Installation1120115 +Node: VMS Compilation1120907 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11122129 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1122187 +Node: VMS Installation Details1123871 +Node: VMS Running1126123 +Node: VMS 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High Level-Footnote-11181195 +Node: Basic Data Typing1181380 +Node: Glossary1184708 +Node: Copying1216637 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1254193 +Node: Index1279329  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From bcb51623b8e156b03c2ae588906e4ed25fa3eba2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Sun, 1 Feb 2015 20:53:05 +0200 Subject: Move param checking against function names into --posix. --- doc/gawk.info | 627 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 315 insertions(+), 312 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 4e975b14..ca168110 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -13464,8 +13464,11 @@ have a parameter with the same name as the function itself. CAUTION: According to the POSIX standard, function parameters cannot have the same name as one of the special predefined variables (*note Built-in Variables::), nor may a function - parameter have the same name as another function. Not all - versions of `awk' enforce these restrictions. + parameter have the same name as another function. + + Not all versions of `awk' enforce these restrictions. `gawk' + always enforces the first restriction. With `--posix' (*note + Options::), it also enforces the second restriction. Local variables act like the empty string if referenced where a string value is required, and like zero if referenced where a numeric @@ -14067,13 +14070,13 @@ using indirect function calls: # average --- return the average of the values in fields $first - $last - function average(first, last, the_sum, i) + function average(first, last, sum, i) { - the_sum = 0; + sum = 0; for (i = first; i <= last; i++) - the_sum += $i + sum += $i - return the_sum / (last - first + 1) + return sum / (last - first + 1) } # sum --- return the sum of the values in fields $first - $last @@ -32159,7 +32162,7 @@ Index * common extensions, \x escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 61) * common extensions, BINMODE variable: PC Using. (line 33) * common extensions, delete to delete entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) -* common extensions, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 95) +* common extensions, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 98) * common extensions, length() applied to an array: String Functions. (line 201) * common extensions, RS as a regexp: gawk split records. (line 6) @@ -32680,7 +32683,7 @@ Index * extensions, common, BINMODE variable: PC Using. (line 33) * extensions, common, delete to delete entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) * extensions, common, fflush() function: I/O Functions. (line 43) -* extensions, common, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 95) +* extensions, common, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 98) * extensions, common, length() applied to an array: String Functions. (line 201) * extensions, common, RS as a regexp: gawk split records. (line 6) @@ -32897,7 +32900,7 @@ Index * functions, library, user database, reading: Passwd Functions. (line 6) * functions, names of: Definition Syntax. (line 23) -* functions, recursive: Definition Syntax. (line 85) +* functions, recursive: Definition Syntax. (line 88) * functions, string-translation: I18N Functions. (line 6) * functions, undefined: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 68) @@ -33618,7 +33621,7 @@ Index (line 65) * portability, deleting array elements: Delete. (line 56) * portability, example programs: Library Functions. (line 42) -* portability, functions, defining: Definition Syntax. (line 111) +* portability, functions, defining: Definition Syntax. (line 114) * portability, gawk: New Ports. (line 6) * portability, gettext library and: Explaining gettext. (line 11) * portability, internationalization and: I18N Portability. (line 6) @@ -33663,7 +33666,7 @@ Index * POSIX awk, field separators and <1>: Full Line Fields. (line 16) * POSIX awk, field separators and: Fields. (line 6) * POSIX awk, FS variable and: User-modified. (line 60) -* POSIX awk, function keyword in: Definition Syntax. (line 95) +* POSIX awk, function keyword in: Definition Syntax. (line 98) * POSIX awk, functions and, gsub()/sub(): Gory Details. (line 90) * POSIX awk, functions and, length(): String Functions. (line 180) * POSIX awk, GNU long options and: Options. (line 15) @@ -33756,7 +33759,7 @@ Index * programming conventions, functions, calling: Calling Built-in. (line 10) * programming conventions, functions, writing: Definition Syntax. - (line 67) + (line 70) * programming conventions, gawk extensions: Internal File Ops. (line 45) * programming conventions, private variable names: Library Names. @@ -33825,7 +33828,7 @@ Index * records, splitting input into: Records. (line 6) * records, terminating: awk split records. (line 125) * records, treating files as: gawk split records. (line 93) -* recursive functions: Definition Syntax. (line 85) +* recursive functions: Definition Syntax. (line 88) * redirect gawk output, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 72) * redirection of input: Getline/File. (line 6) * redirection of output: Redirection. (line 6) @@ -33994,7 +33997,7 @@ Index * set directory of message catalogs: I18N Functions. (line 12) * set watchpoint: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 67) -* shadowing of variable values: Definition Syntax. (line 73) +* shadowing of variable values: Definition Syntax. (line 76) * shell quoting, rules for: Quoting. (line 6) * shells, piping commands into: Redirection. (line 136) * shells, quoting: Using Shell Variables. @@ -34368,7 +34371,7 @@ Index * variables, predefined conveying information: Auto-set. (line 6) * variables, private: Library Names. (line 11) * variables, setting: Options. (line 32) -* variables, shadowing: Definition Syntax. (line 73) +* variables, shadowing: Definition Syntax. (line 76) * variables, types of: Assignment Ops. (line 40) * variables, types of, comparison expressions and: Typing and Comparison. 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+Node: Uniq Program705534 +Node: Wc Program712953 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1717203 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs717297 +Node: Dupword Program718510 +Node: Alarm Program720541 +Node: Translate Program725345 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1729910 +Node: Labels Program730180 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1733531 +Node: Word Sorting733615 +Node: History Sorting737686 +Node: Extract Program739522 +Node: Simple Sed747047 +Node: Igawk Program750115 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1764439 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2764640 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3764762 +Node: Anagram Program764877 +Node: Signature Program767934 +Node: Programs Summary769181 +Node: Programs Exercises770374 +Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1774505 +Node: Advanced Features774596 +Node: Nondecimal Data776544 +Node: Array Sorting778134 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal778831 +Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1787164 +Node: Array Sorting Functions787282 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1791171 +Node: 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Bug842305 +Node: List of Debugger Commands848780 +Node: Breakpoint Control850113 +Node: Debugger Execution Control853809 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data857173 +Node: Execution Stack860551 +Node: Debugger Info862188 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands866205 +Node: Readline Support871234 +Node: Limitations872126 +Node: Debugging Summary874240 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic875408 +Node: Computer Arithmetic876824 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges880422 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1881281 +Node: Math Definitions881338 +Ref: table-ieee-formats884626 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1885230 +Node: MPFR features885335 +Node: FP Math Caution887006 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1888056 +Node: Inexactness of computations888425 +Node: Inexact representation889384 +Node: Comparing FP Values890741 +Node: Errors accumulate891823 +Node: Getting Accuracy893256 +Node: Try To Round895918 +Node: Setting precision896817 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings897501 +Node: Setting the rounding 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+Node: Input Parsers942917 +Node: Output Wrappers952796 +Node: Two-way processors957311 +Node: Printing Messages959515 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1960591 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'960743 +Node: Requesting Values961483 +Ref: table-value-types-returned962211 +Node: Accessing Parameters963168 +Node: Symbol Table Access964399 +Node: Symbol table by name964913 +Node: Symbol table by cookie966894 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1971038 +Node: Cached values971101 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1974600 +Node: Array Manipulation974691 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1975789 +Node: Array Data Types975826 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1978481 +Node: Array Functions978573 +Node: Flattening Arrays982427 +Node: Creating Arrays989319 +Node: Extension API Variables994090 +Node: Extension Versioning994726 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables996627 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate997692 +Node: Finding Extensions1001501 +Node: Extension Example1002061 +Node: Internal File 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Extensions1076775 +Node: Ranges and Locales1078099 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11082717 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21082744 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31082978 +Node: Contributors1083199 +Node: History summary1088740 +Node: Installation1090110 +Node: Gawk Distribution1091056 +Node: Getting1091540 +Node: Extracting1092363 +Node: Distribution contents1093998 +Node: Unix Installation1099715 +Node: Quick Installation1100332 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1102756 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1104494 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1106863 +Node: PC Installation1107321 +Node: PC Binary Installation1108640 +Node: PC Compiling1110488 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11113509 +Node: PC Testing1113618 +Node: PC Using1114794 +Node: Cygwin1118909 +Node: MSYS1119732 +Node: VMS Installation1120232 +Node: VMS Compilation1121024 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11122246 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1122304 +Node: VMS Installation Details1123988 +Node: VMS Running1126240 +Node: VMS 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High Level-Footnote-11181312 +Node: Basic Data Typing1181497 +Node: Glossary1184825 +Node: Copying1216754 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1254310 +Node: Index1279446  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From ec0a8d6c8ed3855b440aeb90b92088115212fb78 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Sun, 1 Feb 2015 21:48:46 +0200 Subject: More O'Reilly fixes. --- doc/gawk.info | 688 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 345 insertions(+), 343 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index ca168110..0e8bcb52 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -13317,13 +13317,14 @@ This program produces the following output when run: -| lshift(0x99, 2) = 0x264 = 0000001001100100 -| rshift(0x99, 2) = 0x26 = 00100110 - The `bits2str()' function turns a binary number into a string. The -number `1' represents a binary value where the rightmost bit is set to -1. Using this mask, the function repeatedly checks the rightmost bit. -ANDing the mask with the value indicates whether the rightmost bit is 1 -or not. If so, a `"1"' is concatenated onto the front of the string. -Otherwise, a `"0"' is added. The value is then shifted right by one -bit and the loop continues until there are no more 1 bits. + The `bits2str()' function turns a binary number into a string. +Initializing `mask' to one creates a binary value where the rightmost +bit is set to one. Using this mask, the function repeatedly checks the +rightmost bit. ANDing the mask with the value indicates whether the +rightmost bit is one or not. If so, a `"1"' is concatenated onto the +front of the string. Otherwise, a `"0"' is added. The value is then +shifted right by one bit and the loop continues until there are no more +one bits. If the initial value is zero, it returns a simple `"0"'. Otherwise, at the end, it pads the value with zeros to represent multiples of @@ -13352,7 +13353,7 @@ traverses every element of an array of arrays (*note Arrays of Arrays::). `isarray(X)' - Return a true value if X is an array. Otherwise return false. + Return a true value if X is an array. Otherwise, return false. `isarray()' is meant for use in two circumstances. The first is when traversing a multidimensional array: you can test if an element is @@ -13399,8 +13400,8 @@ brackets ([ ]): Return the plural form used for NUMBER of the translation of STRING1 and STRING2 in text domain DOMAIN for locale category CATEGORY. STRING1 is the English singular variant of a message, - and STRING2 the English plural variant of the same message. The - default value for DOMAIN is the current value of `TEXTDOMAIN'. + and STRING2 is the English plural variant of the same message. + The default value for DOMAIN is the current value of `TEXTDOMAIN'. The default value for CATEGORY is `"LC_MESSAGES"'.  @@ -13429,7 +13430,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Definition Syntax, Next: Function Example, Up: User-de 9.2.1 Function Definition Syntax -------------------------------- - It's entirely fair to say that the `awk' syntax for local variable + It's entirely fair to say that the awk syntax for local variable definitions is appallingly awful. -- Brian Kernighan Definitions of functions can appear anywhere between the rules of an @@ -13472,9 +13473,9 @@ have a parameter with the same name as the function itself. Local variables act like the empty string if referenced where a string value is required, and like zero if referenced where a numeric -value is required. This is the same as regular variables that have -never been assigned a value. (There is more to understand about local -variables; *note Dynamic Typing::.) +value is required. This is the same as the behavior of regular +variables that have never been assigned a value. (There is more to +understand about local variables; *note Dynamic Typing::.) The BODY-OF-FUNCTION consists of `awk' statements. It is the most important part of the definition, because it says what the function @@ -13503,9 +13504,9 @@ function is supposed to be used. variable values hide, or "shadow", any variables of the same names used in the rest of the program. The shadowed variables are not accessible in the function definition, because there is no way to name them while -their names have been taken away for the local variables. All other -variables used in the `awk' program can be referenced or set normally -in the function's body. +their names have been taken away for the arguments and local variables. +All other variables used in the `awk' program can be referenced or set +normally in the function's body. The arguments and local variables last only as long as the function body is executing. Once the body finishes, you can once again access @@ -13558,7 +13559,7 @@ takes a number and prints it in a specific format: printf "%6.3g\n", num } -To illustrate, here is an `awk' rule that uses our `myprint' function: +To illustrate, here is an `awk' rule that uses our `myprint()' function: $3 > 0 { myprint($3) } @@ -13587,13 +13588,13 @@ extra whitespace signifies the start of the local variable list): When working with arrays, it is often necessary to delete all the elements in an array and start over with a new list of elements (*note Delete::). Instead of having to repeat this loop everywhere that you -need to clear out an array, your program can just call `delarray'. +need to clear out an array, your program can just call `delarray()'. (This guarantees portability. The use of `delete ARRAY' to delete the contents of an entire array is a relatively recent(1) addition to the POSIX standard.) The following is an example of a recursive function. It takes a -string as an input parameter and returns the string in backwards order. +string as an input parameter and returns the string in reverse order. Recursive functions must always have a test that stops the recursion. In this case, the recursion terminates when the input string is already empty: @@ -13684,14 +13685,14 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Variable Scope, Next: Pass By Value/Reference, Prev: C 9.2.3.2 Controlling Variable Scope .................................. -Unlike many languages, there is no way to make a variable local to a +Unlike in many languages, there is no way to make a variable local to a `{' ... `}' block in `awk', but you can make a variable local to a function. It is good practice to do so whenever a variable is needed only in that function. To make a variable local to a function, simply declare the variable as an argument after the actual function arguments (*note Definition -Syntax::). Look at the following example where variable `i' is a +Syntax::). Look at the following example, where variable `i' is a global variable used by both functions `foo()' and `bar()': function bar() @@ -13727,7 +13728,7 @@ variable instance: foo's i=3 top's i=3 - If you want `i' to be local to both `foo()' and `bar()' do as + If you want `i' to be local to both `foo()' and `bar()', do as follows (the extra space before `i' is a coding convention to indicate that `i' is a local variable, not an argument): @@ -13809,7 +13810,7 @@ explicitly whether the arguments are passed "by value" or "by reference". Instead, the passing convention is determined at runtime when the -function is called according to the following rule: if the argument is +function is called, according to the following rule: if the argument is an array variable, then it is passed by reference. Otherwise, the argument is passed by value. @@ -13867,7 +13868,7 @@ function _are_ visible outside that function. stores `"two"' in the second element of `a'. Some `awk' implementations allow you to call a function that has not -been defined. They only report a problem at runtime when the program +been defined. They only report a problem at runtime, when the program actually tries to call the function. For example: BEGIN { @@ -13912,15 +13913,15 @@ undefined, and therefore, unpredictable. In practice, though, all versions of `awk' simply return the null string, which acts like zero if used in a numeric context. - A `return' statement with no value expression is assumed at the end -of every function definition. So if control reaches the end of the -function body, then technically, the function returns an unpredictable + A `return' statement without an EXPRESSION is assumed at the end of +every function definition. So, if control reaches the end of the +function body, then technically the function returns an unpredictable value. In practice, it returns the empty string. `awk' does _not_ warn you if you use the return value of such a function. Sometimes, you want to write a function for what it does, not for what it returns. Such a function corresponds to a `void' function in -C, C++ or Java, or to a `procedure' in Ada. Thus, it may be +C, C++, or Java, or to a `procedure' in Ada. Thus, it may be appropriate to not return any value; simply bear in mind that you should not be using the return value of such a function. @@ -14026,13 +14027,13 @@ you can specify the name of the function to call as a string variable, and then call the function. Let's look at an example. Suppose you have a file with your test scores for the classes you -are taking. The first field is the class name. The following fields -are the functions to call to process the data, up to a "marker" field +are taking, and you wish to get the sum and the average of your test +scores. The first field is the class name. The following fields are +the functions to call to process the data, up to a "marker" field `data:'. Following the marker, to the end of the record, are the various numeric test scores. - Here is the initial file; you wish to get the sum and the average of -your test scores: + Here is the initial file: Biology_101 sum average data: 87.0 92.4 78.5 94.9 Chemistry_305 sum average data: 75.2 98.3 94.7 88.2 @@ -14090,9 +14091,9 @@ using indirect function calls: return ret } - These two functions expect to work on fields; thus the parameters + These two functions expect to work on fields; thus, the parameters `first' and `last' indicate where in the fields to start and end. -Otherwise they perform the expected computations and are not unusual: +Otherwise, they perform the expected computations and are not unusual: # For each record, print the class name and the requested statistics { @@ -14145,18 +14146,19 @@ to force it to be a string value.) may think at first. The C and C++ languages provide "function pointers," which are a mechanism for calling a function chosen at runtime. One of the most well-known uses of this ability is the C -`qsort()' function, which sorts an array using the famous "quick sort" +`qsort()' function, which sorts an array using the famous "quicksort" algorithm (see the Wikipedia article -(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_sort) for more information). To -use this function, you supply a pointer to a comparison function. This +(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicksort) for more information). To use +this function, you supply a pointer to a comparison function. This mechanism allows you to sort arbitrary data in an arbitrary fashion. We can do something similar using `gawk', like this: # quicksort.awk --- Quicksort algorithm, with user-supplied # comparison function - # quicksort --- C.A.R. Hoare's quick sort algorithm. See Wikipedia - # or almost any algorithms or computer science text + + # quicksort --- C.A.R. Hoare's quicksort algorithm. See Wikipedia + # or almost any algorithms or computer science text. function quicksort(data, left, right, less_than, i, last) { @@ -14185,7 +14187,7 @@ mechanism allows you to sort arbitrary data in an arbitrary fashion. The `quicksort()' function receives the `data' array, the starting and ending indices to sort (`left' and `right'), and the name of a function that performs a "less than" comparison. It then implements -the quick sort algorithm. +the quicksort algorithm. To make use of the sorting function, we return to our previous example. The first thing to do is write some comparison functions: @@ -34723,307 +34725,307 @@ Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5557272 Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6557499 Node: Bitwise Functions557765 Ref: table-bitwise-ops558327 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1562639 -Node: Type Functions562811 -Node: I18N Functions563962 -Node: User-defined565607 -Node: Definition Syntax566412 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1572044 -Node: Function Example572115 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1575034 -Node: Function Caveats575056 -Node: Calling A Function575574 -Node: Variable Scope576532 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference579520 -Node: Return Statement583015 -Node: Dynamic Typing585996 -Node: Indirect Calls586925 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1598227 -Node: Functions Summary598355 -Node: Library Functions601057 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1604666 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2604809 -Node: Library Names604980 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1608434 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2608657 -Node: General 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Robbins" Date: Mon, 2 Feb 2015 06:13:07 +0200 Subject: More O'Reilly edits. --- doc/gawk.info | 718 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 360 insertions(+), 358 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 0e8bcb52..bebdf4bf 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -14427,7 +14427,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Library Functions, Next: Sample Programs, Prev: Functi *note User-defined::, describes how to write your own `awk' functions. Writing functions is important, because it allows you to encapsulate algorithms and program tasks in a single place. It simplifies -programming, making program development more manageable, and making +programming, making program development more manageable and making programs more readable. In their seminal 1976 book, `Software Tools',(1) Brian Kernighan and @@ -14532,7 +14532,7 @@ often use variable names like these for their own purposes. The example programs shown in this major node all start the names of their private variables with an underscore (`_'). Users generally don't use leading underscores in their variable names, so this -convention immediately decreases the chances that the variable name +convention immediately decreases the chances that the variable names will be accidentally shared with the user's program. In addition, several of the library functions use a prefix that helps @@ -14545,7 +14545,7 @@ for private function names.(1) As a final note on variable naming, if a function makes global variables available for use by a main program, it is a good convention -to start that variable's name with a capital letter--for example, +to start those variables' names with a capital letter--for example, `getopt()''s `Opterr' and `Optind' variables (*note Getopt Function::). The leading capital letter indicates that it is global, while the fact that the variable name is not all capital letters indicates that the @@ -14553,7 +14553,7 @@ variable is not one of `awk''s predefined variables, such as `FS'. It is also important that _all_ variables in library functions that do not need to save state are, in fact, declared local.(2) If this is -not done, the variable could accidentally be used in the user's +not done, the variables could accidentally be used in the user's program, leading to bugs that are very difficult to track down: function lib_func(x, y, l1, l2) @@ -14731,7 +14731,7 @@ for use in printing the diagnostic message. This is not possible in `awk', so this `assert()' function also requires a string version of the condition that is being tested. Following is the function: - # assert --- assert that a condition is true. Otherwise exit. + # assert --- assert that a condition is true. Otherwise, exit. function assert(condition, string) { @@ -14752,7 +14752,7 @@ the condition that is being tested. Following is the function: false, it prints a message to standard error, using the `string' parameter to describe the failed condition. It then sets the variable `_assert_exit' to one and executes the `exit' statement. The `exit' -statement jumps to the `END' rule. If the `END' rules finds +statement jumps to the `END' rule. If the `END' rule finds `_assert_exit' to be true, it exits immediately. The purpose of the test in the `END' rule is to keep any other `END' @@ -14967,9 +14967,9 @@ the strings in an array into one long string. The following function, `join()', accomplishes this task. It is used later in several of the application programs (*note Sample Programs::). - Good function design is important; this function needs to be general -but it should also have a reasonable default behavior. It is called -with an array as well as the beginning and ending indices of the + Good function design is important; this function needs to be +general, but it should also have a reasonable default behavior. It is +called with an array as well as the beginning and ending indices of the elements in the array to be merged. This assumes that the array indices are numeric--a reasonable assumption, as the array was likely created with `split()' (*note String Functions::): @@ -15088,7 +15088,7 @@ optional timestamp value to use instead of the current time.  File: gawk.info, Node: Readfile Function, Next: Shell Quoting, Prev: Getlocaltime Function, Up: General Functions -10.2.8 Reading a Whole File At Once +10.2.8 Reading a Whole File at Once ----------------------------------- Often, it is convenient to have the entire contents of a file available @@ -15130,13 +15130,13 @@ reads the entire contents of the named file in one shot: It works by setting `RS' to `^$', a regular expression that will never match if the file has contents. `gawk' reads data from the file -into `tmp' attempting to match `RS'. The match fails after each read, +into `tmp', attempting to match `RS'. The match fails after each read, but fails quickly, such that `gawk' fills `tmp' with the entire contents of the file. (*Note Records::, for information on `RT' and `RS'.) In the case that `file' is empty, the return value is the null -string. Thus calling code may use something like: +string. Thus, calling code may use something like: contents = readfile("/some/path") if (length(contents) == 0) @@ -15226,8 +15226,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Filetrans Function, Next: Rewind Function, Up: Data Fi The `BEGIN' and `END' rules are each executed exactly once, at the beginning and end of your `awk' program, respectively (*note BEGIN/END::). We (the `gawk' authors) once had a user who mistakenly -thought that the `BEGIN' rule is executed at the beginning of each data -file and the `END' rule is executed at the end of each data file. +thought that the `BEGIN' rules were executed at the beginning of each +data file and the `END' rules were executed at the end of each data +file. When informed that this was not the case, the user requested that we add new special patterns to `gawk', named `BEGIN_FILE' and `END_FILE', @@ -15261,7 +15262,7 @@ does so _portably_; this works with any implementation of `awk': This file must be loaded before the user's "main" program, so that the rule it supplies is executed first. - This rule relies on `awk''s `FILENAME' variable that automatically + This rule relies on `awk''s `FILENAME' variable, which automatically changes for each new data file. The current file name is saved in a private variable, `_oldfilename'. If `FILENAME' does not equal `_oldfilename', then a new data file is being processed and it is @@ -15276,7 +15277,7 @@ correctly even for the first data file. The program also supplies an `END' rule to do the final processing for the last file. Because this `END' rule comes before any `END' rules supplied in the "main" program, `endfile()' is called first. Once -again the value of multiple `BEGIN' and `END' rules should be clear. +again, the value of multiple `BEGIN' and `END' rules should be clear. If the same data file occurs twice in a row on the command line, then `endfile()' and `beginfile()' are not executed at the end of the first @@ -15303,7 +15304,7 @@ how it simplifies writing the main program. You are probably wondering, if `beginfile()' and `endfile()' functions can do the job, why does `gawk' have `BEGINFILE' and -`ENDFILE' patterns (*note BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::)? +`ENDFILE' patterns? Good question. Normally, if `awk' cannot open a file, this causes an immediate fatal error. In this case, there is no way for a @@ -15311,7 +15312,8 @@ user-defined function to deal with the problem, as the mechanism for calling it relies on the file being open and at the first record. Thus, the main reason for `BEGINFILE' is to give you a "hook" to catch files that cannot be processed. `ENDFILE' exists for symmetry, and because -it provides an easy way to do per-file cleanup processing. +it provides an easy way to do per-file cleanup processing. For more +information, refer to *note BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::.  File: gawk.info, Node: Rewind Function, Next: File Checking, Prev: Filetrans Function, Up: Data File Management @@ -15319,15 +15321,14 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Rewind Function, Next: File Checking, Prev: Filetrans 10.3.2 Rereading the Current File --------------------------------- -Another request for a new built-in function was for a `rewind()' -function that would make it possible to reread the current file. The -requesting user didn't want to have to use `getline' (*note Getline::) -inside a loop. +Another request for a new built-in function was for a function that +would make it possible to reread the current file. The requesting user +didn't want to have to use `getline' (*note Getline::) inside a loop. However, as long as you are not in the `END' rule, it is quite easy to arrange to immediately close the current input file and then start -over with it from the top. For lack of a better name, we'll call it -`rewind()': +over with it from the top. For lack of a better name, we'll call the +function `rewind()': # rewind.awk --- rewind the current file and start over @@ -15385,7 +15386,7 @@ longer in the list). See also *note ARGC and ARGV::. Because `awk' variable names only allow the English letters, the regular expression check purposely does not use character classes such -as `[:alpha:]' and `[:alnum:]' (*note Bracket Expressions::) +as `[:alpha:]' and `[:alnum:]' (*note Bracket Expressions::). ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -15396,14 +15397,14 @@ opened. However, the code here provides a portable solution.  File: gawk.info, Node: Empty Files, Next: Ignoring Assigns, Prev: File Checking, Up: Data File Management -10.3.4 Checking for Zero-length Files +10.3.4 Checking for Zero-Length Files ------------------------------------- All known `awk' implementations silently skip over zero-length files. This is a by-product of `awk''s implicit read-a-record-and-match-against-the-rules loop: when `awk' tries to -read a record from an empty file, it immediately receives an end of -file indication, closes the file, and proceeds on to the next +read a record from an empty file, it immediately receives an +end-of-file indication, closes the file, and proceeds on to the next command-line data file, _without_ executing any user-level `awk' program code. @@ -15453,7 +15454,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Ignoring Assigns, Prev: Empty Files, Up: Data File Man Occasionally, you might not want `awk' to process command-line variable assignments (*note Assignment Options::). In particular, if you have a file name that contains an `=' character, `awk' treats the file name as -an assignment, and does not process it. +an assignment and does not process it. Some users have suggested an additional command-line option for `gawk' to disable command-line assignments. However, some simple @@ -15743,8 +15744,8 @@ which is in `ARGV[0]': } } - The rest of the `BEGIN' rule is a simple test program. Here is the -result of two sample runs of the test program: + The rest of the `BEGIN' rule is a simple test program. Here are the +results of two sample runs of the test program: $ awk -f getopt.awk -v _getopt_test=1 -- -a -cbARG bax -x -| c = , Optarg = <> @@ -15790,10 +15791,10 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Passwd Functions, Next: Group Functions, Prev: Getopt ============================== The `PROCINFO' array (*note Built-in Variables::) provides access to -the current user's real and effective user and group ID numbers, and if -available, the user's supplementary group set. However, because these -are numbers, they do not provide very useful information to the average -user. There needs to be some way to find the user information +the current user's real and effective user and group ID numbers, and, +if available, the user's supplementary group set. However, because +these are numbers, they do not provide very useful information to the +average user. There needs to be some way to find the user information associated with the user and group ID numbers. This minor node presents a suite of functions for retrieving information from the user database. *Note Group Functions::, for a similar suite that retrieves @@ -15804,7 +15805,7 @@ kept. Instead, it provides the `' header file and several C language subroutines for obtaining user information. The primary function is `getpwent()', for "get password entry." The "password" comes from the original user database file, `/etc/passwd', which stores -user information, along with the encrypted passwords (hence the name). +user information along with the encrypted passwords (hence the name). Although an `awk' program could simply read `/etc/passwd' directly, this file may not contain complete information about the system's set @@ -15852,7 +15853,7 @@ Encrypted password User-ID The user's numeric user ID number. (On some systems, it's a C - `long', and not an `int'. Thus we cast it to `long' for all + `long', and not an `int'. Thus, we cast it to `long' for all cases.) Group-ID @@ -15951,8 +15952,8 @@ or on some other `awk' implementation. `PROCINFO["FS"]', is similar. The main part of the function uses a loop to read database lines, -split the line into fields, and then store the line into each array as -necessary. When the loop is done, `_pw_init()' cleans up by closing +split the lines into fields, and then store the lines into each array +as necessary. When the loop is done, `_pw_init()' cleans up by closing the pipeline, setting `_pw_inited' to one, and restoring `FS' (and `FIELDWIDTHS' or `FPAT' if necessary), `RS', and `$0'. The use of `_pw_count' is explained shortly. @@ -16080,7 +16081,7 @@ Group Password Group ID Number The group's numeric group ID number; the association of name to number must be unique within the file. (On some systems it's a C - `long', and not an `int'. Thus we cast it to `long' for all + `long', and not an `int'. Thus, we cast it to `long' for all cases.) Group Member List @@ -16170,29 +16171,30 @@ to ensure that the database is scanned no more than once. The `_gr_init()' function first saves `FS', `RS', and `$0', and then sets `FS' and `RS' to the correct values for scanning the group information. It also takes care to note whether `FIELDWIDTHS' or `FPAT' is being -used, and to restore the appropriate field splitting mechanism. +used, and to restore the appropriate field-splitting mechanism. - The group information is stored is several associative arrays. The + The group information is stored in several associative arrays. The arrays are indexed by group name (`_gr_byname'), by group ID number (`_gr_bygid'), and by position in the database (`_gr_bycount'). There is an additional array indexed by username (`_gr_groupsbyuser'), which is a space-separated list of groups to which each user belongs. - Unlike the user database, it is possible to have multiple records in -the database for the same group. This is common when a group has a + Unlike in the user database, it is possible to have multiple records +in the database for the same group. This is common when a group has a large number of members. A pair of such entries might look like the following: - tvpeople:*:101:johny,jay,arsenio + tvpeople:*:101:johnny,jay,arsenio tvpeople:*:101:david,conan,tom,joan For this reason, `_gr_init()' looks to see if a group name or group -ID number is already seen. If it is, the usernames are simply +ID number is already seen. If so, the usernames are simply concatenated onto the previous list of users.(1) Finally, `_gr_init()' closes the pipeline to `grcat', restores `FS' -(and `FIELDWIDTHS' or `FPAT' if necessary), `RS', and `$0', initializes -`_gr_count' to zero (it is used later), and makes `_gr_inited' nonzero. +(and `FIELDWIDTHS' or `FPAT', if necessary), `RS', and `$0', +initializes `_gr_count' to zero (it is used later), and makes +`_gr_inited' nonzero. The `getgrnam()' function takes a group name as its argument, and if that group exists, it is returned. Otherwise, it relies on the array @@ -16255,9 +16257,9 @@ very simple, relying on `awk''s associative arrays to do work. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) There is actually a subtle problem with the code just presented. -Suppose that the first time there were no names. This code adds the -names with a leading comma. It also doesn't check that there is a `$4'. + (1) There is a subtle problem with the code just presented. Suppose +that the first time there were no names. This code adds the names with +a leading comma. It also doesn't check that there is a `$4'.  File: gawk.info, Node: Walking Arrays, Next: Library Functions Summary, Prev: Group Functions, Up: Library Functions @@ -16266,11 +16268,11 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Walking Arrays, Next: Library Functions Summary, Prev: ================================ *note Arrays of Arrays::, described how `gawk' provides arrays of -arrays. In particular, any element of an array may be either a scalar, +arrays. In particular, any element of an array may be either a scalar or another array. The `isarray()' function (*note Type Functions::) lets you distinguish an array from a scalar. The following function, -`walk_array()', recursively traverses an array, printing each element's -indices and value. You call it with the array and a string +`walk_array()', recursively traverses an array, printing the element +indices and values. You call it with the array and a string representing the name of the array: function walk_array(arr, name, i) @@ -16327,24 +16329,24 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Library Functions Summary, Next: Library Exercises, Pr * The functions presented here fit into the following categories: General problems - Number-to-string conversion, assertions, rounding, random - number generation, converting characters to numbers, joining - strings, getting easily usable time-of-day information, and - reading a whole file in one shot. + Number-to-string conversion, testing assertions, rounding, + random number generation, converting characters to numbers, + joining strings, getting easily usable time-of-day + information, and reading a whole file in one shot Managing data files Noting data file boundaries, rereading the current file, checking for readable files, checking for zero-length files, - and treating assignments as file names. + and treating assignments as file names Processing command-line options - An `awk' version of the standard C `getopt()' function. + An `awk' version of the standard C `getopt()' function Reading the user and group databases - Two sets of routines that parallel the C library versions. + Two sets of routines that parallel the C library versions Traversing arrays of arrays - A simple function to traverse an array of arrays to any depth. + A simple function to traverse an array of arrays to any depth  @@ -31970,7 +31972,7 @@ Index * BEGINFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 6) * BEGINFILE pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 69) -* beginfile() user-defined function: Filetrans Function. (line 61) +* beginfile() user-defined function: Filetrans Function. (line 62) * Bentley, Jon: Glossary. (line 207) * Benzinger, Michael: Contributors. (line 97) * Berry, Karl <1>: Ranges and Locales. (line 74) @@ -32589,9 +32591,9 @@ Index * END pattern, print statement and: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 16) * ENDFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 6) * ENDFILE pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 69) -* endfile() user-defined function: Filetrans Function. (line 61) -* endgrent() function (C library): Group Functions. (line 211) -* endgrent() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 214) +* endfile() user-defined function: Filetrans Function. (line 62) +* endgrent() function (C library): Group Functions. (line 212) +* endgrent() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 215) * endpwent() function (C library): Passwd Functions. (line 207) * endpwent() user-defined function: Passwd Functions. (line 210) * English, Steve: Advanced Features. (line 6) @@ -33019,12 +33021,12 @@ Index * getaddrinfo() function (C library): TCP/IP Networking. (line 38) * getgrent() function (C library): Group Functions. (line 6) * getgrent() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 6) -* getgrgid() function (C library): Group Functions. (line 182) -* getgrgid() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 185) -* getgrnam() function (C library): Group Functions. (line 171) -* getgrnam() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 176) -* getgruser() function (C library): Group Functions. (line 191) -* getgruser() function, user-defined: Group Functions. (line 194) +* getgrgid() function (C library): Group Functions. (line 183) +* getgrgid() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 186) +* getgrnam() function (C library): Group Functions. (line 172) +* getgrnam() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 177) +* getgruser() function (C library): Group Functions. (line 192) +* getgruser() function, user-defined: Group Functions. (line 195) * getline command: Reading Files. (line 20) * getline command, _gr_init() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 83) @@ -33895,7 +33897,7 @@ Index (line 11) * revtwoway extension: Extension Sample Rev2way. (line 12) -* rewind() user-defined function: Rewind Function. (line 16) +* rewind() user-defined function: Rewind Function. (line 15) * right angle bracket (>), > operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * right angle bracket (>), > operator: Comparison Operators. (line 11) @@ -34056,7 +34058,7 @@ Index * sidebar, Recipe for a Programming Language: History. (line 6) * sidebar, RS = "\0" Is Not Portable: gawk split records. (line 63) * sidebar, So Why Does gawk Have BEGINFILE and ENDFILE?: Filetrans Function. - (line 82) + (line 83) * sidebar, Syntactic Ambiguities Between /= and Regular Expressions: Assignment Ops. (line 146) * sidebar, Understanding #!: Executable Scripts. (line 31) @@ -34743,289 +34745,289 @@ Node: Indirect Calls586978 Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1598284 Node: Functions Summary598412 Node: Library Functions601114 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1604723 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2604866 -Node: Library Names605037 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1608491 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2608714 -Node: General Functions608800 -Node: Strtonum Function609903 -Node: Assert Function612925 -Node: Round Function616249 -Node: Cliff Random Function617790 -Node: Ordinal Functions618806 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1621869 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2622121 -Node: Join Function622332 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1624101 -Node: Getlocaltime Function624301 -Node: Readfile Function628045 -Node: Shell Quoting630015 -Node: Data File Management631416 -Node: Filetrans Function632048 -Node: Rewind Function636104 -Node: File Checking637491 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1638823 -Node: Empty Files639024 -Node: Ignoring Assigns641003 -Node: Getopt Function642554 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1654016 -Node: Passwd Functions654216 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1663053 -Node: Group Functions663141 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1671035 -Node: Walking Arrays671248 -Node: Library Functions Summary672851 -Node: Library Exercises674252 -Node: Sample Programs675532 -Node: Running Examples676302 -Node: Clones677030 -Node: Cut Program678254 -Node: Egrep Program687973 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1695471 -Node: Id Program695581 -Node: Split Program699226 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1702674 -Node: Tee Program702802 -Node: Uniq Program705591 -Node: Wc Program713010 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1717260 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs717354 -Node: Dupword Program718567 -Node: Alarm Program720598 -Node: Translate Program725402 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1729967 -Node: Labels Program730237 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1733588 -Node: Word Sorting733672 -Node: History Sorting737743 -Node: Extract Program739579 -Node: Simple Sed747104 -Node: Igawk Program750172 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1764496 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2764697 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3764819 -Node: Anagram Program764934 -Node: Signature Program767991 -Node: Programs Summary769238 -Node: Programs Exercises770431 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1774562 -Node: Advanced Features774653 -Node: Nondecimal Data776601 -Node: Array Sorting778191 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal778888 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1787221 -Node: Array Sorting Functions787339 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1791228 -Node: Two-way I/O791424 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1796369 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2796555 -Node: TCP/IP Networking796637 -Node: Profiling799510 -Node: Advanced Features Summary807057 -Node: Internationalization808990 -Node: I18N and L10N810470 -Node: Explaining gettext811156 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1816181 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2816365 -Node: Programmer i18n816530 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1821396 -Node: Translator i18n821445 -Node: String Extraction822239 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1823370 -Node: Printf Ordering823456 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1826242 -Node: I18N Portability826306 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1828761 -Node: I18N Example828824 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1831627 -Node: Gawk I18N831699 -Node: I18N Summary832337 -Node: Debugger833676 -Node: Debugging834698 -Node: Debugging Concepts835139 -Node: Debugging Terms836992 -Node: Awk Debugging839564 -Node: Sample Debugging Session840458 -Node: Debugger Invocation840978 -Node: Finding The Bug842362 -Node: List of Debugger Commands848837 -Node: Breakpoint Control850170 -Node: Debugger Execution Control853866 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data857230 -Node: Execution Stack860608 -Node: Debugger Info862245 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands866262 -Node: Readline Support871291 -Node: Limitations872183 -Node: Debugging Summary874297 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic875465 -Node: Computer Arithmetic876881 -Ref: table-numeric-ranges880479 -Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1881338 -Node: Math Definitions881395 -Ref: table-ieee-formats884683 -Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1885287 -Node: MPFR features885392 -Node: FP Math Caution887063 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1888113 -Node: Inexactness of computations888482 -Node: Inexact representation889441 -Node: Comparing FP Values890798 -Node: Errors accumulate891880 -Node: Getting Accuracy893313 -Node: Try To Round895975 -Node: Setting precision896874 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings897558 -Node: Setting the rounding mode899347 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes899711 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1903166 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers903345 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1906331 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems906480 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1910353 -Node: Floating point summary910391 -Node: Dynamic Extensions912585 -Node: Extension Intro914137 -Node: Plugin License915403 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline916200 -Ref: figure-load-extension916628 -Ref: figure-register-new-function918108 -Ref: figure-call-new-function919112 -Node: Extension API Description921098 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction922548 -Node: General Data Types927372 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1933111 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions933410 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1936249 -Node: Constructor Functions936345 -Node: Registration Functions938079 -Node: Extension Functions938764 -Node: Exit Callback Functions941061 -Node: Extension Version String942309 -Node: Input Parsers942974 -Node: Output Wrappers952853 -Node: Two-way processors957368 -Node: Printing Messages959572 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1960648 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'960800 -Node: Requesting Values961540 -Ref: table-value-types-returned962268 -Node: Accessing Parameters963225 -Node: Symbol Table Access964456 -Node: Symbol table by name964970 -Node: Symbol table by cookie966951 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1971095 -Node: Cached values971158 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1974657 -Node: Array Manipulation974748 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1975846 -Node: Array Data Types975883 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1978538 -Node: Array Functions978630 -Node: Flattening Arrays982484 -Node: Creating Arrays989376 -Node: Extension API Variables994147 -Node: Extension Versioning994783 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables996684 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate997749 -Node: Finding Extensions1001558 -Node: Extension Example1002118 -Node: Internal File Description1002890 -Node: Internal File Ops1006957 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11018627 -Node: Using Internal File Ops1018767 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11021150 -Node: Extension Samples1021423 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions1022949 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1030587 -Node: Extension Sample Fork1032078 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace1033293 -Node: Extension Sample Ord1034968 -Node: Extension Sample 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Program688018 +Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1695516 +Node: Id Program695626 +Node: Split Program699271 +Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1702719 +Node: Tee Program702847 +Node: Uniq Program705636 +Node: Wc Program713055 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1717305 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs717399 +Node: Dupword Program718612 +Node: Alarm Program720643 +Node: Translate Program725447 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1730012 +Node: Labels Program730282 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1733633 +Node: Word Sorting733717 +Node: History Sorting737788 +Node: Extract Program739624 +Node: Simple Sed747149 +Node: Igawk Program750217 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1764541 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2764742 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3764864 +Node: Anagram Program764979 +Node: Signature Program768036 +Node: Programs Summary769283 +Node: Programs Exercises770476 +Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1774607 +Node: Advanced Features774698 +Node: Nondecimal Data776646 +Node: Array Sorting778236 +Node: Controlling Array 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Concepts835184 +Node: Debugging Terms837037 +Node: Awk Debugging839609 +Node: Sample Debugging Session840503 +Node: Debugger Invocation841023 +Node: Finding The Bug842407 +Node: List of Debugger Commands848882 +Node: Breakpoint Control850215 +Node: Debugger Execution Control853911 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data857275 +Node: Execution Stack860653 +Node: Debugger Info862290 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands866307 +Node: Readline Support871336 +Node: Limitations872228 +Node: Debugging Summary874342 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic875510 +Node: Computer Arithmetic876926 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges880524 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1881383 +Node: Math Definitions881440 +Ref: table-ieee-formats884728 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1885332 +Node: MPFR features885437 +Node: FP Math Caution887108 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1888158 +Node: Inexactness of computations888527 +Node: Inexact representation889486 +Node: Comparing FP Values890843 +Node: Errors accumulate891925 +Node: Getting Accuracy893358 +Node: Try To Round896020 +Node: Setting precision896919 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings897603 +Node: Setting the rounding mode899392 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes899756 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1903211 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers903390 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1906376 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems906525 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1910398 +Node: Floating point summary910436 +Node: Dynamic Extensions912630 +Node: Extension Intro914182 +Node: Plugin License915448 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline916245 +Ref: figure-load-extension916673 +Ref: figure-register-new-function918153 +Ref: figure-call-new-function919157 +Node: Extension API Description921143 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction922593 +Node: General Data Types927417 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1933156 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions933455 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1936294 +Node: Constructor Functions936390 +Node: Registration Functions938124 +Node: Extension Functions938809 +Node: Exit Callback Functions941106 +Node: Extension Version String942354 +Node: Input Parsers943019 +Node: Output Wrappers952898 +Node: Two-way processors957413 +Node: Printing Messages959617 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1960693 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'960845 +Node: Requesting Values961585 +Ref: table-value-types-returned962313 +Node: Accessing Parameters963270 +Node: Symbol Table Access964501 +Node: Symbol table by name965015 +Node: Symbol table by cookie966996 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1971140 +Node: Cached values971203 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1974702 +Node: Array Manipulation974793 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1975891 +Node: Array Data Types975928 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1978583 +Node: Array Functions978675 +Node: Flattening Arrays982529 +Node: Creating Arrays989421 +Node: Extension API Variables994192 +Node: Extension Versioning994828 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables996729 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate997794 +Node: Finding Extensions1001603 +Node: Extension Example1002163 +Node: Internal File Description1002935 +Node: Internal File Ops1007002 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11018672 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1018812 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11021195 +Node: Extension Samples1021468 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1022994 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1030632 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1032123 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1033338 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1035013 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1035849 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1036725 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1037536 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1038126 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1038866 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1040806 +Node: Extension Sample Time1041901 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1043250 +Node: gawkextlib1043741 +Node: Extension summary1046399 +Node: Extension Exercises1050088 +Node: Language History1050810 +Node: V7/SVR3.11052466 +Node: SVR41054647 +Node: POSIX1056092 +Node: BTL1057481 +Node: POSIX/GNU1058215 +Node: Feature History1063779 +Node: Common Extensions1076877 +Node: Ranges and Locales1078201 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11082819 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21082846 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31083080 +Node: Contributors1083301 +Node: History summary1088842 +Node: Installation1090212 +Node: Gawk Distribution1091158 +Node: Getting1091642 +Node: Extracting1092465 +Node: Distribution contents1094100 +Node: Unix Installation1099817 +Node: Quick Installation1100434 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1102858 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1104596 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1106965 +Node: PC Installation1107423 +Node: PC Binary Installation1108742 +Node: PC Compiling1110590 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11113611 +Node: PC Testing1113720 +Node: PC Using1114896 +Node: Cygwin1119011 +Node: MSYS1119834 +Node: VMS Installation1120334 +Node: VMS Compilation1121126 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11122348 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1122406 +Node: VMS Installation Details1124090 +Node: VMS Running1126342 +Node: VMS GNV1129178 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1129912 +Node: Bugs1130382 +Node: Other Versions1134265 +Node: Installation summary1140689 +Node: Notes1141745 +Node: Compatibility Mode1142610 +Node: Additions1143392 +Node: Accessing The Source1144317 +Node: Adding Code1145752 +Node: New Ports1151909 +Node: Derived Files1156391 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11161866 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21161900 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31162496 +Node: Future Extensions1162610 +Node: Implementation Limitations1163216 +Node: Extension Design1164464 +Node: Old Extension Problems1165618 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11167135 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1167192 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11170552 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1170741 +Node: Extension Future Growth1172849 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1173685 +Node: Notes summary1175447 +Node: Basic Concepts1176633 +Node: Basic High Level1177314 +Ref: figure-general-flow1177586 +Ref: figure-process-flow1178185 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11181414 +Node: Basic Data Typing1181599 +Node: Glossary1184927 +Node: Copying1216856 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1254412 +Node: Index1279548  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 1e4b9e300f6bfb84e3187ba2085723d44af9c50f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Wed, 4 Feb 2015 06:16:22 +0200 Subject: More O'Reilly fixes, through Chapter 11. --- doc/gawk.info | 586 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 294 insertions(+), 292 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index bebdf4bf..8e6a4f29 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -16441,7 +16441,7 @@ you. to replace the installed versions on your system. Nor may all of these programs be fully compliant with the most recent POSIX standard. This is not a problem; their purpose is to illustrate `awk' language -programming for "real world" tasks. +programming for "real-world" tasks. The programs are presented in alphabetical order. @@ -16467,7 +16467,7 @@ separated by TABs by default, but you may supply a command-line option to change the field "delimiter" (i.e., the field-separator character). `cut''s definition of fields is less general than `awk''s. - A common use of `cut' might be to pull out just the login name of + A common use of `cut' might be to pull out just the login names of logged-on users from the output of `who'. For example, the following pipeline generates a sorted, unique list of the logged-on users: @@ -16876,7 +16876,7 @@ unsuccessful match. If the line does not match, the `next' statement just moves on to the next record. A number of additional tests are made, but they are only done if we -are not counting lines. First, if the user only wants exit status +are not counting lines. First, if the user only wants the exit status (`no_print' is true), then it is enough to know that _one_ line in this file matched, and we can skip on to the next file with `nextfile'. Similarly, if we are only printing file names, we can print the file @@ -16910,7 +16910,7 @@ line is printed, with a leading file name and colon if necessary: } The `END' rule takes care of producing the correct exit status. If -there are no matches, the exit status is one; otherwise it is zero: +there are no matches, the exit status is one; otherwise, it is zero: END { exit (total == 0) @@ -16952,7 +16952,8 @@ a more palatable output than just individual numbers. Here is a simple version of `id' written in `awk'. It uses the user database library functions (*note Passwd Functions::) and the group -database library functions (*note Group Functions::): +database library functions (*note Group Functions::) from *note Library +Functions::. The program is fairly straightforward. All the work is done in the `BEGIN' rule. The user and group ID numbers are obtained from @@ -17049,8 +17050,8 @@ is as follows:(1) By default, the output files are named `xaa', `xab', and so on. Each file has 1,000 lines in it, with the likely exception of the last file. To change the number of lines in each file, supply a number on the -command line preceded with a minus (e.g., `-500' for files with 500 -lines in them instead of 1,000). To change the name of the output +command line preceded with a minus sign (e.g., `-500' for files with +500 lines in them instead of 1,000). To change the names of the output files to something like `myfileaa', `myfileab', and so on, supply an additional argument that specifies the file name prefix. @@ -17687,7 +17688,7 @@ checking and setting of defaults: the delay, the count, and the message to print. If the user supplied a message without the ASCII BEL character (known as the "alert" character, `"\a"'), then it is added to the message. (On many systems, printing the ASCII BEL generates an -audible alert. Thus when the alarm goes off, the system calls attention +audible alert. Thus, when the alarm goes off, the system calls attention to itself in case the user is not looking at the computer.) Just for a change, this program uses a `switch' statement (*note Switch Statement::), but the processing could be done with a series of @@ -17819,7 +17820,7 @@ the "from" list. Once upon a time, a user proposed adding a transliteration function to `gawk'. The following program was written to prove that character transliteration could be done with a user-level function. This program -is not as complete as the system `tr' utility but it does most of the +is not as complete as the system `tr' utility, but it does most of the job. The `translate' program was written long before `gawk' acquired the @@ -17829,13 +17830,13 @@ and `gsub()' built-in functions (*note String Functions::). There are two functions. The first, `stranslate()', takes three arguments: `from' - A list of characters from which to translate. + A list of characters from which to translate `to' - A list of characters to which to translate. + A list of characters to which to translate `target' - The string on which to do the translation. + The string on which to do the translation Associative arrays make the translation part fairly easy. `t_ar' holds the "to" characters, indexed by the "from" characters. Then a @@ -17843,7 +17844,7 @@ simple loop goes through `from', one character at a time. For each character in `from', if the character appears in `target', it is replaced with the corresponding `to' character. - The `translate()' function calls `stranslate()' using `$0' as the + The `translate()' function calls `stranslate()', using `$0' as the target. The main program sets two global variables, `FROM' and `TO', from the command line, and then changes `ARGV' so that `awk' reads from the standard input. @@ -17852,7 +17853,7 @@ the standard input. record: # translate.awk --- do tr-like stuff - # Bugs: does not handle things like: tr A-Z a-z, it has + # Bugs: does not handle things like tr A-Z a-z; it has # to be spelled out. However, if `to' is shorter than `from', # the last character in `to' is used for the rest of `from'. @@ -17930,13 +17931,13 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Labels Program, Next: Word Sorting, Prev: Translate Pr 11.3.4 Printing Mailing Labels ------------------------------ -Here is a "real world"(1) program. This script reads lists of names and +Here is a "real-world"(1) program. This script reads lists of names and addresses and generates mailing labels. Each page of labels has 20 labels on it, two across and 10 down. The addresses are guaranteed to be no more than five lines of data. Each address is separated from the next by a blank line. - The basic idea is to read 20 labels worth of data. Each line of + The basic idea is to read 20 labels' worth of data. Each line of each label is stored in the `line' array. The single rule takes care of filling the `line' array and printing the page when 20 labels have been read. @@ -17948,13 +17949,13 @@ splits records at blank lines (*note Records::). It sets `MAXLINES' to Most of the work is done in the `printpage()' function. The label lines are stored sequentially in the `line' array. But they have to -print horizontally; `line[1]' next to `line[6]', `line[2]' next to +print horizontally: `line[1]' next to `line[6]', `line[2]' next to `line[7]', and so on. Two loops accomplish this. The outer loop, controlled by `i', steps through every 10 lines of data; this is each row of labels. The inner loop, controlled by `j', goes through the -lines within the row. As `j' goes from 0 to 4, `i+j' is the `j'-th -line in the row, and `i+j+5' is the entry next to it. The output ends -up looking something like this: +lines within the row. As `j' goes from 0 to 4, `i+j' is the `j'th line +in the row, and `i+j+5' is the entry next to it. The output ends up +looking something like this: line 1 line 6 line 2 line 7 @@ -18057,8 +18058,8 @@ a useful format. printf "%s\t%d\n", word, freq[word] } - The program relies on `awk''s default field splitting mechanism to -break each line up into "words," and uses an associative array named + The program relies on `awk''s default field-splitting mechanism to +break each line up into "words" and uses an associative array named `freq', indexed by each word, to count the number of times the word occurs. In the `END' rule, it prints the counts. @@ -18144,7 +18145,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: History Sorting, Next: Extract Program, Prev: Word Sor 11.3.6 Removing Duplicates from Unsorted Text --------------------------------------------- -The `uniq' program (*note Uniq Program::), removes duplicate lines from +The `uniq' program (*note Uniq Program::) removes duplicate lines from _sorted_ data. Suppose, however, you need to remove duplicate lines from a data @@ -18197,7 +18198,7 @@ hand. Here we present a program that can extract parts of a Texinfo input file into separate files. This Info file is written in Texinfo -(http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/), the GNU project's document +(http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/), the GNU Project's document formatting language. A single Texinfo source file can be used to produce both printed documentation, with TeX, and online documentation. (The Texinfo language is described fully, starting with *note @@ -18238,7 +18239,7 @@ them in a standard directory where `gawk' can find them. The Texinfo file looks something like this: ... - This program has a @code{BEGIN} rule, + This program has a @code{BEGIN} rule that prints a nice message: @example @@ -18263,7 +18264,7 @@ upper- and lowercase letters in the directives won't matter. given (`NF' is at least three) and also checking that the command exits with a zero exit status, signifying OK: - # extract.awk --- extract files and run programs from texinfo files + # extract.awk --- extract files and run programs from Texinfo files BEGIN { IGNORECASE = 1 } @@ -18290,11 +18291,11 @@ The variable `e' is used so that the rule fits nicely on the screen. file name is given in the directive. If the file named is not the current file, then the current file is closed. Keeping the current file open until a new file is encountered allows the use of the `>' -redirection for printing the contents, keeping open file management +redirection for printing the contents, keeping open-file management simple. The `for' loop does the work. It reads lines using `getline' (*note -Getline::). For an unexpected end of file, it calls the +Getline::). For an unexpected end-of-file, it calls the `unexpected_eof()' function. If the line is an "endfile" line, then it breaks out of the loop. If the line is an `@group' or `@end group' line, then it ignores it and goes on to the next line. Similarly, @@ -18384,10 +18385,10 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Simple Sed, Next: Igawk Program, Prev: Extract Program 11.3.8 A Simple Stream Editor ----------------------------- -The `sed' utility is a stream editor, a program that reads a stream of -data, makes changes to it, and passes it on. It is often used to make -global changes to a large file or to a stream of data generated by a -pipeline of commands. Although `sed' is a complicated program in its +The `sed' utility is a "stream editor", a program that reads a stream +of data, makes changes to it, and passes it on. It is often used to +make global changes to a large file or to a stream of data generated by +a pipeline of commands. Although `sed' is a complicated program in its own right, its most common use is to perform global substitutions in the middle of a pipeline: @@ -18501,7 +18502,7 @@ include a library function twice. `igawk' should behave just like `gawk' externally. This means it should accept all of `gawk''s command-line arguments, including the -ability to have multiple source files specified via `-f', and the +ability to have multiple source files specified via `-f' and the ability to mix command-line and library source files. The program is written using the POSIX Shell (`sh') command @@ -18531,8 +18532,8 @@ language.(1) It works as follows: file names). This program uses shell variables extensively: for storing -command-line arguments, the text of the `awk' program that will expand -the user's program, for the user's original program, and for the +command-line arguments and the text of the `awk' program that will +expand the user's program, for the user's original program, and for the expanded program. Doing so removes some potential problems that might arise were we to use temporary files instead, at the cost of making the script somewhat more complicated. @@ -18790,7 +18791,7 @@ It's done in these steps: The last step is to call `gawk' with the expanded program, along with the original options and command-line arguments that the user -supplied. +supplied: eval gawk $opts -- '"$processed_program"' '"$@"' @@ -18853,15 +18854,15 @@ One word is an anagram of another if both words contain the same letters Column 2, Problem C, of Jon Bentley's `Programming Pearls', Second Edition, presents an elegant algorithm. The idea is to give words that are anagrams a common signature, sort all the words together by their -signature, and then print them. Dr. Bentley observes that taking the -letters in each word and sorting them produces that common signature. +signatures, and then print them. Dr. Bentley observes that taking the +letters in each word and sorting them produces those common signatures. The following program uses arrays of arrays to bring together words with the same signature and array sorting to print the words in sorted order: - # anagram.awk --- An implementation of the anagram finding algorithm - # from Jon Bentley's "Programming Pearls", 2nd edition. + # anagram.awk --- An implementation of the anagram-finding algorithm + # from Jon Bentley's "Programming Pearls," 2nd edition. # Addison Wesley, 2000, ISBN 0-201-65788-0. # Column 2, Problem C, section 2.8, pp 18-20. @@ -18881,7 +18882,7 @@ signature; the second dimension is the word itself: apart into individual letters, sorts the letters, and then joins them back together: - # word2key --- split word apart into letters, sort, joining back together + # word2key --- split word apart into letters, sort, and join back together function word2key(word, a, i, n, result) { @@ -18979,12 +18980,13 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Programs Summary, Next: Programs Exercises, Prev: Misc characters. The ability to use `split()' with the empty string as the separator can considerably simplify such tasks. - * The library functions from *note Library Functions::, proved their - usefulness for a number of real (if small) programs. + * The examples here demonstrate the usefulness of the library + functions from *note Library Functions:: for a number of real (if + small) programs. * Besides reinventing POSIX wheels, other programs solved a - selection of interesting problems, such as finding duplicates - words in text, printing mailing labels, and finding anagrams. + selection of interesting problems, such as finding duplicate words + in text, printing mailing labels, and finding anagrams.  @@ -33119,7 +33121,7 @@ Index * hyphen (-), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) * i debugger command (alias for info): Debugger Info. (line 13) * id utility: Id Program. (line 6) -* id.awk program: Id Program. (line 30) +* id.awk program: Id Program. (line 31) * if statement: If Statement. (line 6) * if statement, actions, changing: Ranges. (line 25) * if statement, use of regexps in: Regexp Usage. (line 19) @@ -34783,251 +34785,251 @@ Node: Sample Programs675577 Node: Running Examples676347 Node: Clones677075 Node: Cut Program678299 -Node: Egrep Program688018 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1695516 -Node: Id Program695626 -Node: Split Program699271 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1702719 -Node: Tee Program702847 -Node: Uniq Program705636 -Node: Wc Program713055 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1717305 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs717399 -Node: Dupword Program718612 -Node: Alarm Program720643 -Node: Translate Program725447 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1730012 -Node: Labels Program730282 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1733633 -Node: Word Sorting733717 -Node: History Sorting737788 -Node: Extract Program739624 -Node: Simple Sed747149 -Node: Igawk Program750217 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1764541 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2764742 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3764864 -Node: Anagram Program764979 -Node: Signature Program768036 -Node: Programs Summary769283 -Node: Programs Exercises770476 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Robbins" Date: Wed, 4 Feb 2015 08:31:16 +0200 Subject: Update version-related stuff in the doc. --- doc/gawk.info | 1026 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 526 insertions(+), 500 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index bfca7f05..f488769b 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -3453,8 +3453,8 @@ sequences apply to both string constants and regexp constants: would continue incorporating hexadecimal digits into the value until a non-hexadecimal digit or the end of the string was encountered. However, using more than two hexadecimal - digits produced undefined results. As of version *FIXME:* - 4.3.0, only two digits are processed. + digits produced undefined results. As of version 4.2, only + two digits are processed. `\/' A literal slash (necessary for regexp constants only). This @@ -19011,7 +19011,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Programs Summary, Next: Programs Exercises, Prev: Misc the separator can considerably simplify such tasks. * The examples here demonstrate the usefulness of the library - functions from *note Library Functions:: for a number of real (if + functions from *note Library Functions::, for a number of real (if small) programs. * Besides reinventing POSIX wheels, other programs solved a @@ -26519,6 +26519,9 @@ the current version of `gawk'. - The `bindtextdomain()', `dcgettext()' and `dcngettext()' functions for internationalization (*note Programmer i18n::). + - The `div()' function for doing integer division and remainder + (*note Numeric Functions::). + * Changes and/or additions in the command-line options: - The `AWKPATH' environment variable for specifying a path @@ -26573,7 +26576,10 @@ the current version of `gawk'. - Ultrix - * Support for MirBSD was removed at `gawk' version 4.2. + * Support for the following systems was removed from the code for + `gawk' version 4.2: + + - MirBSD  @@ -26960,6 +26966,26 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'. * The dynamic extension interface was completely redone (*note Dynamic Extensions::). + * Support for Ultrix was removed. + + + Version 4.2 introduced the following changes: + + * Changes to `ENVIRON' are reflected into `gawk''s environment and + that of programs that it runs. *Note Auto-set::. + + * The `--pretty-print' option no longer runs the `awk' program too. + *Note Options::. + + * The `igawk' program and its manual page are no longer installed + when `gawk' is built. *Note Igawk Program::. + + * The `div()' function. *Note Numeric Functions::. + + * The maximum number of hexdecimal digits in `\x' escapes is now two. + *Note Escape Sequences::. + + * Support for MirBSD was removed.  File: gawk.info, Node: Common Extensions, Next: Ranges and Locales, Prev: Feature History, Up: Language History @@ -34689,501 +34715,501 @@ Node: Invoking Summary151836 Node: Regexp153499 Node: Regexp Usage154953 Node: Escape Sequences156990 -Node: Regexp Operators163230 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170640 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170787 -Node: Bracket Expressions170885 -Ref: table-char-classes172900 -Node: Leftmost Longest175842 -Node: Computed Regexps177144 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators180573 -Node: Case-sensitivity184245 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1187130 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187365 -Node: Regexp Summary187473 -Node: Reading Files188940 -Node: Records191033 -Node: awk split records191766 -Node: gawk split records196695 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1201234 -Node: Fields201271 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1204049 -Node: Nonconstant Fields204135 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1206373 -Node: Changing Fields206576 -Node: Field Separators212507 -Node: Default 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+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31169152 +Node: Future Extensions1169266 +Node: Implementation Limitations1169872 +Node: Extension Design1171120 +Node: Old Extension Problems1172274 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11173791 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1173848 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11177208 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1177397 +Node: Extension Future Growth1179505 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1180341 +Node: Notes summary1182103 +Node: Basic Concepts1183289 +Node: Basic High Level1183970 +Ref: figure-general-flow1184242 +Ref: figure-process-flow1184841 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11188070 +Node: Basic Data Typing1188255 +Node: Glossary1191583 +Node: Copying1223512 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1261068 +Node: Index1286204  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 38162ad82080f1dd6f347fe2bc4e83478a7dc9c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Fri, 6 Feb 2015 10:29:11 +0200 Subject: O'Reilly edits. --- doc/gawk.info | 523 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 262 insertions(+), 261 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 8e6a4f29..9381b503 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -18981,7 +18981,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Programs Summary, Next: Programs Exercises, Prev: Misc the separator can considerably simplify such tasks. * The examples here demonstrate the usefulness of the library - functions from *note Library Functions:: for a number of real (if + functions from *note Library Functions::, for a number of real (if small) programs. * Besides reinventing POSIX wheels, other programs solved a @@ -19103,16 +19103,16 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Advanced Features, Next: Internationalization, Prev: S This major node discusses advanced features in `gawk'. It's a bit of a "grab bag" of items that are otherwise unrelated to each other. -First, a command-line option allows `gawk' to recognize nondecimal -numbers in input data, not just in `awk' programs. Then, `gawk''s -special features for sorting arrays are presented. Next, two-way I/O, -discussed briefly in earlier parts of this Info file, is described in -full detail, along with the basics of TCP/IP networking. Finally, -`gawk' can "profile" an `awk' program, making it possible to tune it -for performance. +First, we look at a command-line option that allows `gawk' to recognize +nondecimal numbers in input data, not just in `awk' programs. Then, +`gawk''s special features for sorting arrays are presented. Next, +two-way I/O, discussed briefly in earlier parts of this Info file, is +described in full detail, along with the basics of TCP/IP networking. +Finally, we see how `gawk' can "profile" an `awk' program, making it +possible to tune it for performance. - A number of advanced features require separate major nodes of their -own: + Additional advanced features are discussed in separate major nodes +of their own: * *note Internationalization::, discusses how to internationalize your `awk' programs, so that they can speak multiple national @@ -19186,7 +19186,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Array Sorting, Next: Two-way I/O, Prev: Nondecimal Dat 12.2 Controlling Array Traversal and Array Sorting ================================================== -`gawk' lets you control the order in which a `for (i in array)' loop +`gawk' lets you control the order in which a `for (INDX in ARRAY)' loop traverses an array. In addition, two built-in functions, `asort()' and `asorti()', let @@ -19205,9 +19205,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Controlling Array Traversal, Next: Array Sorting Functi 12.2.1 Controlling Array Traversal ---------------------------------- -By default, the order in which a `for (i in array)' loop scans an array -is not defined; it is generally based upon the internal implementation -of arrays inside `awk'. +By default, the order in which a `for (INDX in ARRAY)' loop scans an +array is not defined; it is generally based upon the internal +implementation of arrays inside `awk'. Often, though, it is desirable to be able to loop over the elements in a particular order that you, the programmer, choose. `gawk' lets @@ -19229,21 +19229,22 @@ arguments: RETURN < 0; 0; OR > 0 } - Here, I1 and I2 are the indices, and V1 and V2 are the corresponding -values of the two elements being compared. Either V1 or V2, or both, -can be arrays if the array being traversed contains subarrays as values. -(*Note Arrays of Arrays::, for more information about subarrays.) The -three possible return values are interpreted as follows: + Here, `i1' and `i2' are the indices, and `v1' and `v2' are the +corresponding values of the two elements being compared. Either `v1' +or `v2', or both, can be arrays if the array being traversed contains +subarrays as values. (*Note Arrays of Arrays::, for more information +about subarrays.) The three possible return values are interpreted as +follows: `comp_func(i1, v1, i2, v2) < 0' - Index I1 comes before index I2 during loop traversal. + Index `i1' comes before index `i2' during loop traversal. `comp_func(i1, v1, i2, v2) == 0' - Indices I1 and I2 come together but the relative order with + Indices `i1' and `i2' come together, but the relative order with respect to each other is undefined. `comp_func(i1, v1, i2, v2) > 0' - Index I1 comes after index I2 during loop traversal. + Index `i1' comes after index `i2' during loop traversal. Our first comparison function can be used to scan an array in numerical order of the indices: @@ -19386,7 +19387,7 @@ elements compare equal. This is usually not a problem, but letting the tied elements come out in arbitrary order can be an issue, especially when comparing item values. The partial ordering of the equal elements may change the next time the array is traversed, if other elements are -added or removed from the array. One way to resolve ties when +added to or removed from the array. One way to resolve ties when comparing elements with otherwise equal values is to include the indices in the comparison rules. Note that doing this may make the loop traversal less efficient, so consider it only if necessary. The @@ -19420,14 +19421,14 @@ lowercase letters as equivalent or distinct. Another point to keep in mind is that in the case of subarrays, the element values can themselves be arrays; a production comparison -function should use the `isarray()' function (*note Type Functions::), +function should use the `isarray()' function (*note Type Functions::) to check for this, and choose a defined sorting order for subarrays. All sorting based on `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]' is disabled in POSIX mode, because the `PROCINFO' array is not special in that case. As a side note, sorting the array indices before traversing the -array has been reported to add 15% to 20% overhead to the execution +array has been reported to add a 15% to 20% overhead to the execution time of `awk' programs. For this reason, sorted array traversal is not the default. @@ -19476,8 +19477,8 @@ array is not affected. Often, what's needed is to sort on the values of the _indices_ instead of the values of the elements. To do that, use the `asorti()' function. The interface and behavior are identical to that of -`asort()', except that the index values are used for sorting, and -become the values of the result array: +`asort()', except that the index values are used for sorting and become +the values of the result array: { source[$0] = some_func($0) } @@ -19509,8 +19510,8 @@ chooses_, taking into account just the indices, just the values, or both. This is extremely powerful. Once the array is sorted, `asort()' takes the _values_ in their -final order, and uses them to fill in the result array, whereas -`asorti()' takes the _indices_ in their final order, and uses them to +final order and uses them to fill in the result array, whereas +`asorti()' takes the _indices_ in their final order and uses them to fill in the result array. NOTE: Copying array indices and elements isn't expensive in terms @@ -19708,7 +19709,7 @@ REMOTE-PORT name. NOTE: Failure in opening a two-way socket will result in a - non-fatal error being returned to the calling code. The value of + nonfatal error being returned to the calling code. The value of `ERRNO' indicates the error (*note Auto-set::). Consider the following very simple example: @@ -19789,8 +19790,8 @@ First, the `awk' program: junk Here is the `awkprof.out' that results from running the `gawk' -profiler on this program and data. (This example also illustrates that -`awk' programmers sometimes get up very early in the morning to work.) +profiler on this program and data (this example also illustrates that +`awk' programmers sometimes get up very early in the morning to work): # gawk profile, created Mon Sep 29 05:16:21 2014 @@ -19843,7 +19844,7 @@ profiler on this program and data. (This example also illustrates that output. They are as follows: * The program is printed in the order `BEGIN' rules, `BEGINFILE' - rules, pattern/action rules, `ENDFILE' rules, `END' rules and + rules, pattern-action rules, `ENDFILE' rules, `END' rules, and functions, listed alphabetically. Multiple `BEGIN' and `END' rules retain their separate identities, as do multiple `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' rules. @@ -19888,15 +19889,15 @@ output. They are as follows: scalar, it gets parenthesized. * `gawk' supplies leading comments in front of the `BEGIN' and `END' - rules, the `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' rules, the pattern/action + rules, the `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' rules, the pattern-action rules, and the functions. The profiled version of your program may not look exactly like what you typed when you wrote it. This is because `gawk' creates the -profiled version by "pretty printing" its internal representation of +profiled version by "pretty-printing" its internal representation of the program. The advantage to this is that `gawk' can produce a -standard representation. The disadvantage is that all source-code +standard representation. The disadvantage is that all source code comments are lost. Also, things such as: /foo/ @@ -19945,15 +19946,15 @@ output profile file. produces the profile and the function call trace and then exits. When `gawk' runs on MS-Windows systems, it uses the `INT' and `QUIT' -signals for producing the profile and, in the case of the `INT' signal, +signals for producing the profile, and in the case of the `INT' signal, `gawk' exits. This is because these systems don't support the `kill' command, so the only signals you can deliver to a program are those generated by the keyboard. The `INT' signal is generated by the -`Ctrl-' or `Ctrl-' key, while the `QUIT' signal is generated -by the `Ctrl-<\>' key. +`Ctrl-c' or `Ctrl-BREAK' key, while the `QUIT' signal is generated by +the `Ctrl-\' key. Finally, `gawk' also accepts another option, `--pretty-print'. When -called this way, `gawk' "pretty prints" the program into `awkprof.out', +called this way, `gawk' "pretty-prints" the program into `awkprof.out', without any execution counts. NOTE: The `--pretty-print' option still runs your program. This @@ -19989,7 +19990,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Advanced Features Summary, Prev: Profiling, Up: Advanc two-way communications. * By using special file names with the `|&' operator, you can open a - TCP/IP (or UDP/IP) connection to remote hosts in the Internet. + TCP/IP (or UDP/IP) connection to remote hosts on the Internet. `gawk' supports both IPv4 and IPv6. * You can generate statement count profiles of your program. This @@ -19998,7 +19999,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Advanced Features Summary, Prev: Profiling, Up: Advanc `USR1' signal while profiling causes `gawk' to dump the profile and keep going, including a function call stack. - * You can also just "pretty print" the program. This currently also + * You can also just "pretty-print" the program. This currently also runs the program, but that will change in the next major release. @@ -34812,224 +34813,224 @@ Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3764907 Node: Anagram Program765022 Node: Signature Program768083 Node: Programs Summary769330 -Node: Programs Exercises770550 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1774681 -Node: Advanced Features774772 -Node: Nondecimal Data776720 -Node: Array Sorting778310 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal779007 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1787340 -Node: Array Sorting Functions787458 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1791347 -Node: Two-way I/O791543 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1796488 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2796674 -Node: TCP/IP Networking796756 -Node: Profiling799629 -Node: Advanced Features Summary807176 -Node: Internationalization809109 -Node: I18N and L10N810589 -Node: Explaining gettext811275 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1816300 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2816484 -Node: Programmer i18n816649 -Ref: Programmer 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Extension API Boilerplate997929 +Node: Finding Extensions1001738 +Node: Extension Example1002298 +Node: Internal File Description1003070 +Node: Internal File Ops1007137 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11018807 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1018947 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11021330 +Node: Extension Samples1021603 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1023129 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1030767 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1032258 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1033473 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1035148 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1035984 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1036860 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1037671 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1038261 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1039001 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1040941 +Node: Extension Sample Time1042036 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1043385 +Node: gawkextlib1043876 +Node: Extension summary1046534 +Node: Extension Exercises1050223 +Node: Language History1050945 +Node: V7/SVR3.11052601 +Node: SVR41054782 +Node: POSIX1056227 +Node: BTL1057616 +Node: POSIX/GNU1058350 +Node: Feature History1063914 +Node: Common Extensions1077012 +Node: Ranges and Locales1078336 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11082954 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21082981 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31083215 +Node: Contributors1083436 +Node: History summary1088977 +Node: Installation1090347 +Node: Gawk Distribution1091293 +Node: Getting1091777 +Node: Extracting1092600 +Node: Distribution contents1094235 +Node: Unix Installation1099952 +Node: Quick Installation1100569 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1102993 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1104731 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1107100 +Node: PC Installation1107558 +Node: PC Binary Installation1108877 +Node: PC Compiling1110725 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11113746 +Node: PC Testing1113855 +Node: PC Using1115031 +Node: Cygwin1119146 +Node: MSYS1119969 +Node: VMS Installation1120469 +Node: VMS Compilation1121261 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11122483 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1122541 +Node: VMS Installation Details1124225 +Node: VMS Running1126477 +Node: VMS GNV1129313 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1130047 +Node: Bugs1130517 +Node: Other Versions1134400 +Node: Installation summary1140824 +Node: Notes1141880 +Node: Compatibility Mode1142745 +Node: Additions1143527 +Node: Accessing The Source1144452 +Node: Adding Code1145887 +Node: New Ports1152044 +Node: Derived Files1156526 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11162001 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21162035 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31162631 +Node: Future Extensions1162745 +Node: Implementation Limitations1163351 +Node: Extension Design1164599 +Node: Old Extension Problems1165753 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11167270 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1167327 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11170687 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1170876 +Node: Extension Future Growth1172984 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1173820 +Node: Notes summary1175582 +Node: Basic Concepts1176768 +Node: Basic High Level1177449 +Ref: figure-general-flow1177721 +Ref: figure-process-flow1178320 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11181549 +Node: Basic Data Typing1181734 +Node: Glossary1185062 +Node: Copying1216991 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1254547 +Node: Index1279683  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From efbd4b724d239fa3c2d2929dc50e4bb4703489b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Sun, 8 Feb 2015 08:58:37 +0200 Subject: More edits. Through Chapter 14. --- doc/gawk.info | 599 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 299 insertions(+), 300 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 9381b503..5bfdd436 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -20043,7 +20043,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: I18N and L10N, Next: Explaining gettext, Up: Internati "Internationalization" means writing (or modifying) a program once, in such a way that it can use multiple languages without requiring further -source-code changes. "Localization" means providing the data necessary +source code changes. "Localization" means providing the data necessary for an internationalized program to work in a particular language. Most typically, these terms refer to features such as the language used for printing error messages, the language used to read responses, and @@ -20057,7 +20057,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Explaining gettext, Next: Programmer i18n, Prev: I18N ================== `gawk' uses GNU `gettext' to provide its internationalization features. -The facilities in GNU `gettext' focus on messages; strings printed by a +The facilities in GNU `gettext' focus on messages: strings printed by a program, either directly or via formatting with `printf' or `sprintf()'.(1) @@ -20186,8 +20186,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Programmer i18n, Next: Translator i18n, Prev: Explaini 13.3 Internationalizing `awk' Programs ====================================== -`gawk' provides the following variables and functions for -internationalization: +`gawk' provides the following variables for internationalization: `TEXTDOMAIN' This variable indicates the application's text domain. For @@ -20199,6 +20198,8 @@ internationalization: for translation at runtime. String constants without a leading underscore are not translated. + `gawk' provides the following functions for internationalization: + ``dcgettext(STRING' [`,' DOMAIN [`,' CATEGORY]]`)'' Return the translation of STRING in text domain DOMAIN for locale category CATEGORY. The default value for DOMAIN is the current @@ -20237,8 +20238,7 @@ internationalization: the null string (`""'), then `bindtextdomain()' returns the current binding for the given DOMAIN. - To use these facilities in your `awk' program, follow the steps -outlined in *note Explaining gettext::, like so: + To use these facilities in your `awk' program, follow these steps: 1. Set the variable `TEXTDOMAIN' to the text domain of your program. This is best done in a `BEGIN' rule (*note BEGIN/END::), or it can @@ -20460,7 +20460,7 @@ actually almost portable, requiring very little change: its value, leaving the original string constant as the result. * By defining "dummy" functions to replace `dcgettext()', - `dcngettext()' and `bindtextdomain()', the `awk' program can be + `dcngettext()', and `bindtextdomain()', the `awk' program can be made to run, but all the messages are output in the original language. For example: @@ -20595,8 +20595,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Gawk I18N, Next: I18N Summary, Prev: I18N Example, Up `gawk' itself has been internationalized using the GNU `gettext' package. (GNU `gettext' is described in complete detail in *note (GNU -`gettext' utilities)Top:: gettext, GNU gettext tools.) As of this -writing, the latest version of GNU `gettext' is version 0.19.4 +`gettext' utilities)Top:: gettext, GNU `gettext' utilities.) As of +this writing, the latest version of GNU `gettext' is version 0.19.4 (ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.19.4.tar.gz). If a translation of `gawk''s messages exists, then `gawk' produces @@ -20609,7 +20609,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: I18N Summary, Prev: Gawk I18N, Up: Internationalizatio ============ * Internationalization means writing a program such that it can use - multiple languages without requiring source-code changes. + multiple languages without requiring source code changes. Localization means providing the data necessary for an internationalized program to work in a particular language. @@ -20623,10 +20623,10 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: I18N Summary, Prev: Gawk I18N, Up: Internationalizatio file, and the `.po' files are compiled into `.gmo' files for use at runtime. - * You can use position specifications with `sprintf()' and `printf' - to rearrange the placement of argument values in formatted strings - and output. This is useful for the translations of format control - strings. + * You can use positional specifications with `sprintf()' and + `printf' to rearrange the placement of argument values in formatted + strings and output. This is useful for the translation of format + control strings. * The internationalization features have been designed so that they can be easily worked around in a standard `awk'. @@ -20682,8 +20682,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Debugging Concepts, Next: Debugging Terms, Up: Debuggi --------------------------- (If you have used debuggers in other languages, you may want to skip -ahead to the next section on the specific features of the `gawk' -debugger.) +ahead to *note Awk Debugging::.) Of course, a debugging program cannot remove bugs for you, because it has no way of knowing what you or your users consider a "bug" versus @@ -20770,11 +20769,11 @@ defines terms used throughout the rest of this major node:  File: gawk.info, Node: Awk Debugging, Prev: Debugging Terms, Up: Debugging -14.1.3 Awk Debugging --------------------- +14.1.3 `awk' Debugging +---------------------- Debugging an `awk' program has some specific aspects that are not -shared with other programming languages. +shared with programs written in other languages. First of all, the fact that `awk' programs usually take input line by line from a file or files and operate on those lines using specific @@ -20792,8 +20791,8 @@ commands.  File: gawk.info, Node: Sample Debugging Session, Next: List of Debugger Commands, Prev: Debugging, Up: Debugger -14.2 Sample Debugging Session -============================= +14.2 Sample `gawk' Debugging Session +==================================== In order to illustrate the use of `gawk' as a debugger, let's look at a sample debugging session. We will use the `awk' implementation of the @@ -20812,8 +20811,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Debugger Invocation, Next: Finding The Bug, Up: Sample -------------------------------- Starting the debugger is almost exactly like running `gawk' normally, -except you have to pass an additional option `--debug', or the -corresponding short option `-D'. The file(s) containing the program +except you have to pass an additional option, `--debug', or the +corresponding short option, `-D'. The file(s) containing the program and any supporting code are given on the command line as arguments to one or more `-f' options. (`gawk' is not designed to debug command-line programs, only programs contained in files.) In our case, we invoke @@ -20823,7 +20822,7 @@ the debugger like this: where both `getopt.awk' and `uniq.awk' are in `$AWKPATH'. (Experienced users of GDB or similar debuggers should note that this syntax is -slightly different from what they are used to. With the `gawk' +slightly different from what you are used to. With the `gawk' debugger, you give the arguments for running the program in the command line to the debugger rather than as part of the `run' command at the debugger prompt.) The `-1' is an option to `uniq.awk'. @@ -20947,10 +20946,10 @@ typing `n' (for "next"): -| 66 if (fcount > 0) { This tells us that `gawk' is now ready to execute line 66, which -decides whether to give the lines the special "field skipping" treatment +decides whether to give the lines the special "field-skipping" treatment indicated by the `-1' command-line option. (Notice that we skipped -from where we were before at line 63 to here, because the condition in -line 63 `if (fcount == 0 && charcount == 0)' was false.) +from where we were before, at line 63, to here, because the condition +in line 63, `if (fcount == 0 && charcount == 0)', was false.) Continuing to step, we now get to the splitting of the current and last records: @@ -21008,15 +21007,15 @@ mentioned): Well, here we are at our error (sorry to spoil the suspense). What we had in mind was to join the fields starting from the second one to -make the virtual record to compare, and if the first field was numbered -zero, this would work. Let's look at what we've got: +make the virtual record to compare, and if the first field were +numbered zero, this would work. Let's look at what we've got: gawk> p cline clast -| cline = "gawk is a wonderful program!" -| clast = "awk is a wonderful program!" Hey, those look pretty familiar! They're just our original, -unaltered, input records. A little thinking (the human brain is still +unaltered input records. A little thinking (the human brain is still the best debugging tool), and we realize that we were off by one! We get out of the debugger: @@ -21053,11 +21052,11 @@ categories: * Miscellaneous Each of these are discussed in the following subsections. In the -following descriptions, commands which may be abbreviated show the +following descriptions, commands that may be abbreviated show the abbreviation on a second description line. A debugger command name may also be truncated if that partial name is unambiguous. The debugger has the built-in capability to automatically repeat the previous command -just by hitting . This works for the commands `list', `next', +just by hitting `Enter'. This works for the commands `list', `next', `nexti', `step', `stepi', and `continue' executed without any argument. * Menu: @@ -21097,8 +21096,8 @@ The commands for controlling breakpoints are: Set a breakpoint at entry to (the first instruction of) function FUNCTION. - Each breakpoint is assigned a number which can be used to delete - it from the breakpoint list using the `delete' command. + Each breakpoint is assigned a number that can be used to delete it + from the breakpoint list using the `delete' command. With a breakpoint, you may also supply a condition. This is an `awk' expression (enclosed in double quotes) that the debugger @@ -21136,26 +21135,26 @@ The commands for controlling breakpoints are: `delete' [N1 N2 ...] [N-M] `d' [N1 N2 ...] [N-M] - Delete specified breakpoints or a range of breakpoints. Deletes - all defined breakpoints if no argument is supplied. + Delete specified breakpoints or a range of breakpoints. Delete all + defined breakpoints if no argument is supplied. `disable' [N1 N2 ... | N-M] Disable specified breakpoints or a range of breakpoints. Without - any argument, disables all breakpoints. + any argument, disable all breakpoints. `enable' [`del' | `once'] [N1 N2 ...] [N-M] `e' [`del' | `once'] [N1 N2 ...] [N-M] Enable specified breakpoints or a range of breakpoints. Without - any argument, enables all breakpoints. Optionally, you can - specify how to enable the breakpoint: + any argument, enable all breakpoints. Optionally, you can specify + how to enable the breakpoints: `del' - Enable the breakpoint(s) temporarily, then delete it when the - program stops at the breakpoint. + Enable the breakpoints temporarily, then delete each one when + the program stops at it. `once' - Enable the breakpoint(s) temporarily, then disable it when - the program stops at the breakpoint. + Enable the breakpoints temporarily, then disable each one when + the program stops at it. `ignore' N COUNT Ignore breakpoint number N the next COUNT times it is hit. @@ -21201,7 +21200,7 @@ execution of the program than we saw in our earlier example: `continue' [COUNT] `c' [COUNT] Resume program execution. If continued from a breakpoint and COUNT - is specified, ignores the breakpoint at that location the next + is specified, ignore the breakpoint at that location the next COUNT times before stopping. `finish' @@ -21236,10 +21235,10 @@ execution of the program than we saw in our earlier example: `step' [COUNT] `s' [COUNT] Continue execution until control reaches a different source line - in the current stack frame. `step' steps inside any function - called within the line. If the argument COUNT is supplied, steps - that many times before stopping, unless it encounters a breakpoint - or watchpoint. + in the current stack frame, stepping inside any function called + within the line. If the argument COUNT is supplied, steps that + many times before stopping, unless it encounters a breakpoint or + watchpoint. `stepi' [COUNT] `si' [COUNT] @@ -21320,13 +21319,13 @@ AWK STATEMENTS (`"'...`"'). You can also set special `awk' variables, such as `FS', `NF', - `NR', and son on. + `NR', and so on. `watch' VAR | `$'N [`"EXPRESSION"'] `w' VAR | `$'N [`"EXPRESSION"'] Add variable VAR (or field `$N') to the watch list. The debugger then stops whenever the value of the variable or field changes. - Each watched item is assigned a number which can be used to delete + Each watched item is assigned a number that can be used to delete it from the watch list using the `unwatch' command. With a watchpoint, you may also supply a condition. This is an @@ -21350,11 +21349,11 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Execution Stack, Next: Debugger Info, Prev: Viewing An 14.3.4 Working with the Stack ----------------------------- -Whenever you run a program which contains any function calls, `gawk' +Whenever you run a program that contains any function calls, `gawk' maintains a stack of all of the function calls leading up to where the program is right now. You can see how you got to where you are, and also move around in the stack to see what the state of things was in the -functions which called the one you are in. The commands for doing this +functions that called the one you are in. The commands for doing this are: `backtrace' [COUNT] @@ -21374,8 +21373,8 @@ are: `frame' [N] `f' [N] Select and print stack frame N. Frame 0 is the currently - executing, or "innermost", frame (function call), frame 1 is the - frame that called the innermost one. The highest numbered frame is + executing, or "innermost", frame (function call); frame 1 is the + frame that called the innermost one. The highest-numbered frame is the one for the main program. The printed information consists of the frame number, function and argument names, source file, and the source line. @@ -21392,7 +21391,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Debugger Info, Next: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands, Besides looking at the values of variables, there is often a need to get other sorts of information about the state of your program and of the -debugging environment itself. The `gawk' debugger has one command which +debugging environment itself. The `gawk' debugger has one command that provides this information, appropriately called `info'. `info' is used with one of a number of arguments that tell it exactly what you want to know: @@ -21449,11 +21448,12 @@ from a file. The commands are: option. The available options are: `history_size' - The maximum number of lines to keep in the history file + Set the maximum number of lines to keep in the history file `./.gawk_history'. The default is 100. `listsize' - The number of lines that `list' prints. The default is 15. + Specify the number of lines that `list' prints. The default + is 15. `outfile' Send `gawk' output to a file; debugger output still goes to @@ -21461,7 +21461,7 @@ from a file. The commands are: standard output. `prompt' - The debugger prompt. The default is `gawk> '. + Change the debugger prompt. The default is `gawk> '. `save_history' [`on' | `off'] Save command history to file `./.gawk_history'. The default @@ -21469,8 +21469,8 @@ from a file. The commands are: `save_options' [`on' | `off'] Save current options to file `./.gawkrc' upon exit. The - default is `on'. Options are read back in to the next - session upon startup. + default is `on'. Options are read back into the next session + upon startup. `trace' [`on' | `off'] Turn instruction tracing on or off. The default is `off'. @@ -21489,7 +21489,7 @@ from a file. The commands are: commands; however, the `gawk' debugger will not source the same file more than once in order to avoid infinite recursion. - In addition to, or instead of the `source' command, you can use + In addition to, or instead of, the `source' command, you can use the `-D FILE' or `--debug=FILE' command-line options to execute commands from a file non-interactively (*note Options::). @@ -21499,13 +21499,13 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands, Prev: Debugger Info, 14.3.6 Miscellaneous Commands ----------------------------- -There are a few more commands which do not fit into the previous +There are a few more commands that do not fit into the previous categories, as follows: `dump' [FILENAME] - Dump bytecode of the program to standard output or to the file + Dump byte code of the program to standard output or to the file named in FILENAME. This prints a representation of the internal - instructions which `gawk' executes to implement the `awk' commands + instructions that `gawk' executes to implement the `awk' commands in a program. This can be very enlightening, as the following partial dump of Davide Brini's obfuscated code (*note Signature Program::) demonstrates: @@ -21589,22 +21589,21 @@ categories, as follows: FILENAME. This command may change the current source file. FUNCTION - Print lines centered around beginning of the function + Print lines centered around the beginning of the function FUNCTION. This command may change the current source file. `quit' `q' Exit the debugger. Debugging is great fun, but sometimes we all have to tend to other obligations in life, and sometimes we find - the bug, and are free to go on to the next one! As we saw - earlier, if you are running a program, the debugger warns you if - you accidentally type `q' or `quit', to make sure you really want - to quit. + the bug and are free to go on to the next one! As we saw earlier, + if you are running a program, the debugger warns you when you type + `q' or `quit', to make sure you really want to quit. `trace' [`on' | `off'] - Turn on or off a continuous printing of instructions which are - about to be executed, along with printing the `awk' line which they - implement. The default is `off'. + Turn on or off continuous printing of the instructions that are + about to be executed, along with the `awk' lines they implement. + The default is `off'. It is to be hoped that most of the "opcodes" in these instructions are fairly self-explanatory, and using `stepi' and `nexti' while @@ -21617,7 +21616,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Readline Support, Next: Limitations, Prev: List of Deb 14.4 Readline Support ===================== -If `gawk' is compiled with the `readline' library +If `gawk' is compiled with the GNU Readline library (http://cnswww.cns.cwru.edu/php/chet/readline/readline.html), you can take advantage of that library's command completion and history expansion features. The following types of completion are available: @@ -21647,7 +21646,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Limitations, Next: Debugging Summary, Prev: Readline S We hope you find the `gawk' debugger useful and enjoyable to work with, but as with any program, especially in its early releases, it still has -some limitations. A few which are worth being aware of are: +some limitations. A few that it's worth being aware of are: * At this point, the debugger does not give a detailed explanation of what you did wrong when you type in something it doesn't like. @@ -21658,13 +21657,13 @@ some limitations. A few which are worth being aware of are: Commands:: (or if you are already familiar with `gawk' internals), you will realize that much of the internal manipulation of data in `gawk', as in many interpreters, is done on a stack. `Op_push', - `Op_pop', and the like, are the "bread and butter" of most `gawk' + `Op_pop', and the like are the "bread and butter" of most `gawk' code. Unfortunately, as of now, the `gawk' debugger does not allow you to examine the stack's contents. That is, the intermediate results of expression evaluation are on the stack, but cannot be - printed. Rather, only variables which are defined in the program + printed. Rather, only variables that are defined in the program can be printed. Of course, a workaround for this is to use more explicit variables at the debugging stage and then change back to obscure, perhaps more optimal code later. @@ -21676,12 +21675,12 @@ some limitations. A few which are worth being aware of are: * The `gawk' debugger is designed to be used by running a program (with all its parameters) on the command line, as described in *note Debugger Invocation::. There is no way (as of now) to - attach or "break in" to a running program. This seems reasonable - for a language which is used mainly for quickly executing, short + attach or "break into" a running program. This seems reasonable + for a language that is used mainly for quickly executing, short programs. - * The `gawk' debugger only accepts source supplied with the `-f' - option. + * The `gawk' debugger only accepts source code supplied with the + `-f' option.  File: gawk.info, Node: Debugging Summary, Prev: Limitations, Up: Debugger @@ -21690,8 +21689,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Debugging Summary, Prev: Limitations, Up: Debugger ============ * Programs rarely work correctly the first time. Finding bugs is - "debugging" and a program that helps you find bugs is a - "debugger". `gawk' has a built-in debugger that works very + called debugging, and a program that helps you find bugs is a + debugger. `gawk' has a built-in debugger that works very similarly to the GNU Debugger, GDB. * Debuggers let you step through your program one statement at a @@ -21707,8 +21706,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Debugging Summary, Prev: Limitations, Up: Debugger breakpoints, execution, viewing and changing data, working with the stack, getting information, and other tasks. - * If the `readline' library is available when `gawk' is compiled, it - is used by the debugger to provide command-line history and + * If the GNU Readline library is available when `gawk' is compiled, + it is used by the debugger to provide command-line history and editing. @@ -31575,7 +31574,7 @@ Index * -W option: Options. (line 46) * . (period), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 44) * .gmo files: Explaining gettext. (line 42) -* .gmo files, specifying directory of <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 47) +* .gmo files, specifying directory of <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 48) * .gmo files, specifying directory of: Explaining gettext. (line 54) * .mo files, converting from .po: I18N Example. (line 64) * .po files <1>: Translator i18n. (line 6) @@ -31981,7 +31980,7 @@ Index * Berry, Karl <1>: Ranges and Locales. (line 74) * Berry, Karl: Acknowledgments. (line 33) * binary input/output: User-modified. (line 15) -* bindtextdomain <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 47) +* bindtextdomain <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 48) * bindtextdomain: I18N Functions. (line 12) * bindtextdomain() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 50) * bindtextdomain() function (gawk), portability and: I18N Portability. @@ -32315,11 +32314,11 @@ Index * Davies, Stephen <1>: Contributors. (line 74) * Davies, Stephen: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Day, Robert P.J.: Acknowledgments. (line 78) -* dcgettext <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 19) +* dcgettext <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 20) * dcgettext: I18N Functions. (line 22) * dcgettext() function (gawk), portability and: I18N Portability. (line 33) -* dcngettext <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 36) +* dcngettext <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 37) * dcngettext: I18N Functions. (line 28) * dcngettext() function (gawk), portability and: I18N Portability. (line 33) @@ -32406,7 +32405,7 @@ Index * debugger commands, t (tbreak): Breakpoint Control. (line 90) * debugger commands, tbreak: Breakpoint Control. (line 90) * debugger commands, trace: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. - (line 108) + (line 107) * debugger commands, u (until): Debugger Execution Control. (line 83) * debugger commands, undisplay: Viewing And Changing Data. @@ -32422,12 +32421,12 @@ Index (line 67) * debugger commands, where (backtrace): Execution Stack. (line 13) * debugger default list amount: Debugger Info. (line 69) -* debugger history file: Debugger Info. (line 80) +* debugger history file: Debugger Info. (line 81) * debugger history size: Debugger Info. (line 65) * debugger options: Debugger Info. (line 57) -* debugger prompt: Debugger Info. (line 77) +* debugger prompt: Debugger Info. (line 78) * debugger, how to start: Debugger Invocation. (line 6) -* debugger, read commands from a file: Debugger Info. (line 96) +* debugger, read commands from a file: Debugger Info. (line 97) * debugging awk programs: Debugger. (line 6) * debugging gawk, bug reports: Bugs. (line 9) * decimal point character, locale specific: Options. (line 272) @@ -32757,7 +32756,7 @@ Index * FILENAME variable, getline, setting with: Getline Notes. (line 19) * filenames, assignments as: Ignoring Assigns. (line 6) * files, .gmo: Explaining gettext. (line 42) -* files, .gmo, specifying directory of <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 47) +* files, .gmo, specifying directory of <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 48) * files, .gmo, specifying directory of: Explaining gettext. (line 54) * files, .mo, converting from .po: I18N Example. (line 64) * files, .po <1>: Translator i18n. (line 6) @@ -32784,7 +32783,7 @@ Index * files, message object, converting from portable object files: I18N Example. (line 64) * files, message object, specifying directory of <1>: Programmer i18n. - (line 47) + (line 48) * files, message object, specifying directory of: Explaining gettext. (line 54) * files, multiple passes over: Other Arguments. (line 56) @@ -33190,7 +33189,7 @@ Index * insomnia, cure for: Alarm Program. (line 6) * installation, VMS: VMS Installation. (line 6) * installing gawk: Installation. (line 6) -* instruction tracing, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 89) +* instruction tracing, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 90) * int: Numeric Functions. (line 23) * INT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) * integer array indices: Numeric Array Subscripts. @@ -33211,7 +33210,7 @@ Index * internationalization, localization, locale categories: Explaining gettext. (line 81) * internationalization, localization, marked strings: Programmer i18n. - (line 14) + (line 13) * internationalization, localization, portability and: I18N Portability. (line 6) * internationalizing a program: Explaining gettext. (line 6) @@ -33392,7 +33391,7 @@ Index * message object files, converting from portable object files: I18N Example. (line 64) * message object files, specifying directory of <1>: Programmer i18n. - (line 47) + (line 48) * message object files, specifying directory of: Explaining gettext. (line 54) * messages from extensions: Printing Messages. (line 6) @@ -33836,7 +33835,7 @@ Index * records, terminating: awk split records. (line 125) * records, treating files as: gawk split records. (line 93) * recursive functions: Definition Syntax. (line 88) -* redirect gawk output, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 72) +* redirect gawk output, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 73) * redirection of input: Getline/File. (line 6) * redirection of output: Redirection. (line 6) * reference counting, sorting arrays: Array Sorting Functions. @@ -33955,7 +33954,7 @@ Index * sample debugging session: Sample Debugging Session. (line 6) * sandbox mode: Options. (line 288) -* save debugger options: Debugger Info. (line 84) +* save debugger options: Debugger Info. (line 85) * scalar or array: Type Functions. (line 11) * scalar values: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) * scanning arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 6) @@ -34177,7 +34176,7 @@ Index * strings, converting, numbers to: User-modified. (line 30) * strings, empty, See null strings: awk split records. (line 115) * strings, extracting: String Extraction. (line 6) -* strings, for localization: Programmer i18n. (line 14) +* strings, for localization: Programmer i18n. (line 13) * strings, length limitations: Scalar Constants. (line 20) * strings, merging arrays into: Join Function. (line 6) * strings, null: Regexp Field Splitting. @@ -34237,7 +34236,7 @@ Index (line 6) * text, printing: Print. (line 22) * text, printing, unduplicated lines of: Uniq Program. (line 6) -* TEXTDOMAIN variable <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 9) +* TEXTDOMAIN variable <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 8) * TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 152) * TEXTDOMAIN variable, BEGIN pattern and: Programmer i18n. (line 60) * TEXTDOMAIN variable, portability and: I18N Portability. (line 20) @@ -34265,7 +34264,7 @@ Index * toupper: String Functions. (line 530) * tr utility: Translate Program. (line 6) * trace debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. - (line 108) + (line 107) * traceback, display in debugger: Execution Stack. (line 13) * translate string: I18N Functions. (line 22) * translate.awk program: Translate Program. (line 55) @@ -34834,203 +34833,203 @@ Node: Explaining gettext811336 Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1816361 Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2816545 Node: Programmer i18n816710 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1821576 -Node: Translator i18n821625 -Node: String Extraction822419 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1823550 -Node: Printf Ordering823636 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1826422 -Node: I18N Portability826486 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1828941 -Node: I18N Example829004 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1831807 -Node: Gawk I18N831879 -Node: I18N Summary832517 -Node: Debugger833856 -Node: Debugging834878 -Node: Debugging Concepts835319 -Node: Debugging Terms837172 -Node: Awk Debugging839744 -Node: Sample Debugging Session840638 -Node: Debugger Invocation841158 -Node: Finding The Bug842542 -Node: List of Debugger Commands849017 -Node: Breakpoint Control850350 -Node: Debugger Execution Control854046 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data857410 -Node: Execution Stack860788 -Node: Debugger Info862425 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands866442 -Node: Readline Support871471 -Node: Limitations872363 -Node: Debugging Summary874477 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic875645 -Node: Computer Arithmetic877061 -Ref: table-numeric-ranges880659 -Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1881518 -Node: Math Definitions881575 -Ref: table-ieee-formats884863 -Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1885467 -Node: MPFR features885572 -Node: FP Math Caution887243 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1888293 -Node: Inexactness of computations888662 -Node: Inexact representation889621 -Node: Comparing FP Values890978 -Node: Errors accumulate892060 -Node: Getting Accuracy893493 -Node: Try To Round896155 -Node: Setting precision897054 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings897738 -Node: Setting the rounding mode899527 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes899891 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1903346 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers903525 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1906511 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems906660 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1910533 -Node: Floating point summary910571 -Node: Dynamic Extensions912765 -Node: Extension Intro914317 -Node: Plugin License915583 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline916380 -Ref: figure-load-extension916808 -Ref: figure-register-new-function918288 -Ref: figure-call-new-function919292 -Node: Extension API Description921278 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction922728 -Node: General Data Types927552 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1933291 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions933590 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1936429 -Node: Constructor Functions936525 -Node: Registration Functions938259 -Node: Extension Functions938944 -Node: Exit Callback Functions941241 -Node: Extension Version String942489 -Node: Input Parsers943154 -Node: Output Wrappers953033 -Node: Two-way processors957548 -Node: Printing Messages959752 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1960828 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'960980 -Node: Requesting Values961720 -Ref: table-value-types-returned962448 -Node: Accessing Parameters963405 -Node: Symbol Table Access964636 -Node: Symbol table by name965150 -Node: Symbol table by cookie967131 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1971275 -Node: Cached values971338 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1974837 -Node: Array Manipulation974928 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1976026 -Node: Array Data Types976063 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1978718 -Node: Array Functions978810 -Node: Flattening Arrays982664 -Node: Creating Arrays989556 -Node: Extension API Variables994327 -Node: Extension Versioning994963 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables996864 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate997929 -Node: Finding Extensions1001738 -Node: Extension Example1002298 -Node: Internal File Description1003070 -Node: Internal File Ops1007137 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11018807 -Node: Using Internal File Ops1018947 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11021330 -Node: Extension Samples1021603 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions1023129 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1030767 -Node: Extension Sample Fork1032258 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace1033473 -Node: Extension Sample Ord1035148 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir1035984 -Ref: table-readdir-file-types1036860 -Node: Extension Sample Revout1037671 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1038261 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array1039001 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile1040941 -Node: Extension Sample Time1042036 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests1043385 -Node: gawkextlib1043876 -Node: Extension summary1046534 -Node: Extension Exercises1050223 -Node: Language History1050945 -Node: V7/SVR3.11052601 -Node: SVR41054782 -Node: POSIX1056227 -Node: BTL1057616 -Node: POSIX/GNU1058350 -Node: Feature History1063914 -Node: Common Extensions1077012 -Node: Ranges and Locales1078336 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11082954 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21082981 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31083215 -Node: Contributors1083436 -Node: History summary1088977 -Node: Installation1090347 -Node: Gawk Distribution1091293 -Node: Getting1091777 -Node: Extracting1092600 -Node: Distribution contents1094235 -Node: Unix Installation1099952 -Node: Quick Installation1100569 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1102993 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1104731 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1107100 -Node: PC Installation1107558 -Node: PC Binary Installation1108877 -Node: PC Compiling1110725 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11113746 -Node: PC Testing1113855 -Node: PC Using1115031 -Node: Cygwin1119146 -Node: MSYS1119969 -Node: VMS Installation1120469 -Node: VMS Compilation1121261 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11122483 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1122541 -Node: VMS Installation Details1124225 -Node: VMS Running1126477 -Node: VMS GNV1129313 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1130047 -Node: Bugs1130517 -Node: Other Versions1134400 -Node: Installation summary1140824 -Node: Notes1141880 -Node: Compatibility Mode1142745 -Node: Additions1143527 -Node: Accessing The Source1144452 -Node: Adding Code1145887 -Node: New Ports1152044 -Node: Derived Files1156526 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11162001 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21162035 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31162631 -Node: Future Extensions1162745 -Node: Implementation Limitations1163351 -Node: Extension Design1164599 -Node: Old Extension Problems1165753 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11167270 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1167327 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11170687 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1170876 -Node: Extension Future Growth1172984 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1173820 -Node: Notes summary1175582 -Node: Basic Concepts1176768 -Node: Basic High Level1177449 -Ref: figure-general-flow1177721 -Ref: figure-process-flow1178320 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11181549 -Node: Basic Data Typing1181734 -Node: Glossary1185062 -Node: Copying1216991 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1254547 -Node: Index1279683 +Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1821586 +Node: Translator i18n821635 +Node: String Extraction822429 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1823560 +Node: Printf Ordering823646 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1826432 +Node: I18N Portability826496 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1828952 +Node: I18N Example829015 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1831818 +Node: Gawk I18N831890 +Node: I18N Summary832534 +Node: Debugger833874 +Node: Debugging834896 +Node: Debugging Concepts835337 +Node: Debugging Terms837147 +Node: Awk Debugging839719 +Node: Sample Debugging Session840625 +Node: Debugger Invocation841159 +Node: Finding The Bug842544 +Node: List of Debugger Commands849023 +Node: Breakpoint Control850355 +Node: Debugger Execution Control854032 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data857391 +Node: Execution Stack860767 +Node: Debugger Info862402 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands866447 +Node: Readline Support871448 +Node: Limitations872342 +Node: Debugging Summary874457 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic875631 +Node: Computer Arithmetic877047 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges880645 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1881504 +Node: Math Definitions881561 +Ref: table-ieee-formats884849 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1885453 +Node: MPFR features885558 +Node: FP Math Caution887229 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1888279 +Node: Inexactness of computations888648 +Node: Inexact representation889607 +Node: Comparing FP Values890964 +Node: Errors accumulate892046 +Node: Getting Accuracy893479 +Node: Try To Round896141 +Node: Setting precision897040 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings897724 +Node: Setting the rounding mode899513 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes899877 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1903332 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers903511 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1906497 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems906646 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1910519 +Node: Floating point summary910557 +Node: Dynamic Extensions912751 +Node: Extension Intro914303 +Node: Plugin License915569 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline916366 +Ref: figure-load-extension916794 +Ref: figure-register-new-function918274 +Ref: figure-call-new-function919278 +Node: Extension API Description921264 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction922714 +Node: General Data Types927538 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1933277 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions933576 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1936415 +Node: Constructor Functions936511 +Node: Registration Functions938245 +Node: Extension Functions938930 +Node: Exit Callback Functions941227 +Node: Extension Version String942475 +Node: Input Parsers943140 +Node: Output Wrappers953019 +Node: Two-way processors957534 +Node: Printing Messages959738 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1960814 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'960966 +Node: Requesting Values961706 +Ref: table-value-types-returned962434 +Node: Accessing Parameters963391 +Node: Symbol Table Access964622 +Node: Symbol table by name965136 +Node: Symbol table by cookie967117 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1971261 +Node: Cached values971324 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1974823 +Node: Array Manipulation974914 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1976012 +Node: Array Data Types976049 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1978704 +Node: Array Functions978796 +Node: Flattening Arrays982650 +Node: Creating Arrays989542 +Node: Extension API Variables994313 +Node: Extension Versioning994949 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables996850 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate997915 +Node: Finding Extensions1001724 +Node: Extension Example1002284 +Node: Internal File Description1003056 +Node: Internal File Ops1007123 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11018793 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1018933 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11021316 +Node: Extension Samples1021589 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1023115 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1030753 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1032244 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1033459 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1035134 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1035970 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1036846 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1037657 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1038247 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1038987 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1040927 +Node: Extension Sample Time1042022 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1043371 +Node: gawkextlib1043862 +Node: Extension summary1046520 +Node: Extension Exercises1050209 +Node: Language History1050931 +Node: V7/SVR3.11052587 +Node: SVR41054768 +Node: POSIX1056213 +Node: BTL1057602 +Node: POSIX/GNU1058336 +Node: Feature History1063900 +Node: Common Extensions1076998 +Node: Ranges and Locales1078322 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11082940 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21082967 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31083201 +Node: Contributors1083422 +Node: History summary1088963 +Node: Installation1090333 +Node: Gawk Distribution1091279 +Node: Getting1091763 +Node: Extracting1092586 +Node: Distribution contents1094221 +Node: Unix Installation1099938 +Node: Quick Installation1100555 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1102979 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1104717 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1107086 +Node: PC Installation1107544 +Node: PC Binary Installation1108863 +Node: PC Compiling1110711 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11113732 +Node: PC Testing1113841 +Node: PC Using1115017 +Node: Cygwin1119132 +Node: MSYS1119955 +Node: VMS Installation1120455 +Node: VMS Compilation1121247 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11122469 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1122527 +Node: VMS Installation Details1124211 +Node: VMS Running1126463 +Node: VMS GNV1129299 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1130033 +Node: Bugs1130503 +Node: Other Versions1134386 +Node: Installation summary1140810 +Node: Notes1141866 +Node: Compatibility Mode1142731 +Node: Additions1143513 +Node: Accessing The Source1144438 +Node: Adding Code1145873 +Node: New Ports1152030 +Node: Derived Files1156512 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11161987 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21162021 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31162617 +Node: Future Extensions1162731 +Node: Implementation Limitations1163337 +Node: Extension Design1164585 +Node: Old Extension Problems1165739 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11167256 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1167313 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11170673 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1170862 +Node: Extension Future Growth1172970 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1173806 +Node: Notes summary1175568 +Node: Basic Concepts1176754 +Node: Basic High Level1177435 +Ref: figure-general-flow1177707 +Ref: figure-process-flow1178306 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11181535 +Node: Basic Data Typing1181720 +Node: Glossary1185048 +Node: Copying1216977 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1254533 +Node: Index1279669  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 7f9f66525d7d82816eba352efdf58497373a47bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Sun, 8 Feb 2015 20:01:32 +0200 Subject: Use "NONFATAL" for nonfatal I/O. --- doc/gawk.info | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index d83370e8..118c814a 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -7226,10 +7226,10 @@ error message of your choosing before exiting. You can do this in one of two ways: * For all output files, by assigning any value to - `PROCINFO["nonfatal"]'. + `PROCINFO["NONFATAL"]'. * On a per-file basis, by assigning any value to `PROCINFO[FILENAME, - "nonfatal"]'. Here, FILENAME is the name of the file to which you + "NONFATAL"]'. Here, FILENAME is the name of the file to which you wish output to be nonfatal. Once you have enabled nonfatal output, you must check `ERRNO' after @@ -7239,7 +7239,7 @@ attempting the output. For example: $ gawk ' > BEGIN { - > PROCINFO["nonfatal"] = 1 + > PROCINFO["NONFATAL"] = 1 > ERRNO = 0 > print "hi" > "/no/such/file" > if (ERRNO) { @@ -7253,9 +7253,9 @@ attempting the output. For example: program code detect the problem and handle it. This mechanism works also for standard output and standard error. -For standard output, you may use `PROCINFO["-", "nonfatal"]' or -`PROCINFO["/dev/stdout", "nonfatal"]'. For standard error, use -`PROCINFO["/dev/stderr", "nonfatal"]'. +For standard output, you may use `PROCINFO["-", "NONFATAL"]' or +`PROCINFO["/dev/stdout", "NONFATAL"]'. For standard error, use +`PROCINFO["/dev/stderr", "NONFATAL"]'.  File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output Exercises, Prev: Nonfatal, Up: Printing -- cgit v1.2.3 From 1f6b16d2d233ecc7f99ea2460098d8eeec382942 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Sun, 8 Feb 2015 20:50:31 +0200 Subject: O'Reilly fixes. Through chapter 15. --- doc/gawk.info | 429 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 212 insertions(+), 217 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 5bfdd436..c56ac89c 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -21768,7 +21768,7 @@ Decimal arithmetic sides) of the decimal point, and the results of a computation are always exact. - Some modern system can do decimal arithmetic in hardware, but + Some modern systems can do decimal arithmetic in hardware, but usually you need a special software library to provide access to these instructions. There are also libraries that do decimal arithmetic entirely in software. @@ -21822,12 +21822,6 @@ Numeric representation Minimum value Maximum value 32-bit unsigned integer 0 4,294,967,295 64-bit signed integer -9,223,372,036,854,775,8089,223,372,036,854,775,807 64-bit unsigned integer 0 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 -Single-precision `1.175494e-38' `3.402823e+38' -floating point -(approximate) -Double-precision `2.225074e-308' `1.797693e+308' -floating point -(approximate) Table 15.1: Value ranges for different numeric representations @@ -21843,7 +21837,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Math Definitions, Next: MPFR features, Prev: Computer The rest of this major node uses a number of terms. Here are some informal definitions that should help you work your way through the -material here. +material here: "Accuracy" A floating-point calculation's accuracy is how close it comes to @@ -21863,7 +21857,7 @@ material here. number and infinity produce infinity. "NaN" - "Not A Number."(1) A special value that results from attempting a + "Not a number."(1) A special value that results from attempting a calculation that has no answer as a real number. In such a case, programs can either receive a floating-point exception, or get `NaN' back as the result. The IEEE 754 standard recommends that @@ -21889,15 +21883,15 @@ material here. PREC = 3.322 * DPS - Here, PREC denotes the binary precision (measured in bits) and DPS - (short for decimal places) is the decimal digits. + Here, _prec_ denotes the binary precision (measured in bits) and + _dps_ (short for decimal places) is the decimal digits. "Rounding mode" How numbers are rounded up or down when necessary. More details are provided later. "Significand" - A floating-point value consists the significand multiplied by 10 + A floating-point value consists of the significand multiplied by 10 to the power of the exponent. For example, in `1.2345e67', the significand is `1.2345'. @@ -21919,7 +21913,7 @@ precision formats to allow greater precisions and larger exponent ranges. (`awk' uses only the 64-bit double-precision format.) *note table-ieee-formats:: lists the precision and exponent field -values for the basic IEEE 754 binary formats: +values for the basic IEEE 754 binary formats. Name Total bits Precision Minimum Maximum exponent exponent @@ -21984,7 +21978,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: FP Math Caution, Next: Arbitrary Precision Integers, P Math class is tough! -- Teen Talk Barbie, July 1992 - This minor node provides a high level overview of the issues + This minor node provides a high-level overview of the issues involved when doing lots of floating-point arithmetic.(1) The discussion applies to both hardware and arbitrary-precision floating-point arithmetic. @@ -22005,8 +21999,8 @@ floating-point arithmetic. (1) There is a very nice paper on floating-point arithmetic (http://www.validlab.com/goldberg/paper.pdf) by David Goldberg, "What -Every Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-point Arithmetic," -`ACM Computing Surveys' *23*, 1 (1991-03), 5-48. This is worth reading +Every Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-Point Arithmetic," +`ACM Computing Surveys' *23*, 1 (1991-03): 5-48. This is worth reading if you are interested in the details, but it does require a background in computer science. @@ -22060,7 +22054,7 @@ number as you assigned to it: Often the error is so small you do not even notice it, and if you do, you can always specify how much precision you would like in your output. -Usually this is a format string like `"%.15g"', which when used in the +Usually this is a format string like `"%.15g"', which, when used in the previous example, produces an output identical to the input.  @@ -22100,7 +22094,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Errors accumulate, Prev: Comparing FP Values, Up: Inex The loss of accuracy during a single computation with floating-point numbers usually isn't enough to worry about. However, if you compute a -value which is the result of a sequence of floating-point operations, +value that is the result of a sequence of floating-point operations, the error can accumulate and greatly affect the computation itself. Here is an attempt to compute the value of pi using one of its many series representations: @@ -22151,7 +22145,7 @@ easy answers. The standard rules of algebra often do not apply when using floating-point arithmetic. Among other things, the distributive and associative laws do not hold completely, and order of operation may be important for your computation. Rounding error, cumulative precision -loss and underflow are often troublesome. +loss, and underflow are often troublesome. When `gawk' tests the expressions `0.1 + 12.2' and `12.3' for equality using the machine double-precision arithmetic, it decides that @@ -22186,8 +22180,9 @@ illustrated by our earlier attempt to compute the value of pi. Extra precision can greatly enhance the stability and the accuracy of your computation in such cases. - Repeated addition is not necessarily equivalent to multiplication in -floating-point arithmetic. In the example in *note Errors accumulate::: + Additionally, you should understand that repeated addition is not +necessarily equivalent to multiplication in floating-point arithmetic. +In the example in *note Errors accumulate::: $ gawk 'BEGIN { > for (d = 1.1; d <= 1.5; d += 0.1) # loop five times (?) @@ -22242,7 +22237,7 @@ set the value to one of the predefined case-insensitive strings shown in *note table-predefined-precision-strings::, to emulate an IEEE 754 binary format. -`PREC' IEEE 754 Binary Format +`PREC' IEEE 754 binary format --------------------------------------------------- `"half"' 16-bit half-precision `"single"' Basic 32-bit single precision @@ -22275,14 +22270,14 @@ on arithmetic operations: example illustrates the differences among various ways to print a floating-point constant: - $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { PREC = 113; printf("%0.25f\n", 0.1) }' - -| 0.1000000000000000055511151 - $ gawk -M -v PREC=113 'BEGIN { printf("%0.25f\n", 0.1) }' - -| 0.1000000000000000000000000 - $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { PREC = 113; printf("%0.25f\n", "0.1") }' - -| 0.1000000000000000000000000 - $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { PREC = 113; printf("%0.25f\n", 1/10) }' - -| 0.1000000000000000000000000 + $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { PREC = 113; printf("%0.25f\n", 0.1) }' + -| 0.1000000000000000055511151 + $ gawk -M -v PREC=113 'BEGIN { printf("%0.25f\n", 0.1) }' + -| 0.1000000000000000000000000 + $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { PREC = 113; printf("%0.25f\n", "0.1") }' + -| 0.1000000000000000000000000 + $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { PREC = 113; printf("%0.25f\n", 1/10) }' + -| 0.1000000000000000000000000  File: gawk.info, Node: Setting the rounding mode, Prev: Setting precision, Up: FP Math Caution @@ -22290,15 +22285,15 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Setting the rounding mode, Prev: Setting precision, Up 15.4.5 Setting the Rounding Mode -------------------------------- -The `ROUNDMODE' variable provides program level control over the +The `ROUNDMODE' variable provides program-level control over the rounding mode. The correspondence between `ROUNDMODE' and the IEEE rounding modes is shown in *note table-gawk-rounding-modes::. -Rounding Mode IEEE Name `ROUNDMODE' +Rounding mode IEEE name `ROUNDMODE' --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Round to nearest, ties to even `roundTiesToEven' `"N"' or `"n"' -Round toward plus Infinity `roundTowardPositive' `"U"' or `"u"' -Round toward negative Infinity `roundTowardNegative' `"D"' or `"d"' +Round toward positive infinity `roundTowardPositive' `"U"' or `"u"' +Round toward negative infinity `roundTowardNegative' `"D"' or `"d"' Round toward zero `roundTowardZero' `"Z"' or `"z"' Round to nearest, ties away `roundTiesToAway' `"A"' or `"a"' from zero @@ -22349,8 +22344,8 @@ distributes upward and downward rounds of exact halves, which might cause any accumulating round-off error to cancel itself out. This is the default rounding mode for IEEE 754 computing functions and operators. - The other rounding modes are rarely used. Round toward positive -infinity (`roundTowardPositive') and round toward negative infinity + The other rounding modes are rarely used. Rounding toward positive +infinity (`roundTowardPositive') and toward negative infinity (`roundTowardNegative') are often used to implement interval arithmetic, where you adjust the rounding mode to calculate upper and lower bounds for the range of output. The `roundTowardZero' mode can be @@ -22398,7 +22393,7 @@ floating-point values: If instead you were to compute the same value using arbitrary-precision floating-point values, the precision needed for -correct output (using the formula `prec = 3.322 * dps'), would be 3.322 +correct output (using the formula `prec = 3.322 * dps') would be 3.322 x 183231, or 608693. The result from an arithmetic operation with an integer and a @@ -22429,7 +22424,7 @@ interface to process arbitrary-precision integers or mixed-mode numbers as needed by an operation or function. In such a case, the precision is set to the minimum value necessary for exact conversion, and the working precision is not used for this purpose. If this is not what you need or -want, you can employ a subterfuge, and convert the integer to floating +want, you can employ a subterfuge and convert the integer to floating point first, like this: gawk -M 'BEGIN { n = 13; print (n + 0.0) % 2.0 }' @@ -22456,7 +22451,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems, Next: Floating point sum 15.6 Standards Versus Existing Practice ======================================= -Historically, `awk' has converted any non-numeric looking string to the +Historically, `awk' has converted any nonnumeric-looking string to the numeric value zero, when required. Furthermore, the original definition of the language and the original POSIX standards specified that `awk' only understands decimal numbers (base 10), and not octal @@ -22470,8 +22465,8 @@ These features are: hexadecimal notation (e.g., `0xDEADBEEF'). (Note: data values, _not_ source code constants.) - * Support for the special IEEE 754 floating-point values "Not A - Number" (NaN), positive Infinity ("inf"), and negative Infinity + * Support for the special IEEE 754 floating-point values "not a + number" (NaN), positive infinity ("inf"), and negative infinity ("-inf"). In particular, the format for these values is as specified by the ISO 1999 C standard, which ignores case and can allow implementation-dependent additional characters after the @@ -22488,21 +22483,21 @@ historical practice: values is also a very severe departure from historical practice. The second problem is that the `gawk' maintainer feels that this -interpretation of the standard, which requires a certain amount of +interpretation of the standard, which required a certain amount of "language lawyering" to arrive at in the first place, was not even -intended by the standard developers. In other words, "we see how you +intended by the standard developers. In other words, "We see how you got where you are, but we don't think that that's where you want to be." Recognizing these issues, but attempting to provide compatibility with the earlier versions of the standard, the 2008 POSIX standard added explicit wording to allow, but not require, that `awk' support -hexadecimal floating-point values and special values for "Not A Number" +hexadecimal floating-point values and special values for "not a number" and infinity. Although the `gawk' maintainer continues to feel that providing those features is inadvisable, nevertheless, on systems that support IEEE floating point, it seems reasonable to provide _some_ way to -support NaN and Infinity values. The solution implemented in `gawk' is +support NaN and infinity values. The solution implemented in `gawk' is as follows: * With the `--posix' command-line option, `gawk' becomes "hands @@ -22517,7 +22512,7 @@ as follows: $ echo 0xDeadBeef | gawk --posix '{ print $1 + 0 }' -| 3735928559 - * Without `--posix', `gawk' interprets the four strings `+inf', + * Without `--posix', `gawk' interprets the four string values `+inf', `-inf', `+nan', and `-nan' specially, producing the corresponding special numeric values. The leading sign acts a signal to `gawk' (and the user) that the value is really numeric. Hexadecimal @@ -22531,7 +22526,7 @@ as follows: $ echo 0xDeadBeef | gawk '{ print $1 + 0 }' -| 0 - `gawk' ignores case in the four special values. Thus `+nan' and + `gawk' ignores case in the four special values. Thus, `+nan' and `+NaN' are the same. ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -22548,9 +22543,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Floating point summary, Prev: POSIX Floating Point Prob floating-point values. Standard `awk' uses double-precision floating-point values. - * In the early 1990s, Barbie mistakenly said "Math class is tough!" + * In the early 1990s Barbie mistakenly said, "Math class is tough!" Although math isn't tough, floating-point arithmetic isn't the same - as pencil and paper math, and care must be taken: + as pencil-and-paper math, and care must be taken: - Not all numbers can be represented exactly. @@ -22571,7 +22566,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Floating point summary, Prev: POSIX Floating Point Prob rounding mode. * With `-M', `gawk' performs arbitrary-precision integer arithmetic - using the GMP library. This is faster and more space efficient + using the GMP library. This is faster and more space-efficient than using MPFR for the same calculations. * There are several "dark corners" with respect to floating-point @@ -22582,7 +22577,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Floating point summary, Prev: POSIX Floating Point Prob results from floating-point arithmetic. The lesson to remember is that floating-point arithmetic is always more complex than arithmetic using pencil and paper. In order to take advantage of - the power of computer floating point, you need to know its + the power of floating-point arithmetic, you need to know its limitations and work within them. For most casual use of floating-point arithmetic, you will often get the expected result if you simply round the display of your final results to the @@ -34865,171 +34860,171 @@ Node: Limitations872342 Node: Debugging Summary874457 Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic875631 Node: Computer Arithmetic877047 -Ref: table-numeric-ranges880645 -Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1881504 -Node: Math Definitions881561 -Ref: table-ieee-formats884849 -Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1885453 -Node: MPFR features885558 -Node: FP Math Caution887229 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1888279 -Node: Inexactness of computations888648 -Node: Inexact representation889607 -Node: Comparing FP Values890964 -Node: Errors accumulate892046 -Node: Getting Accuracy893479 -Node: Try To Round896141 -Node: Setting precision897040 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings897724 -Node: Setting the rounding mode899513 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes899877 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1903332 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers903511 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1906497 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems906646 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1910519 -Node: Floating point summary910557 -Node: Dynamic Extensions912751 -Node: Extension Intro914303 -Node: Plugin License915569 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline916366 -Ref: figure-load-extension916794 -Ref: figure-register-new-function918274 -Ref: figure-call-new-function919278 -Node: Extension API Description921264 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction922714 -Node: General Data Types927538 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1933277 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions933576 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1936415 -Node: Constructor Functions936511 -Node: Registration Functions938245 -Node: Extension Functions938930 -Node: Exit Callback Functions941227 -Node: Extension Version String942475 -Node: Input Parsers943140 -Node: Output Wrappers953019 -Node: Two-way processors957534 -Node: Printing 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-Node: GNU Free Documentation License1254533 -Node: Index1279669 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges880646 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1881170 +Node: Math Definitions881227 +Ref: table-ieee-formats884522 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1885126 +Node: MPFR features885231 +Node: FP Math Caution886902 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1887952 +Node: Inexactness of computations888321 +Node: Inexact representation889280 +Node: Comparing FP Values890638 +Node: Errors accumulate891720 +Node: Getting Accuracy893152 +Node: Try To Round895856 +Node: Setting precision896755 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings897439 +Node: Setting the rounding mode899268 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes899632 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1903084 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers903263 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1906247 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems906396 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1910275 +Node: Floating point summary910313 +Node: Dynamic Extensions912509 +Node: Extension Intro914061 +Node: Plugin License915327 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline916124 +Ref: figure-load-extension916552 +Ref: figure-register-new-function918032 +Ref: figure-call-new-function919036 +Node: Extension API Description921022 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction922472 +Node: General Data Types927296 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1933035 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions933334 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1936173 +Node: Constructor Functions936269 +Node: Registration Functions938003 +Node: Extension Functions938688 +Node: Exit Callback Functions940985 +Node: Extension Version String942233 +Node: Input Parsers942898 +Node: Output Wrappers952777 +Node: Two-way processors957292 +Node: Printing Messages959496 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1960572 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'960724 +Node: Requesting Values961464 +Ref: table-value-types-returned962192 +Node: Accessing Parameters963149 +Node: Symbol Table Access964380 +Node: Symbol table by name964894 +Node: Symbol table by cookie966875 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1971019 +Node: Cached values971082 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1974581 +Node: Array Manipulation974672 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1975770 +Node: Array Data Types975807 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1978462 +Node: Array Functions978554 +Node: Flattening Arrays982408 +Node: Creating Arrays989300 +Node: Extension API Variables994071 +Node: Extension Versioning994707 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables996608 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate997673 +Node: Finding Extensions1001482 +Node: Extension Example1002042 +Node: Internal File Description1002814 +Node: Internal File Ops1006881 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11018551 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1018691 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11021074 +Node: Extension Samples1021347 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1022873 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1030511 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1032002 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1033217 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1034892 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1035728 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1036604 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1037415 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1038005 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1038745 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1040685 +Node: Extension Sample Time1041780 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1043129 +Node: gawkextlib1043620 +Node: Extension summary1046278 +Node: Extension Exercises1049967 +Node: Language History1050689 +Node: V7/SVR3.11052345 +Node: SVR41054526 +Node: POSIX1055971 +Node: BTL1057360 +Node: POSIX/GNU1058094 +Node: Feature History1063658 +Node: Common Extensions1076756 +Node: Ranges and Locales1078080 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11082698 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21082725 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31082959 +Node: Contributors1083180 +Node: History summary1088721 +Node: Installation1090091 +Node: Gawk Distribution1091037 +Node: Getting1091521 +Node: Extracting1092344 +Node: Distribution contents1093979 +Node: Unix Installation1099696 +Node: Quick Installation1100313 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1102737 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1104475 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1106844 +Node: PC Installation1107302 +Node: PC Binary Installation1108621 +Node: PC Compiling1110469 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11113490 +Node: PC Testing1113599 +Node: PC Using1114775 +Node: Cygwin1118890 +Node: MSYS1119713 +Node: VMS Installation1120213 +Node: VMS Compilation1121005 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11122227 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1122285 +Node: VMS Installation Details1123969 +Node: VMS Running1126221 +Node: VMS GNV1129057 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1129791 +Node: Bugs1130261 +Node: Other Versions1134144 +Node: Installation summary1140568 +Node: Notes1141624 +Node: Compatibility Mode1142489 +Node: Additions1143271 +Node: Accessing The Source1144196 +Node: Adding Code1145631 +Node: New Ports1151788 +Node: Derived Files1156270 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11161745 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21161779 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31162375 +Node: Future Extensions1162489 +Node: Implementation Limitations1163095 +Node: Extension Design1164343 +Node: Old Extension Problems1165497 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11167014 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1167071 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11170431 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1170620 +Node: Extension Future Growth1172728 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1173564 +Node: Notes summary1175326 +Node: Basic Concepts1176512 +Node: Basic High Level1177193 +Ref: figure-general-flow1177465 +Ref: figure-process-flow1178064 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11181293 +Node: Basic Data Typing1181478 +Node: Glossary1184806 +Node: Copying1216735 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1254291 +Node: Index1279427  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From f2e05556f6962e41556c4abb0acc900c82acc672 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Mon, 9 Feb 2015 22:56:29 +0200 Subject: Continue O'Reilly edits. --- doc/gawk.info | 801 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 402 insertions(+), 399 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index c56ac89c..bf573a8a 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -9071,9 +9071,10 @@ accepts any record with a first field that contains `li': -| 555-5553 -| 555-6699 - pattern. The expression `/li/' has the value one if `li' appears in -the current input record. Thus, as a pattern, `/li/' matches any record -containing `li'. + A regexp constant as a pattern is also a special case of an +expression pattern. The expression `/li/' has the value one if `li' +appears in the current input record. Thus, as a pattern, `/li/' matches +any record containing `li'. Boolean expressions are also commonly used as patterns. Whether the pattern matches an input record depends on whether its subexpressions @@ -22636,7 +22637,7 @@ the rest of this Info file. `gawk''s functionality. For example, they can provide access to system calls (such as `chdir()' to change directory) and to other C library routines that could be of use. As with most software, "the sky is the -limit;" if you can imagine something that you might want to do and can +limit"; if you can imagine something that you might want to do and can write in C or C++, you can write an extension to do it! Extensions are written in C or C++, using the "application @@ -22644,7 +22645,7 @@ programming interface" (API) defined for this purpose by the `gawk' developers. The rest of this major node explains the facilities that the API provides and how to use them, and presents a small example extension. In addition, it documents the sample extensions included in -the `gawk' distribution, and describes the `gawkextlib' project. *Note +the `gawk' distribution and describes the `gawkextlib' project. *Note Extension Design::, for a discussion of the extension mechanism goals and design. @@ -22762,7 +22763,7 @@ Example::) and also in the `testext.c' code for testing the APIs. Some other bits and pieces: * The API provides access to `gawk''s `do_XXX' values, reflecting - command-line options, like `do_lint', `do_profiling' and so on + command-line options, like `do_lint', `do_profiling', and so on (*note Extension API Variables::). These are informational: an extension cannot affect their values inside `gawk'. In addition, attempting to assign to them produces a compile-time error. @@ -22808,8 +22809,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Functions Introduction, Next: General Dat 16.4.1 Introduction ------------------- -Access to facilities within `gawk' are made available by calling -through function pointers passed into your extension. +Access to facilities within `gawk' is achieved by calling through +function pointers passed into your extension. API function pointers are provided for the following kinds of operations: @@ -22830,7 +22831,7 @@ operations: - Two-way processors - All of these are discussed in detail, later in this major node. + All of these are discussed in detail later in this major node. * Printing fatal, warning, and "lint" warning messages. @@ -22856,7 +22857,7 @@ operations: - Clearing an array - - Flattening an array for easy C style looping over all its + - Flattening an array for easy C-style looping over all its indices and elements Some points about using the API: @@ -22865,7 +22866,7 @@ operations: `gawkapi.h'. For correct use, you must therefore include the corresponding standard header file _before_ including `gawkapi.h': - C Entity Header File + C entity Header file ------------------------------------------- `EOF' `' Values for `errno' `' @@ -22889,13 +22890,13 @@ operations: * Although the API only uses ISO C 90 features, there is an exception; the "constructor" functions use the `inline' keyword. If your compiler does not support this keyword, you should either - place `-Dinline=''' on your command line, or use the GNU Autotools + place `-Dinline=''' on your command line or use the GNU Autotools and include a `config.h' file in your extensions. * All pointers filled in by `gawk' point to memory managed by `gawk' and should be treated by the extension as read-only. Memory for _all_ strings passed into `gawk' from the extension _must_ come - from calling one of `gawk_malloc()', `gawk_calloc()' or + from calling one of `gawk_malloc()', `gawk_calloc()', or `gawk_realloc()', and is managed by `gawk' from then on. * The API defines several simple `struct's that map values as seen @@ -22908,7 +22909,7 @@ operations: multibyte encoding (as defined by `LC_XXX' environment variables) and not using wide characters. This matches how `gawk' stores strings internally and also how characters are - likely to be input and output from files. + likely to be input into and output from files. * When retrieving a value (such as a parameter or that of a global variable or array element), the extension requests a specific type @@ -22945,6 +22946,8 @@ general-purpose use. Additional, more specialized, data structures are introduced in subsequent minor nodes, together with the functions that use them. + The general-purpose types and structures are as follows: + `typedef void *awk_ext_id_t;' A value of this type is received from `gawk' when an extension is loaded. That value must then be passed back to `gawk' as the @@ -22960,7 +22963,7 @@ use them. ` awk_false = 0,' ` awk_true' `} awk_bool_t;' - A simple boolean type. + A simple Boolean type. `typedef struct awk_string {' ` char *str; /* data */' @@ -23004,8 +23007,8 @@ use them. `#define array_cookie u.a' `#define scalar_cookie u.scl' `#define value_cookie u.vc' - These macros make accessing the fields of the `awk_value_t' more - readable. + Using these macros makes accessing the fields of the `awk_value_t' + more readable. `typedef void *awk_scalar_t;' Scalars can be represented as an opaque type. These values are @@ -31951,7 +31954,7 @@ Index * BEGIN pattern, and profiling: Profiling. (line 62) * BEGIN pattern, assert() user-defined function and: Assert Function. (line 83) -* BEGIN pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 69) +* BEGIN pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 70) * BEGIN pattern, exit statement and: Exit Statement. (line 12) * BEGIN pattern, getline and: Getline Notes. (line 19) * BEGIN pattern, headings, adding: Print Examples. (line 43) @@ -31968,7 +31971,7 @@ Index * BEGIN pattern, TEXTDOMAIN variable and: Programmer i18n. (line 60) * BEGINFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 6) * BEGINFILE pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. - (line 69) + (line 70) * beginfile() user-defined function: Filetrans Function. (line 62) * Bentley, Jon: Glossary. (line 207) * Benzinger, Michael: Contributors. (line 97) @@ -31994,7 +31997,7 @@ Index * body, in actions: Statements. (line 10) * body, in loops: While Statement. (line 14) * Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) -* Boolean expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 38) +* Boolean expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 39) * Boolean operators, See Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * Bourne shell, quoting rules for: Quoting. (line 18) * braces ({}): Profiling. (line 142) @@ -32578,7 +32581,7 @@ Index * END pattern, and profiling: Profiling. (line 62) * END pattern, assert() user-defined function and: Assert Function. (line 75) -* END pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 69) +* END pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 70) * END pattern, exit statement and: Exit Statement. (line 12) * END pattern, next/nextfile statements and <1>: Next Statement. (line 44) @@ -32587,7 +32590,7 @@ Index * END pattern, operators and: Using BEGIN/END. (line 17) * END pattern, print statement and: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 16) * ENDFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 6) -* ENDFILE pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 69) +* ENDFILE pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 70) * endfile() user-defined function: Filetrans Function. (line 62) * endgrent() function (C library): Group Functions. (line 212) * endgrent() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 215) @@ -34649,382 +34652,382 @@ Node: Patterns and Actions384448 Node: Pattern Overview385568 Node: Regexp Patterns387247 Node: Expression Patterns387790 -Node: Ranges391499 -Node: BEGIN/END394606 -Node: Using BEGIN/END395367 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1398103 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END398209 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE400524 -Node: Empty403421 -Node: Using Shell Variables403738 -Node: Action Overview406011 -Node: Statements408337 -Node: If Statement410185 -Node: While Statement411680 -Node: Do Statement413708 -Node: For Statement414856 -Node: Switch Statement418014 -Node: Break Statement420396 -Node: Continue Statement422437 -Node: Next Statement424264 -Node: Nextfile Statement426645 -Node: Exit Statement429273 -Node: Built-in Variables431684 -Node: User-modified432817 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1440520 -Node: Auto-set440582 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1453634 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2453839 -Node: ARGC and ARGV453895 -Node: Pattern Action Summary458113 -Node: Arrays460546 -Node: 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VMS Installation Details1124105 +Node: VMS Running1126357 +Node: VMS GNV1129193 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1129927 +Node: Bugs1130397 +Node: Other Versions1134280 +Node: Installation summary1140704 +Node: Notes1141760 +Node: Compatibility Mode1142625 +Node: Additions1143407 +Node: Accessing The Source1144332 +Node: Adding Code1145767 +Node: New Ports1151924 +Node: Derived Files1156406 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11161881 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21161915 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31162511 +Node: Future Extensions1162625 +Node: Implementation Limitations1163231 +Node: Extension Design1164479 +Node: Old Extension Problems1165633 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11167150 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1167207 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11170567 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1170756 +Node: Extension Future Growth1172864 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1173700 +Node: Notes summary1175462 +Node: Basic Concepts1176648 +Node: Basic High Level1177329 +Ref: figure-general-flow1177601 +Ref: figure-process-flow1178200 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11181429 +Node: Basic Data Typing1181614 +Node: Glossary1184942 +Node: Copying1216871 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1254427 +Node: Index1279563  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 9478ffc5b7ae6988bb109a7be9189ed02f3720e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Tue, 10 Feb 2015 22:17:32 +0200 Subject: Doc fixes. --- doc/gawk.info | 1102 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 555 insertions(+), 547 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index bf573a8a..eb8d07b5 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -1374,6 +1374,12 @@ also must acknowledge my gratitude to G-d, for the many opportunities He has sent my way, as well as for the gifts He has given me with which to take advantage of those opportunities. + +Arnold Robbins +Nof Ayalon +Israel +February 2015 +  File: gawk.info, Node: Getting Started, Next: Invoking Gawk, Prev: Preface, Up: Top @@ -23028,8 +23034,8 @@ indicates what is in the `union'. Representing numbers is easy--the API uses a C `double'. Strings require more work. Because `gawk' allows embedded NUL bytes in string -values, a string must be represented as a pair containing a -data-pointer and length. This is the `awk_string_t' type. +values, a string must be represented as a pair containing a data +pointer and length. This is the `awk_string_t' type. Identifiers (i.e., the names of global variables) can be associated with either scalar values or with arrays. In addition, `gawk' provides @@ -23041,12 +23047,12 @@ Manipulation::. of the `union' as if they were fields in a `struct'; this is a common coding practice in C. Such code is easier to write and to read, but it remains _your_ responsibility to make sure that the `val_type' member -correctly reflects the type of the value in the `awk_value_t'. +correctly reflects the type of the value in the `awk_value_t' struct. Conceptually, the first three members of the `union' (number, string, and array) are all that is needed for working with `awk' values. However, because the API provides routines for accessing and changing -the value of global scalar variables only by using the variable's name, +the value of a global scalar variable only by using the variable's name, there is a performance penalty: `gawk' must find the variable each time it is accessed and changed. This turns out to be a real issue, not just a theoretical one. @@ -23055,17 +23061,19 @@ just a theoretical one. reading and/or changing the value of one or more scalar variables, you can obtain a "scalar cookie"(1) object for that variable, and then use the cookie for getting the variable's value or for changing the -variable's value. This is the `awk_scalar_t' type and `scalar_cookie' -macro. Given a scalar cookie, `gawk' can directly retrieve or modify -the value, as required, without having to find it first. +variable's value. The `awk_scalar_t' type holds a scalar cookie, and +the `scalar_cookie' macro provides access to the value of that type in +the `awk_value_t' struct. Given a scalar cookie, `gawk' can directly +retrieve or modify the value, as required, without having to find it +first. The `awk_value_cookie_t' type and `value_cookie' macro are similar. If you know that you wish to use the same numeric or string _value_ for one or more variables, you can create the value once, retaining a "value cookie" for it, and then pass in that value cookie whenever you -wish to set the value of a variable. This saves both storage space -within the running `gawk' process as well as the time needed to create -the value. +wish to set the value of a variable. This both storage space within +the running `gawk' process and reduces the time needed to create the +value. ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -34492,542 +34500,542 @@ Ref: Manual History-Footnote-167004 Ref: Manual History-Footnote-267045 Node: How To Contribute67119 Node: Acknowledgments68248 -Node: Getting Started73065 -Node: Running gawk75504 -Node: One-shot76694 -Node: Read Terminal77958 -Node: Long79989 -Node: Executable Scripts81502 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184291 -Node: Comments84394 -Node: Quoting86876 -Node: DOS Quoting92394 -Node: Sample Data Files93069 -Node: Very Simple95664 -Node: Two Rules100563 -Node: More Complex102449 -Node: Statements/Lines105311 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1109766 -Node: Other Features110031 -Node: When110967 -Ref: When-Footnote-1112721 -Node: Intro Summary112786 -Node: Invoking Gawk113670 -Node: Command Line115184 -Node: Options115982 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1131904 -Ref: Options-Footnote-2132133 -Node: Other Arguments132158 -Node: 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+Node: Constant Size227590 +Node: Splitting By Content232173 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236138 +Node: Multiple Line236301 +Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242182 +Node: Getline242361 +Node: Plain Getline244568 +Node: Getline/Variable247208 +Node: Getline/File248357 +Node: Getline/Variable/File249742 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1251345 +Node: Getline/Pipe251432 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254110 +Node: Getline/Coprocess255241 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess256505 +Node: Getline Notes257244 +Node: Getline Summary260038 +Ref: table-getline-variants260450 +Node: Read Timeout261279 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265116 +Node: Command-line directories265174 +Node: Input Summary266079 +Node: Input Exercises269464 +Node: Printing270192 +Node: Print271969 +Node: Print Examples273426 +Node: Output Separators276205 +Node: OFMT278223 +Node: Printf279578 +Node: Basic Printf280363 +Node: Control Letters281935 +Node: Format Modifiers285920 +Node: Printf Examples291930 +Node: Redirection294416 +Node: Special FD301254 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1304420 +Node: Special Files304494 +Node: Other Inherited Files305111 +Node: Special Network306111 +Node: Special Caveats306973 +Node: Close Files And Pipes307922 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1315113 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2315261 +Node: Output Summary315411 +Node: Output Exercises316409 +Node: Expressions317089 +Node: Values318278 +Node: Constants318955 +Node: Scalar Constants319646 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1320508 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers320758 +Node: Regexp Constants323768 +Node: Using Constant Regexps324294 +Node: Variables327457 +Node: Using Variables328114 +Node: Assignment Options330025 +Node: Conversion331900 +Node: Strings And Numbers332424 +Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1335489 +Node: Locale influences conversions335598 +Ref: table-locale-affects338344 +Node: All Operators338936 +Node: Arithmetic Ops339565 +Node: Concatenation342070 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1344889 +Node: 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Multiscanning490668 +Node: Arrays of Arrays492257 +Node: Arrays Summary497011 +Node: Functions499102 +Node: Built-in500141 +Node: Calling Built-in501219 +Node: Numeric Functions503214 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1507230 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2507587 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3507635 +Node: String Functions507907 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1531408 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2531537 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3531785 +Node: Gory Details531872 +Ref: table-sub-escapes533653 +Ref: table-sub-proposed535168 +Ref: table-posix-sub536530 +Ref: table-gensub-escapes538067 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1538900 +Node: I/O Functions539051 +Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1546287 +Node: Time Functions546434 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1556943 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2557011 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3557169 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4557280 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5557392 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6557619 +Node: Bitwise Functions557885 +Ref: table-bitwise-ops558447 +Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1562775 +Node: Type Functions562947 +Node: I18N Functions564099 +Node: User-defined565746 +Node: Definition Syntax566551 +Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1572210 +Node: Function Example572281 +Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1575202 +Node: Function Caveats575224 +Node: Calling A Function575742 +Node: Variable Scope576700 +Node: Pass By Value/Reference579693 +Node: Return Statement583190 +Node: Dynamic Typing586169 +Node: Indirect Calls587098 +Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1598404 +Node: Functions Summary598532 +Node: Library Functions601234 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1604842 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2604985 +Node: Library Names605156 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1608614 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2608837 +Node: General Functions608923 +Node: Strtonum Function610026 +Node: Assert Function613048 +Node: Round Function616372 +Node: Cliff Random Function617913 +Node: Ordinal Functions618929 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1621992 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2622244 +Node: Join Function622455 +Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1624225 +Node: Getlocaltime Function624425 +Node: Readfile Function628169 +Node: Shell Quoting630141 +Node: Data File Management631542 +Node: Filetrans Function632174 +Node: Rewind Function636270 +Node: File Checking637656 +Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1638989 +Node: Empty Files639190 +Node: Ignoring Assigns641169 +Node: Getopt Function642719 +Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1654183 +Node: Passwd Functions654383 +Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1663223 +Node: Group Functions663311 +Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1671208 +Node: Walking Arrays671413 +Node: Library Functions Summary673013 +Node: Library Exercises674417 +Node: Sample Programs675697 +Node: Running Examples676467 +Node: Clones677195 +Node: Cut Program678419 +Node: Egrep Program688139 +Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1695642 +Node: Id Program695752 +Node: Split Program699428 +Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1702882 +Node: Tee Program703010 +Node: Uniq Program705799 +Node: Wc Program713218 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1717468 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs717562 +Node: Dupword Program718775 +Node: Alarm Program720806 +Node: Translate Program725611 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1730174 +Node: Labels Program730444 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1733795 +Node: Word Sorting733879 +Node: History Sorting737949 +Node: Extract Program739784 +Node: Simple Sed747308 +Node: Igawk Program750378 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1764704 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2764905 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3765027 +Node: Anagram Program765142 +Node: Signature Program768203 +Node: Programs Summary769450 +Node: Programs Exercises770671 +Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1774802 +Node: Advanced Features774893 +Node: Nondecimal Data776875 +Node: Array Sorting778465 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal779165 +Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1787531 +Node: Array Sorting Functions787649 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1791535 +Node: Two-way I/O791731 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1796676 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2796862 +Node: TCP/IP Networking796944 +Node: Profiling799816 +Node: Advanced Features Summary807357 +Node: Internationalization809290 +Node: I18N and L10N810770 +Node: Explaining gettext811456 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1816481 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2816665 +Node: Programmer i18n816830 +Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1821706 +Node: Translator i18n821755 +Node: String Extraction822549 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1823680 +Node: Printf Ordering823766 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1826552 +Node: I18N Portability826616 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1829072 +Node: I18N Example829135 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1831938 +Node: Gawk I18N832010 +Node: I18N Summary832654 +Node: Debugger833994 +Node: Debugging835016 +Node: Debugging Concepts835457 +Node: Debugging Terms837267 +Node: Awk Debugging839839 +Node: Sample Debugging Session840745 +Node: Debugger Invocation841279 +Node: Finding The Bug842664 +Node: List of Debugger Commands849143 +Node: Breakpoint Control850475 +Node: Debugger Execution Control854152 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data857511 +Node: Execution Stack860887 +Node: Debugger Info862522 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands866567 +Node: Readline Support871568 +Node: Limitations872462 +Node: Debugging Summary874577 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic875751 +Node: Computer Arithmetic877167 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges880766 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1881290 +Node: Math Definitions881347 +Ref: table-ieee-formats884642 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1885246 +Node: MPFR features885351 +Node: FP Math Caution887022 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1888072 +Node: Inexactness of computations888441 +Node: Inexact representation889400 +Node: Comparing FP Values890758 +Node: Errors accumulate891840 +Node: Getting Accuracy893272 +Node: Try To Round895976 +Node: Setting precision896875 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings897559 +Node: Setting the rounding mode899388 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes899752 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1903204 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers903383 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1906367 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems906516 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1910395 +Node: Floating point summary910433 +Node: Dynamic Extensions912629 +Node: Extension Intro914181 +Node: Plugin License915446 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline916243 +Ref: figure-load-extension916671 +Ref: figure-register-new-function918151 +Ref: figure-call-new-function919155 +Node: Extension API Description921142 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction922592 +Node: General Data Types927413 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1933312 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions933611 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1936450 +Node: Constructor Functions936546 +Node: Registration Functions938280 +Node: Extension Functions938965 +Node: Exit Callback Functions941262 +Node: Extension Version String942510 +Node: Input Parsers943175 +Node: Output Wrappers953054 +Node: Two-way processors957569 +Node: Printing Messages959773 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1960849 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'961001 +Node: Requesting Values961741 +Ref: table-value-types-returned962469 +Node: Accessing Parameters963426 +Node: Symbol Table Access964657 +Node: Symbol table by name965171 +Node: Symbol table by cookie967152 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1971296 +Node: Cached values971359 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1974858 +Node: Array Manipulation974949 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1976047 +Node: Array Data Types976084 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1978739 +Node: Array Functions978831 +Node: Flattening Arrays982685 +Node: Creating Arrays989577 +Node: Extension API Variables994348 +Node: Extension Versioning994984 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables996885 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate997950 +Node: Finding Extensions1001759 +Node: Extension Example1002319 +Node: Internal File Description1003091 +Node: Internal File Ops1007158 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11018828 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1018968 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11021351 +Node: Extension Samples1021624 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1023150 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1030788 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1032279 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1033494 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1035169 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1036005 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1036881 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1037692 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1038282 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1039022 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1040962 +Node: Extension Sample Time1042057 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1043406 +Node: gawkextlib1043897 +Node: Extension summary1046555 +Node: Extension Exercises1050244 +Node: Language History1050966 +Node: V7/SVR3.11052622 +Node: SVR41054803 +Node: POSIX1056248 +Node: BTL1057637 +Node: POSIX/GNU1058371 +Node: Feature History1063935 +Node: Common Extensions1077033 +Node: Ranges and Locales1078357 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11082975 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21083002 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31083236 +Node: Contributors1083457 +Node: History summary1088998 +Node: Installation1090368 +Node: Gawk Distribution1091314 +Node: Getting1091798 +Node: Extracting1092621 +Node: Distribution contents1094256 +Node: Unix Installation1099973 +Node: Quick Installation1100590 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1103014 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1104752 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1107121 +Node: PC Installation1107579 +Node: PC Binary Installation1108898 +Node: PC Compiling1110746 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11113767 +Node: PC Testing1113876 +Node: PC Using1115052 +Node: Cygwin1119167 +Node: MSYS1119990 +Node: VMS Installation1120490 +Node: VMS Compilation1121282 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11122504 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1122562 +Node: VMS Installation Details1124246 +Node: VMS Running1126498 +Node: VMS GNV1129334 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1130068 +Node: Bugs1130538 +Node: Other Versions1134421 +Node: Installation summary1140845 +Node: Notes1141901 +Node: Compatibility Mode1142766 +Node: Additions1143548 +Node: Accessing The Source1144473 +Node: Adding Code1145908 +Node: New Ports1152065 +Node: Derived Files1156547 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11162022 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21162056 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31162652 +Node: Future Extensions1162766 +Node: Implementation Limitations1163372 +Node: Extension Design1164620 +Node: Old Extension Problems1165774 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11167291 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1167348 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11170708 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1170897 +Node: Extension Future Growth1173005 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1173841 +Node: Notes summary1175603 +Node: Basic Concepts1176789 +Node: Basic High Level1177470 +Ref: figure-general-flow1177742 +Ref: figure-process-flow1178341 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11181570 +Node: Basic Data Typing1181755 +Node: Glossary1185083 +Node: Copying1217012 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1254568 +Node: Index1279704  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 2f49027b6d6b1f03ae07c5cd9625b072465079bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Wed, 11 Feb 2015 23:21:28 +0200 Subject: O'Reilly edits, through Chapter 16. --- doc/gawk.info | 575 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 290 insertions(+), 285 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index eb8d07b5..8061bbd2 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -23071,7 +23071,7 @@ first. If you know that you wish to use the same numeric or string _value_ for one or more variables, you can create the value once, retaining a "value cookie" for it, and then pass in that value cookie whenever you -wish to set the value of a variable. This both storage space within +wish to set the value of a variable. This saves storage space within the running `gawk' process and reduces the time needed to create the value. @@ -23108,7 +23108,7 @@ prototypes, in the way that extension code would use them: `void gawk_free(void *ptr);' Call the correct version of `free()' to release storage that was - allocated with `gawk_malloc()', `gawk_calloc()' or + allocated with `gawk_malloc()', `gawk_calloc()', or `gawk_realloc()'. The API has to provide these functions because it is possible for an @@ -23120,7 +23120,7 @@ version of `malloc()', unexpected behavior would likely result. Two convenience macros may be used for allocating storage from `gawk_malloc()' and `gawk_realloc()'. If the allocation fails, they cause `gawk' to exit with a fatal error message. They should be used -as if they were procedure calls that do not return a value. +as if they were procedure calls that do not return a value: `#define emalloc(pointer, type, size, message) ...' The arguments to this macro are as follows: @@ -23150,13 +23150,13 @@ as if they were procedure calls that do not return a value. make_malloced_string(message, strlen(message), & result); `#define erealloc(pointer, type, size, message) ...' - This is like `emalloc()', but it calls `gawk_realloc()', instead - of `gawk_malloc()'. The arguments are the same as for the + This is like `emalloc()', but it calls `gawk_realloc()' instead of + `gawk_malloc()'. The arguments are the same as for the `emalloc()' macro. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) This is more common on MS-Windows systems, but can happen on + (1) This is more common on MS-Windows systems, but it can happen on Unix-like systems as well.  @@ -23182,7 +23182,7 @@ extension code would use them: This function creates a string value in the `awk_value_t' variable pointed to by `result'. It expects `string' to be a `char *' value pointing to data previously obtained from `gawk_malloc()', - `gawk_calloc()' or `gawk_realloc()'. The idea here is that the + `gawk_calloc()', or `gawk_realloc()'. The idea here is that the data is passed directly to `gawk', which assumes responsibility for it. It returns `result'. @@ -23232,7 +23232,7 @@ Extension functions are described by the following record: The fields are: `const char *name;' - The name of the new function. `awk' level code calls the function + The name of the new function. `awk'-level code calls the function by this name. This is a regular C string. Function names must obey the rules for `awk' identifiers. That is, @@ -23244,7 +23244,7 @@ Extension functions are described by the following record: This is a pointer to the C function that provides the extension's functionality. The function must fill in `*result' with either a number or a string. `gawk' takes ownership of any string memory. - As mentioned earlier, string memory *must* come from one of + As mentioned earlier, string memory _must_ come from one of `gawk_malloc()', `gawk_calloc()', or `gawk_realloc()'. The `num_actual_args' argument tells the C function how many @@ -23291,10 +23291,10 @@ function with `gawk' using the following function: `gawk' intends to pass to the `exit()' system call. `arg0' - A pointer to private data which `gawk' saves in order to pass + A pointer to private data that `gawk' saves in order to pass to the function pointed to by `funcp'. - Exit callback functions are called in last-in-first-out (LIFO) + Exit callback functions are called in last-in, first-out (LIFO) order--that is, in the reverse order in which they are registered with `gawk'. @@ -23304,8 +23304,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Version String, Next: Input Parsers, Prev: E 16.4.5.3 Registering An Extension Version String ................................................ -You can register a version string which indicates the name and version -of your extension, with `gawk', as follows: +You can register a version string that indicates the name and version +of your extension with `gawk', as follows: `void register_ext_version(const char *version);' Register the string pointed to by `version' with `gawk'. Note @@ -23328,7 +23328,7 @@ Files::). Additionally, it sets the value of `RT' (*note Built-in Variables::). If you want, you can provide your own custom input parser. An input -parser's job is to return a record to the `gawk' record processing +parser's job is to return a record to the `gawk' record-processing code, along with indicators for the value and length of the data to be used for `RT', if any. @@ -23345,10 +23345,10 @@ used for `RT', if any. `awk_bool_t XXX_take_control_of(awk_input_buf_t *iobuf);' When `gawk' decides to hand control of the file over to the input parser, it calls this function. This function in turn must fill - in certain fields in the `awk_input_buf_t' structure, and ensure + in certain fields in the `awk_input_buf_t' structure and ensure that certain conditions are true. It should then return true. If - an error of some kind occurs, it should not fill in any fields, - and should return false; then `gawk' will not use the input parser. + an error of some kind occurs, it should not fill in any fields and + should return false; then `gawk' will not use the input parser. The details are presented shortly. Your extension should package these functions inside an @@ -23425,10 +23425,10 @@ the `struct stat', or any combination of these factors. Once `XXX_can_take_file()' has returned true, and `gawk' has decided to use your input parser, it calls `XXX_take_control_of()'. That -function then fills one of either the `get_record' field or the -`read_func' field in the `awk_input_buf_t'. It must also ensure that -`fd' is _not_ set to `INVALID_HANDLE'. The following list describes -the fields that may be filled by `XXX_take_control_of()': +function then fills either the `get_record' field or the `read_func' +field in the `awk_input_buf_t'. It must also ensure that `fd' is _not_ +set to `INVALID_HANDLE'. The following list describes the fields that +may be filled by `XXX_take_control_of()': `void *opaque;' This is used to hold any state information needed by the input @@ -23445,22 +23445,22 @@ the fields that may be filled by `XXX_take_control_of()': Its behavior is described in the text following this list. `ssize_t (*read_func)();' - This function pointer should point to function that has the same + This function pointer should point to a function that has the same behavior as the standard POSIX `read()' system call. It is an alternative to the `get_record' pointer. Its behavior is also described in the text following this list. `void (*close_func)(struct awk_input *iobuf);' This function pointer should point to a function that does the - "tear down." It should release any resources allocated by + "teardown." It should release any resources allocated by `XXX_take_control_of()'. It may also close the file. If it does so, it should set the `fd' field to `INVALID_HANDLE'. If `fd' is still not `INVALID_HANDLE' after the call to this function, `gawk' calls the regular `close()' system call. - Having a "tear down" function is optional. If your input parser - does not need it, do not set this field. Then, `gawk' calls the + Having a "teardown" function is optional. If your input parser does + not need it, do not set this field. Then, `gawk' calls the regular `close()' system call on the file descriptor, so it should be valid. @@ -23468,7 +23468,7 @@ the fields that may be filled by `XXX_take_control_of()': records. The parameters are as follows: `char **out' - This is a pointer to a `char *' variable which is set to point to + This is a pointer to a `char *' variable that is set to point to the record. `gawk' makes its own copy of the data, so the extension must manage this storage. @@ -23517,16 +23517,16 @@ explicitly. NOTE: You must choose one method or the other: either a function that returns a record, or one that returns raw data. In particular, if you supply a function to get a record, `gawk' will - call it, and never call the raw read function. + call it, and will never call the raw read function. `gawk' ships with a sample extension that reads directories, -returning records for each entry in the directory (*note Extension -Sample Readdir::). You may wish to use that code as a guide for writing -your own input parser. +returning records for each entry in a directory (*note Extension Sample +Readdir::). You may wish to use that code as a guide for writing your +own input parser. When writing an input parser, you should think about (and document) how it is expected to interact with `awk' code. You may want it to -always be called, and take effect as appropriate (as the `readdir' +always be called, and to take effect as appropriate (as the `readdir' extension does). Or you may want it to take effect based upon the value of an `awk' variable, as the XML extension from the `gawkextlib' project does (*note gawkextlib::). In the latter case, code in a @@ -23626,17 +23626,17 @@ in the `awk_output_buf_t'. The data members are as follows: These pointers should be set to point to functions that perform the equivalent function as the `' functions do, if appropriate. `gawk' uses these function pointers for all output. - `gawk' initializes the pointers to point to internal, "pass - through" functions that just call the regular `' - functions, so an extension only needs to redefine those functions - that are appropriate for what it does. + `gawk' initializes the pointers to point to internal "pass-through" + functions that just call the regular `' functions, so an + extension only needs to redefine those functions that are + appropriate for what it does. The `XXX_can_take_file()' function should make a decision based upon the `name' and `mode' fields, and any additional state (such as `awk' variable values) that is appropriate. When `gawk' calls `XXX_take_control_of()', that function should fill -in the other fields, as appropriate, except for `fp', which it should +in the other fields as appropriate, except for `fp', which it should just use normally. You register your output wrapper with the following function: @@ -23673,16 +23673,17 @@ structures as described earlier. The name of the two-way processor. `awk_bool_t (*can_take_two_way)(const char *name);' - This function returns true if it wants to take over two-way I/O - for this file name. It should not change any state (variable - values, etc.) within `gawk'. + The function pointed to by this field should return true if it + wants to take over two-way I/O for this file name. It should not + change any state (variable values, etc.) within `gawk'. `awk_bool_t (*take_control_of)(const char *name,' ` awk_input_buf_t *inbuf,' ` awk_output_buf_t *outbuf);' - This function should fill in the `awk_input_buf_t' and - `awk_outut_buf_t' structures pointed to by `inbuf' and `outbuf', - respectively. These structures were described earlier. + The function pointed to by this field should fill in the + `awk_input_buf_t' and `awk_outut_buf_t' structures pointed to by + `inbuf' and `outbuf', respectively. These structures were + described earlier. `awk_const struct two_way_processor *awk_const next;' This is for use by `gawk'; therefore it is marked `awk_const' so @@ -23706,7 +23707,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Printing Messages, Next: Updating `ERRNO', Prev: Regis You can print different kinds of warning messages from your extension, as described here. Note that for these functions, you must pass in the -extension id received from `gawk' when the extension was loaded:(1) +extension ID received from `gawk' when the extension was loaded:(1) `void fatal(awk_ext_id_t id, const char *format, ...);' Print a message and then cause `gawk' to exit immediately. @@ -23762,7 +23763,7 @@ value you expect. If the actual value matches what you requested, the function returns true and fills in the `awk_value_t' result. Otherwise, the function returns false, and the `val_type' member indicates the type of the actual value. You may then print an error -message, or reissue the request for the actual value type, as +message or reissue the request for the actual value type, as appropriate. This behavior is summarized in *note table-value-types-returned::. @@ -23771,15 +23772,15 @@ table-value-types-returned::. String Number Array Undefined ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - String String String false false - Number Number if can Number false false + String String String False False + Number Number if can Number False False be converted, else false -Type Array false false Array false -Requested Scalar Scalar Scalar false false +Type Array False False Array False +Requested Scalar Scalar Scalar False False Undefined String Number Array Undefined - Value false false false false - Cookie + Value False False False False + cookie Table 16.1: API value types returned @@ -23796,16 +23797,16 @@ your extension function. They are: ` awk_valtype_t wanted,' ` awk_value_t *result);' Fill in the `awk_value_t' structure pointed to by `result' with - the `count''th argument. Return true if the actual type matches - `wanted', false otherwise. In the latter case, `result->val_type' - indicates the actual type (*note Table 16.1: - table-value-types-returned.). Counts are zero based--the first + the `count'th argument. Return true if the actual type matches + `wanted', and false otherwise. In the latter case, + `result->val_type' indicates the actual type (*note Table 16.1: + table-value-types-returned.). Counts are zero-based--the first argument is numbered zero, the second one, and so on. `wanted' indicates the type of value expected. `awk_bool_t set_argument(size_t count, awk_array_t array);' Convert a parameter that was undefined into an array; this provides - call-by-reference for arrays. Return false if `count' is too big, + call by reference for arrays. Return false if `count' is too big, or if the argument's type is not undefined. *Note Array Manipulation::, for more information on creating arrays. @@ -23833,8 +23834,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Symbol table by name, Next: Symbol table by cookie, Up The following routines provide the ability to access and update global `awk'-level variables by name. In compiler terminology, identifiers of different kinds are termed "symbols", thus the "sym" in the routines' -names. The data structure which stores information about symbols is -termed a "symbol table". +names. The data structure that stores information about symbols is +termed a "symbol table". The functions are as follows: `awk_bool_t sym_lookup(const char *name,' ` awk_valtype_t wanted,' @@ -23842,14 +23843,14 @@ termed a "symbol table". Fill in the `awk_value_t' structure pointed to by `result' with the value of the variable named by the string `name', which is a regular C string. `wanted' indicates the type of value expected. - Return true if the actual type matches `wanted', false otherwise. - In the latter case, `result->val_type' indicates the actual type - (*note Table 16.1: table-value-types-returned.). + Return true if the actual type matches `wanted', and false + otherwise. In the latter case, `result->val_type' indicates the + actual type (*note Table 16.1: table-value-types-returned.). `awk_bool_t sym_update(const char *name, awk_value_t *value);' Update the variable named by the string `name', which is a regular C string. The variable is added to `gawk''s symbol table if it is - not there. Return true if everything worked, false otherwise. + not there. Return true if everything worked, and false otherwise. Changing types (scalar to array or vice versa) of an existing variable is _not_ allowed, nor may this routine be used to update @@ -23874,7 +23875,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Symbol table by cookie, Next: Cached values, Prev: Sym A "scalar cookie" is an opaque handle that provides access to a global variable or array. It is an optimization that avoids looking up variables in `gawk''s symbol table every time access is needed. This -was discussed earlier in *note General Data Types::. +was discussed earlier, in *note General Data Types::. The following functions let you work with scalar cookies: @@ -23985,7 +23986,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Cached values, Prev: Symbol table by cookie, Up: Symbo .......................................... The routines in this section allow you to create and release cached -values. As with scalar cookies, in theory, cached values are not +values. Like scalar cookies, in theory, cached values are not necessary. You can create numbers and strings using the functions in *note Constructor Functions::. You can then assign those values to variables using `sym_update()' or `sym_update_scalar()', as you like. @@ -24056,7 +24057,7 @@ Using value cookies in this way saves considerable storage, as all of `VAR1' through `VAR100' share the same value. You might be wondering, "Is this sharing problematic? What happens -if `awk' code assigns a new value to `VAR1', are all the others changed +if `awk' code assigns a new value to `VAR1'; are all the others changed too?" That's a great question. The answer is that no, it's not a problem. @@ -24175,7 +24176,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Array Functions, Next: Flattening Arrays, Prev: Array 16.4.11.2 Array Functions ......................... -The following functions relate to individual array elements. +The following functions relate to individual array elements: `awk_bool_t get_element_count(awk_array_t a_cookie, size_t *count);' For the array represented by `a_cookie', place in `*count' the @@ -24193,13 +24194,14 @@ The following functions relate to individual array elements. (*note Table 16.1: table-value-types-returned.). The value for `index' can be numeric, in which case `gawk' - converts it to a string. Using non-integral values is possible, but + converts it to a string. Using nonintegral values is possible, but requires that you understand how such values are converted to - strings (*note Conversion::); thus using integral values is safest. + strings (*note Conversion::); thus, using integral values is + safest. As with _all_ strings passed into `gawk' from an extension, the string value of `index' must come from `gawk_malloc()', - `gawk_calloc()' or `gawk_realloc()', and `gawk' releases the + `gawk_calloc()', or `gawk_realloc()', and `gawk' releases the storage. `awk_bool_t set_array_element(awk_array_t a_cookie,' @@ -24243,9 +24245,9 @@ The following functions relate to individual array elements. `awk_bool_t release_flattened_array(awk_array_t a_cookie,' ` awk_flat_array_t *data);' When done with a flattened array, release the storage using this - function. You must pass in both the original array cookie, and - the address of the created `awk_flat_array_t' structure. The - function returns true upon success, false otherwise. + function. You must pass in both the original array cookie and the + address of the created `awk_flat_array_t' structure. The function + returns true upon success, false otherwise.  File: gawk.info, Node: Flattening Arrays, Next: Creating Arrays, Prev: Array Functions, Up: Array Manipulation @@ -24255,8 +24257,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Flattening Arrays, Next: Creating Arrays, Prev: Array To "flatten" an array is to create a structure that represents the full array in a fashion that makes it easy for C code to traverse the entire -array. Test code in `extension/testext.c' does this, and also serves -as a nice example showing how to use the APIs. +array. Some of the code in `extension/testext.c' does this, and also +serves as a nice example showing how to use the APIs. We walk through that part of the code one step at a time. First, the `gawk' script that drives the test extension: @@ -24305,9 +24307,8 @@ number of arguments: } The function then proceeds in steps, as follows. First, retrieve the -name of the array, passed as the first argument. Then retrieve the -array itself. If either operation fails, print error messages and -return: +name of the array, passed as the first argument, followed by the array +itself. If either operation fails, print an error message and return: /* get argument named array as flat array and print it */ if (get_argument(0, AWK_STRING, & value)) { @@ -24337,9 +24338,9 @@ count of elements in the array and print it: printf("dump_array_and_delete: incoming size is %lu\n", (unsigned long) count); - The third step is to actually flatten the array, and then to double -check that the count in the `awk_flat_array_t' is the same as the count -just retrieved: + The third step is to actually flatten the array, and then to +double-check that the count in the `awk_flat_array_t' is the same as +the count just retrieved: if (! flatten_array(value2.array_cookie, & flat_array)) { printf("dump_array_and_delete: could not flatten array\n"); @@ -24356,7 +24357,7 @@ just retrieved: The fourth step is to retrieve the index of the element to be deleted, which was passed as the second argument. Remember that -argument counts passed to `get_argument()' are zero-based, thus the +argument counts passed to `get_argument()' are zero-based, and thus the second argument is numbered one: if (! get_argument(1, AWK_STRING, & value3)) { @@ -24369,7 +24370,7 @@ over every element in the array, printing the index and element values. In addition, upon finding the element with the index that is supposed to be deleted, the function sets the `AWK_ELEMENT_DELETE' bit in the `flags' field of the element. When the array is released, `gawk' -traverses the flattened array, and deletes any elements which have this +traverses the flattened array, and deletes any elements that have this flag bit set: for (i = 0; i < flat_array->count; i++) { @@ -24587,10 +24588,10 @@ The API provides both a "major" and a "minor" version number. The API versions are available at compile time as constants: `GAWK_API_MAJOR_VERSION' - The major version of the API. + The major version of the API `GAWK_API_MINOR_VERSION' - The minor version of the API. + The minor version of the API The minor version increases when new functions are added to the API. Such new functions are always added to the end of the API `struct'. @@ -24605,13 +24606,13 @@ For this reason, the major and minor API versions of the running `gawk' are included in the API `struct' as read-only constant integers: `api->major_version' - The major version of the running `gawk'. + The major version of the running `gawk' `api->minor_version' - The minor version of the running `gawk'. + The minor version of the running `gawk' It is up to the extension to decide if there are API -incompatibilities. Typically a check like this is enough: +incompatibilities. Typically, a check like this is enough: if (api->major_version != GAWK_API_MAJOR_VERSION || api->minor_version < GAWK_API_MINOR_VERSION) { @@ -24623,7 +24624,7 @@ incompatibilities. Typically a check like this is enough: } Such code is included in the boilerplate `dl_load_func()' macro -provided in `gawkapi.h' (discussed later, in *note Extension API +provided in `gawkapi.h' (discussed in *note Extension API Boilerplate::).  @@ -24674,7 +24675,7 @@ functions) toward the top of your source file, using predefined names as described here. The boilerplate needed is also provided in comments in the `gawkapi.h' header file: - /* Boiler plate code: */ + /* Boilerplate code: */ int plugin_is_GPL_compatible; static gawk_api_t *const api; @@ -24724,7 +24725,7 @@ in the `gawkapi.h' header file: to point to a string giving the name and version of your extension. `static awk_ext_func_t func_table[] = { ... };' - This is an array of one or more `awk_ext_func_t' structures as + This is an array of one or more `awk_ext_func_t' structures, as described earlier (*note Extension Functions::). It can then be looped over for multiple calls to `add_ext_func()'. @@ -24837,7 +24838,7 @@ appropriate information: `stat()' fails. It fills in the following elements: `"name"' - The name of the file that was `stat()''ed. + The name of the file that was `stat()'ed. `"dev"' `"ino"' @@ -24885,7 +24886,7 @@ appropriate information: The file is a directory. `"fifo"' - The file is a named-pipe (also known as a FIFO). + The file is a named pipe (also known as a FIFO). `"file"' The file is just a regular file. @@ -24905,7 +24906,7 @@ appropriate information: systems, "a priori" knowledge is used to provide a value. Where no value can be determined, it defaults to 512. - Several additional elements may be present depending upon the + Several additional elements may be present, depending upon the operating system and the type of the file. You can test for them in your `awk' program by using the `in' operator (*note Reference to Elements::): @@ -24934,9 +24935,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Internal File Ops, Next: Using Internal File Ops, Prev Here is the C code for these extensions.(1) The file includes a number of standard header files, and then -includes the `gawkapi.h' header file which provides the API definitions. -Those are followed by the necessary variable declarations to make use -of the API macros and boilerplate code (*note Extension API +includes the `gawkapi.h' header file, which provides the API +definitions. Those are followed by the necessary variable declarations +to make use of the API macros and boilerplate code (*note Extension API Boilerplate::): #ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H @@ -24972,9 +24973,9 @@ Boilerplate::): By convention, for an `awk' function `foo()', the C function that implements it is called `do_foo()'. The function should have two -arguments: the first is an `int' usually called `nargs', that +arguments. The first is an `int', usually called `nargs', that represents the number of actual arguments for the function. The second -is a pointer to an `awk_value_t', usually named `result': +is a pointer to an `awk_value_t' structure, usually named `result': /* do_chdir --- provide dynamically loaded chdir() function for gawk */ @@ -25010,8 +25011,8 @@ is numbered zero. } The `stat()' extension is more involved. First comes a function -that turns a numeric mode into a printable representation (e.g., 644 -becomes `-rw-r--r--'). This is omitted here for brevity: +that turns a numeric mode into a printable representation (e.g., octal +`0644' becomes `-rw-r--r--'). This is omitted here for brevity: /* format_mode --- turn a stat mode field into something readable */ @@ -25061,8 +25062,8 @@ contain the result of the `stat()': The following function does most of the work to fill in the `awk_array_t' result array with values obtained from a valid `struct -stat'. It is done in a separate function to support the `stat()' -function for `gawk' and also to support the `fts()' extension which is +stat'. This work is done in a separate function to support the `stat()' +function for `gawk' and also to support the `fts()' extension, which is included in the same file but whose code is not shown here (*note Extension Sample File Functions::). @@ -25174,8 +25175,8 @@ argument is optional. If present, it causes `do_stat()' to use the `stat()' system call instead of the `lstat()' system call. This is done by using a function pointer: `statfunc'. `statfunc' is initialized to point to `lstat()' (instead of `stat()') to get the file -information, in case the file is a symbolic link. However, if there -were three arguments, `statfunc' is set point to `stat()', instead. +information, in case the file is a symbolic link. However, if the third +argument is included, `statfunc' is set to point to `stat()', instead. Here is the `do_stat()' function, which starts with variable declarations and argument checking: @@ -25224,7 +25225,7 @@ returns: /* always empty out the array */ clear_array(array); - /* stat the file, if error, set ERRNO and return */ + /* stat the file; if error, set ERRNO and return */ ret = statfunc(name, & sbuf); if (ret < 0) { update_ERRNO_int(errno); @@ -25243,7 +25244,8 @@ When done, the function returns the result from `fill_stat_array()': function(s) into `gawk'. The `filefuncs' extension also provides an `fts()' function, which -we omit here. For its sake there is an initialization function: +we omit here (*note Extension Sample File Functions::). For its sake, +there is an initialization function: /* init_filefuncs --- initialization routine */ @@ -25367,9 +25369,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Samples, Next: gawkextlib, Prev: Extension E 16.7 The Sample Extensions in the `gawk' Distribution ===================================================== -This minor node provides brief overviews of the sample extensions that +This minor node provides a brief overview of the sample extensions that come in the `gawk' distribution. Some of them are intended for -production use (e.g., the `filefuncs', `readdir' and `inplace' +production use (e.g., the `filefuncs', `readdir', and `inplace' extensions). Others mainly provide example code that shows how to use the extension API. @@ -25406,13 +25408,13 @@ follows. The usage is: `result = chdir("/some/directory")' The `chdir()' function is a direct hook to the `chdir()' system call to change the current directory. It returns zero upon - success or less than zero upon error. In the latter case, it - updates `ERRNO'. + success or a value less than zero upon error. In the latter case, + it updates `ERRNO'. `result = stat("/some/path", statdata' [`, follow']`)' The `stat()' function provides a hook into the `stat()' system - call. It returns zero upon success or less than zero upon error. - In the latter case, it updates `ERRNO'. + call. It returns zero upon success or a value less than zero upon + error. In the latter case, it updates `ERRNO'. By default, it uses the `lstat()' system call. However, if passed a third argument, it uses `stat()' instead. @@ -25439,23 +25441,23 @@ follows. The usage is: `"minor"' `st_minor' Device files `"blksize"'`st_blksize' All `"pmode"' A human-readable version of the All - mode value, such as printed by - `ls'. For example, - `"-rwxr-xr-x"' + mode value, like that printed by + `ls' (for example, + `"-rwxr-xr-x"') `"linkval"'The value of the symbolic link Symbolic links - `"type"' The type of the file as a string. All - One of `"file"', `"blockdev"', - `"chardev"', `"directory"', - `"socket"', `"fifo"', `"symlink"', - `"door"', or `"unknown"'. Not - all systems support all file - types. + `"type"' The type of the file as a All + string--one of `"file"', + `"blockdev"', `"chardev"', + `"directory"', `"socket"', + `"fifo"', `"symlink"', `"door"', + or `"unknown"' (not all systems + support all file types) `flags = or(FTS_PHYSICAL, ...)' `result = fts(pathlist, flags, filedata)' Walk the file trees provided in `pathlist' and fill in the - `filedata' array as described next. `flags' is the bitwise OR of + `filedata' array, as described next. `flags' is the bitwise OR of several predefined values, also described in a moment. Return zero if there were no errors, otherwise return -1. @@ -25508,10 +25510,11 @@ requested hierarchies. filesystem. `filedata' - The `filedata' array is first cleared. Then, `fts()' creates an - element in `filedata' for every element in `pathlist'. The index - is the name of the directory or file given in `pathlist'. The - element for this index is itself an array. There are two cases: + The `filedata' array holds the results. `fts()' first clears it. + Then it creates an element in `filedata' for every element in + `pathlist'. The index is the name of the directory or file given + in `pathlist'. The element for this index is itself an array. + There are two cases: _The path is a file_ In this case, the array contains two or three elements: @@ -25547,7 +25550,7 @@ requested hierarchies. elements as for a file: `"path"', `"stat"', and `"error"'. The `fts()' function returns zero if there were no errors. -Otherwise it returns -1. +Otherwise, it returns -1. NOTE: The `fts()' extension does not exactly mimic the interface of the C library `fts()' routines, choosing instead to provide an @@ -25586,14 +25589,14 @@ adds one constant (`FNM_NOMATCH'), and an array of flag values named The arguments to `fnmatch()' are: `pattern' - The file name wildcard to match. + The file name wildcard to match `string' - The file name string. + The file name string `flag' Either zero, or the bitwise OR of one or more of the flags in the - `FNM' array. + `FNM' array The flags are as follows: @@ -25627,13 +25630,13 @@ The `fork' extension adds three functions, as follows: `pid = fork()' This function creates a new process. The return value is zero in - the child and the process-ID number of the child in the parent, or + the child and the process ID number of the child in the parent, or -1 upon error. In the latter case, `ERRNO' indicates the problem. In the child, `PROCINFO["pid"]' and `PROCINFO["ppid"]' are updated to reflect the correct values. `ret = waitpid(pid)' - This function takes a numeric argument, which is the process-ID to + This function takes a numeric argument, which is the process ID to wait for. The return value is that of the `waitpid()' system call. `ret = wait()' @@ -25657,8 +25660,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Sample Inplace, Next: Extension Sample Ord, 16.7.4 Enabling In-Place File Editing ------------------------------------- -The `inplace' extension emulates GNU `sed''s `-i' option which performs -"in place" editing of each input file. It uses the bundled +The `inplace' extension emulates GNU `sed''s `-i' option, which +performs "in-place" editing of each input file. It uses the bundled `inplace.awk' include file to invoke the extension properly: # inplace --- load and invoke the inplace extension. @@ -25741,11 +25744,11 @@ returned as a record. The record consists of three fields. The first two are the inode number and the file name, separated by a forward slash character. On systems where the directory entry contains the file type, the record -has a third field (also separated by a slash) which is a single letter +has a third field (also separated by a slash), which is a single letter indicating the type of the file. The letters and their corresponding file types are shown in *note table-readdir-file-types::. -Letter File Type +Letter File type -------------------------------------------------------------------------- `b' Block device `c' Character device @@ -25792,7 +25795,7 @@ unwary. Here is an example: print "don't panic" > "/dev/stdout" } - The output from this program is: `cinap t'nod'. + The output from this program is `cinap t'nod'.  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Sample Rev2way, Next: Extension Sample Read write array, Prev: Extension Sample Revout, Up: Extension Samples @@ -25840,7 +25843,7 @@ The `rwarray' extension adds two functions, named `writea()' and `reada()' is the inverse of `writea()'; it reads the file named as its first argument, filling in the array named as the second argument. It clears the array first. Here too, the return value - is one on success and zero upon failure. + is one on success, or zero upon failure. The array created by `reada()' is identical to that written by `writea()' in the sense that the contents are the same. However, due to @@ -25924,7 +25927,7 @@ The `time' extension adds two functions, named `gettimeofday()' and Attempt to sleep for SECONDS seconds. If SECONDS is negative, or the attempt to sleep fails, return -1 and set `ERRNO'. Otherwise, return zero after sleeping for the indicated amount of time. Note - that SECONDS may be a floating-point (non-integral) value. + that SECONDS may be a floating-point (nonintegral) value. Implementation details: depending on platform availability, this function tries to use `nanosleep()' or `select()' to implement the delay. @@ -25952,7 +25955,9 @@ provides a number of `gawk' extensions, including one for processing XML files. This is the evolution of the original `xgawk' (XML `gawk') project. - As of this writing, there are six extensions: + As of this writing, there are seven extensions: + + * `errno' extension * GD graphics library extension @@ -25961,7 +25966,7 @@ project. * PostgreSQL extension * MPFR library extension (this provides access to a number of MPFR - functions which `gawk''s native MPFR support does not) + functions that `gawk''s native MPFR support does not) * Redis extension @@ -26002,7 +26007,7 @@ follows. First, build and install `gawk': If you have installed `gawk' in the standard way, then you will likely not need the `--with-gawk' option when configuring `gawkextlib'. -You may also need to use the `sudo' utility to install both `gawk' and +You may need to use the `sudo' utility to install both `gawk' and `gawkextlib', depending upon how your system works. If you write an extension that you wish to share with other `gawk' @@ -26024,7 +26029,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension summary, Next: Extension Exercises, Prev: ga a variable named `plugin_is_GPL_compatible'. * Communication between `gawk' and an extension is two-way. `gawk' - passes a `struct' to the extension which contains various data + passes a `struct' to the extension that contains various data fields and function pointers. The extension can then call into `gawk' via the supplied function pointers to accomplish certain tasks. @@ -26035,7 +26040,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension summary, Next: Extension Exercises, Prev: ga convention, implementation functions are named `do_XXXX()' for some `awk'-level function `XXXX()'. - * The API is defined in a header file named `gawkpi.h'. You must + * The API is defined in a header file named `gawkapi.h'. You must include a number of standard header files _before_ including it in your source file. @@ -26065,16 +26070,16 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension summary, Next: Extension Exercises, Prev: ga * Manipulating arrays (retrieving, adding, deleting, and modifying elements; getting the count of elements in an array; creating a new array; clearing an array; and flattening an - array for easy C style looping over all its indices and + array for easy C-style looping over all its indices and elements) * The API defines a number of standard data types for representing `awk' values, array elements, and arrays. - * The API provide convenience functions for constructing values. It - also provides memory management functions to ensure compatibility - between memory allocated by `gawk' and memory allocated by an - extension. + * The API provides convenience functions for constructing values. + It also provides memory management functions to ensure + compatibility between memory allocated by `gawk' and memory + allocated by an extension. * _All_ memory passed from `gawk' to an extension must be treated as read-only by the extension. @@ -26092,8 +26097,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension summary, Next: Extension Exercises, Prev: ga header file make this easier to do. * The `gawk' distribution includes a number of small but useful - sample extensions. The `gawkextlib' project includes several more, - larger, extensions. If you wish to write an extension and + sample extensions. The `gawkextlib' project includes several more + (larger) extensions. If you wish to write an extension and contribute it to the community of `gawk' users, the `gawkextlib' project is the place to do so. @@ -32657,7 +32662,7 @@ Index (line 99) * exp: Numeric Functions. (line 18) * expand utility: Very Simple. (line 73) -* Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 33) +* Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 35) * exponent: Numeric Functions. (line 18) * expressions: Expressions. (line 6) * expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 6) @@ -33071,7 +33076,7 @@ Index * git utility <2>: Accessing The Source. (line 10) * git utility <3>: Other Versions. (line 29) -* git utility: gawkextlib. (line 27) +* git utility: gawkextlib. (line 29) * Git, use of for gawk source code: Derived Files. (line 6) * GNITS mailing list: Acknowledgments. (line 52) * GNU awk, See gawk: Preface. (line 51) @@ -34905,137 +34910,137 @@ Ref: figure-call-new-function919155 Node: Extension API Description921142 Node: Extension API Functions Introduction922592 Node: General Data Types927413 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1933312 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions933611 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1936450 -Node: Constructor Functions936546 -Node: Registration Functions938280 -Node: Extension Functions938965 -Node: Exit Callback Functions941262 -Node: Extension Version String942510 -Node: Input Parsers943175 -Node: Output Wrappers953054 -Node: Two-way processors957569 -Node: Printing Messages959773 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1960849 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'961001 -Node: Requesting Values961741 -Ref: table-value-types-returned962469 -Node: Accessing Parameters963426 -Node: Symbol Table Access964657 -Node: Symbol table by name965171 -Node: Symbol table by cookie967152 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1971296 -Node: Cached values971359 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1974858 -Node: Array Manipulation974949 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1976047 -Node: Array Data Types976084 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1978739 -Node: Array Functions978831 -Node: Flattening Arrays982685 -Node: Creating Arrays989577 -Node: Extension API Variables994348 -Node: Extension Versioning994984 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables996885 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate997950 -Node: Finding Extensions1001759 -Node: Extension Example1002319 -Node: Internal File Description1003091 -Node: Internal File Ops1007158 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11018828 -Node: Using Internal File Ops1018968 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11021351 -Node: Extension Samples1021624 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions1023150 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1030788 -Node: Extension Sample Fork1032279 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace1033494 -Node: Extension Sample Ord1035169 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir1036005 -Ref: table-readdir-file-types1036881 -Node: 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Limitations1163372 -Node: Extension Design1164620 -Node: Old Extension Problems1165774 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11167291 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1167348 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11170708 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1170897 -Node: Extension Future Growth1173005 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1173841 -Node: Notes summary1175603 -Node: Basic Concepts1176789 -Node: Basic High Level1177470 -Ref: figure-general-flow1177742 -Ref: figure-process-flow1178341 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11181570 -Node: Basic Data Typing1181755 -Node: Glossary1185083 -Node: Copying1217012 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1254568 -Node: Index1279704 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1933313 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions933612 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1936451 +Node: Constructor Functions936550 +Node: Registration Functions938285 +Node: Extension Functions938970 +Node: Exit Callback Functions941267 +Node: Extension Version String942515 +Node: Input Parsers943178 +Node: Output Wrappers953053 +Node: Two-way processors957566 +Node: Printing Messages959829 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1960905 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'961057 +Node: Requesting Values961797 +Ref: table-value-types-returned962524 +Node: Accessing Parameters963481 +Node: Symbol Table Access964715 +Node: Symbol table by name965229 +Node: Symbol table by cookie967249 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1971394 +Node: Cached values971457 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1974953 +Node: Array Manipulation975044 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1976142 +Node: Array Data Types976179 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1978834 +Node: Array Functions978926 +Node: Flattening Arrays982785 +Node: Creating Arrays989687 +Node: Extension API Variables994458 +Node: Extension Versioning995094 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables996985 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate998050 +Node: Finding Extensions1001859 +Node: Extension Example1002419 +Node: Internal File Description1003191 +Node: Internal File Ops1007258 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11019009 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1019149 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11021532 +Node: Extension Samples1021805 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1023333 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1031014 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1032502 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1033717 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1035393 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1036229 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1037106 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1037917 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1038506 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1039246 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1041186 +Node: Extension Sample Time1042281 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1043629 +Node: gawkextlib1044120 +Node: Extension summary1046798 +Node: Extension Exercises1050487 +Node: Language History1051209 +Node: V7/SVR3.11052865 +Node: SVR41055046 +Node: POSIX1056491 +Node: BTL1057880 +Node: POSIX/GNU1058614 +Node: Feature History1064178 +Node: Common Extensions1077276 +Node: Ranges and Locales1078600 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11083218 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21083245 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31083479 +Node: Contributors1083700 +Node: History summary1089241 +Node: Installation1090611 +Node: Gawk Distribution1091557 +Node: Getting1092041 +Node: Extracting1092864 +Node: Distribution contents1094499 +Node: Unix Installation1100216 +Node: Quick Installation1100833 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1103257 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1104995 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1107364 +Node: PC Installation1107822 +Node: PC Binary Installation1109141 +Node: PC Compiling1110989 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11114010 +Node: PC Testing1114119 +Node: PC Using1115295 +Node: Cygwin1119410 +Node: MSYS1120233 +Node: VMS Installation1120733 +Node: VMS Compilation1121525 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11122747 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1122805 +Node: VMS Installation Details1124489 +Node: VMS Running1126741 +Node: VMS GNV1129577 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1130311 +Node: Bugs1130781 +Node: Other Versions1134664 +Node: Installation summary1141088 +Node: Notes1142144 +Node: Compatibility Mode1143009 +Node: Additions1143791 +Node: Accessing The Source1144716 +Node: Adding Code1146151 +Node: New Ports1152308 +Node: Derived Files1156790 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11162265 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21162299 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31162895 +Node: Future Extensions1163009 +Node: Implementation Limitations1163615 +Node: Extension Design1164863 +Node: Old Extension Problems1166017 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11167534 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1167591 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11170951 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1171140 +Node: Extension Future Growth1173248 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1174084 +Node: Notes summary1175846 +Node: Basic Concepts1177032 +Node: Basic High Level1177713 +Ref: figure-general-flow1177985 +Ref: figure-process-flow1178584 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11181813 +Node: Basic Data Typing1181998 +Node: Glossary1185326 +Node: Copying1217255 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1254811 +Node: Index1279947  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From cde238397af273f91deeaadf7e87713fbcb8ffbb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Fri, 13 Feb 2015 11:19:17 +0200 Subject: Through QC1 review of doc! --- doc/gawk.info | 528 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 264 insertions(+), 264 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 8061bbd2..44fbd8db 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -26168,56 +26168,56 @@ available in System V Release 3.1 (1987). This minor node summarizes the changes, with cross-references to further details: * The requirement for `;' to separate rules on a line (*note - Statements/Lines::). + Statements/Lines::) * User-defined functions and the `return' statement (*note - User-defined::). + User-defined::) * The `delete' statement (*note Delete::). - * The `do'-`while' statement (*note Do Statement::). + * The `do'-`while' statement (*note Do Statement::) * The built-in functions `atan2()', `cos()', `sin()', `rand()', and - `srand()' (*note Numeric Functions::). + `srand()' (*note Numeric Functions::) * The built-in functions `gsub()', `sub()', and `match()' (*note - String Functions::). + String Functions::) * The built-in functions `close()' and `system()' (*note I/O - Functions::). + Functions::) * The `ARGC', `ARGV', `FNR', `RLENGTH', `RSTART', and `SUBSEP' - predefined variables (*note Built-in Variables::). + predefined variables (*note Built-in Variables::) - * Assignable `$0' (*note Changing Fields::). + * Assignable `$0' (*note Changing Fields::) * The conditional expression using the ternary operator `?:' (*note - Conditional Exp::). + Conditional Exp::) - * The expression `INDEX-VARIABLE in ARRAY' outside of `for' - statements (*note Reference to Elements::). + * The expression `INDX in ARRAY' outside of `for' statements (*note + Reference to Elements::) * The exponentiation operator `^' (*note Arithmetic Ops::) and its - assignment operator form `^=' (*note Assignment Ops::). + assignment operator form `^=' (*note Assignment Ops::) * C-compatible operator precedence, which breaks some old `awk' - programs (*note Precedence::). + programs (*note Precedence::) * Regexps as the value of `FS' (*note Field Separators::) and as the third argument to the `split()' function (*note String - Functions::), rather than using only the first character of `FS'. + Functions::), rather than using only the first character of `FS' * Dynamic regexps as operands of the `~' and `!~' operators (*note - Computed Regexps::). + Computed Regexps::) * The escape sequences `\b', `\f', and `\r' (*note Escape - Sequences::). + Sequences::) - * Redirection of input for the `getline' function (*note Getline::). + * Redirection of input for the `getline' function (*note Getline::) - * Multiple `BEGIN' and `END' rules (*note BEGIN/END::). + * Multiple `BEGIN' and `END' rules (*note BEGIN/END::) - * Multidimensional arrays (*note Multidimensional::). + * Multidimensional arrays (*note Multidimensional::)  File: gawk.info, Node: SVR4, Next: POSIX, Prev: V7/SVR3.1, Up: Language History @@ -26228,37 +26228,37 @@ A.2 Changes Between SVR3.1 and SVR4 The System V Release 4 (1989) version of Unix `awk' added these features (some of which originated in `gawk'): - * The `ENVIRON' array (*note Built-in Variables::). + * The `ENVIRON' array (*note Built-in Variables::) - * Multiple `-f' options on the command line (*note Options::). + * Multiple `-f' options on the command line (*note Options::) * The `-v' option for assigning variables before program execution - begins (*note Options::). + begins (*note Options::) - * The `--' signal for terminating command-line options. + * The `--' signal for terminating command-line options * The `\a', `\v', and `\x' escape sequences (*note Escape - Sequences::). + Sequences::) * A defined return value for the `srand()' built-in function (*note - Numeric Functions::). + Numeric Functions::) * The `toupper()' and `tolower()' built-in string functions for case - translation (*note String Functions::). + translation (*note String Functions::) * A cleaner specification for the `%c' format-control letter in the - `printf' function (*note Control Letters::). + `printf' function (*note Control Letters::) * The ability to dynamically pass the field width and precision (`"%*.*d"') in the argument list of `printf' and `sprintf()' - (*note Control Letters::). + (*note Control Letters::) * The use of regexp constants, such as `/foo/', as expressions, where they are equivalent to using the matching operator, as in `$0 ~ - /foo/' (*note Using Constant Regexps::). + /foo/' (*note Using Constant Regexps::) * Processing of escape sequences inside command-line variable - assignments (*note Assignment Options::). + assignments (*note Assignment Options::)  File: gawk.info, Node: POSIX, Next: BTL, Prev: SVR4, Up: Language History @@ -26270,30 +26270,30 @@ The POSIX Command Language and Utilities standard for `awk' (1992) introduced the following changes into the language: * The use of `-W' for implementation-specific options (*note - Options::). + Options::) * The use of `CONVFMT' for controlling the conversion of numbers to - strings (*note Conversion::). + strings (*note Conversion::) * The concept of a numeric string and tighter comparison rules to go - with it (*note Typing and Comparison::). + with it (*note Typing and Comparison::) * The use of predefined variables as function parameter names is - forbidden (*note Definition Syntax::). + forbidden (*note Definition Syntax::) * More complete documentation of many of the previously undocumented - features of the language. + features of the language In 2012, a number of extensions that had been commonly available for many years were finally added to POSIX. They are: * The `fflush()' built-in function for flushing buffered output - (*note I/O Functions::). + (*note I/O Functions::) - * The `nextfile' statement (*note Nextfile Statement::). + * The `nextfile' statement (*note Nextfile Statement::) * The ability to delete all of an array at once with `delete ARRAY' - (*note Delete::). + (*note Delete::) *Note Common Extensions::, for a list of common extensions not @@ -26315,13 +26315,13 @@ Other Versions::). in his version of `awk': * The `**' and `**=' operators (*note Arithmetic Ops:: and *note - Assignment Ops::). + Assignment Ops::) * The use of `func' as an abbreviation for `function' (*note - Definition Syntax::). + Definition Syntax::) * The `fflush()' built-in function for flushing buffered output - (*note I/O Functions::). + (*note I/O Functions::) *Note Common Extensions::, for a full list of the extensions @@ -26343,104 +26343,102 @@ the current version of `gawk'. * Additional predefined variables: - - The `ARGIND' `BINMODE', `ERRNO', `FIELDWIDTHS', `FPAT', + - The `ARGIND', `BINMODE', `ERRNO', `FIELDWIDTHS', `FPAT', `IGNORECASE', `LINT', `PROCINFO', `RT', and `TEXTDOMAIN' - variables (*note Built-in Variables::). + variables (*note Built-in Variables::) * Special files in I/O redirections: - - The `/dev/stdin', `/dev/stdout', `/dev/stderr' and - `/dev/fd/N' special file names (*note Special Files::). + - The `/dev/stdin', `/dev/stdout', `/dev/stderr', and + `/dev/fd/N' special file names (*note Special Files::) - The `/inet', `/inet4', and `/inet6' special files for TCP/IP networking using `|&' to specify which version of the IP - protocol to use (*note TCP/IP Networking::). + protocol to use (*note TCP/IP Networking::) * Changes and/or additions to the language: - - The `\x' escape sequence (*note Escape Sequences::). + - The `\x' escape sequence (*note Escape Sequences::) - - Full support for both POSIX and GNU regexps (*note Regexp::). + - Full support for both POSIX and GNU regexps (*note Regexp::) - The ability for `FS' and for the third argument to `split()' - to be null strings (*note Single Character Fields::). + to be null strings (*note Single Character Fields::) - - The ability for `RS' to be a regexp (*note Records::). + - The ability for `RS' to be a regexp (*note Records::) - The ability to use octal and hexadecimal constants in `awk' - program source code (*note Nondecimal-numbers::). + program source code (*note Nondecimal-numbers::) - The `|&' operator for two-way I/O to a coprocess (*note - Two-way I/O::). + Two-way I/O::) - - Indirect function calls (*note Indirect Calls::). + - Indirect function calls (*note Indirect Calls::) - Directories on the command line produce a warning and are - skipped (*note Command-line directories::). + skipped (*note Command-line directories::) * New keywords: - The `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' special patterns (*note - BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::). + BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::) - - The `switch' statement (*note Switch Statement::). + - The `switch' statement (*note Switch Statement::) * Changes to standard `awk' functions: - The optional second argument to `close()' that allows closing - one end of a two-way pipe to a coprocess (*note Two-way - I/O::). + one end of a two-way pipe to a coprocess (*note Two-way I/O::) - - POSIX compliance for `gsub()' and `sub()' with `--posix'. + - POSIX compliance for `gsub()' and `sub()' with `--posix' - The `length()' function accepts an array argument and returns - the number of elements in the array (*note String - Functions::). + the number of elements in the array (*note String Functions::) - The optional third argument to the `match()' function for capturing text-matching subexpressions within a regexp (*note - String Functions::). + String Functions::) - Positional specifiers in `printf' formats for making - translations easier (*note Printf Ordering::). + translations easier (*note Printf Ordering::) - - The `split()' function's additional optional fourth argument + - The `split()' function's additional optional fourth argument, which is an array to hold the text of the field separators - (*note String Functions::). + (*note String Functions::) * Additional functions only in `gawk': - The `gensub()', `patsplit()', and `strtonum()' functions for - more powerful text manipulation (*note String Functions::). + more powerful text manipulation (*note String Functions::) - The `asort()' and `asorti()' functions for sorting arrays - (*note Array Sorting::). + (*note Array Sorting::) - The `mktime()', `systime()', and `strftime()' functions for - working with timestamps (*note Time Functions::). + working with timestamps (*note Time Functions::) - The `and()', `compl()', `lshift()', `or()', `rshift()', and `xor()' functions for bit manipulation (*note Bitwise - Functions::). + Functions::) - The `isarray()' function to check if a variable is an array - or not (*note Type Functions::). + or not (*note Type Functions::) - - The `bindtextdomain()', `dcgettext()' and `dcngettext()' - functions for internationalization (*note Programmer i18n::). + - The `bindtextdomain()', `dcgettext()', and `dcngettext()' + functions for internationalization (*note Programmer i18n::) * Changes and/or additions in the command-line options: - The `AWKPATH' environment variable for specifying a path - search for the `-f' command-line option (*note Options::). + search for the `-f' command-line option (*note Options::) - The `AWKLIBPATH' environment variable for specifying a path - search for the `-l' command-line option (*note Options::). + search for the `-l' command-line option (*note Options::) - The `-b', `-c', `-C', `-d', `-D', `-e', `-E', `-g', `-h', `-i', `-l', `-L', `-M', `-n', `-N', `-o', `-O', `-p', `-P', `-r', `-S', `-t', and `-V' short options. Also, the ability - to use GNU-style long-named options that start with `--' and + to use GNU-style long-named options that start with `--', and the `--assign', `--bignum', `--characters-as-bytes', `--copyright', `--debug', `--dump-variables', `--exec', `--field-separator', `--file', `--gen-pot', `--help', @@ -26478,8 +26476,8 @@ the current version of `gawk'. - GCC for VAX and Alpha has not been tested for a while. - * Support for the following obsolete systems was removed from the - code for `gawk' version 4.1: + * Support for the following obsolete system was removed from the code + for `gawk' version 4.1: - Ultrix @@ -26879,22 +26877,22 @@ The following table summarizes the common extensions supported by `gawk', Brian Kernighan's `awk', and `mawk', the three most widely used freely available versions of `awk' (*note Other Versions::). -Feature BWK Awk Mawk GNU Awk Now standard ------------------------------------------------------------------------ -`\x' Escape sequence X X X -`FS' as null string X X X -`/dev/stdin' special file X X X -`/dev/stdout' special file X X X -`/dev/stderr' special file X X X -`delete' without subscript X X X X -`fflush()' function X X X X -`length()' of an array X X X -`nextfile' statement X X X X -`**' and `**=' operators X X -`func' keyword X X -`BINMODE' variable X X -`RS' as regexp X X -Time-related functions X X +Feature BWK `awk' `mawk' `gawk' Now standard +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +`\x' escape sequence X X X +`FS' as null string X X X +`/dev/stdin' special file X X X +`/dev/stdout' special file X X X +`/dev/stderr' special file X X X +`delete' without subscript X X X X +`fflush()' function X X X X +`length()' of an array X X X +`nextfile' statement X X X X +`**' and `**=' operators X X +`func' keyword X X +`BINMODE' variable X X +`RS' as regexp X X +Time-related functions X X  File: gawk.info, Node: Ranges and Locales, Next: Contributors, Prev: Common Extensions, Up: Language History @@ -26914,7 +26912,7 @@ in the machine's native character set. Thus, on ASCII-based systems, `[a-z]' matched all the lowercase letters, and only the lowercase letters, as the numeric values for the letters from `a' through `z' were contiguous. (On an EBCDIC system, the range `[a-z]' includes -additional, non-alphabetic characters as well.) +additional nonalphabetic characters as well.) Almost all introductory Unix literature explained range expressions as working in this fashion, and in particular, would teach that the @@ -26938,7 +26936,7 @@ outside those locales, the ordering was defined to be based on What does that mean? In many locales, `A' and `a' are both less than `B'. In other words, these locales sort characters in dictionary order, and `[a-dx-z]' is typically not equivalent to `[abcdxyz]'; -instead it might be equivalent to `[ABCXYabcdxyz]', for example. +instead, it might be equivalent to `[ABCXYabcdxyz]', for example. This point needs to be emphasized: much literature teaches that you should use `[a-z]' to match a lowercase character. But on systems with @@ -26962,17 +26960,17 @@ is perfectly valid in ASCII, but is not valid in many Unicode locales, such as `en_US.UTF-8'. Early versions of `gawk' used regexp matching code that was not -locale aware, so ranges had their traditional interpretation. +locale-aware, so ranges had their traditional interpretation. When `gawk' switched to using locale-aware regexp matchers, the problems began; especially as both GNU/Linux and commercial Unix vendors started implementing non-ASCII locales, _and making them the default_. Perhaps the most frequently asked question became something -like "why does `[A-Z]' match lowercase letters?!?" +like, "Why does `[A-Z]' match lowercase letters?!?" This situation existed for close to 10 years, if not more, and the `gawk' maintainer grew weary of trying to explain that `gawk' was being -nicely standards compliant, and that the issue was in the user's +nicely standards-compliant, and that the issue was in the user's locale. During the development of version 4.0, he modified `gawk' to always treat ranges in the original, pre-POSIX fashion, unless `--posix' was used (*note Options::).(2) @@ -26984,18 +26982,18 @@ of range expressions was _undefined_.(3) By using this lovely technical term, the standard gives license to implementors to implement ranges in whatever way they choose. The -`gawk' maintainer chose to apply the pre-POSIX meaning in all cases: -the default regexp matching; with `--traditional' and with `--posix'; -in all cases, `gawk' remains POSIX compliant. +`gawk' maintainer chose to apply the pre-POSIX meaning both with the +default regexp matching and when `--traditional' or `--posix' are used. +In all cases `gawk' remains POSIX-compliant. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) And Life was good. (2) And thus was born the Campaign for Rational Range Interpretation -(or RRI). A number of GNU tools have either implemented this change, or -will soon. Thanks to Karl Berry for coining the phrase "Rational Range -Interpretation." +(or RRI). A number of GNU tools have already implemented this change, +or will soon. Thanks to Karl Berry for coining the phrase "Rational +Range Interpretation." (3) See the standard (http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap09.html#tag_09_03_05) @@ -27027,7 +27025,7 @@ Info file, in approximate chronological order: * Richard Stallman helped finish the implementation and the initial draft of this Info file. He is also the founder of the FSF and - the GNU project. + the GNU Project. * John Woods contributed parts of the code (mostly fixes) in the initial version of `gawk'. @@ -27113,22 +27111,22 @@ Info file, in approximate chronological order: * John Haque made the following contributions: - The modifications to convert `gawk' into a byte-code - interpreter, including the debugger. + interpreter, including the debugger - - The addition of true arrays of arrays. + - The addition of true arrays of arrays - The additional modifications for support of - arbitrary-precision arithmetic. + arbitrary-precision arithmetic - - The initial text of *note Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic::. + - The initial text of *note Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic:: - The work to merge the three versions of `gawk' into one, for - the 4.1 release. + the 4.1 release - - Improved array internals for arrays indexed by integers. + - Improved array internals for arrays indexed by integers - - The improved array sorting features were driven by John - together with Pat Rankin. + - The improved array sorting features were also driven by John, + together with Pat Rankin * Panos Papadopoulos contributed the original text for *note Include Files::. @@ -27157,11 +27155,11 @@ A.10 Summary ============ * The `awk' language has evolved over time. The first release was - with V7 Unix circa 1978. In 1987, for System V Release 3.1, major - additions, including user-defined functions, were made to the - language. Additional changes were made for System V Release 4, in - 1989. Since then, further minor changes happen under the auspices - of the POSIX standard. + with V7 Unix, circa 1978. In 1987, for System V Release 3.1, + major additions, including user-defined functions, were made to + the language. Additional changes were made for System V Release + 4, in 1989. Since then, further minor changes have happened under + the auspices of the POSIX standard. * Brian Kernighan's `awk' provides a small number of extensions that are implemented in common with other versions of `awk'. @@ -27174,7 +27172,7 @@ A.10 Summary been confusing over the years. Today, `gawk' implements Rational Range Interpretation, where ranges of the form `[a-z]' match _only_ the characters numerically between `a' through `z' in the - machine's native character set. Usually this is ASCII but it can + machine's native character set. Usually this is ASCII, but it can be EBCDIC on IBM S/390 systems. * Many people have contributed to `gawk' development over the years. @@ -27252,7 +27250,7 @@ B.1.2 Extracting the Distribution `gawk' is distributed as several `tar' files compressed with different compression programs: `gzip', `bzip2', and `xz'. For simplicity, the rest of these instructions assume you are using the one compressed with -the GNU Zip program, `gzip'. +the GNU Gzip program (`gzip'). Once you have the distribution (e.g., `gawk-4.1.2.tar.gz'), use `gzip' to expand the file and then use `tar' to extract it. You can @@ -27292,10 +27290,10 @@ files, subdirectories, and files related to the configuration process to different non-Unix operating systems: Various `.c', `.y', and `.h' files - The actual `gawk' source code. + These files contain the actual `gawk' source code. `ABOUT-NLS' - Information about GNU `gettext' and translations. + A file containing information about GNU `gettext' and translations. `AUTHORS' A file with some information about the authorship of `gawk'. It @@ -27327,7 +27325,7 @@ Various `.c', `.y', and `.h' files The GNU General Public License. `POSIX.STD' - A description of behaviors in the POSIX standard for `awk' which + A description of behaviors in the POSIX standard for `awk' that are left undefined, or where `gawk' may not comply fully, as well as a list of things that the POSIX standard should describe but does not. @@ -27548,14 +27546,16 @@ command line when compiling `gawk' from scratch, including: do nothing. Similarly, setting the `LINT' variable (*note User-modified::) has no effect on the running `awk' program. - When used with GCC's automatic dead-code-elimination, this option - cuts almost 23K bytes off the size of the `gawk' executable on - GNU/Linux x86_64 systems. Results on other systems and with other - compilers are likely to vary. Using this option may bring you - some slight performance improvement. + When used with the GNU Compiler Collection's (GCC's) automatic + dead-code-elimination, this option cuts almost 23K bytes off the + size of the `gawk' executable on GNU/Linux x86_64 systems. + Results on other systems and with other compilers are likely to + vary. Using this option may bring you some slight performance + improvement. - Using this option will cause some of the tests in the test suite - to fail. This option may be removed at a later date. + CAUTION: Using this option will cause some of the tests in + the test suite to fail. This option may be removed at a + later date. `--disable-nls' Disable all message-translation facilities. This is usually not @@ -27639,10 +27639,10 @@ B.3.1 Installation on PC Operating Systems This minor node covers installation and usage of `gawk' on Intel architecture machines running MS-DOS, any version of MS-Windows, or OS/2. In this minor node, the term "Windows32" refers to any of -Microsoft Windows-95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP/Vista/7/8. +Microsoft Windows 95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP/Vista/7/8. The limitations of MS-DOS (and MS-DOS shells under the other -operating systems) has meant that various "DOS extenders" are often +operating systems) have meant that various "DOS extenders" are often used with programs such as `gawk'. The varying capabilities of Microsoft Windows 3.1 and Windows32 can add to the confusion. For an overview of the considerations, refer to `README_d/README.pc' in the @@ -27837,7 +27837,7 @@ The DJGPP collection of tools includes an MS-DOS port of Bash, and several shells are available for OS/2, including `ksh'. Under MS-Windows, OS/2 and MS-DOS, `gawk' (and many other text -programs) silently translate end-of-line `\r\n' to `\n' on input and +programs) silently translates end-of-line `\r\n' to `\n' on input and `\n' to `\r\n' on output. A special `BINMODE' variable (c.e.) allows control over these translations and is interpreted as follows: @@ -27859,7 +27859,7 @@ The modes for standard input and standard output are set one time only program). Setting `BINMODE' for standard input or standard output is accomplished by using an appropriate `-v BINMODE=N' option on the command line. `BINMODE' is set at the time a file or pipe is opened -and cannot be changed mid-stream. +and cannot be changed midstream. The name `BINMODE' was chosen to match `mawk' (*note Other Versions::). `mawk' and `gawk' handle `BINMODE' similarly; however, @@ -27903,10 +27903,9 @@ B.3.1.5 Using `gawk' In The Cygwin Environment `gawk' can be built and used "out of the box" under MS-Windows if you are using the Cygwin environment (http://www.cygwin.com). This -environment provides an excellent simulation of GNU/Linux, using the -GNU tools, such as Bash, the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), GNU Make, -and other GNU programs. Compilation and installation for Cygwin is the -same as for a Unix system: +environment provides an excellent simulation of GNU/Linux, using Bash, +GCC, GNU Make, and other GNU programs. Compilation and installation +for Cygwin is the same as for a Unix system: tar -xvpzf gawk-4.1.2.tar.gz cd gawk-4.1.2 @@ -27924,7 +27923,7 @@ B.3.1.6 Using `gawk' In The MSYS Environment ............................................ In the MSYS environment under MS-Windows, `gawk' automatically uses -binary mode for reading and writing files. Thus there is no need to +binary mode for reading and writing files. Thus, there is no need to use the `BINMODE' variable. This can cause problems with other Unix-like components that have @@ -27979,9 +27978,9 @@ available from `https://github.com/endlesssoftware/mmk'. target parameter may need to be exact. `gawk' has been tested under VAX/VMS 7.3 and Alpha/VMS 7.3-1 using -Compaq C V6.4, and Alpha/VMS 7.3, Alpha/VMS 7.3-2, and IA64/VMS 8.3. -The most recent builds used HP C V7.3 on Alpha VMS 8.3 and both Alpha -and IA64 VMS 8.4 used HP C 7.3.(1) +Compaq C V6.4, and under Alpha/VMS 7.3, Alpha/VMS 7.3-2, and IA64/VMS +8.3. The most recent builds used HP C V7.3 on Alpha VMS 8.3 and both +Alpha and IA64 VMS 8.4 used HP C 7.3.(1) *Note VMS GNV::, for information on building `gawk' as a PCSI kit that is compatible with the GNV product. @@ -28024,7 +28023,7 @@ than 32 bits. /name=(as_is,short) - Compile time macros need to be defined before the first VMS-supplied + Compile-time macros need to be defined before the first VMS-supplied header file is included, as follows: #if (__CRTL_VER >= 70200000) && !defined (__VAX) @@ -28068,14 +28067,14 @@ directory tree, the program will be known as `GNV$GNU:[vms_help]gawk.hlp'. The PCSI kit also installs a `GNV$GNU:[vms_bin]gawk_verb.cld' file -which can be used to add `gawk' and `awk' as DCL commands. +that can be used to add `gawk' and `awk' as DCL commands. For just the current process you can use: $ set command gnv$gnu:[vms_bin]gawk_verb.cld Or the system manager can use `GNV$GNU:[vms_bin]gawk_verb.cld' to -add the `gawk' and `awk' to the system wide `DCLTABLES'. +add the `gawk' and `awk' to the system-wide `DCLTABLES'. The DCL syntax is documented in the `gawk.hlp' file. @@ -28135,14 +28134,14 @@ process) are present, there is no ambiguity and `--' can be omitted. status value when the program exits. The VMS severity bits will be set based on the `exit' value. A -failure is indicated by 1 and VMS sets the `ERROR' status. A fatal -error is indicated by 2 and VMS sets the `FATAL' status. All other +failure is indicated by 1, and VMS sets the `ERROR' status. A fatal +error is indicated by 2, and VMS sets the `FATAL' status. All other values will have the `SUCCESS' status. The exit value is encoded to comply with VMS coding standards and will have the `C_FACILITY_NO' of `0x350000' with the constant `0xA000' added to the number shifted over by 3 bits to make room for the severity codes. - To extract the actual `gawk' exit code from the VMS status use: + To extract the actual `gawk' exit code from the VMS status, use: unix_status = (vms_status .and. &x7f8) / 8 @@ -28158,7 +28157,7 @@ Function::. VMS reports time values in GMT unless one of the `SYS$TIMEZONE_RULE' or `TZ' logical names is set. Older versions of VMS, such as VAX/VMS -7.3 do not set these logical names. +7.3, do not set these logical names. The default search path, when looking for `awk' program files specified by the `-f' option, is `"SYS$DISK:[],AWK_LIBRARY:"'. The @@ -28175,7 +28174,7 @@ B.3.2.5 The VMS GNV Project The VMS GNV package provides a build environment similar to POSIX with ports of a collection of open source tools. The `gawk' found in the GNV -base kit is an older port. Currently the GNV project is being +base kit is an older port. Currently, the GNV project is being reorganized to supply individual PCSI packages for each component. See `https://sourceforge.net/p/gnv/wiki/InstallingGNVPackages/'. @@ -28209,7 +28208,7 @@ B.4 Reporting Problems and Bugs Douglas Adams, `The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy' If you have problems with `gawk' or think that you have found a bug, -report it to the developers; we cannot promise to do anything but we +report it to the developers; we cannot promise to do anything, but we might well want to fix it. Before reporting a bug, make sure you have really found a genuine @@ -28220,7 +28219,7 @@ documentation! Before reporting a bug or trying to fix it yourself, try to isolate it to the smallest possible `awk' program and input data file that -reproduces the problem. Then send us the program and data file, some +reproduce the problem. Then send us the program and data file, some idea of what kind of Unix system you're using, the compiler you used to compile `gawk', and the exact results `gawk' gave you. Also say what you expected to occur; this helps us decide whether the problem is @@ -28232,7 +28231,7 @@ You can get this information with the command `gawk --version'. Once you have a precise problem description, send email to . - The `gawk' maintainers subscribe to this address and thus they will + The `gawk' maintainers subscribe to this address, and thus they will receive your bug report. Although you can send mail to the maintainers directly, the bug reporting address is preferred because the email list is archived at the GNU Project. _All email must be in English. This is @@ -28253,8 +28252,8 @@ the only language understood in common by all the maintainers._ forward bug reports "upstream" to the GNU mailing list, many don't, so there is a good chance that the `gawk' maintainers won't even see the bug report! Second, mail to the GNU list is - archived, and having everything at the GNU project keeps things - self-contained and not dependant on other organizations. + archived, and having everything at the GNU Project keeps things + self-contained and not dependent on other organizations. Non-bug suggestions are always welcome as well. If you have questions about things that are unclear in the documentation or are @@ -28263,18 +28262,19 @@ if we can. If you find bugs in one of the non-Unix ports of `gawk', send an email to the bug list, with a copy to the person who maintains that -port. They are named in the following list, as well as in the `README' -file in the `gawk' distribution. Information in the `README' file -should be considered authoritative if it conflicts with this Info file. +port. The maintainers are named in the following list, as well as in +the `README' file in the `gawk' distribution. Information in the +`README' file should be considered authoritative if it conflicts with +this Info file. The people maintaining the various `gawk' ports are: -Unix and POSIX systems Arnold Robbins, . -MS-DOS with DJGPP Scott Deifik, . -MS-Windows with MinGW Eli Zaretskii, . -OS/2 Andreas Buening, . -VMS John Malmberg, . -z/OS (OS/390) Dave Pitts, . +Unix and POSIX systems Arnold Robbins, +MS-DOS with DJGPP Scott Deifik, +MS-Windows with MinGW Eli Zaretskii, +OS/2 Andreas Buening, +VMS John Malmberg, +z/OS (OS/390) Dave Pitts, If your bug is also reproducible under Unix, send a copy of your report to the email list as well. @@ -28285,7 +28285,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Other Versions, Next: Installation summary, Prev: Bugs B.5 Other Freely Available `awk' Implementations ================================================ - It's kind of fun to put comments like this in your awk code. + It's kind of fun to put comments like this in your awk code: `// Do C++ comments work? answer: yes! of course' -- Michael Brennan @@ -28308,7 +28308,7 @@ Unix `awk' Zip file `http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~bwk/btl.mirror/awk.zip' - You can also retrieve it from Git Hub: + You can also retrieve it from GitHub: git clone git://github.com/onetrueawk/awk bwkawk @@ -28350,7 +28350,7 @@ Unix `awk' `awka' Written by Andrew Sumner, `awka' translates `awk' programs into C, compiles them, and links them with a library of functions that - provides the core `awk' functionality. It also has a number of + provide the core `awk' functionality. It also has a number of extensions. The `awk' translator is released under the GPL, and the library is @@ -28364,14 +28364,14 @@ Unix `awk' `pawk' Nelson H.F. Beebe at the University of Utah has modified BWK `awk' to provide timing and profiling information. It is different from - `gawk' with the `--profile' option (*note Profiling::), in that it + `gawk' with the `--profile' option (*note Profiling::) in that it uses CPU-based profiling, not line-count profiling. You may find it at either `ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/pawk/pawk-20030606.tar.gz' or `http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/pawk/pawk-20030606.tar.gz'. -Busybox Awk - Busybox is a GPL-licensed program providing small versions of many +BusyBox `awk' + BusyBox is a GPL-licensed program providing small versions of many applications within a single executable. It is aimed at embedded systems. It includes a full implementation of POSIX `awk'. When building it, be careful not to do `make install' as it will @@ -28381,7 +28381,7 @@ Busybox Awk The OpenSolaris POSIX `awk' The versions of `awk' in `/usr/xpg4/bin' and `/usr/xpg6/bin' on - Solaris are more-or-less POSIX-compliant. They are based on the + Solaris are more or less POSIX-compliant. They are based on the `awk' from Mortice Kern Systems for PCs. We were able to make this code compile and work under GNU/Linux with 1-2 hours of work. Making it more generally portable (using GNU Autoconf and/or @@ -28413,7 +28413,7 @@ Libmawk information. (This is not related to Nelson Beebe's modified version of BWK `awk', described earlier.) -QSE Awk +QSE `awk' This is an embeddable `awk' interpreter. For more information, see `http://code.google.com/p/qse/' and `http://awk.info/?tools/qse'. @@ -28431,7 +28431,7 @@ Other versions See also the "Versions and implementations" section of the Wikipedia article (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awk_language#Versions_and_implementations) - for information on additional versions. + on `awk' for information on additional versions.  @@ -28440,7 +28440,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Installation summary, Prev: Other Versions, Up: Instal B.6 Summary =========== - * The `gawk' distribution is available from GNU project's main + * The `gawk' distribution is available from the GNU Project's main distribution site, `ftp.gnu.org'. The canonical build recipe is: wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gawk/gawk-4.1.2.tar.gz @@ -28449,17 +28449,17 @@ B.6 Summary ./configure && make && make check * `gawk' may be built on non-POSIX systems as well. The currently - supported systems are MS-Windows using DJGPP, MSYS, MinGW and + supported systems are MS-Windows using DJGPP, MSYS, MinGW, and Cygwin, OS/2 using EMX, and both Vax/VMS and OpenVMS. Instructions for each system are included in this major node. * Bug reports should be sent via email to . Bug - reports should be in English, and should include the version of + reports should be in English and should include the version of `gawk', how it was compiled, and a short program and data file - which demonstrate the problem. + that demonstrate the problem. * There are a number of other freely available `awk' - implementations. Many are POSIX compliant; others are less so. + implementations. Many are POSIX-compliant; others are less so.  @@ -31511,7 +31511,7 @@ Index * --disable-lint configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. (line 15) * --disable-nls configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. - (line 30) + (line 32) * --dump-variables option: Options. (line 93) * --dump-variables option, using for library functions: Library Names. (line 45) @@ -31549,7 +31549,7 @@ Index * --use-lc-numeric option: Options. (line 220) * --version option: Options. (line 302) * --with-whiny-user-strftime configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. - (line 35) + (line 37) * -b option: Options. (line 68) * -C option: Options. (line 88) * -c option: Options. (line 81) @@ -32070,7 +32070,7 @@ Index * Brown, Martin: Contributors. (line 82) * BSD-based operating systems: Glossary. (line 753) * bt debugger command (alias for backtrace): Execution Stack. (line 13) -* Buening, Andreas <1>: Bugs. (line 70) +* Buening, Andreas <1>: Bugs. (line 71) * Buening, Andreas <2>: Contributors. (line 92) * Buening, Andreas: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * buffering, input/output <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 52) @@ -32083,7 +32083,7 @@ Index * bug-gawk@gnu.org bug reporting address: Bugs. (line 30) * built-in functions: Functions. (line 6) * built-in functions, evaluation order: Calling Built-in. (line 30) -* Busybox Awk: Other Versions. (line 92) +* BusyBox Awk: Other Versions. (line 92) * c.e., See common extensions: Conventions. (line 51) * call by reference: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 44) @@ -32215,9 +32215,9 @@ Index * configuration option, --disable-lint: Additional Configuration Options. (line 15) * configuration option, --disable-nls: Additional Configuration Options. - (line 30) + (line 32) * configuration option, --with-whiny-user-strftime: Additional Configuration Options. - (line 35) + (line 37) * configuration options, gawk: Additional Configuration Options. (line 6) * constant regexps: Regexp Usage. (line 57) @@ -32443,7 +32443,7 @@ Index * decimal point character, locale specific: Options. (line 272) * decrement operators: Increment Ops. (line 35) * default keyword: Switch Statement. (line 6) -* Deifik, Scott <1>: Bugs. (line 70) +* Deifik, Scott <1>: Bugs. (line 71) * Deifik, Scott <2>: Contributors. (line 53) * Deifik, Scott: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * delete ARRAY: Delete. (line 39) @@ -33374,7 +33374,7 @@ Index * mail-list file: Sample Data Files. (line 6) * mailing labels, printing: Labels Program. (line 6) * mailing list, GNITS: Acknowledgments. (line 52) -* Malmberg, John <1>: Bugs. (line 70) +* Malmberg, John <1>: Bugs. (line 71) * Malmberg, John: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Malmberg, John E.: Contributors. (line 137) * mark parity: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) @@ -33613,7 +33613,7 @@ Index (line 6) * pipe, input: Getline/Pipe. (line 9) * pipe, output: Redirection. (line 57) -* Pitts, Dave <1>: Bugs. (line 70) +* Pitts, Dave <1>: Bugs. (line 71) * Pitts, Dave: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Plauger, P.J.: Library Functions. (line 12) * plug-in: Extension Intro. (line 6) @@ -33791,7 +33791,7 @@ Index * pwcat program: Passwd Functions. (line 23) * q debugger command (alias for quit): Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 99) -* QSE Awk: Other Versions. (line 135) +* QSE awk: Other Versions. (line 135) * Quanstrom, Erik: Alarm Program. (line 8) * question mark (?), ?: operator: Precedence. (line 92) * question mark (?), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. @@ -33926,7 +33926,7 @@ Index * RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 252) * RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 228) * Robbins, Arnold <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) -* Robbins, Arnold <2>: Bugs. (line 70) +* Robbins, Arnold <2>: Bugs. (line 71) * Robbins, Arnold <3>: Contributors. (line 144) * Robbins, Arnold <4>: General Data Types. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <5>: Alarm Program. (line 6) @@ -34117,7 +34117,7 @@ Index (line 94) * source code, awka: Other Versions. (line 68) * source code, Brian Kernighan's awk: Other Versions. (line 13) -* source code, Busybox Awk: Other Versions. (line 92) +* source code, BusyBox Awk: Other Versions. (line 92) * source code, gawk: Gawk Distribution. (line 6) * source code, Illumos awk: Other Versions. (line 109) * source code, jawk: Other Versions. (line 117) @@ -34126,7 +34126,7 @@ Index * source code, mixing: Options. (line 117) * source code, pawk: Other Versions. (line 82) * source code, pawk (Python version): Other Versions. (line 129) -* source code, QSE Awk: Other Versions. (line 135) +* source code, QSE awk: Other Versions. (line 135) * source code, QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 139) * source code, Solaris awk: Other Versions. (line 100) * source files, search path for: Programs Exercises. (line 70) @@ -34455,7 +34455,7 @@ Index * xor: Bitwise Functions. (line 56) * XOR bitwise operation: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) * Yawitz, Efraim: Contributors. (line 131) -* Zaretskii, Eli <1>: Bugs. (line 70) +* Zaretskii, Eli <1>: Bugs. (line 71) * Zaretskii, Eli <2>: Contributors. (line 55) * Zaretskii, Eli: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * zerofile.awk program: Empty Files. (line 21) @@ -34970,77 +34970,77 @@ Node: Extension summary1046798 Node: Extension Exercises1050487 Node: Language History1051209 Node: V7/SVR3.11052865 -Node: SVR41055046 -Node: POSIX1056491 -Node: BTL1057880 -Node: POSIX/GNU1058614 -Node: Feature History1064178 -Node: Common Extensions1077276 -Node: Ranges and Locales1078600 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11083218 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21083245 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31083479 -Node: Contributors1083700 -Node: History summary1089241 -Node: Installation1090611 -Node: Gawk Distribution1091557 -Node: Getting1092041 -Node: Extracting1092864 -Node: Distribution contents1094499 -Node: Unix Installation1100216 -Node: Quick Installation1100833 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1103257 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1104995 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1107364 -Node: PC Installation1107822 -Node: PC Binary Installation1109141 -Node: PC Compiling1110989 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11114010 -Node: PC Testing1114119 -Node: PC Using1115295 -Node: Cygwin1119410 -Node: MSYS1120233 -Node: VMS Installation1120733 -Node: VMS Compilation1121525 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11122747 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1122805 -Node: VMS Installation Details1124489 -Node: VMS Running1126741 -Node: VMS GNV1129577 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1130311 -Node: Bugs1130781 -Node: Other Versions1134664 -Node: Installation summary1141088 -Node: Notes1142144 -Node: Compatibility Mode1143009 -Node: Additions1143791 -Node: Accessing The Source1144716 -Node: Adding Code1146151 -Node: New Ports1152308 -Node: Derived Files1156790 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11162265 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21162299 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31162895 -Node: Future Extensions1163009 -Node: Implementation Limitations1163615 -Node: Extension Design1164863 -Node: Old Extension Problems1166017 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11167534 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1167591 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11170951 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1171140 -Node: Extension Future Growth1173248 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1174084 -Node: Notes summary1175846 -Node: Basic Concepts1177032 -Node: Basic High Level1177713 -Ref: figure-general-flow1177985 -Ref: figure-process-flow1178584 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11181813 -Node: Basic Data Typing1181998 -Node: Glossary1185326 -Node: Copying1217255 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1254811 -Node: Index1279947 +Node: SVR41055018 +Node: POSIX1056452 +Node: BTL1057833 +Node: POSIX/GNU1058564 +Node: Feature History1064085 +Node: Common Extensions1077183 +Node: Ranges and Locales1078555 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11083174 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21083201 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31083436 +Node: Contributors1083657 +Node: History summary1089197 +Node: Installation1090576 +Node: Gawk Distribution1091522 +Node: Getting1092006 +Node: Extracting1092829 +Node: Distribution contents1094466 +Node: Unix Installation1100220 +Node: Quick Installation1100837 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1103261 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1105064 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1107433 +Node: PC Installation1107891 +Node: PC Binary Installation1109211 +Node: PC Compiling1111059 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11114080 +Node: PC Testing1114189 +Node: PC Using1115365 +Node: Cygwin1119480 +Node: MSYS1120250 +Node: VMS Installation1120751 +Node: VMS Compilation1121543 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11122772 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1122830 +Node: VMS Installation Details1124514 +Node: VMS Running1126765 +Node: VMS GNV1129605 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1130340 +Node: Bugs1130810 +Node: Other Versions1134699 +Node: Installation summary1141133 +Node: Notes1142192 +Node: Compatibility Mode1143057 +Node: Additions1143839 +Node: Accessing The Source1144764 +Node: Adding Code1146199 +Node: New Ports1152356 +Node: Derived Files1156838 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11162313 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21162347 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31162943 +Node: Future Extensions1163057 +Node: Implementation Limitations1163663 +Node: Extension Design1164911 +Node: Old Extension Problems1166065 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11167582 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1167639 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11170999 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1171188 +Node: Extension Future Growth1173296 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1174132 +Node: Notes summary1175894 +Node: Basic Concepts1177080 +Node: Basic High Level1177761 +Ref: figure-general-flow1178033 +Ref: figure-process-flow1178632 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11181861 +Node: Basic Data Typing1182046 +Node: Glossary1185374 +Node: Copying1217303 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1254859 +Node: Index1279995  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 1e593610891a14187d0f44bec56520dfa118a95b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Tue, 17 Feb 2015 23:07:25 +0200 Subject: More minor doc fixes. --- doc/gawk.info | 622 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 311 insertions(+), 311 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 44fbd8db..a6eecfdd 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -6524,7 +6524,7 @@ which they may appear: messages at runtime. *Note Printf Ordering::, which describes how and why to use positional specifiers. For now, we ignore them. -`- (Minus)' +`-' (Minus) The minus sign, used before the width modifier (see later on in this list), says to left-justify the argument within its specified width. Normally, the argument is printed right-justified in the @@ -6534,7 +6534,7 @@ which they may appear: prints `foo*'. -`SPACE' +SPACE For numeric conversions, prefix positive values with a space and negative values with a minus sign. @@ -6579,7 +6579,7 @@ which they may appear: programs. For information on appropriate quoting tricks, see *note Quoting::. -`WIDTH' +WIDTH This is a number specifying the desired minimum width of a field. Inserting any number between the `%' sign and the format-control character forces the field to expand to this width. The default @@ -23171,14 +23171,14 @@ This node presents them all as function prototypes, in the way that extension code would use them: `static inline awk_value_t *' -`make_const_string(const char *string, size_t length, awk_value_t *result)' +`make_const_string(const char *string, size_t length, awk_value_t *result);' This function creates a string value in the `awk_value_t' variable pointed to by `result'. It expects `string' to be a C string constant (or other string data), and automatically creates a _copy_ of the data for storage in `result'. It returns `result'. `static inline awk_value_t *' -`make_malloced_string(const char *string, size_t length, awk_value_t *result)' +`make_malloced_string(const char *string, size_t length, awk_value_t *result);' This function creates a string value in the `awk_value_t' variable pointed to by `result'. It expects `string' to be a `char *' value pointing to data previously obtained from `gawk_malloc()', @@ -23187,13 +23187,13 @@ extension code would use them: for it. It returns `result'. `static inline awk_value_t *' -`make_null_string(awk_value_t *result)' +`make_null_string(awk_value_t *result);' This specialized function creates a null string (the "undefined" value) in the `awk_value_t' variable pointed to by `result'. It returns `result'. `static inline awk_value_t *' -`make_number(double num, awk_value_t *result)' +`make_number(double num, awk_value_t *result);' This function simply creates a numeric value in the `awk_value_t' variable pointed to by `result'. @@ -34610,310 +34610,310 @@ Node: Printf279578 Node: Basic Printf280363 Node: Control Letters281935 Node: Format Modifiers285920 -Node: Printf Examples291930 -Node: Redirection294416 -Node: Special FD301254 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1304420 -Node: Special Files304494 -Node: Other Inherited Files305111 -Node: Special Network306111 -Node: Special Caveats306973 -Node: Close Files And Pipes307922 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1315113 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2315261 -Node: Output Summary315411 -Node: Output Exercises316409 -Node: Expressions317089 -Node: Values318278 -Node: Constants318955 -Node: Scalar Constants319646 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1320508 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers320758 -Node: Regexp Constants323768 -Node: Using Constant Regexps324294 -Node: Variables327457 -Node: Using Variables328114 -Node: Assignment Options330025 -Node: Conversion331900 -Node: Strings And Numbers332424 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1335489 -Node: Locale influences conversions335598 -Ref: table-locale-affects338344 -Node: All Operators338936 -Node: Arithmetic Ops339565 -Node: Concatenation342070 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1344889 -Node: Assignment Ops344996 -Ref: table-assign-ops349975 -Node: Increment Ops351285 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions354716 -Node: Truth Values355799 -Node: Typing and Comparison356848 -Node: Variable Typing357664 -Node: Comparison Operators361331 -Ref: table-relational-ops361741 -Node: POSIX String Comparison365236 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1366308 -Node: Boolean Ops366447 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1370925 -Node: Conditional Exp371016 -Node: Function Calls372754 -Node: Precedence376634 -Node: Locales380294 -Node: Expressions Summary381926 -Node: Patterns and Actions384497 -Node: Pattern Overview385617 -Node: Regexp Patterns387296 -Node: Expression Patterns387839 -Node: Ranges391619 -Node: BEGIN/END394726 -Node: Using BEGIN/END395487 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1398223 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END398329 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE400644 -Node: Empty403541 -Node: Using Shell Variables403858 -Node: Action Overview406131 -Node: Statements408457 -Node: If Statement410305 -Node: While Statement411800 -Node: Do Statement413828 -Node: For Statement414976 -Node: Switch Statement418134 -Node: Break Statement420516 -Node: Continue Statement422557 -Node: Next Statement424384 -Node: Nextfile Statement426765 -Node: Exit Statement429393 -Node: Built-in Variables431804 -Node: User-modified432937 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1440640 -Node: Auto-set440702 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1453754 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2453959 -Node: ARGC and ARGV454015 -Node: Pattern Action Summary458233 -Node: Arrays460666 -Node: Array Basics461995 -Node: Array Intro462839 -Ref: figure-array-elements464773 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1467393 -Node: Reference to Elements467521 -Node: Assigning Elements469983 -Node: Array Example470474 -Node: Scanning an Array472233 -Node: Controlling Scanning475253 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1480647 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts480963 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts483148 -Node: Delete484765 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1487514 -Node: Multidimensional487571 -Node: Multiscanning490668 -Node: Arrays of Arrays492257 -Node: Arrays Summary497011 -Node: Functions499102 -Node: Built-in500141 -Node: Calling Built-in501219 -Node: Numeric Functions503214 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1507230 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2507587 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3507635 -Node: String Functions507907 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1531408 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2531537 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3531785 -Node: Gory Details531872 -Ref: table-sub-escapes533653 -Ref: table-sub-proposed535168 -Ref: table-posix-sub536530 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes538067 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1538900 -Node: I/O Functions539051 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1546287 -Node: Time Functions546434 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1556943 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2557011 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3557169 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4557280 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5557392 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6557619 -Node: Bitwise Functions557885 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops558447 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1562775 -Node: Type Functions562947 -Node: I18N Functions564099 -Node: User-defined565746 -Node: Definition Syntax566551 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1572210 -Node: Function Example572281 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1575202 -Node: Function Caveats575224 -Node: Calling A Function575742 -Node: Variable Scope576700 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference579693 -Node: Return Statement583190 -Node: Dynamic Typing586169 -Node: Indirect Calls587098 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1598404 -Node: Functions Summary598532 -Node: Library Functions601234 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1604842 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2604985 -Node: Library Names605156 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1608614 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2608837 -Node: General Functions608923 -Node: Strtonum Function610026 -Node: Assert Function613048 -Node: Round Function616372 -Node: Cliff Random Function617913 -Node: Ordinal Functions618929 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1621992 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2622244 -Node: Join Function622455 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1624225 -Node: Getlocaltime Function624425 -Node: Readfile Function628169 -Node: Shell Quoting630141 -Node: Data File Management631542 -Node: Filetrans Function632174 -Node: Rewind Function636270 -Node: File Checking637656 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1638989 -Node: Empty Files639190 -Node: Ignoring Assigns641169 -Node: Getopt Function642719 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1654183 -Node: Passwd Functions654383 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1663223 -Node: Group Functions663311 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1671208 -Node: Walking Arrays671413 -Node: Library Functions Summary673013 -Node: Library Exercises674417 -Node: Sample Programs675697 -Node: Running Examples676467 -Node: Clones677195 -Node: Cut Program678419 -Node: Egrep Program688139 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1695642 -Node: Id Program695752 -Node: Split Program699428 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1702882 -Node: Tee Program703010 -Node: Uniq Program705799 -Node: Wc Program713218 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1717468 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs717562 -Node: Dupword Program718775 -Node: Alarm Program720806 -Node: Translate Program725611 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1730174 -Node: Labels Program730444 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1733795 -Node: Word Sorting733879 -Node: History Sorting737949 -Node: Extract Program739784 -Node: Simple Sed747308 -Node: Igawk Program750378 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1764704 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2764905 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3765027 -Node: Anagram Program765142 -Node: Signature Program768203 -Node: Programs Summary769450 -Node: Programs Exercises770671 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1774802 -Node: Advanced Features774893 -Node: Nondecimal Data776875 -Node: Array Sorting778465 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal779165 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1787531 -Node: Array Sorting Functions787649 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1791535 -Node: Two-way I/O791731 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1796676 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2796862 -Node: TCP/IP Networking796944 -Node: Profiling799816 -Node: Advanced Features Summary807357 -Node: Internationalization809290 -Node: I18N and L10N810770 -Node: Explaining gettext811456 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1816481 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2816665 -Node: Programmer i18n816830 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1821706 -Node: Translator i18n821755 -Node: String Extraction822549 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1823680 -Node: Printf Ordering823766 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1826552 -Node: I18N Portability826616 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1829072 -Node: I18N Example829135 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1831938 -Node: Gawk I18N832010 -Node: I18N Summary832654 -Node: Debugger833994 -Node: Debugging835016 -Node: Debugging Concepts835457 -Node: Debugging Terms837267 -Node: Awk Debugging839839 -Node: Sample Debugging Session840745 -Node: Debugger Invocation841279 -Node: Finding The Bug842664 -Node: List of Debugger Commands849143 -Node: Breakpoint Control850475 -Node: Debugger Execution Control854152 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data857511 -Node: Execution Stack860887 -Node: Debugger Info862522 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands866567 -Node: Readline Support871568 -Node: Limitations872462 -Node: Debugging Summary874577 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic875751 -Node: Computer Arithmetic877167 -Ref: table-numeric-ranges880766 -Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1881290 -Node: Math Definitions881347 -Ref: table-ieee-formats884642 -Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1885246 -Node: MPFR features885351 -Node: FP Math Caution887022 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1888072 -Node: Inexactness of computations888441 -Node: Inexact representation889400 -Node: Comparing FP Values890758 -Node: Errors accumulate891840 -Node: Getting Accuracy893272 -Node: Try To Round895976 -Node: Setting precision896875 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings897559 -Node: Setting the rounding mode899388 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes899752 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1903204 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers903383 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1906367 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems906516 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1910395 -Node: Floating point summary910433 -Node: Dynamic Extensions912629 -Node: Extension Intro914181 -Node: Plugin License915446 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline916243 -Ref: figure-load-extension916671 -Ref: figure-register-new-function918151 -Ref: figure-call-new-function919155 -Node: Extension API Description921142 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction922592 -Node: General Data Types927413 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1933313 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions933612 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1936451 -Node: Constructor Functions936550 +Node: Printf Examples291926 +Node: Redirection294412 +Node: Special FD301250 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1304416 +Node: Special Files304490 +Node: Other Inherited Files305107 +Node: Special Network306107 +Node: Special Caveats306969 +Node: Close Files And Pipes307918 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1315109 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2315257 +Node: Output Summary315407 +Node: Output Exercises316405 +Node: Expressions317085 +Node: Values318274 +Node: Constants318951 +Node: Scalar Constants319642 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1320504 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers320754 +Node: Regexp Constants323764 +Node: Using Constant Regexps324290 +Node: Variables327453 +Node: Using Variables328110 +Node: Assignment Options330021 +Node: Conversion331896 +Node: Strings And Numbers332420 +Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1335485 +Node: Locale influences conversions335594 +Ref: table-locale-affects338340 +Node: All Operators338932 +Node: Arithmetic Ops339561 +Node: Concatenation342066 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1344885 +Node: Assignment Ops344992 +Ref: table-assign-ops349971 +Node: Increment Ops351281 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions354712 +Node: Truth Values355795 +Node: Typing and Comparison356844 +Node: Variable Typing357660 +Node: Comparison Operators361327 +Ref: table-relational-ops361737 +Node: POSIX String Comparison365232 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1366304 +Node: Boolean Ops366443 +Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1370921 +Node: Conditional Exp371012 +Node: Function Calls372750 +Node: Precedence376630 +Node: Locales380290 +Node: Expressions Summary381922 +Node: Patterns and Actions384493 +Node: Pattern Overview385613 +Node: Regexp Patterns387292 +Node: Expression Patterns387835 +Node: Ranges391615 +Node: BEGIN/END394722 +Node: Using BEGIN/END395483 +Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1398219 +Node: I/O And BEGIN/END398325 +Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE400640 +Node: Empty403537 +Node: Using Shell Variables403854 +Node: Action Overview406127 +Node: Statements408453 +Node: If Statement410301 +Node: While Statement411796 +Node: Do Statement413824 +Node: For Statement414972 +Node: Switch Statement418130 +Node: Break Statement420512 +Node: Continue Statement422553 +Node: Next Statement424380 +Node: Nextfile Statement426761 +Node: Exit Statement429389 +Node: Built-in Variables431800 +Node: User-modified432933 +Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1440636 +Node: Auto-set440698 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1453750 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2453955 +Node: ARGC and ARGV454011 +Node: Pattern Action Summary458229 +Node: Arrays460662 +Node: Array Basics461991 +Node: Array Intro462835 +Ref: figure-array-elements464769 +Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1467389 +Node: Reference to Elements467517 +Node: Assigning Elements469979 +Node: Array Example470470 +Node: Scanning an Array472229 +Node: Controlling Scanning475249 +Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1480643 +Node: Numeric Array Subscripts480959 +Node: Uninitialized Subscripts483144 +Node: Delete484761 +Ref: Delete-Footnote-1487510 +Node: Multidimensional487567 +Node: Multiscanning490664 +Node: Arrays of Arrays492253 +Node: Arrays Summary497007 +Node: Functions499098 +Node: Built-in500137 +Node: Calling Built-in501215 +Node: Numeric Functions503210 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1507226 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2507583 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3507631 +Node: String Functions507903 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1531404 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2531533 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3531781 +Node: Gory Details531868 +Ref: table-sub-escapes533649 +Ref: table-sub-proposed535164 +Ref: table-posix-sub536526 +Ref: table-gensub-escapes538063 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1538896 +Node: I/O Functions539047 +Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1546283 +Node: Time Functions546430 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1556939 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2557007 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3557165 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4557276 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5557388 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6557615 +Node: Bitwise Functions557881 +Ref: table-bitwise-ops558443 +Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1562771 +Node: Type Functions562943 +Node: I18N Functions564095 +Node: User-defined565742 +Node: Definition Syntax566547 +Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1572206 +Node: Function Example572277 +Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1575198 +Node: Function Caveats575220 +Node: Calling A Function575738 +Node: Variable Scope576696 +Node: Pass By Value/Reference579689 +Node: Return Statement583186 +Node: Dynamic Typing586165 +Node: Indirect Calls587094 +Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1598400 +Node: Functions Summary598528 +Node: Library Functions601230 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1604838 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2604981 +Node: Library Names605152 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1608610 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2608833 +Node: General Functions608919 +Node: Strtonum Function610022 +Node: Assert Function613044 +Node: Round Function616368 +Node: Cliff Random Function617909 +Node: Ordinal Functions618925 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1621988 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2622240 +Node: Join Function622451 +Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1624221 +Node: Getlocaltime Function624421 +Node: Readfile Function628165 +Node: Shell Quoting630137 +Node: Data File Management631538 +Node: Filetrans Function632170 +Node: Rewind Function636266 +Node: File Checking637652 +Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1638985 +Node: Empty Files639186 +Node: Ignoring Assigns641165 +Node: Getopt Function642715 +Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1654179 +Node: Passwd Functions654379 +Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1663219 +Node: Group Functions663307 +Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1671204 +Node: Walking Arrays671409 +Node: Library Functions Summary673009 +Node: Library Exercises674413 +Node: Sample Programs675693 +Node: Running Examples676463 +Node: Clones677191 +Node: Cut Program678415 +Node: Egrep Program688135 +Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1695638 +Node: Id Program695748 +Node: Split Program699424 +Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1702878 +Node: Tee Program703006 +Node: Uniq Program705795 +Node: Wc Program713214 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1717464 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs717558 +Node: Dupword Program718771 +Node: Alarm Program720802 +Node: Translate Program725607 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1730170 +Node: Labels Program730440 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1733791 +Node: Word Sorting733875 +Node: History Sorting737945 +Node: Extract Program739780 +Node: Simple Sed747304 +Node: Igawk Program750374 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1764700 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2764901 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3765023 +Node: Anagram Program765138 +Node: Signature Program768199 +Node: Programs Summary769446 +Node: Programs Exercises770667 +Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1774798 +Node: Advanced Features774889 +Node: Nondecimal Data776871 +Node: Array Sorting778461 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal779161 +Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1787527 +Node: Array Sorting Functions787645 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1791531 +Node: Two-way I/O791727 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1796672 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2796858 +Node: TCP/IP Networking796940 +Node: Profiling799812 +Node: Advanced Features Summary807353 +Node: Internationalization809286 +Node: I18N and L10N810766 +Node: Explaining gettext811452 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1816477 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2816661 +Node: Programmer i18n816826 +Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1821702 +Node: Translator i18n821751 +Node: String Extraction822545 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1823676 +Node: Printf Ordering823762 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1826548 +Node: I18N Portability826612 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1829068 +Node: I18N Example829131 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1831934 +Node: Gawk I18N832006 +Node: I18N Summary832650 +Node: Debugger833990 +Node: Debugging835012 +Node: Debugging Concepts835453 +Node: Debugging Terms837263 +Node: Awk Debugging839835 +Node: Sample Debugging Session840741 +Node: Debugger Invocation841275 +Node: Finding The Bug842660 +Node: List of Debugger Commands849139 +Node: Breakpoint Control850471 +Node: Debugger Execution Control854148 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data857507 +Node: Execution Stack860883 +Node: Debugger Info862518 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands866563 +Node: Readline Support871564 +Node: Limitations872458 +Node: Debugging Summary874573 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic875747 +Node: Computer Arithmetic877163 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges880762 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1881286 +Node: Math Definitions881343 +Ref: table-ieee-formats884638 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1885242 +Node: MPFR features885347 +Node: FP Math Caution887018 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1888068 +Node: Inexactness of computations888437 +Node: Inexact representation889396 +Node: Comparing FP Values890754 +Node: Errors accumulate891836 +Node: Getting Accuracy893268 +Node: Try To Round895972 +Node: Setting precision896871 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings897555 +Node: Setting the rounding mode899384 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes899748 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1903200 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers903379 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1906363 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems906512 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1910391 +Node: Floating point summary910429 +Node: Dynamic Extensions912625 +Node: Extension Intro914177 +Node: Plugin License915442 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline916239 +Ref: figure-load-extension916667 +Ref: figure-register-new-function918147 +Ref: figure-call-new-function919151 +Node: Extension API Description921138 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction922588 +Node: General Data Types927409 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1933309 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions933608 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1936447 +Node: Constructor Functions936546 Node: Registration Functions938285 Node: Extension Functions938970 Node: Exit Callback Functions941267 -- cgit v1.2.3 From c116a3b0b2b2731fe44372b1c3aa6535717b4dc1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Thu, 19 Feb 2015 07:58:34 +0200 Subject: More edits. --- doc/gawk.info | 878 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 439 insertions(+), 439 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index a6eecfdd..717e6659 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -10183,15 +10183,14 @@ description of each variable.) `IGNORECASE #' If `IGNORECASE' is nonzero or non-null, then all string comparisons - and all regular expression matching are case-independent. Thus, - regexp matching with `~' and `!~', as well as the `gensub()', + and all regular expression matching are case-independent. This + applies to regexp matching with `~' and `!~', the `gensub()', `gsub()', `index()', `match()', `patsplit()', `split()', and `sub()' functions, record termination with `RS', and field - splitting with `FS' and `FPAT', all ignore case when doing their - particular regexp operations. However, the value of `IGNORECASE' - does _not_ affect array subscripting and it does not affect field - splitting when using a single-character field separator. *Note - Case-sensitivity::. + splitting with `FS' and `FPAT'. However, the value of + `IGNORECASE' does _not_ affect array subscripting and it does not + affect field splitting when using a single-character field + separator. *Note Case-sensitivity::. `LINT #' When this variable is true (nonzero or non-null), `gawk' behaves @@ -14288,61 +14287,7 @@ names of the two comparison functions: -| rsort: <100.0 95.6 93.4 87.1> Another example where indirect functions calls are useful can be -found in processing arrays. *note Walking Arrays::, presented a simple -function for "walking" an array of arrays. That function simply -printed the name and value of each scalar array element. However, it is -easy to generalize that function, by passing in the name of a function -to call when walking an array. The modified function looks like this: - - function process_array(arr, name, process, do_arrays, i, new_name) - { - for (i in arr) { - new_name = (name "[" i "]") - if (isarray(arr[i])) { - if (do_arrays) - @process(new_name, arr[i]) - process_array(arr[i], new_name, process, do_arrays) - } else - @process(new_name, arr[i]) - } - } - - The arguments are as follows: - -`arr' - The array. - -`name' - The name of the array (a string). - -`process' - The name of the function to call. - -`do_arrays' - If this is true, the function can handle elements that are - subarrays. - - If subarrays are to be processed, that is done before walking them -further. - - When run with the following scaffolding, the function produces the -same results as does the earlier `walk_array()' function: - - BEGIN { - a[1] = 1 - a[2][1] = 21 - a[2][2] = 22 - a[3] = 3 - a[4][1][1] = 411 - a[4][2] = 42 - - process_array(a, "a", "do_print", 0) - } - - function do_print(name, element) - { - printf "%s = %s\n", name, element - } +found in processing arrays. This is described in *note Walking Arrays::. Remember that you must supply a leading `@' in front of an indirect function call. @@ -16319,6 +16264,61 @@ value. Here is a main program to demonstrate: -| a[4][1][1] = 411 -| a[4][2] = 42 + The function just presented simply prints the name and value of each +scalar array element. However, it is easy to generalize it, by passing +in the name of a function to call when walking an array. The modified +function looks like this: + + function process_array(arr, name, process, do_arrays, i, new_name) + { + for (i in arr) { + new_name = (name "[" i "]") + if (isarray(arr[i])) { + if (do_arrays) + @process(new_name, arr[i]) + process_array(arr[i], new_name, process, do_arrays) + } else + @process(new_name, arr[i]) + } + } + + The arguments are as follows: + +`arr' + The array. + +`name' + The name of the array (a string). + +`process' + The name of the function to call. + +`do_arrays' + If this is true, the function can handle elements that are + subarrays. + + If subarrays are to be processed, that is done before walking them +further. + + When run with the following scaffolding, the function produces the +same results as does the earlier version of `walk_array()': + + BEGIN { + a[1] = 1 + a[2][1] = 21 + a[2][2] = 22 + a[3] = 3 + a[4][1][1] = 411 + a[4][2] = 42 + + process_array(a, "a", "do_print", 0) + } + + function do_print(name, element) + { + printf "%s = %s\n", name, element + } +  File: gawk.info, Node: Library Functions Summary, Next: Library Exercises, Prev: Walking Arrays, Up: Library Functions @@ -16353,7 +16353,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Library Functions Summary, Next: Library Exercises, Pr Two sets of routines that parallel the C library versions Traversing arrays of arrays - A simple function to traverse an array of arrays to any depth + Two functions that traverse an array of arrays to any depth  @@ -32502,7 +32502,7 @@ Index (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, line continuations: Conditional Exp. (line 34) -* differences in awk and gawk, LINT variable: User-modified. (line 88) +* differences in awk and gawk, LINT variable: User-modified. (line 87) * differences in awk and gawk, match() function: String Functions. (line 263) * differences in awk and gawk, print/printf statements: Format Modifiers. @@ -32527,7 +32527,7 @@ Index (line 77) * differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 269) * differences in awk and gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. - (line 152) + (line 151) * differences in awk and gawk, trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. (line 66) * directories, command-line: Command-line directories. @@ -32989,7 +32989,7 @@ Index (line 6) * gawk, interval expressions and: Regexp Operators. (line 139) * gawk, line continuation in: Conditional Exp. (line 34) -* gawk, LINT variable in: User-modified. (line 88) +* gawk, LINT variable in: User-modified. (line 87) * gawk, list of contributors to: Contributors. (line 6) * gawk, MS-DOS version of: PC Using. (line 10) * gawk, MS-Windows version of: PC Using. (line 10) @@ -33015,7 +33015,7 @@ Index * gawk, splitting fields and: Constant Size. (line 87) * gawk, string-translation functions: I18N Functions. (line 6) * gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 269) -* gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable in: User-modified. (line 152) +* gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable in: User-modified. (line 151) * gawk, timestamps: Time Functions. (line 6) * gawk, uses for: Preface. (line 34) * gawk, versions of, information about, printing: Options. (line 302) @@ -33213,7 +33213,7 @@ Index * internationalization: I18N Functions. (line 6) * internationalization, localization <1>: Internationalization. (line 13) -* internationalization, localization: User-modified. (line 152) +* internationalization, localization: User-modified. (line 151) * internationalization, localization, character classes: Bracket Expressions. (line 101) * internationalization, localization, gawk and: Internationalization. @@ -33323,7 +33323,7 @@ Index * lines, duplicate, removing: History Sorting. (line 6) * lines, matching ranges of: Ranges. (line 6) * lines, skipping between markers: Ranges. (line 43) -* lint checking: User-modified. (line 88) +* lint checking: User-modified. (line 87) * lint checking, array elements: Delete. (line 34) * lint checking, array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 43) @@ -33333,7 +33333,7 @@ Index (line 341) * lint checking, undefined functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 85) -* LINT variable: User-modified. (line 88) +* LINT variable: User-modified. (line 87) * Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 753) * Linux <2>: I18N Example. (line 55) * Linux: Manual History. (line 28) @@ -33505,11 +33505,11 @@ Index * obsolete features: Obsolete. (line 6) * octal numbers: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) * octal values, enabling interpretation of: Options. (line 211) -* OFMT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 105) +* OFMT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 104) * OFMT variable <2>: Strings And Numbers. (line 57) * OFMT variable: OFMT. (line 15) * OFMT variable, POSIX awk and: OFMT. (line 27) -* OFS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 114) +* OFS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 113) * OFS variable <2>: Output Separators. (line 6) * OFS variable: Changing Fields. (line 64) * OpenBSD: Glossary. (line 753) @@ -33562,7 +33562,7 @@ Index (line 12) * ord() user-defined function: Ordinal Functions. (line 16) * order of evaluation, concatenation: Concatenation. (line 41) -* ORS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 119) +* ORS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 118) * ORS variable: Output Separators. (line 21) * output field separator, See OFS variable: Changing Fields. (line 64) * output record separator, See ORS variable: Output Separators. @@ -33702,7 +33702,7 @@ Index * POSIX, gawk extensions not included in: POSIX/GNU. (line 6) * POSIX, programs, implementing in awk: Clones. (line 6) * POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 341) -* PREC variable: User-modified. (line 124) +* PREC variable: User-modified. (line 123) * precedence <1>: Precedence. (line 6) * precedence: Increment Ops. (line 60) * precedence, regexp operators: Regexp Operators. (line 156) @@ -33717,7 +33717,7 @@ Index * print statement, commas, omitting: Print Examples. (line 31) * print statement, I/O operators in: Precedence. (line 71) * print statement, line continuations and: Print Examples. (line 76) -* print statement, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 114) +* print statement, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 113) * print statement, See Also redirection, of output: Redirection. (line 17) * print statement, sprintf() function and: Round Function. (line 6) @@ -33832,7 +33832,7 @@ Index * readfile() user-defined function: Readfile Function. (line 30) * reading input files: Reading Files. (line 6) * recipe for a programming language: History. (line 6) -* record separators <1>: User-modified. (line 133) +* record separators <1>: User-modified. (line 132) * record separators: awk split records. (line 6) * record separators, changing: awk split records. (line 85) * record separators, regular expressions as: awk split records. @@ -33944,8 +33944,8 @@ Index * round to nearest integer: Numeric Functions. (line 23) * round() user-defined function: Round Function. (line 16) * rounding numbers: Round Function. (line 6) -* ROUNDMODE variable: User-modified. (line 128) -* RS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 133) +* ROUNDMODE variable: User-modified. (line 127) +* RS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 132) * RS variable: awk split records. (line 12) * RS variable, multiline records and: Multiple Line. (line 17) * rshift: Bitwise Functions. (line 53) @@ -34002,12 +34002,12 @@ Index * separators, field, FIELDWIDTHS variable and: User-modified. (line 37) * separators, field, FPAT variable and: User-modified. (line 43) * separators, field, POSIX and: Fields. (line 6) -* separators, for records <1>: User-modified. (line 133) +* separators, for records <1>: User-modified. (line 132) * separators, for records: awk split records. (line 6) * separators, for records, regular expressions as: awk split records. (line 125) * separators, for statements in actions: Action Overview. (line 19) -* separators, subscript: User-modified. (line 146) +* separators, subscript: User-modified. (line 145) * set breakpoint: Breakpoint Control. (line 11) * set debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 59) @@ -34139,7 +34139,7 @@ Index * split.awk program: Split Program. (line 30) * sprintf <1>: String Functions. (line 384) * sprintf: OFMT. (line 15) -* sprintf() function, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 114) +* sprintf() function, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 113) * sprintf() function, print/printf statements and: Round Function. (line 6) * sqrt: Numeric Functions. (line 77) @@ -34201,7 +34201,7 @@ Index (line 43) * sub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 463) * sub() function, escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) -* subscript separators: User-modified. (line 146) +* subscript separators: User-modified. (line 145) * subscripts in arrays, multidimensional: Multidimensional. (line 10) * subscripts in arrays, multidimensional, scanning: Multiscanning. (line 11) @@ -34209,7 +34209,7 @@ Index (line 6) * subscripts in arrays, uninitialized variables as: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) -* SUBSEP variable: User-modified. (line 146) +* SUBSEP variable: User-modified. (line 145) * SUBSEP variable, and multidimensional arrays: Multidimensional. (line 16) * substitute in string: String Functions. (line 90) @@ -34248,7 +34248,7 @@ Index * text, printing: Print. (line 22) * text, printing, unduplicated lines of: Uniq Program. (line 6) * TEXTDOMAIN variable <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 8) -* TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 152) +* TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 151) * TEXTDOMAIN variable, BEGIN pattern and: Programmer i18n. (line 60) * TEXTDOMAIN variable, portability and: I18N Portability. (line 20) * textdomain() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 28) @@ -34687,360 +34687,360 @@ Node: Nextfile Statement426761 Node: Exit Statement429389 Node: Built-in Variables431800 Node: User-modified432933 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1440636 -Node: Auto-set440698 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1453750 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2453955 -Node: ARGC and ARGV454011 -Node: Pattern Action Summary458229 -Node: Arrays460662 -Node: Array Basics461991 -Node: Array Intro462835 -Ref: figure-array-elements464769 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1467389 -Node: Reference to Elements467517 -Node: Assigning Elements469979 -Node: Array Example470470 -Node: Scanning an Array472229 -Node: Controlling Scanning475249 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1480643 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts480959 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts483144 -Node: Delete484761 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1487510 -Node: Multidimensional487567 -Node: Multiscanning490664 -Node: Arrays of Arrays492253 -Node: Arrays Summary497007 -Node: Functions499098 -Node: Built-in500137 -Node: Calling Built-in501215 -Node: Numeric Functions503210 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1507226 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2507583 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3507631 -Node: String Functions507903 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1531404 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2531533 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3531781 -Node: Gory Details531868 -Ref: table-sub-escapes533649 -Ref: table-sub-proposed535164 -Ref: table-posix-sub536526 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes538063 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1538896 -Node: I/O Functions539047 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1546283 -Node: Time Functions546430 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1556939 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2557007 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3557165 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4557276 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5557388 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6557615 -Node: Bitwise Functions557881 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops558443 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1562771 -Node: Type Functions562943 -Node: I18N Functions564095 -Node: User-defined565742 -Node: Definition Syntax566547 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1572206 -Node: Function Example572277 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1575198 -Node: Function Caveats575220 -Node: Calling A Function575738 -Node: Variable Scope576696 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference579689 -Node: Return Statement583186 -Node: Dynamic Typing586165 -Node: Indirect Calls587094 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1598400 -Node: Functions Summary598528 -Node: Library Functions601230 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1604838 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2604981 -Node: Library Names605152 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1608610 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2608833 -Node: General Functions608919 -Node: Strtonum Function610022 -Node: Assert Function613044 -Node: Round Function616368 -Node: Cliff Random Function617909 -Node: Ordinal Functions618925 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1621988 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2622240 -Node: Join Function622451 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1624221 -Node: Getlocaltime Function624421 -Node: Readfile Function628165 -Node: Shell Quoting630137 -Node: Data File Management631538 -Node: Filetrans Function632170 -Node: Rewind Function636266 -Node: File Checking637652 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1638985 -Node: Empty Files639186 -Node: Ignoring Assigns641165 -Node: Getopt Function642715 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1654179 -Node: Passwd Functions654379 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1663219 -Node: Group Functions663307 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1671204 -Node: Walking Arrays671409 -Node: Library Functions Summary673009 -Node: Library Exercises674413 -Node: Sample Programs675693 -Node: Running Examples676463 -Node: Clones677191 -Node: Cut Program678415 -Node: Egrep Program688135 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1695638 -Node: Id Program695748 -Node: Split Program699424 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1702878 -Node: Tee Program703006 -Node: Uniq Program705795 -Node: Wc Program713214 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1717464 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs717558 -Node: Dupword Program718771 -Node: Alarm Program720802 -Node: Translate Program725607 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1730170 -Node: Labels Program730440 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1733791 -Node: Word Sorting733875 -Node: History Sorting737945 -Node: Extract Program739780 -Node: Simple Sed747304 -Node: Igawk Program750374 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1764700 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2764901 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3765023 -Node: Anagram Program765138 -Node: Signature Program768199 -Node: Programs Summary769446 -Node: Programs Exercises770667 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1774798 -Node: Advanced Features774889 -Node: Nondecimal Data776871 -Node: Array Sorting778461 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal779161 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1787527 -Node: Array Sorting Functions787645 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1791531 -Node: Two-way I/O791727 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1796672 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2796858 -Node: TCP/IP Networking796940 -Node: Profiling799812 -Node: Advanced Features Summary807353 -Node: Internationalization809286 -Node: I18N and L10N810766 -Node: Explaining gettext811452 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1816477 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2816661 -Node: Programmer i18n816826 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1821702 -Node: Translator i18n821751 -Node: String Extraction822545 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1823676 -Node: Printf Ordering823762 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1826548 -Node: I18N Portability826612 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1829068 -Node: I18N Example829131 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1831934 -Node: Gawk I18N832006 -Node: I18N Summary832650 -Node: Debugger833990 -Node: Debugging835012 -Node: Debugging Concepts835453 -Node: Debugging Terms837263 -Node: Awk Debugging839835 -Node: Sample Debugging Session840741 -Node: Debugger Invocation841275 -Node: Finding The Bug842660 -Node: List of Debugger Commands849139 -Node: Breakpoint Control850471 -Node: Debugger Execution Control854148 -Node: Viewing And 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4c4c0d3820bfc6ac3dce47a51e26ee2a9b593466 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Fri, 20 Feb 2015 14:10:36 +0200 Subject: Last review items! --- doc/gawk.info | 304 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 152 insertions(+), 152 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 717e6659..50627888 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -1873,7 +1873,7 @@ file surrounded by double quotes:  File: gawk.info, Node: Sample Data Files, Next: Very Simple, Prev: Running gawk, Up: Getting Started -1.2 Data Files for the Examples +1.2 Data files for the Examples =============================== Many of the examples in this Info file take their input from two sample @@ -6957,7 +6957,7 @@ option (*note Options::).  File: gawk.info, Node: Special Files, Next: Close Files And Pipes, Prev: Special FD, Up: Printing -5.8 Special File Names in `gawk' +5.8 Special File names in `gawk' ================================ Besides access to standard input, standard output, and standard error, @@ -7018,7 +7018,7 @@ mentioned here only for completeness. Full discussion is delayed until  File: gawk.info, Node: Special Caveats, Prev: Special Network, Up: Special Files -5.8.3 Special File Name Caveats +5.8.3 Special File name Caveats ------------------------------- Here are some things to bear in mind when using the special file names @@ -15155,7 +15155,7 @@ three-character string `"\"'\""':  File: gawk.info, Node: Data File Management, Next: Getopt Function, Prev: General Functions, Up: Library Functions -10.3 Data File Management +10.3 Data file Management ========================= This minor node presents functions that are useful for managing @@ -15172,7 +15172,7 @@ command-line data files.  File: gawk.info, Node: Filetrans Function, Next: Rewind Function, Up: Data File Management -10.3.1 Noting Data File Boundaries +10.3.1 Noting Data file Boundaries ---------------------------------- The `BEGIN' and `END' rules are each executed exactly once, at the @@ -15310,7 +15310,7 @@ rule finishes!)  File: gawk.info, Node: File Checking, Next: Empty Files, Prev: Rewind Function, Up: Data File Management -10.3.3 Checking for Readable Data Files +10.3.3 Checking for Readable Data files --------------------------------------- Normally, if you give `awk' a data file that isn't readable, it stops @@ -15400,7 +15400,7 @@ of the `for' loop uses the `<=' operator, not `<'.  File: gawk.info, Node: Ignoring Assigns, Prev: Empty Files, Up: Data File Management -10.3.5 Treating Assignments as File Names +10.3.5 Treating Assignments as File names ----------------------------------------- Occasionally, you might not want `awk' to process command-line variable @@ -22576,9 +22576,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Floating point summary, Prev: POSIX Floating Point Prob using the GMP library. This is faster and more space-efficient than using MPFR for the same calculations. - * There are several "dark corners" with respect to floating-point - numbers where `gawk' disagrees with the POSIX standard. It pays - to be aware of them. + * There are several areas with respect to floating-point numbers + where `gawk' disagrees with the POSIX standard. It pays to be + aware of them. * Overall, there is no need to be unduly suspicious about the results from floating-point arithmetic. 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8d95c378d502d561a6be416a67b19b247a53f48a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Sun, 22 Feb 2015 20:49:40 +0200 Subject: Doc: change div to divisor in some examples. --- doc/gawk.info | 738 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 369 insertions(+), 369 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 50627888..bf85081c 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -9820,12 +9820,12 @@ divisor of any integer, and also identifies prime numbers: # find smallest divisor of num { num = $1 - for (div = 2; div * div <= num; div++) { - if (num % div == 0) + for (divisor = 2; divisor * divisor <= num; divisor++) { + if (num % divisor == 0) break } - if (num % div == 0) - printf "Smallest divisor of %d is %d\n", num, div + if (num % divisor == 0) + printf "Smallest divisor of %d is %d\n", num, divisor else printf "%d is prime\n", num } @@ -9843,12 +9843,12 @@ Statement::.) # find smallest divisor of num { num = $1 - for (div = 2; ; div++) { - if (num % div == 0) { - printf "Smallest divisor of %d is %d\n", num, div + for (divisor = 2; ; divisor++) { + if (num % divisor == 0) { + printf "Smallest divisor of %d is %d\n", num, divisor break } - if (div * div > num) { + if (divisor * divisor > num) { printf "%d is prime\n", num break } @@ -34681,366 +34681,366 @@ Node: Do Statement413824 Node: For Statement414972 Node: Switch Statement418130 Node: Break Statement420512 -Node: Continue Statement422553 -Node: Next Statement424380 -Node: Nextfile Statement426761 -Node: Exit Statement429389 -Node: Built-in Variables431800 -Node: User-modified432933 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1440567 -Node: Auto-set440629 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1453681 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2453886 -Node: ARGC and ARGV453942 -Node: Pattern Action Summary458160 -Node: Arrays460593 -Node: Array Basics461922 -Node: Array Intro462766 -Ref: figure-array-elements464700 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1467320 -Node: Reference to Elements467448 -Node: Assigning Elements469910 -Node: Array Example470401 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Introduction922525 +Node: General Data Types927346 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1933246 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions933545 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1936384 +Node: Constructor Functions936483 +Node: Registration Functions938222 +Node: Extension Functions938907 +Node: Exit Callback Functions941204 +Node: Extension Version String942452 +Node: Input Parsers943115 +Node: Output Wrappers952990 +Node: Two-way processors957503 +Node: Printing Messages959766 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1960842 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'960994 +Node: Requesting Values961734 +Ref: table-value-types-returned962461 +Node: Accessing Parameters963418 +Node: Symbol Table Access964652 +Node: Symbol table by name965166 +Node: Symbol table by cookie967186 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1971331 +Node: Cached values971394 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1974890 +Node: Array Manipulation974981 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1976079 +Node: Array Data Types976116 +Ref: Array Data 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Readfile1041123 +Node: Extension Sample Time1042218 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1043566 +Node: gawkextlib1044057 +Node: Extension summary1046735 +Node: Extension Exercises1050424 +Node: Language History1051146 +Node: V7/SVR3.11052802 +Node: SVR41054955 +Node: POSIX1056389 +Node: BTL1057770 +Node: POSIX/GNU1058501 +Node: Feature History1064022 +Node: Common Extensions1077120 +Node: Ranges and Locales1078492 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11083111 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21083138 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31083373 +Node: Contributors1083594 +Node: History summary1089134 +Node: Installation1090513 +Node: Gawk Distribution1091459 +Node: Getting1091943 +Node: Extracting1092766 +Node: Distribution contents1094403 +Node: Unix Installation1100157 +Node: Quick Installation1100774 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1103198 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1105001 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1107370 +Node: PC Installation1107828 +Node: PC Binary Installation1109148 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Mechanism Goals1167576 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11170936 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1171125 +Node: Extension Future Growth1173233 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1174069 +Node: Notes summary1175831 +Node: Basic Concepts1177017 +Node: Basic High Level1177698 +Ref: figure-general-flow1177970 +Ref: figure-process-flow1178569 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11181798 +Node: Basic Data Typing1181983 +Node: Glossary1185311 +Node: Copying1217240 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1254796 +Node: Index1279932  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 764317bf85e5e63651486933b880a4627529d967 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Tue, 24 Feb 2015 21:50:42 +0200 Subject: Minor doc edit. --- doc/gawk.info | 1094 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 547 insertions(+), 547 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index bf85081c..1b6a0a99 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -953,7 +953,7 @@ provided in *note Language History::. The language described in this Info file is often referred to as "new `awk'." By analogy, the original version of `awk' is referred to as "old `awk'." - Today, on most systems, when you run the `awk' utility you get some + On most current systems, when you run the `awk' utility you get some version of new `awk'.(1) If your system's standard `awk' is the old one, you will see something like this if you try the test program: @@ -34496,551 +34496,551 @@ Ref: Preface-Footnote-251109 Ref: Preface-Footnote-351342 Node: History51484 Node: Names53835 -Ref: Names-Footnote-154928 -Node: This Manual55074 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-161574 -Node: Conventions61674 -Node: Manual History64011 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-167004 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-267045 -Node: How To Contribute67119 -Node: Acknowledgments68248 -Node: Getting Started73114 -Node: Running gawk75553 -Node: One-shot76743 -Node: Read Terminal78007 -Node: Long80038 -Node: Executable Scripts81551 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184340 -Node: Comments84443 -Node: Quoting86925 -Node: DOS Quoting92443 -Node: Sample Data Files93118 -Node: Very Simple95713 -Node: Two Rules100612 -Node: More Complex102498 -Node: Statements/Lines105360 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1109815 -Node: Other Features110080 -Node: When111016 -Ref: When-Footnote-1112770 -Node: Intro Summary112835 -Node: Invoking Gawk113719 -Node: Command Line115233 -Node: Options116031 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1131953 -Ref: Options-Footnote-2132182 -Node: Other Arguments132207 -Node: Naming Standard Input135155 -Node: Environment Variables136248 -Node: AWKPATH Variable136806 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140103 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140148 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140408 -Node: Other Environment Variables141551 -Node: Exit Status145309 -Node: Include Files145985 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries149574 -Node: Obsolete151001 -Node: Undocumented151693 -Node: Invoking Summary151960 -Node: Regexp153623 -Node: Regexp Usage155077 -Node: Escape Sequences157114 -Node: Regexp Operators163124 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170534 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Commands866510 +Node: Readline Support871511 +Node: Limitations872405 +Node: Debugging Summary874520 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic875694 +Node: Computer Arithmetic877110 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges880709 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1881233 +Node: Math Definitions881290 +Ref: table-ieee-formats884585 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1885189 +Node: MPFR features885294 +Node: FP Math Caution886965 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1888015 +Node: Inexactness of computations888384 +Node: Inexact representation889343 +Node: Comparing FP Values890701 +Node: Errors accumulate891783 +Node: Getting Accuracy893215 +Node: Try To Round895919 +Node: Setting precision896818 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings897502 +Node: Setting the rounding mode899331 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes899695 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1903147 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers903326 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1906310 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems906459 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1910338 +Node: Floating point summary910376 +Node: Dynamic Extensions912563 +Node: Extension Intro914115 +Node: Plugin License915380 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline916177 +Ref: figure-load-extension916605 +Ref: figure-register-new-function918085 +Ref: figure-call-new-function919089 +Node: Extension API Description921076 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction922526 +Node: General Data Types927347 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1933247 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions933546 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1936385 +Node: Constructor Functions936484 +Node: Registration Functions938223 +Node: Extension Functions938908 +Node: Exit Callback Functions941205 +Node: Extension Version String942453 +Node: Input Parsers943116 +Node: Output Wrappers952991 +Node: Two-way processors957504 +Node: Printing Messages959767 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1960843 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'960995 +Node: Requesting Values961735 +Ref: table-value-types-returned962462 +Node: Accessing Parameters963419 +Node: Symbol Table Access964653 +Node: Symbol table by name965167 +Node: Symbol table by cookie967187 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1971332 +Node: Cached values971395 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1974891 +Node: Array Manipulation974982 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1976080 +Node: Array Data Types976117 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1978772 +Node: Array Functions978864 +Node: Flattening Arrays982723 +Node: Creating Arrays989625 +Node: Extension API Variables994396 +Node: Extension Versioning995032 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables996923 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate997988 +Node: Finding Extensions1001797 +Node: Extension Example1002357 +Node: Internal File Description1003129 +Node: Internal File Ops1007196 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11018947 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1019087 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11021470 +Node: Extension Samples1021743 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1023271 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1030952 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1032440 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1033655 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1035331 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1036167 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1037044 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1037855 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1038444 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1039184 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1041124 +Node: Extension Sample Time1042219 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1043567 +Node: gawkextlib1044058 +Node: Extension summary1046736 +Node: Extension Exercises1050425 +Node: Language History1051147 +Node: V7/SVR3.11052803 +Node: SVR41054956 +Node: POSIX1056390 +Node: BTL1057771 +Node: POSIX/GNU1058502 +Node: Feature History1064023 +Node: Common Extensions1077121 +Node: Ranges and Locales1078493 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11083112 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21083139 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31083374 +Node: Contributors1083595 +Node: History summary1089135 +Node: Installation1090514 +Node: Gawk Distribution1091460 +Node: Getting1091944 +Node: Extracting1092767 +Node: Distribution contents1094404 +Node: Unix Installation1100158 +Node: Quick Installation1100775 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1103199 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1105002 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1107371 +Node: PC Installation1107829 +Node: PC Binary Installation1109149 +Node: PC Compiling1110997 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11114018 +Node: PC Testing1114127 +Node: PC Using1115303 +Node: Cygwin1119418 +Node: MSYS1120188 +Node: VMS Installation1120689 +Node: VMS Compilation1121481 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11122710 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1122768 +Node: VMS Installation Details1124452 +Node: VMS Running1126703 +Node: VMS GNV1129543 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1130278 +Node: Bugs1130748 +Node: Other Versions1134637 +Node: Installation summary1141071 +Node: Notes1142130 +Node: Compatibility Mode1142995 +Node: Additions1143777 +Node: Accessing The Source1144702 +Node: Adding Code1146137 +Node: New Ports1152294 +Node: Derived Files1156776 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11162251 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21162285 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31162881 +Node: Future Extensions1162995 +Node: Implementation Limitations1163601 +Node: Extension Design1164849 +Node: Old Extension Problems1166003 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11167520 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1167577 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11170937 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1171126 +Node: Extension Future Growth1173234 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1174070 +Node: Notes summary1175832 +Node: Basic Concepts1177018 +Node: Basic High Level1177699 +Ref: figure-general-flow1177971 +Ref: figure-process-flow1178570 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11181799 +Node: Basic Data Typing1181984 +Node: Glossary1185312 +Node: Copying1217241 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1254797 +Node: Index1279933  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From db6a69baecd9b7a98e6de31eec2e20477130d8ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Sun, 1 Mar 2015 06:14:42 +0200 Subject: Minor doc fix. --- doc/gawk.info | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 1b6a0a99..9c23943c 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -11999,7 +11999,7 @@ numbers. (2) `mawk' uses a different seed each time. (3) Computer-generated random numbers really are not truly random. -They are technically known as "pseudorandom." This means that although +They are technically known as "pseudorandom". This means that although the numbers in a sequence appear to be random, you can in fact generate the same sequence of random numbers over and over again. -- cgit v1.2.3 From 6237311c0af460dd0ff5cf2ed4f935a33386375c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Sun, 8 Mar 2015 06:06:56 +0200 Subject: Commit generated doc from previous commit. --- doc/gawk.info | 1022 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 515 insertions(+), 507 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index cbcf529c..7e548a8e 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -3014,7 +3014,8 @@ used by regular users: `GAWK_SOCK_RETRIES' Controls the number of times `gawk' attempts to retry a two-way TCP/IP (socket) connection before giving up. *Note TCP/IP - Networking::. + Networking::. Note that when nonfatal I/O is enabled (*note + Nonfatal::), `gawk' only tries to open a TCP/IP socket once. `POSIXLY_CORRECT' Causes `gawk' to switch to POSIX-compatibility mode, disabling all @@ -7263,6 +7264,13 @@ For standard output, you may use `PROCINFO["-", "NONFATAL"]' or `PROCINFO["/dev/stdout", "NONFATAL"]'. For standard error, use `PROCINFO["/dev/stderr", "NONFATAL"]'. + When attempting to open a TCP/IP socket (*note TCP/IP Networking::), +`gawk' tries multiple times. The `GAWK_SOCK_RETRIES' environment +variable (*note Other Environment Variables::) allows you to override +`gawk''s builtin default number of attempts. However, once nonfatal +I/O is enabled for a given socket, `gawk' only retries once, relying on +`awk'-level code to notice that there was a problem. +  File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output Exercises, Prev: Nonfatal, Up: Printing @@ -34781,511 +34789,511 @@ Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140222 Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140267 Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140527 Node: Other Environment Variables141783 -Node: Exit Status145301 -Node: Include Files145977 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries149566 -Node: Obsolete150993 -Node: Undocumented151685 -Node: Invoking Summary151952 -Node: Regexp153615 -Node: Regexp Usage155069 -Node: Escape Sequences157106 -Node: Regexp Operators163335 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170745 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170892 -Node: Bracket Expressions170990 -Ref: table-char-classes173005 -Node: Leftmost Longest175947 -Node: Computed Regexps177249 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators180678 -Node: Case-sensitivity184350 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1187235 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187470 -Node: Regexp Summary187578 -Node: Reading Files189045 -Node: Records191138 -Node: awk split records191871 -Node: gawk split records196800 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1201339 -Node: Fields201376 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1204154 -Node: Nonconstant Fields204240 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1206478 -Node: Changing Fields206681 -Node: Field Separators212612 -Node: Default Field Splitting215316 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting216433 -Node: Single Character Fields219783 -Node: Command Line Field Separator220842 -Node: Full Line Fields224059 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1225580 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2225626 -Node: Field Splitting Summary225727 -Node: Constant Size227801 -Node: Splitting By Content232384 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236349 -Node: Multiple Line236512 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242393 -Node: Getline242572 -Node: Plain Getline244779 -Node: Getline/Variable247419 -Node: Getline/File248568 -Node: Getline/Variable/File249953 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1251556 -Node: Getline/Pipe251643 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254321 -Node: Getline/Coprocess255452 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess256716 -Node: Getline Notes257455 -Node: Getline Summary260249 -Ref: table-getline-variants260661 -Node: Read Timeout261490 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265327 -Node: Command-line directories265385 -Node: Input Summary266290 -Node: Input Exercises269675 -Node: Printing270403 -Node: Print272238 -Node: Print Examples273695 -Node: Output Separators276474 -Node: OFMT278492 -Node: Printf279847 -Node: Basic Printf280632 -Node: Control Letters282204 -Node: Format Modifiers286189 -Node: Printf Examples292195 -Node: Redirection294681 -Node: Special FD301519 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1304685 -Node: Special Files304759 -Node: Other Inherited Files305376 -Node: Special Network306376 -Node: Special Caveats307238 -Node: Close Files And Pipes308187 -Ref: Close Files And 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Types-Footnote-1985798 +Node: Array Functions985890 +Node: Flattening Arrays989749 +Node: Creating Arrays996651 +Node: Extension API Variables1001422 +Node: Extension Versioning1002058 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables1003949 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate1005014 +Node: Finding Extensions1008823 +Node: Extension Example1009383 +Node: Internal File Description1010155 +Node: Internal File Ops1014222 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11025973 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1026113 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11028496 +Node: Extension Samples1028769 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1030297 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1037978 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1039466 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1040681 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1042357 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1043193 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1044070 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1044881 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1045470 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1046210 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1048150 +Node: Extension Sample Time1049245 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1050593 +Node: gawkextlib1051084 +Node: Extension summary1053762 +Node: Extension Exercises1057451 +Node: Language History1058173 +Node: V7/SVR3.11059829 +Node: SVR41061982 +Node: POSIX1063416 +Node: BTL1064797 +Node: POSIX/GNU1065528 +Node: Feature History1071364 +Node: Common Extensions1085158 +Node: Ranges and Locales1086530 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11091149 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21091176 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31091411 +Node: Contributors1091632 +Node: History summary1097172 +Node: Installation1098551 +Node: Gawk Distribution1099497 +Node: Getting1099981 +Node: Extracting1100804 +Node: Distribution contents1102441 +Node: Unix Installation1108543 +Node: Quick Installation1109226 +Node: Shell Startup Files1111637 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1112716 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1114520 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1116889 +Node: PC Installation1117347 +Node: PC Binary Installation1118667 +Node: PC Compiling1120515 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11123536 +Node: PC Testing1123645 +Node: PC Using1124821 +Node: Cygwin1128936 +Node: MSYS1129706 +Node: VMS Installation1130207 +Node: VMS Compilation1130999 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11132228 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1132286 +Node: VMS Installation Details1133970 +Node: VMS Running1136221 +Node: VMS GNV1139061 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1139796 +Node: Bugs1140266 +Node: Other Versions1144155 +Node: Installation summary1150589 +Node: Notes1151648 +Node: Compatibility Mode1152513 +Node: Additions1153295 +Node: Accessing The Source1154220 +Node: Adding Code1155655 +Node: New Ports1161812 +Node: Derived Files1166294 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11171769 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21171803 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31172399 +Node: Future Extensions1172513 +Node: Implementation Limitations1173119 +Node: Extension Design1174367 +Node: Old Extension Problems1175521 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11177038 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1177095 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11180455 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1180644 +Node: Extension Future Growth1182752 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1183588 +Node: Notes summary1185350 +Node: Basic Concepts1186536 +Node: Basic High Level1187217 +Ref: figure-general-flow1187489 +Ref: figure-process-flow1188088 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11191317 +Node: Basic Data Typing1191502 +Node: Glossary1194830 +Node: Copying1226759 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1264315 +Node: Index1289451  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 1b047a42077ca58eeeaa93e0561c0b589350702b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Tue, 17 Mar 2015 22:28:56 +0200 Subject: Documentation fix: positive -> nonnegative as appropriate. --- doc/gawk.info | 943 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 471 insertions(+), 472 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 9c23943c..2d4fd906 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -5097,9 +5097,9 @@ the built-in variable `FIELDWIDTHS'. Each number specifies the width of the field, _including_ columns between fields. If you want to ignore the columns between fields, you can specify the width as a separate field that is subsequently ignored. It is a fatal error to -supply a field width that is not a positive number. The following data -is the output of the Unix `w' utility. It is useful to illustrate the -use of `FIELDWIDTHS': +supply a field width that has a negative value. The following data is +the output of the Unix `w' utility. It is useful to illustrate the use +of `FIELDWIDTHS': 10:06pm up 21 days, 14:04, 23 users User tty login idle JCPU PCPU what @@ -10851,7 +10851,7 @@ be used as an array index. including a specification of how many elements or components they contain. In such languages, the declaration causes a contiguous block of memory to be allocated for that many elements. Usually, an index in -the array must be a positive integer. For example, the index zero +the array must be a nonnegative integer. For example, the index zero specifies the first element in the array, which is actually stored at the beginning of the block of memory. Index one specifies the second element, which is stored in memory right after the first element, and @@ -10906,8 +10906,8 @@ It has elements 0-3 and 10, but doesn't have elements 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. Another consequence of associative arrays is that the indices don't -have to be positive integers. Any number, or even a string, can be an -index. For example, the following is an array that translates words +have to be nonnegative integers. Any number, or even a string, can be +an index. For example, the following is an array that translates words from English to French: Index Value @@ -11078,7 +11078,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Scanning an Array, Next: Controlling Scanning, Prev: A In programs that use arrays, it is often necessary to use a loop that executes once for each element of an array. In other languages, where -arrays are contiguous and indices are limited to positive integers, +arrays are contiguous and indices are limited to nonnegative integers, this is easy: all the valid indices can be found by counting from the lowest index up to the highest. This technique won't do the job in `awk', because any number or string can be an array index. So `awk' @@ -21791,8 +21791,7 @@ Integer arithmetic In computers, integer values come in two flavors: "signed" and "unsigned". Signed values may be negative or positive, whereas - unsigned values are always positive (i.e., greater than or equal - to zero). + unsigned values are always greater than or equal to zero. In computer systems, integer arithmetic is exact, but the possible range of values is limited. Integer arithmetic is generally @@ -34579,468 +34578,468 @@ Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1225370 Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2225416 Node: Field Splitting Summary225517 Node: Constant Size227591 -Node: Splitting By Content232174 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236139 -Node: Multiple Line236302 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242183 -Node: Getline242362 -Node: Plain Getline244569 -Node: Getline/Variable247209 -Node: Getline/File248358 -Node: Getline/Variable/File249743 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1251346 -Node: Getline/Pipe251433 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254111 -Node: Getline/Coprocess255242 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess256506 -Node: Getline Notes257245 -Node: Getline Summary260039 -Ref: table-getline-variants260451 -Node: Read Timeout261280 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265117 -Node: Command-line directories265175 -Node: Input Summary266080 -Node: Input Exercises269465 -Node: Printing270193 -Node: Print271970 -Node: Print Examples273427 -Node: Output 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Robbins" Date: Wed, 18 Mar 2015 21:43:14 +0200 Subject: Bug fix to inplace extension and doc updates. --- doc/gawk.info | 185 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 97 insertions(+), 88 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 2d4fd906..d6aea49f 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -25670,11 +25670,16 @@ performs "in-place" editing of each input file. It uses the bundled # Please set INPLACE_SUFFIX to make a backup copy. For example, you may # want to set INPLACE_SUFFIX to .bak on the command line or in a BEGIN rule. + # N.B. We call inplace_end() in the BEGINFILE and END rules so that any + # actions in an ENDFILE rule will be redirected as expected. + BEGINFILE { - inplace_begin(FILENAME, INPLACE_SUFFIX) + if (_inplace_filename != "") + inplace_end(_inplace_filename, INPLACE_SUFFIX) + inplace_begin(_inplace_filename = FILENAME, INPLACE_SUFFIX) } - ENDFILE { + END { inplace_end(FILENAME, INPLACE_SUFFIX) } @@ -25686,6 +25691,10 @@ the extension restores standard output to its original destination. If a backup file name created by appending that suffix. Finally, the temporary file is renamed to the original file name. + The `_inplace_filename' variable serves to keep track of the current +filename so as to not invoke `inplace_end()' before processing the +first file. + If any error occurs, the extension issues a fatal error to terminate processing immediately without damaging the original file. @@ -34955,91 +34964,91 @@ Node: Extension Sample File Functions1023254 Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1030935 Node: Extension Sample Fork1032423 Node: Extension Sample Inplace1033638 -Node: Extension Sample Ord1035314 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir1036150 -Ref: table-readdir-file-types1037027 -Node: Extension Sample Revout1037838 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1038427 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array1039167 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile1041107 -Node: Extension Sample Time1042202 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests1043550 -Node: gawkextlib1044041 -Node: Extension summary1046719 -Node: Extension Exercises1050408 -Node: Language 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Level-Footnote-11182192 +Node: Basic Data Typing1182377 +Node: Glossary1185705 +Node: Copying1217634 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1255190 +Node: Index1280326  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 981e106b111672aac520fbb397ee82c64f3c4f2a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Tue, 24 Mar 2015 22:07:41 +0200 Subject: Doc updates. --- doc/gawk.info | 170 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------- 1 file changed, 92 insertions(+), 78 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index d6aea49f..6cb2abdb 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -26121,12 +26121,26 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Exercises, Prev: Extension summary, Up: Dyna `chmod()', and `umask()' to the file operations extension presented in *note Internal File Ops::. - 2. (Hard.) How would you provide namespaces in `gawk', so that the + 2. Write an input parser that prints a prompt if the input is a from + a "terminal" device. You can use the `isatty()' function to tell + if the input file is a terminal. (Hint: this function is usually + expensive to call; try to call it just once.) The content of the + prompt should come from a variable settable by `awk'-level code. + You can write the prompt to stanard error. However, for best + results, open a new file descriptor (or file pointer) on + `/dev/tty' and print the prompt there, in case standard error has + been redirected. + + Why is standard error a better choice than standard output for + writing the prompt? Which reading mechanism should you replace, + the one to get a record, or the one to read raw bytes? + + 3. (Hard.) How would you provide namespaces in `gawk', so that the names of functions in different extensions don't conflict with each other? If you come up with a really good scheme, contact the `gawk' maintainer to tell him about it. - 3. Write a wrapper script that provides an interface similar to `sed + 4. Write a wrapper script that provides an interface similar to `sed -i' for the "inplace" extension presented in *note Extension Sample Inplace::. @@ -33416,7 +33430,7 @@ Index * messages from extensions: Printing Messages. (line 6) * metacharacters in regular expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 6) * metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 136) -* minimum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 224) +* minimum precision required by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 224) * mktime: Time Functions. (line 25) * modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6) * monetary information, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 104) @@ -33756,7 +33770,7 @@ Index * printing, unduplicated lines of text: Uniq Program. (line 6) * printing, user information: Id Program. (line 6) * private variables: Library Names. (line 11) -* process group idIDof gawk process: Auto-set. (line 183) +* process group ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 183) * process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 186) * processes, two-way communications with: Two-way I/O. (line 6) * processing data: Basic High Level. (line 6) @@ -34976,79 +34990,79 @@ Node: Extension Sample API Tests1043960 Node: gawkextlib1044451 Node: Extension summary1047129 Node: Extension Exercises1050818 -Node: Language History1051540 -Node: V7/SVR3.11053196 -Node: SVR41055349 -Node: POSIX1056783 -Node: BTL1058164 -Node: POSIX/GNU1058895 -Node: Feature History1064416 -Node: Common Extensions1077514 -Node: Ranges and Locales1078886 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11083505 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21083532 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31083767 -Node: Contributors1083988 -Node: History summary1089528 -Node: Installation1090907 -Node: Gawk Distribution1091853 -Node: Getting1092337 -Node: Extracting1093160 -Node: Distribution contents1094797 -Node: Unix Installation1100551 -Node: Quick Installation1101168 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1103592 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1105395 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1107764 -Node: PC Installation1108222 -Node: PC Binary Installation1109542 -Node: PC Compiling1111390 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11114411 -Node: PC Testing1114520 -Node: PC Using1115696 -Node: Cygwin1119811 -Node: MSYS1120581 -Node: VMS Installation1121082 -Node: VMS Compilation1121874 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11123103 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1123161 -Node: VMS Installation Details1124845 -Node: VMS Running1127096 -Node: VMS GNV1129936 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1130671 -Node: Bugs1131141 -Node: Other Versions1135030 -Node: Installation summary1141464 -Node: Notes1142523 -Node: Compatibility Mode1143388 -Node: Additions1144170 -Node: Accessing The Source1145095 -Node: Adding Code1146530 -Node: New Ports1152687 -Node: Derived Files1157169 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11162644 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21162678 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31163274 -Node: Future Extensions1163388 -Node: Implementation Limitations1163994 -Node: Extension Design1165242 -Node: Old Extension Problems1166396 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11167913 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1167970 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11171330 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1171519 -Node: Extension Future Growth1173627 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1174463 -Node: Notes summary1176225 -Node: Basic Concepts1177411 -Node: Basic High Level1178092 -Ref: figure-general-flow1178364 -Ref: figure-process-flow1178963 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11182192 -Node: Basic Data Typing1182377 -Node: Glossary1185705 -Node: Copying1217634 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1255190 -Node: Index1280326 +Node: Language History1052314 +Node: V7/SVR3.11053970 +Node: SVR41056123 +Node: POSIX1057557 +Node: BTL1058938 +Node: POSIX/GNU1059669 +Node: Feature History1065190 +Node: Common Extensions1078288 +Node: Ranges and Locales1079660 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11084279 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21084306 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31084541 +Node: Contributors1084762 +Node: History summary1090302 +Node: Installation1091681 +Node: Gawk Distribution1092627 +Node: Getting1093111 +Node: Extracting1093934 +Node: Distribution contents1095571 +Node: Unix Installation1101325 +Node: Quick Installation1101942 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1104366 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1106169 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1108538 +Node: PC Installation1108996 +Node: PC Binary Installation1110316 +Node: PC Compiling1112164 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11115185 +Node: PC Testing1115294 +Node: PC Using1116470 +Node: Cygwin1120585 +Node: MSYS1121355 +Node: VMS Installation1121856 +Node: VMS Compilation1122648 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11123877 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1123935 +Node: VMS Installation Details1125619 +Node: VMS Running1127870 +Node: VMS GNV1130710 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1131445 +Node: Bugs1131915 +Node: Other Versions1135804 +Node: Installation summary1142238 +Node: Notes1143297 +Node: Compatibility Mode1144162 +Node: Additions1144944 +Node: Accessing The Source1145869 +Node: Adding Code1147304 +Node: New Ports1153461 +Node: Derived Files1157943 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11163418 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21163452 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31164048 +Node: Future Extensions1164162 +Node: Implementation Limitations1164768 +Node: Extension Design1166016 +Node: Old Extension Problems1167170 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11168687 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1168744 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11172104 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1172293 +Node: Extension Future Growth1174401 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1175237 +Node: Notes summary1176999 +Node: Basic Concepts1178185 +Node: Basic High Level1178866 +Ref: figure-general-flow1179138 +Ref: figure-process-flow1179737 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11182966 +Node: Basic Data Typing1183151 +Node: Glossary1186479 +Node: Copying1218408 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1255964 +Node: Index1281100  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 6522e5b623e083565229dc742336219a0dda1344 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Tue, 24 Mar 2015 22:58:20 +0200 Subject: General cleanups prepatory to merging. --- doc/gawk.info | 1024 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 515 insertions(+), 509 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index f0318e20..6b107344 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -5451,11 +5451,11 @@ how `awk' works. encounters the end of the file. If there is some error in getting a record, such as a file that cannot be opened, then `getline' returns -1. In this case, `gawk' sets the variable `ERRNO' to a string -describing the error that occurred. If the `errno' variable indicates -that the I/O operation may be retried, and `PROCINFO["input", "RETRY"]' -is set, then -2 will be returned instead of -1, and further calls to -`getline' may be attemped. *Note Retrying Input::, for further -information about this feature. +describing the error that occurred. If `ERRNO' indicates that the I/O +operation may be retried, and `PROCINFO["input", "RETRY"]' is set, then +-2 will be returned instead of -1, and further calls to `getline' may +be attemped. *Note Retrying Input::, for further information about +this feature. In the following examples, COMMAND stands for a string value that represents a shell command. @@ -5995,22 +5995,22 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Retrying Input, Next: Command-line directories, Prev: This minor node describes a feature that is specific to `gawk'. - When `gawk' encounters an error while reading input, it will by -default return -1 from getline, and subsequent attempts to read from -that file will result in an end-of-file indication. However, you may -optionally instruct `gawk' to allow I/O to be retried when certain -errors are encountered by setting setting a special element in the -`PROCINFO' array (*note Auto-set::): + When `gawk' encounters an error while reading input, by default +`getline' returns -1, and subsequent attempts to read from that file +result in an end-of-file indication. However, you may optionally +instruct `gawk' to allow I/O to be retried when certain errors are +encountered by setting setting a special element in the `PROCINFO' +array (*note Auto-set::): - PROCINFO["input_name", "RETRY"] + PROCINFO["INPUT_NAME", "RETRY"] = 1 - When set, this causes `gawk' to check the value of the system + When this element exists, `gawk' checks the value of the system `errno' variable when an I/O error occurs. If `errno' indicates a -subsequent I/O attempt may succeed, `getline' will instead return -2 and +subsequent I/O attempt may succeed, `getline' instead returns -2 and further calls to `getline' may succeed. This applies to `errno' values -EAGAIN, EWOULDBLOCK, EINTR, or ETIMEDOUT. +`EAGAIN', `EWOULDBLOCK', `EINTR', or `ETIMEDOUT'. - This feature is useful in conjunction with `PROCINFO["input_name", + This feature is useful in conjunction with `PROCINFO["INPUT_NAME", "READ_TIMEOUT"]' or situations where a file descriptor has been configured to behave in a non-blocking fashion. @@ -24796,49 +24796,55 @@ redirections. ` const awk_input_buf_t **ibufp,' ` const awk_output_buf_t **obufp);' Look up a file in `gawk''s internal redirection table. If `name' - is NULL or `name_len' is 0, it returns data for the currently open - input file corresponding to `FILENAME' (and it will not access the - `filetype' argument, so that may be undefined). If the file is - not already open, it tries to open it. The `filetype' argument - must be NUL-terminated and should be one of: - `>' + is `NULL' or `name_len' is zero, return data for the currently + open input file corresponding to `FILENAME'. (This does not + access the `filetype' argument, so that may be undefined). If the + file is not already open, attempt to open it. The `filetype' + argument must be zero-terminated and should be one of: + + `">"' A file opened for output. - `>>' + `">>"' A file opened for append. - `<' + `"<"' A file opened for input. - `|>' + `"|>"' A pipe opened for output. - `|<' + `"|<"' A pipe opened for input. - `|&' + `"|&"' A two-way coprocess. - On error, a `false' value is returned. Otherwise, the return - status is `true', and additional information about the redirection - is returned in the `ibufp' and `obufp' pointers. For input - redirections, the `*ibufp' value should be non-NULL, and `*obufp' - should be NULL. For output redirections, the `*obufp' value - should be non-NULL, and `*ibufp' should be NULL. For two-way - coprocesses, both values should be non-NULL. In the usual case, - the extension is interested in `(*ibufp)->fd' and/or - `fileno((*obufp)->fp)'. If the file is not already open, and the - fd argument is non-negative, `gawk' will use that file descriptor - instead of opening the file in the usual way. If the fd is - non-negative, but the file exists already, `gawk' ignores the fd + + On error, return a `false' value. Otherwise, return `true', and + return additional information about the redirection in the `ibufp' + and `obufp' pointers. For input redirections, the `*ibufp' value + should be non-`NULL', and `*obufp' should be `NULL'. For output + redirections, the `*obufp' value should be non-`NULL', and `*ibufp' + should be `NULL'. For two-way coprocesses, both values should be + non-`NULL'. + + In the usual case, the extension is interested in `(*ibufp)->fd' + and/or `fileno((*obufp)->fp)'. If the file is not already open, + and the `fd' argument is non-negative, `gawk' will use that file + descriptor instead of opening the file in the usual way. If `fd' + is non-negative, but the file exists already, `gawk' ignores `fd' and returns the existing file. It is the caller's responsibility - to notice that neither the fd in the returned `awk_input_buf_t' - nor the fd in the returned `awk_output_buf_t' matches the - requested value. Note that supplying a file descriptor is - currently NOT supported for pipes. It should work for input, - output, append, and two-way (coprocess) sockets. If `filetype' is - two-way, we assume that it is a socket! Note that in the two-way - case, the input and output file descriptors may differ. To check - for success, one must check whether either matches. + to notice that neither the `fd' in the returned `awk_input_buf_t' + nor the `fd' in the returned `awk_output_buf_t' matches the + requested value. + + Note that supplying a file descriptor is currently _not_ supported + for pipes. However, supplying a file descriptor should work for + input, output, append, and two-way (coprocess) sockets. If + `filetype' is two-way, `gawk' assumes that it is a socket! Note + that in the two-way case, the input and output file descriptors + may differ. To check for success, you must check whether either + matches. It is anticipated that this API function will be used to implement I/O multiplexing and a socket library. @@ -34975,467 +34981,467 @@ Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236687 Node: Multiple Line236850 Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242731 Node: Getline242910 -Node: Plain Getline245389 -Node: Getline/Variable248029 -Node: Getline/File249178 -Node: Getline/Variable/File250563 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1252166 -Node: Getline/Pipe252253 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254931 -Node: Getline/Coprocess256062 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess257326 -Node: Getline Notes258065 -Node: Getline Summary260859 -Ref: table-getline-variants261271 -Node: Read Timeout262100 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1266003 -Node: Retrying Input266061 -Node: Command-line directories267256 -Node: Input Summary268163 -Node: Input Exercises271548 -Node: Printing272276 -Node: Print274111 -Node: Print Examples275568 -Node: Output Separators278347 -Node: OFMT280365 -Node: Printf281720 -Node: Basic Printf282505 -Node: Control Letters284077 -Node: Format Modifiers288062 -Node: Printf Examples294068 -Node: Redirection296554 -Node: Special FD303392 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1306558 -Node: Special Files306632 -Node: Other Inherited Files307249 -Node: Special Network308249 -Node: Special Caveats309111 -Node: Close Files And Pipes310060 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1317245 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2317393 -Node: Nonfatal317543 -Node: Output Summary319868 -Node: Output Exercises321089 -Node: Expressions321769 -Node: Values322958 -Node: Constants323635 -Node: Scalar Constants324326 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1325188 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers325438 -Node: Regexp Constants328448 -Node: Using Constant Regexps328974 -Node: Variables332137 -Node: Using Variables332794 -Node: Assignment Options334705 -Node: Conversion336580 -Node: Strings And Numbers337104 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1340169 -Node: Locale influences conversions340278 -Ref: table-locale-affects343024 -Node: All Operators343616 -Node: Arithmetic Ops344245 -Node: Concatenation346750 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1349569 -Node: Assignment Ops349676 -Ref: table-assign-ops354655 -Node: Increment Ops355965 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions359396 -Node: Truth Values360479 -Node: Typing and Comparison361528 -Node: Variable Typing362344 -Node: Comparison Operators366011 -Ref: table-relational-ops366421 -Node: POSIX String Comparison369916 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1370988 -Node: Boolean Ops371127 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1375605 -Node: Conditional Exp375696 -Node: Function Calls377434 -Node: Precedence381314 -Node: Locales384974 -Node: Expressions Summary386606 -Node: Patterns and Actions389177 -Node: Pattern Overview390297 -Node: Regexp Patterns391976 -Node: Expression Patterns392519 -Node: Ranges396299 -Node: BEGIN/END399406 -Node: Using BEGIN/END400167 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1402903 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END403009 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE405324 -Node: Empty408221 -Node: Using 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Function618262 -Node: Round Function621586 -Node: Cliff Random Function623127 -Node: Ordinal Functions624143 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1627206 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2627458 -Node: Join Function627669 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1629439 -Node: Getlocaltime Function629639 -Node: Readfile Function633383 -Node: Shell Quoting635355 -Node: Data File Management636756 -Node: Filetrans Function637388 -Node: Rewind Function641484 -Node: File Checking642870 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1644203 -Node: Empty Files644404 -Node: Ignoring Assigns646383 -Node: Getopt Function647933 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1659397 -Node: Passwd Functions659597 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1668437 -Node: Group Functions668525 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1676422 -Node: Walking Arrays676627 -Node: Library Functions Summary679633 -Node: Library Exercises681035 -Node: Sample Programs682315 -Node: Running Examples683085 -Node: Clones683813 -Node: Cut Program685037 -Node: Egrep Program694757 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-Node: Getting Accuracy900598 -Node: Try To Round903302 -Node: Setting precision904201 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings904885 -Node: Setting the rounding mode906714 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes907078 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1910530 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers910709 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1915607 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems915756 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1919635 -Node: Floating point summary919673 -Node: Dynamic Extensions921860 -Node: Extension Intro923412 -Node: Plugin License924677 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline925474 -Ref: figure-load-extension925902 -Ref: figure-register-new-function927382 -Ref: figure-call-new-function928386 -Node: Extension API Description930373 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction931907 -Node: General Data Types936776 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1942676 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions942975 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1945814 -Node: 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Inexactness of computations895749 +Node: Inexact representation896708 +Node: Comparing FP Values898066 +Node: Errors accumulate899148 +Node: Getting Accuracy900580 +Node: Try To Round903284 +Node: Setting precision904183 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings904867 +Node: Setting the rounding mode906696 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes907060 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1910512 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers910691 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1915589 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems915738 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1919617 +Node: Floating point summary919655 +Node: Dynamic Extensions921842 +Node: Extension Intro923394 +Node: Plugin License924659 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline925456 +Ref: figure-load-extension925884 +Ref: figure-register-new-function927364 +Ref: figure-call-new-function928368 +Node: Extension API Description930355 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction931889 +Node: General Data Types936758 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1942658 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions942957 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1945796 +Node: Constructor Functions945895 +Node: Registration Functions947634 +Node: Extension Functions948319 +Node: Exit Callback Functions950616 +Node: Extension Version String951864 +Node: Input Parsers952527 +Node: Output Wrappers962402 +Node: Two-way processors966915 +Node: Printing Messages969178 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1970254 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'970406 +Node: Requesting Values971146 +Ref: table-value-types-returned971873 +Node: Accessing Parameters972830 +Node: Symbol Table Access974064 +Node: Symbol table by name974578 +Node: Symbol table by cookie976598 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1980743 +Node: Cached values980806 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1984302 +Node: Array Manipulation984393 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1985483 +Node: Array Data Types985520 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1988175 +Node: Array Functions988267 +Node: Flattening Arrays992126 +Node: Creating Arrays999028 +Node: Redirection API1003799 +Node: Extension API Variables1006624 +Node: Extension Versioning1007257 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables1009148 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate1010213 +Node: Finding Extensions1014022 +Node: Extension Example1014582 +Node: Internal File Description1015354 +Node: Internal File Ops1019421 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11031172 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1031312 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11033695 +Node: Extension Samples1033968 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1035496 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1043177 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1044665 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1045880 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1047966 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1048802 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1049679 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1050490 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1051079 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1051819 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1053759 +Node: Extension Sample Time1054854 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1056202 +Node: gawkextlib1056693 +Node: Extension summary1059371 +Node: Extension Exercises1063060 +Node: Language History1064556 +Node: V7/SVR3.11066212 +Node: SVR41068365 +Node: POSIX1069799 +Node: BTL1071180 +Node: POSIX/GNU1071911 +Node: Feature History1077747 +Node: Common Extensions1091541 +Node: Ranges and Locales1092913 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11097532 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21097559 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31097794 +Node: Contributors1098015 +Node: History summary1103555 +Node: Installation1104934 +Node: Gawk Distribution1105880 +Node: Getting1106364 +Node: Extracting1107187 +Node: Distribution contents1108824 +Node: Unix Installation1114926 +Node: Quick Installation1115609 +Node: Shell Startup Files1118020 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1119099 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1120903 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1123272 +Node: PC Installation1123730 +Node: PC Binary Installation1125050 +Node: PC Compiling1126898 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11129919 +Node: PC Testing1130028 +Node: PC Using1131204 +Node: Cygwin1135319 +Node: MSYS1136089 +Node: VMS Installation1136590 +Node: VMS Compilation1137382 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11138611 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1138669 +Node: VMS Installation Details1140353 +Node: VMS Running1142604 +Node: VMS GNV1145444 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1146179 +Node: Bugs1146649 +Node: Other Versions1150538 +Node: Installation summary1156972 +Node: Notes1158031 +Node: Compatibility Mode1158896 +Node: Additions1159678 +Node: Accessing The Source1160603 +Node: Adding Code1162038 +Node: New Ports1168195 +Node: Derived Files1172677 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11178152 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21178186 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31178782 +Node: Future Extensions1178896 +Node: Implementation Limitations1179502 +Node: Extension Design1180750 +Node: Old Extension Problems1181904 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11183421 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1183478 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11186838 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1187027 +Node: Extension Future Growth1189135 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1189971 +Node: Notes summary1191733 +Node: Basic Concepts1192919 +Node: Basic High Level1193600 +Ref: figure-general-flow1193872 +Ref: figure-process-flow1194471 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11197700 +Node: Basic Data Typing1197885 +Node: Glossary1201213 +Node: Copying1233142 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1270698 +Node: Index1295834  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 9d43b510f74f63806279ce40f65245ea7e5b0d53 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Fri, 27 Mar 2015 06:32:13 +0300 Subject: Some more cleanups. Ready to merge! --- doc/gawk.info | 49 +++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------ 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 6b107344..d0312ec6 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -5451,11 +5451,12 @@ how `awk' works. encounters the end of the file. If there is some error in getting a record, such as a file that cannot be opened, then `getline' returns -1. In this case, `gawk' sets the variable `ERRNO' to a string -describing the error that occurred. If `ERRNO' indicates that the I/O -operation may be retried, and `PROCINFO["input", "RETRY"]' is set, then --2 will be returned instead of -1, and further calls to `getline' may -be attemped. *Note Retrying Input::, for further information about -this feature. +describing the error that occurred. + + If `ERRNO' indicates that the I/O operation may be retried, and +`PROCINFO["INPUT", "RETRY"]' is set, then `getline' returns -2 instead +of -1, and further calls to `getline' may be attemped. *Note Retrying +Input::, for further information about this feature. In the following examples, COMMAND stands for a string value that represents a shell command. @@ -5999,16 +6000,16 @@ This minor node describes a feature that is specific to `gawk'. `getline' returns -1, and subsequent attempts to read from that file result in an end-of-file indication. However, you may optionally instruct `gawk' to allow I/O to be retried when certain errors are -encountered by setting setting a special element in the `PROCINFO' -array (*note Auto-set::): +encountered by setting a special element in the `PROCINFO' array (*note +Auto-set::): PROCINFO["INPUT_NAME", "RETRY"] = 1 When this element exists, `gawk' checks the value of the system `errno' variable when an I/O error occurs. If `errno' indicates a subsequent I/O attempt may succeed, `getline' instead returns -2 and -further calls to `getline' may succeed. This applies to `errno' values -`EAGAIN', `EWOULDBLOCK', `EINTR', or `ETIMEDOUT'. +further calls to `getline' may succeed. This applies to the `errno' +values `EAGAIN', `EWOULDBLOCK', `EINTR', or `ETIMEDOUT'. This feature is useful in conjunction with `PROCINFO["INPUT_NAME", "READ_TIMEOUT"]' or situations where a file descriptor has been @@ -34981,21 +34982,21 @@ Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236687 Node: Multiple Line236850 Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242731 Node: Getline242910 -Node: Plain Getline245376 -Node: Getline/Variable248016 -Node: Getline/File249165 -Node: Getline/Variable/File250550 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1252153 -Node: Getline/Pipe252240 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254918 -Node: Getline/Coprocess256049 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess257313 -Node: Getline Notes258052 -Node: Getline Summary260846 -Ref: table-getline-variants261258 -Node: Read Timeout262087 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265990 -Node: Retrying Input266048 +Node: Plain Getline245380 +Node: Getline/Variable248020 +Node: Getline/File249169 +Node: Getline/Variable/File250554 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1252157 +Node: Getline/Pipe252244 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254922 +Node: Getline/Coprocess256053 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess257317 +Node: Getline Notes258056 +Node: Getline Summary260850 +Ref: table-getline-variants261262 +Node: Read Timeout262091 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265994 +Node: Retrying Input266052 Node: Command-line directories267238 Node: Input Summary268145 Node: Input Exercises271530 -- cgit v1.2.3 From 2bdaa6b89e00984d79305ba1066cf98c5674b556 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Tue, 31 Mar 2015 06:24:55 +0300 Subject: Minor doc edits. --- doc/gawk.info | 916 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 459 insertions(+), 457 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index d0312ec6..a208f834 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -6005,11 +6005,11 @@ Auto-set::): PROCINFO["INPUT_NAME", "RETRY"] = 1 - When this element exists, `gawk' checks the value of the system -`errno' variable when an I/O error occurs. If `errno' indicates a -subsequent I/O attempt may succeed, `getline' instead returns -2 and -further calls to `getline' may succeed. This applies to the `errno' -values `EAGAIN', `EWOULDBLOCK', `EINTR', or `ETIMEDOUT'. + When this element exists, `gawk' checks the value of the system (C +language) `errno' variable when an I/O error occurs. If `errno' +indicates a subsequent I/O attempt may succeed, `getline' instead +returns -2 and further calls to `getline' may succeed. This applies to +the `errno' values `EAGAIN', `EWOULDBLOCK', `EINTR', or `ETIMEDOUT'. This feature is useful in conjunction with `PROCINFO["INPUT_NAME", "READ_TIMEOUT"]' or situations where a file descriptor has been @@ -26259,15 +26259,17 @@ project. * GD graphics library extension + * MPFR library extension (this provides access to a number of MPFR + functions that `gawk''s native MPFR support does not) + * PDF extension * PostgreSQL extension - * MPFR library extension (this provides access to a number of MPFR - functions that `gawk''s native MPFR support does not) - * Redis extension + * Select extension + * XML parser extension, using the Expat (http://expat.sourceforge.net) XML parsing library @@ -33053,7 +33055,7 @@ Index (line 99) * exp: Numeric Functions. (line 33) * expand utility: Very Simple. (line 73) -* Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 35) +* Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 37) * exponent: Numeric Functions. (line 33) * expressions: Expressions. (line 6) * expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 6) @@ -33473,7 +33475,7 @@ Index * git utility <2>: Accessing The Source. (line 10) * git utility <3>: Other Versions. (line 29) -* git utility: gawkextlib. (line 29) +* git utility: gawkextlib. (line 31) * Git, use of for gawk source code: Derived Files. (line 6) * GNITS mailing list: Acknowledgments. (line 52) * GNU awk, See gawk: Preface. (line 51) @@ -34997,452 +34999,452 @@ Ref: table-getline-variants261262 Node: Read Timeout262091 Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265994 Node: Retrying Input266052 -Node: Command-line directories267238 -Node: Input Summary268145 -Node: Input Exercises271530 -Node: Printing272258 -Node: Print274093 -Node: Print Examples275550 -Node: Output Separators278329 -Node: OFMT280347 -Node: Printf281702 -Node: Basic Printf282487 -Node: Control Letters284059 -Node: Format Modifiers288044 -Node: Printf Examples294050 -Node: Redirection296536 -Node: Special FD303374 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1306540 -Node: Special Files306614 -Node: Other Inherited Files307231 -Node: Special Network308231 -Node: Special Caveats309093 -Node: Close Files And Pipes310042 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1317227 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2317375 -Node: Nonfatal317525 -Node: Output Summary319850 -Node: Output Exercises321071 -Node: Expressions321751 -Node: Values322940 -Node: Constants323617 -Node: Scalar 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Robbins" Date: Tue, 31 Mar 2015 22:21:30 +0300 Subject: Update doc on calling built-ins indirectly. --- doc/gawk.info | 588 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 298 insertions(+), 290 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 6cb2abdb..9b6a46fc 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -14294,9 +14294,17 @@ function call. Starting with version 4.1.2 of `gawk', indirect function calls may also be used with built-in functions and with extension functions -(*note Dynamic Extensions::). The only thing you cannot do is pass a -regular expression constant to a built-in function through an indirect -function call.(1) +(*note Dynamic Extensions::). There are some limitations when calling +built-in functions indirectly, as follows. + + * You cannot pass a regular expression constant to a built-in + function through an indirect function call.(1) This applies to the + `sub()', `gsub()', `gensub()', `match()', `split()' and + `patsplit()' functions. + + * If calling `sub()' or `gsub()', you may only pass two arguments, + since those functions are unusual in that they update their third + argument. This means that `$0' will be updated. `gawk' does its best to make indirect function calls efficient. For example, in the following case: @@ -34777,292 +34785,292 @@ Node: Pass By Value/Reference579678 Node: Return Statement583175 Node: Dynamic Typing586154 Node: Indirect Calls587083 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1596948 -Node: Functions Summary597076 -Node: Library Functions599778 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1603386 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2603529 -Node: Library Names603700 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1607158 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2607381 -Node: General Functions607467 -Node: Strtonum Function608570 -Node: Assert Function611592 -Node: Round Function614916 -Node: Cliff Random Function616457 -Node: Ordinal Functions617473 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1620536 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2620788 -Node: Join Function620999 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1622769 -Node: Getlocaltime Function622969 -Node: Readfile Function626713 -Node: Shell Quoting628685 -Node: Data File Management630086 -Node: Filetrans Function630718 -Node: Rewind Function634814 -Node: File 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+Node: I18N Portability826942 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1829398 +Node: I18N Example829461 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1832264 +Node: Gawk I18N832336 +Node: I18N Summary832980 +Node: Debugger834320 +Node: Debugging835342 +Node: Debugging Concepts835783 +Node: Debugging Terms837593 +Node: Awk Debugging840165 +Node: Sample Debugging Session841071 +Node: Debugger Invocation841605 +Node: Finding The Bug842990 +Node: List of Debugger Commands849469 +Node: Breakpoint Control850801 +Node: Debugger Execution Control854478 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data857837 +Node: Execution Stack861213 +Node: Debugger Info862848 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands866893 +Node: Readline Support871894 +Node: Limitations872788 +Node: Debugging Summary874903 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic876077 +Node: Computer Arithmetic877493 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges881070 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1881594 +Node: Math Definitions881651 +Ref: table-ieee-formats884946 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1885550 +Node: MPFR features885655 +Node: FP Math Caution887326 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1888376 +Node: Inexactness of computations888745 +Node: Inexact representation889704 +Node: Comparing FP Values891062 +Node: Errors accumulate892144 +Node: Getting Accuracy893576 +Node: Try To Round896280 +Node: Setting precision897179 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings897863 +Node: Setting the rounding mode899692 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes900056 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1903508 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers903687 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1906671 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems906820 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1910699 +Node: Floating point summary910737 +Node: Dynamic Extensions912924 +Node: Extension Intro914476 +Node: Plugin License915741 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline916538 +Ref: figure-load-extension916966 +Ref: figure-register-new-function918446 +Ref: figure-call-new-function919450 +Node: Extension API Description921437 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction922887 +Node: General Data Types927708 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1933608 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions933907 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1936746 +Node: Constructor Functions936845 +Node: Registration Functions938584 +Node: Extension Functions939269 +Node: Exit Callback Functions941566 +Node: Extension Version String942814 +Node: Input Parsers943477 +Node: Output Wrappers953352 +Node: Two-way processors957865 +Node: Printing Messages960128 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1961204 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'961356 +Node: Requesting Values962096 +Ref: table-value-types-returned962823 +Node: Accessing Parameters963780 +Node: Symbol Table Access965014 +Node: Symbol table by name965528 +Node: Symbol table by cookie967548 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1971693 +Node: Cached values971756 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1975252 +Node: Array Manipulation975343 +Ref: Array 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+Node: Extension Sample Read write array1039955 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1041895 +Node: Extension Sample Time1042990 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1044338 +Node: gawkextlib1044829 +Node: Extension summary1047507 +Node: Extension Exercises1051196 +Node: Language History1052692 +Node: V7/SVR3.11054348 +Node: SVR41056501 +Node: POSIX1057935 +Node: BTL1059316 +Node: POSIX/GNU1060047 +Node: Feature History1065568 +Node: Common Extensions1078666 +Node: Ranges and Locales1080038 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11084657 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21084684 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31084919 +Node: Contributors1085140 +Node: History summary1090680 +Node: Installation1092059 +Node: Gawk Distribution1093005 +Node: Getting1093489 +Node: Extracting1094312 +Node: Distribution contents1095949 +Node: Unix Installation1101703 +Node: Quick Installation1102320 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1104744 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1106547 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1108916 +Node: PC Installation1109374 +Node: PC Binary Installation1110694 +Node: PC Compiling1112542 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11115563 +Node: PC Testing1115672 +Node: PC Using1116848 +Node: Cygwin1120963 +Node: MSYS1121733 +Node: VMS Installation1122234 +Node: VMS Compilation1123026 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11124255 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1124313 +Node: VMS Installation Details1125997 +Node: VMS Running1128248 +Node: VMS GNV1131088 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1131823 +Node: Bugs1132293 +Node: Other Versions1136182 +Node: Installation summary1142616 +Node: Notes1143675 +Node: Compatibility Mode1144540 +Node: Additions1145322 +Node: Accessing The Source1146247 +Node: Adding Code1147682 +Node: New Ports1153839 +Node: Derived Files1158321 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11163796 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21163830 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31164426 +Node: Future Extensions1164540 +Node: Implementation Limitations1165146 +Node: Extension Design1166394 +Node: Old Extension Problems1167548 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11169065 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1169122 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11172482 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1172671 +Node: Extension Future Growth1174779 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1175615 +Node: Notes summary1177377 +Node: Basic Concepts1178563 +Node: Basic High Level1179244 +Ref: figure-general-flow1179516 +Ref: figure-process-flow1180115 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11183344 +Node: Basic Data Typing1183529 +Node: Glossary1186857 +Node: Copying1218786 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1256342 +Node: Index1281478  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 9730efeabb2116fdf7e93b4553825ba147f5f523 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Tue, 31 Mar 2015 22:27:48 +0300 Subject: Small doc fix. --- doc/gawk.info | 658 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 329 insertions(+), 329 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 9b6a46fc..b927b445 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -11929,9 +11929,9 @@ brackets ([ ]): return int(n * rand()) } - The multiplication produces a random number greater than zero and - less than `n'. Using `int()', this result is made into an integer - between zero and `n' - 1, inclusive. + The multiplication produces a random number greater than or equal + to zero and less than `n'. Using `int()', this result is made into + an integer between zero and `n' - 1, inclusive. The following example uses a similar function to produce random integers between one and N. This program prints a new random @@ -34746,331 +34746,331 @@ Node: Functions499087 Node: Built-in500126 Node: Calling Built-in501204 Node: Numeric Functions503199 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1507215 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2507572 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3507620 -Node: String Functions507892 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1531393 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2531522 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3531770 -Node: Gory Details531857 -Ref: table-sub-escapes533638 -Ref: table-sub-proposed535153 -Ref: table-posix-sub536515 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes538052 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1538885 -Node: I/O Functions539036 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1546272 -Node: Time Functions546419 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1556928 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2556996 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3557154 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4557265 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5557377 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6557604 -Node: Bitwise Functions557870 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops558432 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1562760 -Node: Type Functions562932 -Node: I18N Functions564084 -Node: User-defined565731 -Node: Definition Syntax566536 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1572195 -Node: Function Example572266 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1575187 -Node: Function Caveats575209 -Node: Calling A Function575727 -Node: Variable Scope576685 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference579678 -Node: Return Statement583175 -Node: Dynamic Typing586154 -Node: Indirect Calls587083 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1597326 -Node: Functions Summary597454 -Node: Library Functions600156 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1603764 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2603907 -Node: Library Names604078 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1607536 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2607759 -Node: General Functions607845 -Node: Strtonum Function608948 -Node: Assert Function611970 -Node: Round Function615294 -Node: Cliff Random Function616835 -Node: Ordinal Functions617851 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1620914 -Ref: Ordinal 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Invocation841617 +Node: Finding The Bug843002 +Node: List of Debugger Commands849481 +Node: Breakpoint Control850813 +Node: Debugger Execution Control854490 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data857849 +Node: Execution Stack861225 +Node: Debugger Info862860 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands866905 +Node: Readline Support871906 +Node: Limitations872800 +Node: Debugging Summary874915 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic876089 +Node: Computer Arithmetic877505 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges881082 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1881606 +Node: Math Definitions881663 +Ref: table-ieee-formats884958 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1885562 +Node: MPFR features885667 +Node: FP Math Caution887338 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1888388 +Node: Inexactness of computations888757 +Node: Inexact representation889716 +Node: Comparing FP Values891074 +Node: Errors accumulate892156 +Node: Getting Accuracy893588 +Node: Try To Round896292 +Node: Setting precision897191 +Ref: 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Exit Callback Functions941578 +Node: Extension Version String942826 +Node: Input Parsers943489 +Node: Output Wrappers953364 +Node: Two-way processors957877 +Node: Printing Messages960140 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1961216 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'961368 +Node: Requesting Values962108 +Ref: table-value-types-returned962835 +Node: Accessing Parameters963792 +Node: Symbol Table Access965026 +Node: Symbol table by name965540 +Node: Symbol table by cookie967560 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1971705 +Node: Cached values971768 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1975264 +Node: Array Manipulation975355 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1976453 +Node: Array Data Types976490 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1979145 +Node: Array Functions979237 +Node: Flattening Arrays983096 +Node: Creating Arrays989998 +Node: Extension API Variables994769 +Node: Extension Versioning995405 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables997296 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate998361 +Node: Finding 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Robbins" Date: Fri, 3 Apr 2015 09:08:54 +0300 Subject: Rename "div()" to "intdiv()". --- doc/gawk.info | 711 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 356 insertions(+), 355 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 24a4a638..685df45b 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -12031,7 +12031,17 @@ brackets ([ ]): `cos(X)' Return the cosine of X, with X in radians. -`div(NUMERATOR, DENOMINATOR, RESULT)' +`exp(X)' + Return the exponential of X (`e ^ X') or report an error if X is + out of range. The range of values X can have depends on your + machine's floating-point representation. + +`int(X)' + Return the nearest integer to X, located between X and zero and + truncated toward zero. For example, `int(3)' is 3, `int(3.9)' is + 3, `int(-3.9)' is -3, and `int(-3)' is -3 as well. + +`intdiv(NUMERATOR, DENOMINATOR, RESULT)' Perform integer division, similar to the standard C function of the same name. First, truncate `numerator' and `denominator' towards zero, creating integer values. Clear the `result' array, and then @@ -12046,16 +12056,6 @@ brackets ([ ]): This function is a `gawk' extension. It is not available in compatibility mode (*note Options::). -`exp(X)' - Return the exponential of X (`e ^ X') or report an error if X is - out of range. The range of values X can have depends on your - machine's floating-point representation. - -`int(X)' - Return the nearest integer to X, located between X and zero and - truncated toward zero. For example, `int(3)' is 3, `int(3.9)' is - 3, `int(-3.9)' is -3, and `int(-3)' is -3 as well. - `log(X)' Return the natural logarithm of X, if X is positive; otherwise, return `NaN' ("not a number") on IEEE 754 systems. Additionally, @@ -22618,14 +22618,15 @@ the following: `%', the result is typically an arbitrary precision floating point value (unless the denominator evenly divides into the numerator). In order to do integer division or remainder with arbitrary precision -integers, use the built-in `div()' function (*note Numeric Functions::). +integers, use the built-in `intdiv()' function (*note Numeric +Functions::). - You can simulate the `div()' function in standard `awk' using this -user-defined function: + You can simulate the `intdiv()' function in standard `awk' using +this user-defined function: - # div --- do integer division + # intdiv --- do integer division - function div(numerator, denominator, result) + function intdiv(numerator, denominator, result) { split("", result) @@ -22638,8 +22639,8 @@ user-defined function: } The following example program, contributed by Katie Wasserman, uses -`div()' to compute the digits of pi to as many places as you choose to -set: +`intdiv()' to compute the digits of pi to as many places as you choose +to set: # pi.awk --- compute the digits of pi @@ -22650,7 +22651,7 @@ set: for (m = digits * 4; m > 0; --m) { d = m * 2 + 1 x = pi * m - div(x, d, result) + intdiv(x, d, result) pi = result["quotient"] pi = pi + two } @@ -26752,8 +26753,8 @@ the current version of `gawk'. - The `bindtextdomain()', `dcgettext()', and `dcngettext()' functions for internationalization (*note Programmer i18n::) - - The `div()' function for doing integer division and remainder - (*note Numeric Functions::) + - The `intdiv()' function for doing integer division and + remainder (*note Numeric Functions::) * Changes and/or additions in the command-line options: @@ -27213,7 +27214,7 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'. * The `igawk' program and its manual page are no longer installed when `gawk' is built. *Note Igawk Program::. - * The `div()' function. *Note Numeric Functions::. + * The `intdiv()' function. *Note Numeric Functions::. * The maximum number of hexdecimal digits in `\x' escapes is now two. *Note Escape Sequences::. @@ -32941,7 +32942,6 @@ Index * display debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 8) * display debugger options: Debugger Info. (line 57) -* div: Numeric Functions. (line 18) * division: Arithmetic Ops. (line 44) * do-while statement: Do Statement. (line 6) * do-while statement, use of regexps in: Regexp Usage. (line 19) @@ -33061,10 +33061,10 @@ Index * exit status, of VMS: VMS Running. (line 28) * exit the debugger: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 99) -* exp: Numeric Functions. (line 33) +* exp: Numeric Functions. (line 18) * expand utility: Very Simple. (line 73) * Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 37) -* exponent: Numeric Functions. (line 33) +* exponent: Numeric Functions. (line 18) * expressions: Expressions. (line 6) * expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 6) * expressions, assignment: Assignment Ops. (line 6) @@ -33608,8 +33608,9 @@ Index * installation, VMS: VMS Installation. (line 6) * installing gawk: Installation. (line 6) * instruction tracing, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 90) -* int: Numeric Functions. (line 38) +* int: Numeric Functions. (line 23) * INT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) +* intdiv: Numeric Functions. (line 28) * integer array indices: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 31) * integers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Integers. @@ -34349,7 +34350,7 @@ Index * Robbins, Miriam <2>: Getline/Pipe. (line 39) * Robbins, Miriam: Acknowledgments. (line 94) * Rommel, Kai Uwe: Contributors. (line 42) -* round to nearest integer: Numeric Functions. (line 38) +* round to nearest integer: Numeric Functions. (line 23) * round() user-defined function: Round Function. (line 16) * rounding numbers: Round Function. (line 6) * ROUNDMODE variable: User-modified. 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