Merge branch 'gawk-5.1-stable'

1 files changed, 656 insertions, 617 deletions

diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info
index 29209ebf..de53a993 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.info
+++ b/doc/gawk.info
@@ -205,6 +205,7 @@ in (a) below.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
 * Fields with fixed data::              Field values with fixed-width data.
 * Splitting By Content::                Defining Fields By Content
 * More CSV::                            More on CSV files.
+* FS versus FPAT::                      A subtle difference.
 * Testing field creation::              Checking how 'gawk' is
                                         splitting records.
 * Multiple Line::                       Reading multiline records.
@@ -5593,6 +5594,7 @@ File: gawk.info,  Node: Splitting By Content,  Next: Testing field creation,  Pr
 * Menu:
 
 * More CSV::                    More on CSV files.
+* FS versus FPAT::              A subtle difference.
 
 This minor node discusses an advanced feature of 'gawk'.  If you are a
 novice 'awk' user, you might want to skip it on the first reading.
@@ -5691,7 +5693,7 @@ years.  RFC 4180 (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4180.txt) standardizes the
 most common practices.
 
 
-File: gawk.info,  Node: More CSV,  Up: Splitting By Content
+File: gawk.info,  Node: More CSV,  Next: FS versus FPAT,  Up: Splitting By Content
 
 4.7.1 More on CSV Files
 -----------------------
@@ -5748,6 +5750,33 @@ that isn't covered.  We recommend, instead, that you use Manuel
 Collado's 'CSVMODE' library for 'gawk' (http://mcollado.z15.es/xgawk/).
 
 
+File: gawk.info,  Node: FS versus FPAT,  Prev: More CSV,  Up: Splitting By Content
+
+4.7.2 'FS' Versus 'FPAT': A Subtle Difference
+---------------------------------------------
+
+As we discussed earlier, 'FS' describes the data between fields ("what
+fields are not") and 'FPAT' describes the fields themselves ("what
+fields are").  This leads to a subtle difference in how fields are found
+when using regexps as the value for 'FS' or 'FPAT'.
+
+   In order to distinguish one field from another, there must be a
+non-empty separator between each field.  This makes intuitive
+sense--otherwise one could not distinguish fields from separators.
+
+   Thus, regular expression matching as done when splitting fields with
+'FS' is not allowed to match the null string; it must always match at
+least one character, in order to be able to proceed through the entire
+record.
+
+   On the other hand, regular expression matching with 'FPAT' can match
+the null string, and the non-matching intervening characters function as
+the separators.
+
+   This same difference is reflected in how matching is done with the
+'split()' and 'patsplit()' functions (*note String Functions::).
+
+
 File: gawk.info,  Node: Testing field creation,  Next: Multiple Line,  Prev: Splitting By Content,  Up: Reading Files
 
 4.8 Checking How 'gawk' Is Splitting Records
@@ -13579,6 +13608,15 @@ Options::):
      Nonalphabetic characters are left unchanged.  For example,
      'toupper("MiXeD cAsE 123")' returns '"MIXED CASE 123"'.
 
+   At first glance, the 'split()' and 'patsplit()' functions appear to
+be mirror images of each other.  But there are differences:
+
+   * 'split()' treats its third argument like 'FS', with all the special
+     rules involved for 'FS'.
+
+   * Matching of null strings differs.  This is discussed in *note FS
+     versus FPAT::.
+
                        Matching the Null String
 
    In 'awk', the '*' operator can match the null string.  This is
@@ -35189,7 +35227,7 @@ Index
 * * (asterisk), *= operator <1>:         Precedence.          (line  94)
 * * (asterisk), **= operator <1>:        Precedence.          (line  94)
 * * (asterisk), * operator, null strings, matching: String Functions.
-                                                              (line 556)
+                                                              (line 565)
 * + (plus sign), regexp operator:        Regexp Operator Details.
                                                               (line 107)
 * + (plus sign), += operator:            Assignment Ops.      (line  81)
@@ -35478,7 +35516,7 @@ Index
 * adding, features to gawk:              Adding Code.         (line   6)
 * advanced features, fixed-width data:   Constant Size.       (line   6)
 * advanced features, specifying field content: Splitting By Content.
-                                                              (line  13)
+                                                              (line  14)
 * advanced features, gawk:               Advanced Features.   (line   6)
 * advanced features, nondecimal input data: Nondecimal Data.  (line   6)
 * advanced features, processes, communicating with: Two-way I/O.
@@ -35630,7 +35668,7 @@ Index
 * asterisk (*), *= operator <1>:         Precedence.          (line  94)
 * asterisk (*), **= operator <1>:        Precedence.          (line  94)
 * asterisk (*), * operator, null strings, matching: String Functions.
-                                                              (line 556)
+                                                              (line 565)
 * at-sign (@), @include directive:       Include Files.       (line   8)
 * at-sign (@), @load directive:          Loading Shared Libraries.
                                                               (line   8)
@@ -35987,7 +36025,7 @@ Index
 * columns, cutting:                      Cut Program.         (line   6)
 * comma (,), in range patterns:          Ranges.              (line   6)
 * Comma separated values (CSV) data, parsing with FPAT: Splitting By Content.
-                                                              (line  19)
+                                                              (line  20)
 * Comma separated values (CSV) data, parsing with FPAT library: More CSV.
                                                               (line  52)
 * command completion, in debugger:       Readline Support.    (line   6)
@@ -36106,7 +36144,7 @@ Index
 * csh utility, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 406)
 * csh utility, |& operator, comparison with: Two-way I/O.     (line  27)
 * CSV (comma separated values) data, parsing with FPAT: Splitting By Content.
-                                                              (line  19)
+                                                              (line  20)
 * CSV (comma separated values) data, parsing with CSVMODE library: More CSV.
                                                               (line  52)
 * CSVMODE library for gawk:              More CSV.            (line  52)
@@ -36816,7 +36854,7 @@ Index
 * forward slash (/), /= operator <1>:    Precedence.          (line  94)
 * forward slash (/), patterns and:       Expression Patterns. (line  24)
 * FPAT variable:                         Splitting By Content.
-                                                              (line  29)
+                                                              (line  30)
 * FPAT variable <1>:                     User-modified.       (line  46)
 * frame debugger command:                Execution Stack.     (line  27)
 * frawk:                                 Other Versions.      (line 117)
@@ -36927,7 +36965,7 @@ Index
 * gawk, RT variable in <1>:              gawk split records.  (line  66)
 * gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable in:         Fixed width data.    (line  17)
 * gawk, FPAT variable in:                Splitting By Content.
-                                                              (line  29)
+                                                              (line  30)
 * gawk, splitting fields and:            Testing field creation.
                                                               (line   6)
 * gawk, RT variable in <2>:              Multiple Line.       (line 139)
@@ -37399,7 +37437,7 @@ Index
 * matching, leftmost longest:            Multiple Line.       (line  26)
 * matching, expressions:                 Typing and Comparison.
                                                               (line   9)
-* matching, null strings:                String Functions.    (line 556)
+* matching, null strings:                String Functions.    (line 565)
 * mawk utility:                          Escape Sequences.    (line 121)
 * mawk utility <1>:                      Getline/Pipe.        (line  62)
 * mawk utility <2>:                      Concatenation.       (line  36)
@@ -37529,7 +37567,7 @@ Index
 * null strings, as array subscripts:     Uninitialized Subscripts.
                                                               (line  43)
 * null strings, deleting array elements and: Delete.          (line  27)
-* null strings, matching:                String Functions.    (line 556)
+* null strings, matching:                String Functions.    (line 565)
 * null strings <3>:                      Basic Data Typing.   (line  26)
 * number of array elements:              String Functions.    (line 215)
 * number sign (#), #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts.
@@ -38200,7 +38238,7 @@ Index
                                                               (line 147)
 * sidebar, Operator Evaluation Order:    Increment Ops.       (line  58)
 * sidebar, Changing NR and FNR:          Auto-set.            (line 407)
-* sidebar, Matching the Null String:     String Functions.    (line 554)
+* sidebar, Matching the Null String:     String Functions.    (line 563)
 * sidebar, Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering: I/O Functions.
                                                               (line  74)
 * sidebar, Controlling Output Buffering with system(): I/O Functions.
@@ -38649,612 +38687,613 @@ Index
 
 Tag Table:
 Node: Top1200
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-Node: Foreword449965
-Node: Preface51497
-Ref: Preface-Footnote-154356
-Ref: Preface-Footnote-254465
-Ref: Preface-Footnote-354699
-Node: History54841
-Node: Names57193
-Ref: Names-Footnote-158297
-Node: This Manual58444
-Ref: This Manual-Footnote-165083
-Node: Conventions65183
-Node: Manual History67552
-Ref: Manual History-Footnote-170549
-Ref: Manual History-Footnote-270590
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-Node: Acknowledgments71590
-Node: Getting Started76527
-Node: Running gawk78966
-Node: One-shot80156
-Node: Read Terminal81419
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-Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-187558
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-Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1115125
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-Ref: Options-Footnote-1139255
-Ref: Options-Footnote-2139486
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-Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2148736
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-Ref: Regexp Operator Details-Footnote-1182337
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-Ref: Interval Expressions-Footnote-1184684
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-Ref: table-char-classes187258
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-Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1201917
-Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2202152
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-Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1216844
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-Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1221858
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-Node: Default Field Splitting230791
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-Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1241386
-Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2241432
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-Node: Skipping intervening247806
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-Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1254942
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-Node: Getline264599
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-Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1273785
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-Node: Getline Notes279721
-Node: Getline Summary282518
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-Node: Read Timeout283690
-Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1287596
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-Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1328840
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-Ref: table-close-pipe-return-values339248
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-Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2340209
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-Node: Output Summary342699
-Node: Output Exercises343921
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-Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1349667
-Node: Nondecimal-numbers349917
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-Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1369592
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-Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2674333
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-Node: PC Installation1255882
-Node: PC Binary Installation1256720
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-Node: PC Using1258272
-Node: Cygwin1261825
-Node: MSYS1263049
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-Node: Bugs1274597
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-Node: Bug address1278445
-Node: Usenet1281833
-Node: Performance bugs1283022
-Node: Asking for help1285943
-Node: Maintainers1287910
-Node: Other Versions1289104
-Node: Installation summary1296956
-Node: Notes1298320
-Node: Compatibility Mode1299114
-Node: Additions1299896
-Node: Accessing The Source1300821
-Node: Adding Code1302258
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-Node: Index1434288
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+Node: PC Compiling1258779
+Node: PC Using1259896
+Node: Cygwin1263449
+Node: MSYS1264673
+Node: VMS Installation1265275
+Node: VMS Compilation1265994
+Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11267223
+Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1267281
+Node: VMS Installation Details1268966
+Node: VMS Running1271228
+Node: VMS GNV1275507
+Node: Bugs1276221
+Node: Bug definition1277133
+Node: Bug address1280069
+Node: Usenet1283457
+Node: Performance bugs1284646
+Node: Asking for help1287567
+Node: Maintainers1289534
+Node: Other Versions1290728
+Node: Installation summary1298580
+Node: Notes1299944
+Node: Compatibility Mode1300738
+Node: Additions1301520
+Node: Accessing The Source1302445
+Node: Adding Code1303882
+Node: New Ports1310101
+Node: Derived Files1314476
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11320136
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21320171
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31320769
+Node: Future Extensions1320883
+Node: Implementation Limitations1321541
+Node: Extension Design1322751
+Node: Old Extension Problems1323895
+Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11325413
+Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1325470
+Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11328834
+Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1329023
+Node: Extension Future Growth1331136
+Node: Notes summary1331742
+Node: Basic Concepts1332900
+Node: Basic High Level1333581
+Ref: figure-general-flow1333863
+Ref: figure-process-flow1334548
+Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11337849
+Node: Basic Data Typing1338034
+Node: Glossary1341362
+Node: Copying1373249
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License1410792
+Node: Index1435912
 
 End Tag Table