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authorcvs2svn <>2014-02-18 19:58:41 +0000
committercvs2svn <>2014-02-18 19:58:41 +0000
commitb5279ecc51ff751ccd052fbb7c20efd529575f7e (patch)
tree64141e96a5d64ae59fb7f410270e4daa41878a03 /winsup/doc/faq-api.xml
parenta2a48cb593a9b3cc3f5c63c39f52c32db31cec50 (diff)
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This commit was manufactured by cvs2svn to create tag 'cygwin-pre-user-db'.cygwin-pre-user-db
Sprout from cygwin-1_7_29-release-branchpoint 2014-02-18 19:58:40 UTC cvs2svn 'This commit was manufactured by cvs2svn to create branch 'cygwin-1_7_29' Cherrypick from master 2014-02-08 22:25:11 UTC Corinna Vinschen <corinna@vinschen.de> 'Fix ChangeLog': winsup/cygwin/ChangeLog winsup/cygwin/miscfuncs.cc winsup/cygwin/miscfuncs.h winsup/cygwin/mount.cc Delete: winsup/COPYING winsup/CYGWIN_LICENSE winsup/ChangeLog winsup/Makefile.common winsup/Makefile.in winsup/README winsup/acinclude.m4 winsup/aclocal.m4 winsup/autogen.sh winsup/c++wrap winsup/ccwrap winsup/config.guess winsup/config.sub winsup/configure winsup/configure.ac winsup/configure.cygwin winsup/cygserver/ChangeLog winsup/cygserver/ChangeLog.64bit winsup/cygserver/Makefile.in winsup/cygserver/README winsup/cygserver/aclocal.m4 winsup/cygserver/autogen.sh winsup/cygserver/bsd_helper.cc winsup/cygserver/bsd_helper.h winsup/cygserver/bsd_log.cc winsup/cygserver/bsd_log.h winsup/cygserver/bsd_mutex.cc winsup/cygserver/bsd_mutex.h 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winsup/utils/cygwin-console-helper.cc winsup/utils/dump_setup.cc winsup/utils/dumper.cc winsup/utils/dumper.h winsup/utils/getconf.c winsup/utils/getfacl.c winsup/utils/kill.cc winsup/utils/ldd.cc winsup/utils/ldh.cc winsup/utils/loadlib.h winsup/utils/locale.cc winsup/utils/minidumper.cc winsup/utils/mkgroup.c winsup/utils/mkpasswd.c winsup/utils/module_info.cc winsup/utils/mount.cc winsup/utils/parse_pe.cc winsup/utils/passwd.c winsup/utils/path.cc winsup/utils/path.h winsup/utils/pldd.c winsup/utils/ps.cc winsup/utils/regtool.cc winsup/utils/setfacl.c winsup/utils/setmetamode.c winsup/utils/ssp.c winsup/utils/ssp.txt winsup/utils/strace.cc winsup/utils/testsuite.cc winsup/utils/testsuite.h winsup/utils/tzset.c winsup/utils/umount.cc winsup/utils/utils.xml winsup/utils/wide_path.h
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-<?xml version="1.0" encoding='UTF-8'?>
-<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
- "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd">
-
-<qandadiv id="faq.api">
-<title>Cygwin API Questions</title>
-
-<!-- faq-api.xml -->
-<qandaentry id="faq.api.everything">
-<question><para>How does everything work?</para></question>
-<answer>
-
-<para>There's a C library which provides a POSIX-style API. The
-applications are linked with it and voila - they run on Windows.
-</para>
-<para>The aim is to add all the goop necessary to make your apps run on
-Windows into the C library. Then your apps should (ideally) run on POSIX
-systems (Unix/Linux) and Windows with no changes at the source level.
-</para>
-<para>The C library is in a DLL, which makes basic applications quite small.
-And it allows relatively easy upgrades to the Win32/POSIX translation
-layer, providing that DLL changes stay backward-compatible.
-</para>
-<para>For a good overview of Cygwin, you may want to read the Cygwin
-User's Guide.
-</para>
-</answer></qandaentry>
-
-<qandaentry id="faq.api.snapshots">
-<question><para>Are development snapshots for the Cygwin library available?</para></question>
-<answer>
-
-<para>Yes. They're made whenever anything interesting happens inside the
-Cygwin library (usually roughly on a nightly basis, depending on how much
-is going on). They are only intended for those people who wish to
-contribute code to the project. If you aren't going to be happy
-debugging problems in a buggy snapshot, avoid these and wait for a real
-release. The snapshots are available from
-<ulink url="http://cygwin.com/snapshots/">http://cygwin.com/snapshots/</ulink>.
-</para>
-</answer></qandaentry>
-
-<qandaentry id="faq.api.cr-lf">
-<question><para>How is the DOS/Unix CR/LF thing handled?</para></question>
-<answer>
-
-<para>Let's start with some background.
-</para>
-<para>On POSIX systems, a file is a file and what the file contains is
-whatever the program/programmer/user told it to put into it. In Windows,
-a file is also a file and what the file contains depends not only on the
-program/programmer/user but also the file processing mode.
-</para>
-<para>When processing in text mode, certain values of data are treated
-specially. A \n (new line, NL) written to the file will prepend a \r
-(carriage return, CR) so that if you `printf("Hello\n") you in fact get
-"Hello\r\n". Upon reading this combination, the \r is removed and the
-number of bytes returned by the read is 1 less than was actually read.
-This tends to confuse programs dependent on ftell() and fseek(). A
-Ctrl-Z encountered while reading a file sets the End Of File flags even
-though it truly isn't the end of file.
-</para>
-<para>One of Cygwin's goals is to make it possible to mix Cygwin-ported
-POSIX programs with generic Windows programs. As a result, Cygwin allows
-to open files in text mode. In the accompanying tools, tools that deal
-with binaries (e.g. objdump) operate in POSIX binary mode and many (but
-not all) tools that deal with text files (e.g. bash) operate in text mode.
-There are also some text tools which operate in a mixed mode. They read
-files always in text mode, but write files in binary mode, or they write
-in the mode (text or binary) which is specified by the underlying mount
-point. For a description of mount points, see the Cygwin User's Guide.
-</para>
-<para>Actually there's no really good reason to do text mode processing
-since it only slows down reading and writing files. Additionally many
-Windows applications can deal with POSIX \n line endings just fine
-(unfortunate exception: Notepad). So we suggest to use binary mode
-as much as possible and only convert files from or to DOS text mode
-using tools specifically created to do that job, for instance, d2u and
-u2d from the cygutils package.
-</para>
-<para>It is rather easy for the porter of a Unix package to fix the source
-code by supplying the appropriate file processing mode switches to the
-open/fopen functions. Treat all text files as text and treat all binary
-files as binary. To be specific, you can select binary mode by adding
-<literal>O_BINARY</literal> to the second argument of an
-<literal>open</literal> call, or <literal>"b"</literal> to second argument
-of an <literal>fopen</literal> call. You can also call
-<literal>setmode (fd, O_BINARY)</literal>. To select text mode add
-<literal>O_TEXT</literal> to the second argument of an <literal>open</literal>
-call, or <literal>"t"</literal> to second argument of an
-<literal>fopen</literal> call, or just call
-<literal>setmode (fd, O_TEXT)</literal>.
-</para>
-<para>You can also avoid to change the source code at all by linking
-an additional object file to your executable. Cygwin provides various
-object files in the <filename>/usr/lib</filename> directory which,
-when linked to an executable, changes the default open modes of any
-file opened within the executed process itself. The files are
-<screen>
- binmode.o - Open all files in binary mode.
- textmode.o - Open all files in text mode.
- textreadmode.o - Open all files opened for reading in text mode.
- automode.o - Open all files opened for reading in text mode,
- all files opened for writing in binary mode.
-</screen>
-</para>
-<para>
-<note>
- Linking against these object files does <emphasis>not</emphasis> change
- the open mode of files propagated to a process by its parent process,
- for instance, if the process is part of a shell pipe expression.
-</note>
-</para>
-<para>Note that of the above flags only the "b" fopen flags are defined by
-ANSI. They exist under most flavors of Unix. However, using O_BINARY,
-O_TEXT, or the "t" flag is non-portable.
-</para>
-</answer></qandaentry>
-
-<qandaentry id="faq.api.threads">
-<question><para>Is the Cygwin library multi-thread-safe?</para></question>
-<answer>
-
-<para>Yes.
-</para>
-<para>There is also extensive support for 'POSIX threads', see the file
-<literal>cygwin.din</literal> for the list of POSIX thread functions provided.
-</para>
-</answer></qandaentry>
-
-<qandaentry id="faq.api.fork">
-<question><para>How is fork() implemented?</para></question>
-<answer>
-
-<para>Cygwin fork() essentially works like a non-copy on write version
-of fork() (like old Unix versions used to do). Because of this it
-can be a little slow. In most cases, you are better off using the
-spawn family of calls if possible.
-</para>
-<para>Here's how it works:
-</para>
-<para>Parent initializes a space in the Cygwin process table for child.
-Parent creates child suspended using Win32 CreateProcess call, giving
-the same path it was invoked with itself. Parent calls setjmp to save
-its own context and then sets a pointer to this in the Cygwin shared
-memory area (shared among all Cygwin tasks). Parent fills in the child's
-.data and .bss subsections by copying from its own address space into
-the suspended child's address space. Parent then starts the child.
-Parent waits on mutex for child to get to safe point. Child starts and
-discovers if has been forked and then longjumps using the saved jump
-buffer. Child sets mutex parent is waiting on and then blocks on
-another mutex waiting for parent to fill in its stack and heap. Parent
-notices child is in safe area, copies stack and heap from itself into
-child, releases the mutex the child is waiting on and returns from the
-fork call. Child wakes from blocking on mutex, recreates any mmapped
-areas passed to it via shared area and then returns from fork itself.
-</para>
-</answer></qandaentry>
-
-<qandaentry id="faq.api.globbing">
-<question><para>How does wildcarding (globbing) work?</para></question>
-<answer>
-
-<para>If the DLL thinks it was invoked from a DOS style prompt, it runs a
-`globber' over the arguments provided on the command line. This means
-that if you type <literal>LS *.EXE</literal> from DOS, it will do what you might
-expect.
-</para>
-<para>Beware: globbing uses <literal>malloc</literal>. If your application defines
-<literal>malloc</literal>, that will get used. This may do horrible things to you.
-</para>
-</answer></qandaentry>
-
-<qandaentry id="faq.api.symlinks">
-<question><para>How do symbolic links work?</para></question>
-<answer>
-
-<para>Cygwin knows of two ways to create symlinks.
-</para>
-<para>The default method generates link files with a magic header. When you
-open a file or directory that is a link to somewhere else, it opens the file
-or directory listed in the magic header. Because we don't want to have to
-open every referenced file to check symlink status, Cygwin marks symlinks
-with the system attribute. Files without the system attribute are not
-checked. Because remote samba filesystems do not enable the system
-attribute by default, symlinks do not work on network drives unless you
-explicitly enable this attribute or use the second method to create symlinks.
-</para>
-
-<para>The second method is enabled if `winsymlinks' is set in the environment
-variable CYGWIN.
-Using this method, Cygwin generates symlinks by creating Windows shortcuts.
-Cygwin created shortcuts have a special header (which is in that way never
-created by Explorer) and the R/O attribute set. A DOS path is stored in
-the shortcut as usual and the description entry is used to store the POSIX
-path. While the POSIX path is stored as is, the DOS path has perhaps to be
-rearranged to result in a valid path. This may result in a divergence
-between the DOS and the POSIX path when symlinks are moved crossing mount
-points. When a user changes the shortcut, this will be detected by Cygwin
-and it will only use the DOS path then. While Cygwin shortcuts are shown
-without the ".lnk" suffix in `ls' output, non-Cygwin shortcuts are shown
-with the suffix. However, both are treated as symlinks.
-</para>
-
-<para>Both, types of symlinks can live peacefully together since Cygwin
-treats both as symlinks regardless of the setting of `(no)winsymlinks' in
-the environment variable CYGWIN.
-</para>
-</answer></qandaentry>
-
-<qandaentry id="faq.api.executables">
-<question><para>Why do some files, which are not executables have the 'x' type.</para></question>
-<answer>
-
-<para>When working out the POSIX-style attribute bits on a file stored on
-certain filesystems (FAT, FAT32), the library has to fill out some information
-not provided by these filesystems.
-</para>
-<para>It guesses that files ending in .exe and .bat are executable, as are
-ones which have a "#!" as their first characters. This guessing doesn't
-take place on filesystems providing real permission information (NTFS, NFS),
-unless you switch the permission handling off using the mount flag "noacl"
-on these filesystems.
-</para>
-</answer></qandaentry>
-
-<qandaentry id="faq.api.secure">
-<question><para>How secure is Cygwin in a multi-user environment?</para></question>
-<answer>
-
-<para>As of version 1.5.13, the Cygwin developers are not aware of any feature
-in the cygwin dll that would allow users to gain privileges or to access
-objects to which they have no rights under Windows. However there is no
-guarantee that Cygwin is as secure as the Windows it runs on. Cygwin
-processes share some variables and are thus easier targets of denial of
-service type of attacks.
-</para>
-</answer></qandaentry>
-
-<qandaentry id="faq.api.net-functions">
-<question><para>How do the net-related functions work?</para></question>
-<answer>
-
-<para>The network support in Cygwin is supposed to provide the POSIX API, not
-the Winsock API.
-</para>
-<para>There are differences between the semantics of functions with the same
-name under the API.
-</para>
-<para>E.g., the POSIX select system call can wait on a standard file handles
-and handles to sockets. The select call in Winsock can only wait on
-sockets. Because of this, the Cygwin dll does a lot of nasty stuff behind
-the scenes, trying to persuade various Winsock/Win32 functions to do what
-a Unix select would do.
-</para>
-<para>If you are porting an application which already uses Winsock, then
-porting the application to Cygwin means to port the application to using
-the POSIX net functions. You should never mix Cygwin net functions with
-direct calls to Winsock functions. If you use Cygwin, use the POSIX API.
-</para>
-</answer></qandaentry>
-
-<qandaentry id="faq.api.winsock">
-<question><para>I don't want Unix sockets, how do I use normal Win32 winsock?</para></question>
-<answer>
-
-<para>You don't. Look for the MingW project to port applications using
-native Win32/Winsock functions.
-</para>
-</answer></qandaentry>
-
-<qandaentry id="faq.api.versions">
-<question><para>What version numbers are associated with Cygwin?</para></question>
-<answer>
-
-<para>Cygwin versioning is relatively complicated because of its status as a
-shared library. First of all, since October 1998 every Cygwin DLL has
-been named <literal>cygwin1.dll</literal> and has a 1 in the release name.
-Additionally, there are DLL major and minor numbers that correspond to
-the name of the release, and a release number. In other words,
-cygwin-1.7.1-2 is <literal>cygwin1.dll</literal>, major version 7, minor
-version 1, release 2.
-</para>
-<para>The <literal>cygwin1.dll</literal> major version number gets incremented
-only when a change is made that makes existing software incompatible. For
-example, the first major version 5 release, cygwin-1.5.0-1, added 64-bit
-file I/O operations, which required many libraries to be recompiled and
-relinked. The minor version changes every time we make a new backward
-compatible Cygwin release available. There is also a
-<literal>cygwin1.dll</literal> release version number. The release number
-is only incremented if we update an existing release in a way that does not
-effect the DLL (like a missing header file).
-</para>
-<para>There are also Cygwin API major and minor numbers. The major number
-tracks important non-backward-compatible interface changes to the API.
-An executable linked with an earlier major number will not be compatible
-with the latest DLL. The minor number tracks significant API additions
-or changes that will not break older executables but may be required by
-newly compiled ones.
-</para>
-<para>Then there is a shared memory region compatibility version number. It is
-incremented when incompatible changes are made to the shared memory
-region or to any named shared mutexes, semaphores, etc. For more exciting
-Cygwin version number details, check out the
-<literal>/usr/include/cygwin/version.h</literal> file.
-</para>
-</answer></qandaentry>
-
-<qandaentry id="faq.api.timezone">
-<question><para>Why isn't timezone set correctly?</para></question>
-<answer>
-
-<para><emphasis role='bold'>(Please note: This section has not yet been updated for the latest net release.)</emphasis>
-</para>
-<para>Did you explicitly call tzset() before checking the value of timezone?
-If not, you must do so.
-</para>
-</answer></qandaentry>
-
-<qandaentry id="faq.api.mouse">
-<question><para>Is there a mouse interface?</para></question>
-<answer>
-
-<para>If you're using X then use the X API to handle mouse events.
-In a Windows console window you can enable and capture mouse events
-using the xterm escape sequences for mouse events.
-</para>
-</answer></qandaentry>
-</qandadiv>