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| -rw-r--r-- | doc/ChangeLog | 1 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gawk.texi | 364 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gawktexi.in | 364 |
3 files changed, 1 insertions, 728 deletions
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog b/doc/ChangeLog index 63f6cd02..b78fcb6f 100644 --- a/doc/ChangeLog +++ b/doc/ChangeLog @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ 2015-01-21 Arnold D. Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com> * gawktexi.in: O'Reilly fixes. + Remove obsolete start/end of range indexing comments. 2015-01-20 Arnold D. Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com> diff --git a/doc/gawk.texi b/doc/gawk.texi index 07630edf..ad4bae1e 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.texi +++ b/doc/gawk.texi @@ -2596,9 +2596,7 @@ for programs that are provided on the @command{awk} command line. (Also, placing the program in a file allows us to use a literal single quote in the program text, instead of the magic @samp{\47}.) -@c STARTOFRANGE sq1x @cindex single quote (@code{'}) in @command{gawk} command lines -@c STARTOFRANGE qs2x @cindex @code{'} (single quote) in @command{gawk} command lines If you want to clearly identify an @command{awk} program file as such, you can add the extension @file{.awk} to the @value{FN}. This doesn't @@ -2972,8 +2970,6 @@ $ @kbd{awk "BEGIN @{ print \"Here is a single quote <'>\" @}"} @end example @noindent -@c ENDOFRANGE sq1x -@c ENDOFRANGE qs2x This option is also painful, because double quotes, backslashes, and dollar signs are very common in more advanced @command{awk} programs. @@ -3738,13 +3734,9 @@ warning that the program is empty. @node Options @section Command-Line Options -@c STARTOFRANGE ocl @cindex options, command-line -@c STARTOFRANGE clo @cindex command line, options -@c STARTOFRANGE gnulo @cindex GNU long options -@c STARTOFRANGE longo @cindex options, long Options begin with a dash and consist of a single character. @@ -3833,8 +3825,6 @@ by the user that could start with @samp{-}. It is also useful for passing options on to the @command{awk} program; see @ref{Getopt Function}. @end table -@c ENDOFRANGE gnulo -@c ENDOFRANGE longo The following list describes @command{gawk}-specific options: @@ -4290,8 +4280,6 @@ setenv POSIXLY_CORRECT true Having @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} set is not recommended for daily use, but it is good for testing the portability of your programs to other environments. -@c ENDOFRANGE ocl -@c ENDOFRANGE clo @node Other Arguments @section Other Command-Line Arguments @@ -4961,7 +4949,6 @@ or C++ using the @code{@@load} statement and/or the @option{-l} option. @node Regexp @chapter Regular Expressions @cindex regexp -@c STARTOFRANGE regexp @cindex regular expressions A @dfn{regular expression}, or @dfn{regexp}, is a way of describing a @@ -5400,7 +5387,6 @@ escape sequences literally when used in regexp constants. Thus, @node Regexp Operators @section Regular Expression Operators -@c STARTOFRANGE regexpo @cindex regular expressions, operators @cindex metacharacters in regular expressions @@ -5632,11 +5618,9 @@ usage as a syntax error. If @command{gawk} is in compatibility mode (@pxref{Options}), interval expressions are not available in regular expressions. -@c ENDOFRANGE regexpo @node Bracket Expressions @section Using Bracket Expressions -@c STARTOFRANGE charlist @cindex bracket expressions @cindex bracket expressions, range expressions @cindex range expressions (regexps) @@ -5780,7 +5764,6 @@ expression matching currently recognize only POSIX character classes; they do not recognize collating symbols or equivalence classes. @end quotation @c maybe one day ... -@c ENDOFRANGE charlist @node Leftmost Longest @section How Much Text Matches? @@ -5824,9 +5807,7 @@ and also @pxref{Field Separators}). @node Computed Regexps @section Using Dynamic Regexps -@c STARTOFRANGE dregexp @cindex regular expressions, computed -@c STARTOFRANGE regexpd @cindex regular expressions, dynamic @cindex @code{~} (tilde), @code{~} operator @cindex tilde (@code{~}), @code{~} operator @@ -5977,17 +5958,13 @@ $ @kbd{awk '$0 ~ /[ \t\n]/'} occur often in practice, but it's worth noting for future reference. @end cartouche @end ifnotdocbook -@c ENDOFRANGE dregexp -@c ENDOFRANGE regexpd @node GNU Regexp Operators @section @command{gawk}-Specific Regexp Operators @c This section adapted (long ago) from the regex-0.12 manual -@c STARTOFRANGE regexpg @cindex regular expressions, operators, @command{gawk} -@c STARTOFRANGE gregexp @cindex @command{gawk}, regular expressions, operators @cindex operators, GNU-specific @cindex regular expressions, operators, for words @@ -6152,15 +6129,11 @@ Allow interval expressions in regexps, if @option{--traditional} has been provided. Otherwise, interval expressions are available by default. @end table -@c ENDOFRANGE gregexp -@c ENDOFRANGE regexpg @node Case-sensitivity @section Case Sensitivity in Matching -@c STARTOFRANGE regexpcs @cindex regular expressions, case sensitivity -@c STARTOFRANGE csregexp @cindex case sensitivity, regexps and Case is normally significant in regular expressions, both when matching ordinary characters (i.e., not metacharacters) and inside bracket @@ -6252,8 +6225,6 @@ the right thing.} The value of @code{IGNORECASE} has no effect if @command{gawk} is in compatibility mode (@pxref{Options}). Case is always significant in compatibility mode. -@c ENDOFRANGE csregexp -@c ENDOFRANGE regexpcs @node Regexp Summary @section Summary @@ -6300,12 +6271,10 @@ versions, use @code{tolower()} or @code{toupper()}. @end itemize -@c ENDOFRANGE regexp @node Reading Files @chapter Reading Input Files -@c STARTOFRANGE infir @cindex reading input files @cindex input files, reading @cindex input files @@ -6356,9 +6325,7 @@ used with it do not have to be named on the @command{awk} command line @node Records @section How Input Is Split into Records -@c STARTOFRANGE inspl @cindex input, splitting into records -@c STARTOFRANGE recspl @cindex records, splitting input into @cindex @code{NR} variable @cindex @code{FNR} variable @@ -6715,8 +6682,6 @@ whole files. If you are using @command{gawk}, see @DBREF{Extension Sample Readfile} for another option. @end cartouche @end ifnotdocbook -@c ENDOFRANGE inspl -@c ENDOFRANGE recspl @node Fields @section Examining Fields @@ -6724,7 +6689,6 @@ Readfile} for another option. @cindex examining fields @cindex fields @cindex accessing fields -@c STARTOFRANGE fiex @cindex fields, examining @cindex POSIX @command{awk}, field separators and @cindex field separators, POSIX and @@ -6805,7 +6769,6 @@ $ @kbd{awk '/li/ @{ print $1, $NF @}' mail-list} @print{} Julie F @print{} Samuel A @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE fiex @node Nonconstant Fields @section Nonconstant Field Numbers @@ -6866,7 +6829,6 @@ evaluating @code{NF} and using its value as a field number. @node Changing Fields @section Changing the Contents of a Field -@c STARTOFRANGE ficon @cindex fields, changing contents of The contents of a field, as seen by @command{awk}, can be changed within an @command{awk} program; this changes what @command{awk} perceives as the @@ -7089,7 +7051,6 @@ with a statement such as @samp{$1 = $1}, as described earlier. @end cartouche @end ifnotdocbook -@c ENDOFRANGE ficon @node Field Separators @section Specifying How Fields Are Separated @@ -7105,9 +7066,7 @@ with a statement such as @samp{$1 = $1}, as described earlier. @cindex @code{FS} variable @cindex fields, separating -@c STARTOFRANGE fisepr @cindex field separators -@c STARTOFRANGE fisepg @cindex fields, separating The @dfn{field separator}, which is either a single character or a regular expression, controls the way @command{awk} splits an input record into fields. @@ -7207,9 +7166,7 @@ rules. @node Regexp Field Splitting @subsection Using Regular Expressions to Separate Fields -@c STARTOFRANGE regexpfs @cindex regular expressions, as field separators -@c STARTOFRANGE fsregexp @cindex field separators, regular expressions as The previous @value{SUBSECTION} discussed the use of single characters or simple strings as the @@ -7313,8 +7270,6 @@ $ @kbd{echo 'xxAA xxBxx C' |} @print{} -->xxBxx<-- @print{} -->C<-- @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE regexpfs -@c ENDOFRANGE fsregexp @node Single Character Fields @subsection Making Each Character a Separate Field @@ -7670,8 +7625,6 @@ will take effect. @end cartouche @end ifnotdocbook -@c ENDOFRANGE fisepr -@c ENDOFRANGE fisepg @node Constant Size @section Reading Fixed-Width Data @@ -7935,11 +7888,8 @@ last assigned to. @section Multiple-Line Records @cindex multiple-line records -@c STARTOFRANGE recm @cindex records, multiline -@c STARTOFRANGE imr @cindex input, multiline records -@c STARTOFRANGE frm @cindex files, reading, multiline records @cindex input, files, See input files In some databases, a single line cannot conveniently hold all the @@ -8106,16 +8056,11 @@ If not in compatibility mode (@pxref{Options}), @command{gawk} sets @code{RT} to the input text that matched the value specified by @code{RS}. But if the input file ended without any text that matches @code{RS}, then @command{gawk} sets @code{RT} to the null string. -@c ENDOFRANGE recm -@c ENDOFRANGE imr -@c ENDOFRANGE frm @node Getline @section Explicit Input with @code{getline} -@c STARTOFRANGE getl @cindex @code{getline} command, explicit input with -@c STARTOFRANGE inex @cindex input, explicit So far we have been getting our input data from @command{awk}'s main input stream---either the standard input (usually your keyboard, sometimes @@ -8705,9 +8650,6 @@ Note: for each variant, @command{gawk} sets the @code{RT} predefined variable. @item @var{command} @code{|& getline} @var{var} @tab Sets @var{var} and @code{RT} @tab @command{gawk} @end multitable @end float -@c ENDOFRANGE getl -@c ENDOFRANGE inex -@c ENDOFRANGE infir @node Read Timeout @section Reading Input with a Timeout @@ -8942,7 +8884,6 @@ That can be fixed by making one simple change. What is it? @node Printing @chapter Printing Output -@c STARTOFRANGE prnt @cindex printing @cindex output, printing, See printing One of the most common programming actions is to @dfn{print}, or output, @@ -8958,7 +8899,6 @@ columns, whether to use exponential notation or not, and so on. For printing with specifications, you need the @code{printf} statement (@pxref{Printf}). -@c STARTOFRANGE prnts @cindex @code{print} statement @cindex @code{printf} statement Besides basic and formatted printing, this @value{CHAPTER} @@ -9138,7 +9078,6 @@ You can continue either a @code{print} or @code{printf} statement simply by putting a newline after any comma (@pxref{Statements/Lines}). @end quotation -@c ENDOFRANGE prnts @node Output Separators @section Output Separators @@ -9251,7 +9190,6 @@ if @code{OFMT} contains anything but a floating-point conversion specification. @node Printf @section Using @code{printf} Statements for Fancier Printing -@c STARTOFRANGE printfs @cindex @code{printf} statement @cindex output, formatted @cindex formatting output @@ -9449,7 +9387,6 @@ values or do something else entirely. @node Format Modifiers @subsection Modifiers for @code{printf} Formats -@c STARTOFRANGE pfm @cindex @code{printf} statement, modifiers @cindex modifiers@comma{} in format specifiers A format specification can also include @dfn{modifiers} that can control @@ -9655,7 +9592,6 @@ format strings. These are not valid in @command{awk}. Most @command{awk} implementations silently ignore them. If @option{--lint} is provided on the command line (@pxref{Options}), @command{gawk} warns about their use. If @option{--posix} is supplied, their use is a fatal error. -@c ENDOFRANGE pfm @node Printf Examples @subsection Examples Using @code{printf} @@ -9736,14 +9672,11 @@ awk 'BEGIN @{ format = "%-10s %s\n" @{ printf format, $1, $2 @}' mail-list @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE printfs @node Redirection @section Redirecting Output of @code{print} and @code{printf} -@c STARTOFRANGE outre @cindex output redirection -@c STARTOFRANGE reout @cindex redirection of output @cindex @option{--sandbox} option, output redirection with @code{print}, @code{printf} So far, the output from @code{print} and @code{printf} has gone @@ -10001,8 +9934,6 @@ It then sends the list to the shell for execution. command lines to be fed to the shell. @end cartouche @end ifnotdocbook -@c ENDOFRANGE outre -@c ENDOFRANGE reout @node Special FD @section Special Files for Standard Pre-Opened Data Streams @@ -10112,7 +10043,6 @@ invoked with the @option{--traditional} option (@pxref{Options}). @node Special Files @section Special @value{FFN}s in @command{gawk} -@c STARTOFRANGE gfn @cindex @command{gawk}, file names in Besides access to standard input, standard output, and standard error, @@ -10203,18 +10133,13 @@ the time this does not matter; however, it is important to @emph{not} close any of the files related to file descriptors 0, 1, and 2. Doing so results in unpredictable behavior. @end itemize -@c ENDOFRANGE gfn @node Close Files And Pipes @section Closing Input and Output Redirections @cindex files, output, See output files -@c STARTOFRANGE ifc @cindex input files, closing -@c STARTOFRANGE ofc @cindex output, files@comma{} closing -@c STARTOFRANGE pc @cindex pipe, closing -@c STARTOFRANGE cc @cindex coprocesses, closing @cindex @code{getline} command, coprocesses@comma{} using from @@ -10491,10 +10416,6 @@ when closing a pipe. @end cartouche @end ifnotdocbook -@c ENDOFRANGE ifc -@c ENDOFRANGE ofc -@c ENDOFRANGE pc -@c ENDOFRANGE cc @node Output Summary @section Summary @@ -10558,11 +10479,9 @@ BEGIN @{ print "Serious error detected!" > /dev/stderr @} @end enumerate @c EXCLUDE END -@c ENDOFRANGE prnt @node Expressions @chapter Expressions -@c STARTOFRANGE exps @cindex expressions Expressions are the basic building blocks of @command{awk} patterns @@ -10605,7 +10524,6 @@ which provide the values used in expressions. @node Constants @subsection Constant Expressions -@c STARTOFRANGE cnst @cindex constants, types of The simplest type of expression is the @dfn{constant}, which always has @@ -10791,7 +10709,6 @@ $ @kbd{gawk 'BEGIN @{ printf "0x11 is <%s>\n", 0x11 @}'} @node Regexp Constants @subsubsection Regular Expression Constants -@c STARTOFRANGE rec @cindex regexp constants @cindex @code{~} (tilde), @code{~} operator @cindex tilde (@code{~}), @code{~} operator @@ -10803,7 +10720,6 @@ slashes, such as @code{@w{/^beginning and end$/}}. Most regexps used in matching operators can also match computed or dynamic regexps (which are typically just ordinary strings or variables that contain a regexp, but could be a more complex expression). -@c ENDOFRANGE cnst @node Using Constant Regexps @subsection Using Regular Expression Constants @@ -10914,7 +10830,6 @@ or not @code{$0} matches @code{/hi/}. @command{gawk} issues a warning when it sees a regexp constant used as a parameter to a user-defined function, because passing a truth value in this way is probably not what was intended. -@c ENDOFRANGE rec @node Variables @subsection Variables @@ -11509,11 +11424,8 @@ you're never quite sure what you'll get. @node Assignment Ops @subsection Assignment Expressions -@c STARTOFRANGE asop @cindex assignment operators -@c STARTOFRANGE opas @cindex operators, assignment -@c STARTOFRANGE exas @cindex expressions, assignment @cindex @code{=} (equals sign), @code{=} operator @cindex equals sign (@code{=}), @code{=} operator @@ -11819,16 +11731,11 @@ awk '/[=]=/' /dev/null and @command{mawk} also do not. @end cartouche @end ifnotdocbook -@c ENDOFRANGE exas -@c ENDOFRANGE opas -@c ENDOFRANGE asop @node Increment Ops @subsection Increment and Decrement Operators -@c STARTOFRANGE inop @cindex increment operators -@c STARTOFRANGE opde @cindex operators, decrement/increment @dfn{Increment} and @dfn{decrement operators} increase or decrease the value of a variable by one. An assignment operator can do the same thing, so @@ -11876,7 +11783,6 @@ just like variables. (Use @samp{$(i++)} when you want to do a field reference and a variable increment at the same time. The parentheses are necessary because of the precedence of the field reference operator @samp{$}.) -@c STARTOFRANGE deop @cindex decrement operators The decrement operator @samp{--} works just like @samp{++}, except that it subtracts one instead of adding it. As with @samp{++}, it can be used before @@ -12010,9 +11916,6 @@ You should avoid such things in your own programs. @c in the mirror in the morning. @end cartouche @end ifnotdocbook -@c ENDOFRANGE inop -@c ENDOFRANGE opde -@c ENDOFRANGE deop @node Truth Values and Conditions @section Truth Values and Conditions @@ -12077,17 +11980,13 @@ the string constant @code{"0"} is actually true, because it is non-null. @author Douglas Adams, @cite{The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy} @end quotation -@c STARTOFRANGE comex @cindex comparison expressions -@c STARTOFRANGE excom @cindex expressions, comparison @cindex expressions, matching, See comparison expressions @cindex matching, expressions, See comparison expressions @cindex relational operators, See comparison operators @cindex operators, relational, See operators@comma{} comparison -@c STARTOFRANGE varting @cindex variable typing -@c STARTOFRANGE vartypc @cindex variables, types of, comparison expressions and Unlike other programming languages, @command{awk} variables do not have a fixed type. Instead, they can be either a number or a string, depending @@ -12487,19 +12386,13 @@ $ @kbd{gawk --posix 'BEGIN @{ printf("ABC < abc = %s\n",} @print{} ABC < abc = FALSE @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE comex -@c ENDOFRANGE excom -@c ENDOFRANGE vartypc -@c ENDOFRANGE varting @node Boolean Ops @subsection Boolean Expressions @cindex and Boolean-logic operator @cindex or Boolean-logic operator @cindex not Boolean-logic operator -@c STARTOFRANGE exbo @cindex expressions, Boolean -@c STARTOFRANGE boex @cindex Boolean expressions @cindex operators, Boolean, See Boolean expressions @cindex Boolean operators, See Boolean expressions @@ -12645,8 +12538,6 @@ next record, and start processing the rules over again at the top. The reason it's there is to avoid printing the bracketing @samp{START} and @samp{END} lines. @end quotation -@c ENDOFRANGE exbo -@c ENDOFRANGE boex @node Conditional Exp @subsection Conditional Expressions @@ -12825,9 +12716,7 @@ $ @kbd{awk -f matchit.awk} @node Precedence @section Operator Precedence (How Operators Nest) -@c STARTOFRANGE prec @cindex precedence -@c STARTOFRANGE oppr @cindex operators, precedence @dfn{Operator precedence} determines how operators are grouped when @@ -13012,8 +12901,6 @@ Assignment. These operators group right-to-left. The @samp{|&}, @samp{**}, and @samp{**=} operators are not specified by POSIX. For maximum portability, do not use them. @end quotation -@c ENDOFRANGE prec -@c ENDOFRANGE oppr @node Locales @section Where You Are Makes a Difference @@ -13117,11 +13004,9 @@ program, and occasionally the format for data read as input. @end itemize -@c ENDOFRANGE exps @node Patterns and Actions @chapter Patterns, Actions, and Variables -@c STARTOFRANGE pat @cindex patterns As you have already seen, each @command{awk} statement consists of @@ -13417,9 +13302,7 @@ a range pattern. @value{DARKCORNER} @node BEGIN/END @subsection The @code{BEGIN} and @code{END} Special Patterns -@c STARTOFRANGE beg @cindex @code{BEGIN} pattern -@c STARTOFRANGE end @cindex @code{END} pattern All the patterns described so far are for matching input records. The @code{BEGIN} and @code{END} special patterns are different. @@ -13557,8 +13440,6 @@ are not valid in an @code{END} rule, because all the input has been read. @ifdocbook @DBREF{Nextfile Statement}.) @end ifdocbook -@c ENDOFRANGE beg -@c ENDOFRANGE end @node BEGINFILE/ENDFILE @subsection The @code{BEGINFILE} and @code{ENDFILE} Special Patterns @@ -13679,7 +13560,6 @@ awk '@{ print $1 @}' mail-list @noindent prints the first field of every record. -@c ENDOFRANGE pat @node Using Shell Variables @section Using Shell Variables in Programs @@ -13828,11 +13708,8 @@ For deleting array elements. @node Statements @section Control Statements in Actions -@c STARTOFRANGE csta @cindex control statements -@c STARTOFRANGE acs @cindex statements, control, in actions -@c STARTOFRANGE accs @cindex actions, control statements in @dfn{Control statements}, such as @code{if}, @code{while}, and so on, @@ -14550,15 +14427,10 @@ Negative values, and values of 127 or greater, may not produce consistent results across different operating systems. @end quotation -@c ENDOFRANGE csta -@c ENDOFRANGE acs -@c ENDOFRANGE accs @node Built-in Variables @section Predefined Variables -@c STARTOFRANGE bvar @cindex predefined variables -@c STARTOFRANGE varb @cindex variables, predefined Most @command{awk} variables are available to use for your own @@ -14585,9 +14457,7 @@ their areas of activity. @node User-modified @subsection Built-In Variables That Control @command{awk} -@c STARTOFRANGE bvaru @cindex predefined variables, user-modifiable -@c STARTOFRANGE nmbv @cindex user-modifiable variables The following is an alphabetical list of variables that you can change to @@ -14814,17 +14684,11 @@ marked string constants in the source text, as well as for the (@pxref{Internationalization}). The default value of @code{TEXTDOMAIN} is @code{"messages"}. @end table -@c ENDOFRANGE bvar -@c ENDOFRANGE varb -@c ENDOFRANGE bvaru -@c ENDOFRANGE nmbv @node Auto-set @subsection Built-In Variables That Convey Information -@c STARTOFRANGE bvconi @cindex predefined variables, conveying information -@c STARTOFRANGE vbconi @cindex variables, predefined conveying information The following is an alphabetical list of variables that @command{awk} sets automatically on certain occasions in order to provide @@ -15232,8 +15096,6 @@ implementation issues.} neither @code{FUNCTAB} nor @code{SYMTAB} are available as elements within the @code{SYMTAB} array. @end quotation @end table -@c ENDOFRANGE bvconi -@c ENDOFRANGE vbconi @cindex sidebar, Changing @code{NR} and @code{FNR} @ifdocbook @@ -15526,7 +15388,6 @@ control how @command{awk} will process the provided @value{DF}s. @node Arrays @chapter Arrays in @command{awk} -@c STARTOFRANGE arrs @cindex arrays An @dfn{array} is a table of values called @dfn{elements}. The @@ -15648,9 +15509,7 @@ Only the values are stored; the indices are implicit from the order of the values. Here, 8 is the value at index zero, because 8 appears in the position with zero elements before it. -@c STARTOFRANGE arrin @cindex arrays, indexing -@c STARTOFRANGE inarr @cindex indexing arrays @cindex associative arrays @cindex arrays, associative @@ -15853,8 +15712,6 @@ that array's indices are consecutive integers starting at one. @command{awk}'s arrays are efficient---the time to access an element is independent of the number of elements in the array. -@c ENDOFRANGE arrin -@c ENDOFRANGE inarr @node Reference to Elements @subsection Referring to an Array Element @@ -16907,14 +16764,11 @@ element is itself a subarray. @end itemize -@c ENDOFRANGE arrs @node Functions @chapter Functions -@c STARTOFRANGE funcbi @cindex functions, built-in -@c STARTOFRANGE bifunc @cindex built-in functions This @value{CHAPTER} describes @command{awk}'s built-in functions, which fall into three categories: numeric, string, and I/O. @@ -18621,13 +18475,9 @@ you would see the latter (undesirable) output. @subsection Time Functions @cindex time functions -@c STARTOFRANGE tst @cindex timestamps -@c STARTOFRANGE logftst @cindex log files, timestamps in -@c STARTOFRANGE filogtst @cindex files, log@comma{} timestamps in -@c STARTOFRANGE gawtst @cindex @command{gawk}, timestamps @cindex POSIX @command{awk}, timestamps and @code{awk} programs are commonly used to process log files @@ -18705,7 +18555,6 @@ is out of range, @code{mktime()} returns @minus{}1. @cindex @command{gawk}, @code{PROCINFO} array in @cindex @code{PROCINFO} array @item @code{strftime(}[@var{format} [@code{,} @var{timestamp} [@code{,} @var{utc-flag}] ] ]@code{)} -@c STARTOFRANGE strf @cindexgawkfunc{strftime} @cindex format time string Format the time specified by @var{timestamp} @@ -18954,7 +18803,6 @@ The time as a decimal timestamp in seconds since the epoch. The date in VMS format (e.g., @samp{20-JUN-1991}). @end ignore @end table -@c ENDOFRANGE strf Additionally, the alternative representations are recognized but their normal representations are used. @@ -19005,23 +18853,14 @@ gawk 'BEGIN @{ exit exitval @}' "$@@" @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE tst -@c ENDOFRANGE logftst -@c ENDOFRANGE filogtst -@c ENDOFRANGE gawtst @node Bitwise Functions @subsection Bit-Manipulation Functions @cindex bit-manipulation functions -@c STARTOFRANGE bit @cindex bitwise, operations -@c STARTOFRANGE and @cindex AND bitwise operation -@c STARTOFRANGE oro @cindex OR bitwise operation -@c STARTOFRANGE xor @cindex XOR bitwise operation -@c STARTOFRANGE opbit @cindex operations, bitwise @quotation @i{I can explain it for you, but I can't understand it for you.} @@ -19313,11 +19152,6 @@ decimal and octal values for the same numbers (@pxref{Nondecimal-numbers}), and then demonstrates the results of the @code{compl()}, @code{lshift()}, and @code{rshift()} functions. -@c ENDOFRANGE bit -@c ENDOFRANGE and -@c ENDOFRANGE oro -@c ENDOFRANGE xor -@c ENDOFRANGE opbit @node Type Functions @subsection Getting Type Information @@ -19397,15 +19231,11 @@ variant of the same message. The default value for @var{domain} is the current value of @code{TEXTDOMAIN}. The default value for @var{category} is @code{"LC_MESSAGES"}. @end table -@c ENDOFRANGE funcbi -@c ENDOFRANGE bifunc @node User-defined @section User-Defined Functions -@c STARTOFRANGE udfunc @cindex user-defined functions -@c STARTOFRANGE funcud @cindex functions, user-defined Complicated @command{awk} programs can often be simplified by defining your own functions. User-defined functions can be called just like @@ -19430,7 +19260,6 @@ variable definitions is appallingly awful.} @author Brian Kernighan @end quotation -@c STARTOFRANGE fdef @cindex functions, defining Definitions of functions can appear anywhere between the rules of an @command{awk} program. Thus, the general form of an @command{awk} program is @@ -19677,12 +19506,10 @@ You might think that @code{ctime()} could use @code{PROCINFO["strftime"]} for its format string. That would be a mistake, because @code{ctime()} is supposed to return the time formatted in a standard fashion, and user-level code could have changed @code{PROCINFO["strftime"]}. -@c ENDOFRANGE fdef @node Function Caveats @subsection Calling User-Defined Functions -@c STARTOFRANGE fudc @cindex functions, user-defined, calling @dfn{Calling a function} means causing the function to run and do its job. A function call is an expression and its value is the value returned by @@ -19974,7 +19801,6 @@ or the @code{nextfile} statement @end ifnotdocbook inside a user-defined function. @command{gawk} does not have this limitation. -@c ENDOFRANGE fudc @node Return Statement @subsection The @code{return} Statement @@ -20102,7 +19928,6 @@ does report the second error. Usually, such things aren't a big issue, but it's worth being aware of them. -@c ENDOFRANGE udfunc @node Indirect Calls @section Indirect Function Calls @@ -20595,7 +20420,6 @@ program. This is equivalent to function pointers in C and C++. @end itemize -@c ENDOFRANGE funcud @ifnotinfo @part @value{PART2}Problem Solving with @command{awk} @@ -20617,11 +20441,8 @@ It contains the following chapters: @node Library Functions @chapter A Library of @command{awk} Functions -@c STARTOFRANGE libf @cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions -@c STARTOFRANGE flib @cindex functions, library -@c STARTOFRANGE fudlib @cindex functions, user-defined, library of @DBREF{User-defined} describes how to write @@ -20944,13 +20765,9 @@ be tested with @command{gawk} and the results compared to the built-in @node Assert Function @subsection Assertions -@c STARTOFRANGE asse @cindex assertions -@c STARTOFRANGE assef @cindex @code{assert()} function (C library) -@c STARTOFRANGE libfass @cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, assertions -@c STARTOFRANGE flibass @cindex functions, library, assertions @cindex @command{awk} programs, lengthy, assertions When writing large programs, it is often useful to know @@ -21066,10 +20883,6 @@ most likely causing the program to hang as it waits for input. There is a simple workaround to this: make sure that such a @code{BEGIN} rule always ends with an @code{exit} statement. -@c ENDOFRANGE asse -@c ENDOFRANGE assef -@c ENDOFRANGE flibass -@c ENDOFRANGE libfass @node Round Function @subsection Rounding Numbers @@ -21627,11 +21440,8 @@ function shell_quote(s, # parameter @node Data File Management @section @value{DDF} Management -@c STARTOFRANGE dataf @cindex files, managing -@c STARTOFRANGE libfdataf @cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, managing, data files -@c STARTOFRANGE flibdataf @cindex functions, library, managing data files This @value{SECTION} presents functions that are useful for managing command-line @value{DF}s. @@ -22023,22 +21833,14 @@ The use of @code{No_command_assign} allows you to disable command-line assignments at invocation time, by giving the variable a true value. When not set, it is initially zero (i.e., false), so the command-line arguments are left alone. -@c ENDOFRANGE dataf -@c ENDOFRANGE flibdataf -@c ENDOFRANGE libfdataf @node Getopt Function @section Processing Command-Line Options -@c STARTOFRANGE libfclo @cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, command-line options -@c STARTOFRANGE flibclo @cindex functions, library, command-line options -@c STARTOFRANGE clop @cindex command-line options, processing -@c STARTOFRANGE oclp @cindex options, command-line, processing -@c STARTOFRANGE clibf @cindex functions, library, C library @cindex arguments, processing Most utilities on POSIX-compatible systems take options on @@ -22390,21 +22192,13 @@ further options Several of the sample programs presented in @ref{Sample Programs}, use @code{getopt()} to process their arguments. -@c ENDOFRANGE libfclo -@c ENDOFRANGE flibclo -@c ENDOFRANGE clop -@c ENDOFRANGE oclp @node Passwd Functions @section Reading the User Database -@c STARTOFRANGE libfudata @cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, user database, reading -@c STARTOFRANGE flibudata @cindex functions, library, user database@comma{} reading -@c STARTOFRANGE udatar @cindex user database@comma{} reading -@c STARTOFRANGE dataur @cindex database, users@comma{} reading @cindex @code{PROCINFO} array The @code{PROCINFO} array @@ -22751,21 +22545,13 @@ and such a change would clutter up the code. The @command{id} program in @DBREF{Id Program} uses these functions. -@c ENDOFRANGE libfudata -@c ENDOFRANGE flibudata -@c ENDOFRANGE udatar -@c ENDOFRANGE dataur @node Group Functions @section Reading the Group Database -@c STARTOFRANGE libfgdata @cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, group database, reading -@c STARTOFRANGE flibgdata @cindex functions, library, group database@comma{} reading -@c STARTOFRANGE gdatar @cindex group database, reading -@c STARTOFRANGE datagr @cindex database, group, reading @cindex @code{PROCINFO} array, and group membership @cindex @code{getgrent()} function (C library) @@ -23088,7 +22874,6 @@ function getgrent() @} @c endfile @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE clibf @cindex @code{endgrent()} function (C library) The @code{endgrent()} function resets @code{_gr_count} to zero so that @code{getgrent()} can @@ -23177,10 +22962,6 @@ $ @kbd{gawk -f walk_array.awk} @print{} a[4][2] = 42 @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE libfgdata -@c ENDOFRANGE flibgdata -@c ENDOFRANGE gdatar -@c ENDOFRANGE libf @node Library Functions Summary @section Summary @@ -23294,13 +23075,9 @@ output identical to that of the original version. @end enumerate @c EXCLUDE END -@c ENDOFRANGE flib -@c ENDOFRANGE fudlib -@c ENDOFRANGE datagr @node Sample Programs @chapter Practical @command{awk} Programs -@c STARTOFRANGE awkpex @cindex @command{awk} programs, examples of @c FULLXREF ON @@ -23370,7 +23147,6 @@ cut.awk -- -c1-8 myfiles > results @node Clones @section Reinventing Wheels for Fun and Profit -@c STARTOFRANGE posimawk @cindex POSIX, programs@comma{} implementing in @command{awk} This @value{SECTION} presents a number of POSIX utilities implemented in @@ -23401,11 +23177,8 @@ The programs are presented in alphabetical order. @subsection Cutting Out Fields and Columns @cindex @command{cut} utility -@c STARTOFRANGE cut @cindex @command{cut} utility -@c STARTOFRANGE ficut @cindex fields, cutting -@c STARTOFRANGE colcut @cindex columns, cutting The @command{cut} utility selects, or ``cuts,'' characters or fields from its standard input and sends them to its standard output. @@ -23713,21 +23486,14 @@ other @command{awk} implementations to use @code{substr()} it is also extremely painful. The @code{FIELDWIDTHS} variable supplies an elegant solution to the problem of picking the input line apart by characters. -@c ENDOFRANGE cut -@c ENDOFRANGE ficut -@c ENDOFRANGE colcut @node Egrep Program @subsection Searching for Regular Expressions in Files -@c STARTOFRANGE regexps @cindex regular expressions, searching for -@c STARTOFRANGE sfregexp @cindex searching, files for regular expressions -@c STARTOFRANGE fsregexp @cindex files, searching for regular expressions -@c STARTOFRANGE egrep @cindex @command{egrep} utility The @command{egrep} utility searches files for patterns. It uses regular expressions that are almost identical to those available in @command{awk} @@ -23995,17 +23761,12 @@ function usage() @c endfile @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE regexps -@c ENDOFRANGE sfregexp -@c ENDOFRANGE fsregexp -@c ENDOFRANGE egrep @node Id Program @subsection Printing Out User Information @cindex printing, user information @cindex users, information about, printing -@c STARTOFRANGE id @cindex @command{id} utility The @command{id} utility lists a user's real and effective user ID numbers, real and effective group ID numbers, and the user's group set, if any. @@ -24134,16 +23895,13 @@ code that is used repeatedly, making the whole program shorter and cleaner. In particular, moving the check for the empty string into this function saves several lines of code. -@c ENDOFRANGE id @node Split Program @subsection Splitting a Large File into Pieces @c FIXME: One day, update to current POSIX version of split -@c STARTOFRANGE filspl @cindex files, splitting -@c STARTOFRANGE split @cindex @code{split} utility The @command{split} program splits large text files into smaller pieces. Usage is as follows:@footnote{This is the traditional usage. The @@ -24278,15 +24036,12 @@ You might want to consider how to eliminate the use of way as to solve the EBCDIC issue as well. @end ifset -@c ENDOFRANGE filspl -@c ENDOFRANGE split @node Tee Program @subsection Duplicating Output into Multiple Files @cindex files, multiple@comma{} duplicating output into @cindex output, duplicating into files -@c STARTOFRANGE tee @cindex @code{tee} utility The @code{tee} program is known as a ``pipe fitting.'' @code{tee} copies its standard input to its standard output and also duplicates it to the @@ -24399,18 +24154,14 @@ END @{ @} @c endfile @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE tee @node Uniq Program @subsection Printing Nonduplicated Lines of Text @c FIXME: One day, update to current POSIX version of uniq -@c STARTOFRANGE prunt @cindex printing, unduplicated lines of text -@c STARTOFRANGE tpul @cindex text@comma{} printing, unduplicated lines of -@c STARTOFRANGE uniq @cindex @command{uniq} utility The @command{uniq} utility reads sorted lines of data on its standard input, and by default removes duplicate lines. In other words, it only @@ -24679,26 +24430,17 @@ suggestion. @end ifset -@c ENDOFRANGE prunt -@c ENDOFRANGE tpul -@c ENDOFRANGE uniq @node Wc Program @subsection Counting Things @c FIXME: One day, update to current POSIX version of wc -@c STARTOFRANGE count @cindex counting -@c STARTOFRANGE infco @cindex input files, counting elements in -@c STARTOFRANGE woco @cindex words, counting -@c STARTOFRANGE chco @cindex characters, counting -@c STARTOFRANGE lico @cindex lines, counting -@c STARTOFRANGE wc @cindex @command{wc} utility The @command{wc} (word count) utility counts lines, words, and characters in one or more input files. Its usage is as follows: @@ -24868,13 +24610,6 @@ END @{ @} @c endfile @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE count -@c ENDOFRANGE infco -@c ENDOFRANGE lico -@c ENDOFRANGE woco -@c ENDOFRANGE chco -@c ENDOFRANGE wc -@c ENDOFRANGE posimawk @node Miscellaneous Programs @section A Grab Bag of @command{awk} Programs @@ -25005,9 +24740,7 @@ Aharon Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com> wrote: @author Erik Quanstrom @end quotation -@c STARTOFRANGE tialarm @cindex time, alarm clock example program -@c STARTOFRANGE alaex @cindex alarm clock example program The following program is a simple ``alarm clock'' program. You give it a time of day and an optional message. At the specified time, @@ -25159,15 +24892,11 @@ seconds are necessary: @} @c endfile @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE tialarm -@c ENDOFRANGE alaex @node Translate Program @subsection Transliterating Characters -@c STARTOFRANGE chtra @cindex characters, transliterating -@c STARTOFRANGE tr @cindex @command{tr} utility The system @command{tr} utility transliterates characters. For example, it is often used to map uppercase letters into lowercase for further processing: @@ -25315,15 +25044,11 @@ such as @samp{a-z}, as allowed by the @command{tr} utility. Look at the code for @file{cut.awk} (@pxref{Cut Program}) for inspiration. -@c ENDOFRANGE chtra -@c ENDOFRANGE tr @node Labels Program @subsection Printing Mailing Labels -@c STARTOFRANGE prml @cindex printing, mailing labels -@c STARTOFRANGE mlprint @cindex mailing labels@comma{} printing Here is a ``real world''@footnote{``Real world'' is defined as ``a program actually used to get something done.''} @@ -25387,7 +25112,6 @@ that there are two blank lines at the top and two blank lines at the bottom. The @code{END} rule arranges to flush the final page of labels; there may not have been an even multiple of 20 labels in the data: -@c STARTOFRANGE labels @cindex @code{labels.awk} program @example @c file eg/prog/labels.awk @@ -25452,14 +25176,10 @@ END @{ @} @c endfile @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE prml -@c ENDOFRANGE mlprint -@c ENDOFRANGE labels @node Word Sorting @subsection Generating Word-Usage Counts -@c STARTOFRANGE worus @cindex words, usage counts@comma{} generating When working with large amounts of text, it can be interesting to know @@ -25521,7 +25241,6 @@ to remove punctuation characters. Finally, we solve the third problem by using the system @command{sort} utility to process the output of the @command{awk} script. Here is the new version of the program: -@c STARTOFRANGE wordfreq @cindex @code{wordfreq.awk} program @example @c file eg/prog/wordfreq.awk @@ -25586,13 +25305,10 @@ This way of sorting must be used on systems that do not have true pipes at the command-line (or batch-file) level. See the general operating system documentation for more information on how to use the @command{sort} program. -@c ENDOFRANGE worus -@c ENDOFRANGE wordfreq @node History Sorting @subsection Removing Duplicates from Unsorted Text -@c STARTOFRANGE lidu @cindex lines, duplicate@comma{} removing The @command{uniq} program (@pxref{Uniq Program}), @@ -25617,7 +25333,6 @@ Each element of @code{lines} is a unique command, and the indices of The @code{END} rule simply prints out the lines, in order: @cindex Rakitzis, Byron -@c STARTOFRANGE histsort @cindex @code{histsort.awk} program @example @c file eg/prog/histsort.awk @@ -25660,15 +25375,11 @@ print data[lines[i]], lines[i] @noindent This works because @code{data[$0]} is incremented each time a line is seen. -@c ENDOFRANGE lidu -@c ENDOFRANGE histsort @node Extract Program @subsection Extracting Programs from Texinfo Source Files -@c STARTOFRANGE texse @cindex Texinfo, extracting programs from source files -@c STARTOFRANGE fitex @cindex files, Texinfo@comma{} extracting programs from @ifnotinfo Both this chapter and the previous chapter @@ -25772,7 +25483,6 @@ The first rule handles calling @code{system()}, checking that a command is given (@code{NF} is at least three) and also checking that the command exits with a zero exit status, signifying OK: -@c STARTOFRANGE extract @cindex @code{extract.awk} program @example @c file eg/prog/extract.awk @@ -25918,9 +25628,6 @@ END @{ @} @c endfile @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE texse -@c ENDOFRANGE fitex -@c ENDOFRANGE extract @node Simple Sed @subsection A Simple Stream Editor @@ -25950,7 +25657,6 @@ additional arguments are treated as @value{DF} names to process. If none are provided, the standard input is used: @cindex Brennan, Michael -@c STARTOFRANGE awksed @cindex @command{awksed.awk} program @c @cindex simple stream editor @c @cindex stream editor, simple @@ -26027,14 +25733,11 @@ The @code{usage()} function prints an error message and exits. Finally, the single rule handles the printing scheme outlined earlier, using @code{print} or @code{printf} as appropriate, depending upon the value of @code{RT}. -@c ENDOFRANGE awksed @node Igawk Program @subsection An Easy Way to Use Library Functions -@c STARTOFRANGE libfex @cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, example program for using -@c STARTOFRANGE flibex @cindex functions, library, example program for using In @ref{Include Files}, we saw how @command{gawk} provides a built-in file-inclusion capability. However, this is a @command{gawk} extension. @@ -26173,7 +25876,6 @@ program. The program is as follows: -@c STARTOFRANGE igawk @cindex @code{igawk.sh} program @example @c file eg/prog/igawk.sh @@ -26498,10 +26200,6 @@ features to a program; they can often be layered on top.@footnote{@command{gawk} does @code{@@include} processing itself in order to support the use of @command{awk} programs as Web CGI scripts.} -@c ENDOFRANGE libfex -@c ENDOFRANGE flibex -@c ENDOFRANGE awkpex -@c ENDOFRANGE igawk @node Anagram Program @subsection Finding Anagrams from a Dictionary @@ -26525,7 +26223,6 @@ The following program uses arrays of arrays to bring together words with the same signature and array sorting to print the words in sorted order: -@c STARTOFRANGE anagram @cindex @code{anagram.awk} program @example @c file eg/prog/anagram.awk @@ -26634,7 +26331,6 @@ babery yabber @dots{} @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE anagram @node Signature Program @subsection And Now for Something Completely Different @@ -26954,9 +26650,7 @@ It contains the following chapters: @node Advanced Features @chapter Advanced Features of @command{gawk} -@c STARTOFRANGE gawadv @cindex @command{gawk}, features, advanced -@c STARTOFRANGE advgaw @cindex advanced features, @command{gawk} @ignore Contributed by: Peter Langston <pud!psl@bellcore.bellcore.com> @@ -27666,7 +27360,6 @@ using regular pipes. @section Using @command{gawk} for Network Programming @cindex advanced features, network programming @cindex networks, programming -@c STARTOFRANGE tcpip @cindex TCP/IP @cindex @code{/inet/@dots{}} special files (@command{gawk}) @cindex files, @code{/inet/@dots{}} (@command{gawk}) @@ -27783,13 +27476,10 @@ which comes as part of the @command{gawk} distribution, for a much more complete introduction and discussion, as well as extensive examples. -@c ENDOFRANGE tcpip @node Profiling @section Profiling Your @command{awk} Programs -@c STARTOFRANGE awkp @cindex @command{awk} programs, profiling -@c STARTOFRANGE proawk @cindex profiling @command{awk} programs @cindex @code{awkprof.out} file @cindex files, @code{awkprof.out} @@ -28100,8 +27790,6 @@ When called this way, @command{gawk} ``pretty prints'' the program into The @option{--pretty-print} option still runs your program. This will change in the next major release. @end quotation -@c ENDOFRANGE awkp -@c ENDOFRANGE proawk @node Advanced Features Summary @section Summary @@ -28148,8 +27836,6 @@ the program, but that will change in the next major release. @end itemize -@c ENDOFRANGE advgaw -@c ENDOFRANGE gawadv @node Internationalization @chapter Internationalization with @command{gawk} @@ -28162,7 +27848,6 @@ countries, they were able to sell more systems. As a result, internationalization and localization of programs and software systems became a common practice. -@c STARTOFRANGE inloc @cindex internationalization, localization @cindex @command{gawk}, internationalization and, See internationalization @cindex internationalization, localization, @command{gawk} and @@ -28207,7 +27892,6 @@ monetary values are printed and read. @section GNU @command{gettext} @cindex internationalizing a program -@c STARTOFRANGE gettex @cindex @command{gettext} library @command{gawk} uses GNU @command{gettext} to provide its internationalization features. @@ -28259,7 +27943,6 @@ lookup of the translations. @cindex @code{.po} files @cindex files, @code{.po} -@c STARTOFRANGE portobfi @cindex portable object files @cindex files, portable object @item @@ -28271,7 +27954,6 @@ For example, there might be a @file{fr.po} for a French translation. @cindex @code{.gmo} files @cindex files, @code{.gmo} @cindex message object files -@c STARTOFRANGE portmsgfi @cindex files, message object @item Each language's @file{.po} file is converted into a binary @@ -28399,11 +28081,9 @@ before or after the day in a date, local month abbreviations, and so on. @item LC_ALL All of the above. (Not too useful in the context of @command{gettext}.) @end table -@c ENDOFRANGE gettex @node Programmer i18n @section Internationalizing @command{awk} Programs -@c STARTOFRANGE inap @cindex @command{awk} programs, internationalizing @command{gawk} provides the following variables and functions for @@ -28636,8 +28316,6 @@ to provide you translations that you can also then distribute. @DBXREF{I18N Example} for the full list of steps to go through to create and test translations for @command{guide}. -@c ENDOFRANGE portobfi -@c ENDOFRANGE portmsgfi @node Printf Ordering @subsection Rearranging @code{printf} Arguments @@ -28813,7 +28491,6 @@ However, because the positional specifications are primarily for use in @emph{translated} format strings, and because non-GNU @command{awk}s never retrieve the translated string, this should not be a problem in practice. @end itemize -@c ENDOFRANGE inap @node I18N Example @section A Simple Internationalization Example @@ -29009,7 +28686,6 @@ a number of translations for its messages. @end itemize -@c ENDOFRANGE inloc @node Debugger @chapter Debugging @command{awk} Programs @@ -35442,9 +35118,7 @@ online documentation}. @node V7/SVR3.1 @appendixsec Major Changes Between V7 and SVR3.1 -@c STARTOFRANGE gawkv @cindex @command{awk}, versions of -@c STARTOFRANGE gawkv1 @cindex @command{awk}, versions of, changes between V7 and SVR3.1 The @command{awk} language evolved considerably between the release of @@ -35531,7 +35205,6 @@ Multiple @code{BEGIN} and @code{END} rules Multidimensional arrays (@pxref{Multidimensional}). @end itemize -@c ENDOFRANGE gawkv1 @node SVR4 @appendixsec Changes Between SVR3.1 and SVR4 @@ -35646,7 +35319,6 @@ not permitted by the POSIX standard. The 2008 POSIX standard can be found online at @url{http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/}. -@c ENDOFRANGE gawkv @node BTL @appendixsec Extensions in Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} @@ -35692,11 +35364,8 @@ available in his @command{awk}. @node POSIX/GNU @appendixsec Extensions in @command{gawk} Not in POSIX @command{awk} -@c STARTOFRANGE fripls @cindex compatibility mode (@command{gawk}), extensions -@c STARTOFRANGE exgnot @cindex extensions, in @command{gawk}, not in POSIX @command{awk} -@c STARTOFRANGE posnot @cindex POSIX, @command{gawk} extensions not included in The GNU implementation, @command{gawk}, adds a large number of features. They can all be disabled with either the @option{--traditional} or @@ -36006,9 +35675,6 @@ Ultrix @c XXX ADD MORE STUFF HERE -@c ENDOFRANGE fripls -@c ENDOFRANGE exgnot -@c ENDOFRANGE posnot @c This does not need to be in the formal book. @ifclear FOR_PRINT @@ -37057,9 +36723,7 @@ the appropriate credit where credit is due. @c last two commas are part of see also @cindex operating systems, See Also GNU/Linux@comma{} PC operating systems@comma{} Unix -@c STARTOFRANGE gligawk @cindex @command{gawk}, installing -@c STARTOFRANGE ingawk @cindex installing @command{gawk} This appendix provides instructions for installing @command{gawk} on the various platforms that are supported by the developers. The primary @@ -37169,7 +36833,6 @@ a local expert. @node Distribution contents @appendixsubsec Contents of the @command{gawk} Distribution -@c STARTOFRANGE gawdis @cindex @command{gawk}, distribution The @command{gawk} distribution has a number of C source files, @@ -37362,7 +37025,6 @@ directory to run your version of @command{gawk} against the test suite. If @command{gawk} successfully passes @samp{make check}, then you can be confident of a successful port. @end table -@c ENDOFRANGE gawdis @node Unix Installation @appendixsec Compiling and Installing @command{gawk} on Unix-Like Systems @@ -37788,9 +37450,7 @@ multibyte functionality is not available. @node PC Using @appendixsubsubsec Using @command{gawk} on PC Operating Systems -@c STARTOFRANGE opgawx @cindex operating systems, PC, @command{gawk} on -@c STARTOFRANGE pcgawon @cindex PC operating systems, @command{gawk} on Under MS-DOS and MS-Windows, the Cygwin and MinGW environments support @@ -38298,8 +37958,6 @@ $ @kbd{gawk :== $sys$common:[syshlp.examples.tcpip.snmp]gawk.exe} This is apparently @value{PVERSION} 2.15.6, which is extremely old. We recommend compiling and using the current version. -@c ENDOFRANGE opgawx -@c ENDOFRANGE pcgawon @node Bugs @appendixsec Reporting Problems and Bugs @@ -38310,9 +37968,7 @@ recommend compiling and using the current version. @end quotation @c the radio show, not the book. :-) -@c STARTOFRANGE dbugg @cindex debugging @command{gawk}, bug reports -@c STARTOFRANGE tblgawb @cindex troubleshooting, @command{gawk}, bug reports If you have problems with @command{gawk} or think that you have found a bug, report it to the developers; we cannot promise to do anything @@ -38409,12 +38065,9 @@ The people maintaining the various @command{gawk} ports are: If your bug is also reproducible under Unix, send a copy of your report to the @EMAIL{bug-gawk@@gnu.org,bug-gawk at gnu dot org} email list as well. -@c ENDOFRANGE dbugg -@c ENDOFRANGE tblgawb @node Other Versions @appendixsec Other Freely Available @command{awk} Implementations -@c STARTOFRANGE awkim @cindex @command{awk}, implementations @ignore From: emory!amc.com!brennan (Michael Brennan) @@ -38635,7 +38288,6 @@ See also the ``Versions and implementations'' section of the Wikipedia article} for information on additional versions. @end table -@c ENDOFRANGE awkim @node Installation summary @appendixsec Summary @@ -38673,15 +38325,11 @@ implementations. Many are POSIX compliant; others are less so. @end itemize -@c ENDOFRANGE gligawk -@c ENDOFRANGE ingawk @ifclear FOR_PRINT @node Notes @appendix Implementation Notes -@c STARTOFRANGE gawii @cindex @command{gawk}, implementation issues -@c STARTOFRANGE impis @cindex implementation issues, @command{gawk} This appendix contains information mainly of interest to implementers and @@ -38786,11 +38434,8 @@ that has a Git plug-in for working with Git repositories. @node Adding Code @appendixsubsec Adding New Features -@c STARTOFRANGE adfgaw @cindex adding, features to @command{gawk} -@c STARTOFRANGE fadgaw @cindex features, adding to @command{gawk} -@c STARTOFRANGE gawadf @cindex @command{gawk}, features, adding You are free to add any new features you like to @command{gawk}. However, if you want your changes to be incorporated into the @command{gawk} @@ -38957,9 +38602,6 @@ Although this sounds like a lot of work, please remember that while you may write the new code, I have to maintain it and support it. If it isn't possible for me to do that with a minimum of extra work, then I probably will not. -@c ENDOFRANGE adfgaw -@c ENDOFRANGE gawadf -@c ENDOFRANGE fadgaw @node New Ports @appendixsubsec Porting @command{gawk} to a New Operating System @@ -39093,7 +38735,6 @@ coding style and brace layout that suits your taste. @node Derived Files @appendixsubsec Why Generated Files Are Kept In Git -@c STARTOFRANGE gawkgit @cindex Git, use of for @command{gawk} source code @c From emails written March 22, 2012, to the gawk developers list. @@ -39282,7 +38923,6 @@ wget http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gawk.git/snapshot/gawk-@var{branchname}.ta @noindent to retrieve a snapshot of the given branch. -@c ENDOFRANGE gawkgit @node Future Extensions @appendixsec Probable Future Extensions @@ -39663,13 +39303,10 @@ of @command{gawk}, but it @emph{will} be removed in the next major release. @end itemize -@c ENDOFRANGE impis -@c ENDOFRANGE gawii @node Basic Concepts @appendix Basic Programming Concepts @cindex programming, concepts -@c STARTOFRANGE procon @cindex programming, concepts This @value{APPENDIX} attempts to define some of the basic concepts @@ -39907,7 +39544,6 @@ standard for C. This standard became an ISO standard in 1990. In 1999, a revised ISO C standard was approved and released. Where it makes sense, POSIX @command{awk} is compatible with 1999 ISO C. -@c ENDOFRANGE procon @node Glossary @unnumbered Glossary diff --git a/doc/gawktexi.in b/doc/gawktexi.in index 4d11a082..7379a9c9 100644 --- a/doc/gawktexi.in +++ b/doc/gawktexi.in @@ -2563,9 +2563,7 @@ for programs that are provided on the @command{awk} command line. (Also, placing the program in a file allows us to use a literal single quote in the program text, instead of the magic @samp{\47}.) -@c STARTOFRANGE sq1x @cindex single quote (@code{'}) in @command{gawk} command lines -@c STARTOFRANGE qs2x @cindex @code{'} (single quote) in @command{gawk} command lines If you want to clearly identify an @command{awk} program file as such, you can add the extension @file{.awk} to the @value{FN}. This doesn't @@ -2883,8 +2881,6 @@ $ @kbd{awk "BEGIN @{ print \"Here is a single quote <'>\" @}"} @end example @noindent -@c ENDOFRANGE sq1x -@c ENDOFRANGE qs2x This option is also painful, because double quotes, backslashes, and dollar signs are very common in more advanced @command{awk} programs. @@ -3649,13 +3645,9 @@ warning that the program is empty. @node Options @section Command-Line Options -@c STARTOFRANGE ocl @cindex options, command-line -@c STARTOFRANGE clo @cindex command line, options -@c STARTOFRANGE gnulo @cindex GNU long options -@c STARTOFRANGE longo @cindex options, long Options begin with a dash and consist of a single character. @@ -3744,8 +3736,6 @@ by the user that could start with @samp{-}. It is also useful for passing options on to the @command{awk} program; see @ref{Getopt Function}. @end table -@c ENDOFRANGE gnulo -@c ENDOFRANGE longo The following list describes @command{gawk}-specific options: @@ -4201,8 +4191,6 @@ setenv POSIXLY_CORRECT true Having @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} set is not recommended for daily use, but it is good for testing the portability of your programs to other environments. -@c ENDOFRANGE ocl -@c ENDOFRANGE clo @node Other Arguments @section Other Command-Line Arguments @@ -4872,7 +4860,6 @@ or C++ using the @code{@@load} statement and/or the @option{-l} option. @node Regexp @chapter Regular Expressions @cindex regexp -@c STARTOFRANGE regexp @cindex regular expressions A @dfn{regular expression}, or @dfn{regexp}, is a way of describing a @@ -5228,7 +5215,6 @@ escape sequences literally when used in regexp constants. Thus, @node Regexp Operators @section Regular Expression Operators -@c STARTOFRANGE regexpo @cindex regular expressions, operators @cindex metacharacters in regular expressions @@ -5460,11 +5446,9 @@ usage as a syntax error. If @command{gawk} is in compatibility mode (@pxref{Options}), interval expressions are not available in regular expressions. -@c ENDOFRANGE regexpo @node Bracket Expressions @section Using Bracket Expressions -@c STARTOFRANGE charlist @cindex bracket expressions @cindex bracket expressions, range expressions @cindex range expressions (regexps) @@ -5608,7 +5592,6 @@ expression matching currently recognize only POSIX character classes; they do not recognize collating symbols or equivalence classes. @end quotation @c maybe one day ... -@c ENDOFRANGE charlist @node Leftmost Longest @section How Much Text Matches? @@ -5652,9 +5635,7 @@ and also @pxref{Field Separators}). @node Computed Regexps @section Using Dynamic Regexps -@c STARTOFRANGE dregexp @cindex regular expressions, computed -@c STARTOFRANGE regexpd @cindex regular expressions, dynamic @cindex @code{~} (tilde), @code{~} operator @cindex tilde (@code{~}), @code{~} operator @@ -5761,17 +5742,13 @@ $ @kbd{awk '$0 ~ /[ \t\n]/'} @command{gawk} does not have this problem, and it isn't likely to occur often in practice, but it's worth noting for future reference. @end sidebar -@c ENDOFRANGE dregexp -@c ENDOFRANGE regexpd @node GNU Regexp Operators @section @command{gawk}-Specific Regexp Operators @c This section adapted (long ago) from the regex-0.12 manual -@c STARTOFRANGE regexpg @cindex regular expressions, operators, @command{gawk} -@c STARTOFRANGE gregexp @cindex @command{gawk}, regular expressions, operators @cindex operators, GNU-specific @cindex regular expressions, operators, for words @@ -5936,15 +5913,11 @@ Allow interval expressions in regexps, if @option{--traditional} has been provided. Otherwise, interval expressions are available by default. @end table -@c ENDOFRANGE gregexp -@c ENDOFRANGE regexpg @node Case-sensitivity @section Case Sensitivity in Matching -@c STARTOFRANGE regexpcs @cindex regular expressions, case sensitivity -@c STARTOFRANGE csregexp @cindex case sensitivity, regexps and Case is normally significant in regular expressions, both when matching ordinary characters (i.e., not metacharacters) and inside bracket @@ -6036,8 +6009,6 @@ the right thing.} The value of @code{IGNORECASE} has no effect if @command{gawk} is in compatibility mode (@pxref{Options}). Case is always significant in compatibility mode. -@c ENDOFRANGE csregexp -@c ENDOFRANGE regexpcs @node Regexp Summary @section Summary @@ -6084,12 +6055,10 @@ versions, use @code{tolower()} or @code{toupper()}. @end itemize -@c ENDOFRANGE regexp @node Reading Files @chapter Reading Input Files -@c STARTOFRANGE infir @cindex reading input files @cindex input files, reading @cindex input files @@ -6140,9 +6109,7 @@ used with it do not have to be named on the @command{awk} command line @node Records @section How Input Is Split into Records -@c STARTOFRANGE inspl @cindex input, splitting into records -@c STARTOFRANGE recspl @cindex records, splitting input into @cindex @code{NR} variable @cindex @code{FNR} variable @@ -6442,8 +6409,6 @@ character as a record separator. However, this is a special case: whole files. If you are using @command{gawk}, see @DBREF{Extension Sample Readfile} for another option. @end sidebar -@c ENDOFRANGE inspl -@c ENDOFRANGE recspl @node Fields @section Examining Fields @@ -6451,7 +6416,6 @@ Readfile} for another option. @cindex examining fields @cindex fields @cindex accessing fields -@c STARTOFRANGE fiex @cindex fields, examining @cindex POSIX @command{awk}, field separators and @cindex field separators, POSIX and @@ -6532,7 +6496,6 @@ $ @kbd{awk '/li/ @{ print $1, $NF @}' mail-list} @print{} Julie F @print{} Samuel A @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE fiex @node Nonconstant Fields @section Nonconstant Field Numbers @@ -6593,7 +6556,6 @@ evaluating @code{NF} and using its value as a field number. @node Changing Fields @section Changing the Contents of a Field -@c STARTOFRANGE ficon @cindex fields, changing contents of The contents of a field, as seen by @command{awk}, can be changed within an @command{awk} program; this changes what @command{awk} perceives as the @@ -6785,7 +6747,6 @@ itself. Instead, you must force the record to be rebuilt, typically with a statement such as @samp{$1 = $1}, as described earlier. @end sidebar -@c ENDOFRANGE ficon @node Field Separators @section Specifying How Fields Are Separated @@ -6801,9 +6762,7 @@ with a statement such as @samp{$1 = $1}, as described earlier. @cindex @code{FS} variable @cindex fields, separating -@c STARTOFRANGE fisepr @cindex field separators -@c STARTOFRANGE fisepg @cindex fields, separating The @dfn{field separator}, which is either a single character or a regular expression, controls the way @command{awk} splits an input record into fields. @@ -6903,9 +6862,7 @@ rules. @node Regexp Field Splitting @subsection Using Regular Expressions to Separate Fields -@c STARTOFRANGE regexpfs @cindex regular expressions, as field separators -@c STARTOFRANGE fsregexp @cindex field separators, regular expressions as The previous @value{SUBSECTION} discussed the use of single characters or simple strings as the @@ -7009,8 +6966,6 @@ $ @kbd{echo 'xxAA xxBxx C' |} @print{} -->xxBxx<-- @print{} -->C<-- @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE regexpfs -@c ENDOFRANGE fsregexp @node Single Character Fields @subsection Making Each Character a Separate Field @@ -7271,8 +7226,6 @@ do it for you (e.g., @samp{FS = "[c]"}). In this case, @code{IGNORECASE} will take effect. @end sidebar -@c ENDOFRANGE fisepr -@c ENDOFRANGE fisepg @node Constant Size @section Reading Fixed-Width Data @@ -7536,11 +7489,8 @@ last assigned to. @section Multiple-Line Records @cindex multiple-line records -@c STARTOFRANGE recm @cindex records, multiline -@c STARTOFRANGE imr @cindex input, multiline records -@c STARTOFRANGE frm @cindex files, reading, multiline records @cindex input, files, See input files In some databases, a single line cannot conveniently hold all the @@ -7707,16 +7657,11 @@ If not in compatibility mode (@pxref{Options}), @command{gawk} sets @code{RT} to the input text that matched the value specified by @code{RS}. But if the input file ended without any text that matches @code{RS}, then @command{gawk} sets @code{RT} to the null string. -@c ENDOFRANGE recm -@c ENDOFRANGE imr -@c ENDOFRANGE frm @node Getline @section Explicit Input with @code{getline} -@c STARTOFRANGE getl @cindex @code{getline} command, explicit input with -@c STARTOFRANGE inex @cindex input, explicit So far we have been getting our input data from @command{awk}'s main input stream---either the standard input (usually your keyboard, sometimes @@ -8306,9 +8251,6 @@ Note: for each variant, @command{gawk} sets the @code{RT} predefined variable. @item @var{command} @code{|& getline} @var{var} @tab Sets @var{var} and @code{RT} @tab @command{gawk} @end multitable @end float -@c ENDOFRANGE getl -@c ENDOFRANGE inex -@c ENDOFRANGE infir @node Read Timeout @section Reading Input with a Timeout @@ -8543,7 +8485,6 @@ That can be fixed by making one simple change. What is it? @node Printing @chapter Printing Output -@c STARTOFRANGE prnt @cindex printing @cindex output, printing, See printing One of the most common programming actions is to @dfn{print}, or output, @@ -8559,7 +8500,6 @@ columns, whether to use exponential notation or not, and so on. For printing with specifications, you need the @code{printf} statement (@pxref{Printf}). -@c STARTOFRANGE prnts @cindex @code{print} statement @cindex @code{printf} statement Besides basic and formatted printing, this @value{CHAPTER} @@ -8739,7 +8679,6 @@ You can continue either a @code{print} or @code{printf} statement simply by putting a newline after any comma (@pxref{Statements/Lines}). @end quotation -@c ENDOFRANGE prnts @node Output Separators @section Output Separators @@ -8852,7 +8791,6 @@ if @code{OFMT} contains anything but a floating-point conversion specification. @node Printf @section Using @code{printf} Statements for Fancier Printing -@c STARTOFRANGE printfs @cindex @code{printf} statement @cindex output, formatted @cindex formatting output @@ -9050,7 +8988,6 @@ values or do something else entirely. @node Format Modifiers @subsection Modifiers for @code{printf} Formats -@c STARTOFRANGE pfm @cindex @code{printf} statement, modifiers @cindex modifiers@comma{} in format specifiers A format specification can also include @dfn{modifiers} that can control @@ -9256,7 +9193,6 @@ format strings. These are not valid in @command{awk}. Most @command{awk} implementations silently ignore them. If @option{--lint} is provided on the command line (@pxref{Options}), @command{gawk} warns about their use. If @option{--posix} is supplied, their use is a fatal error. -@c ENDOFRANGE pfm @node Printf Examples @subsection Examples Using @code{printf} @@ -9337,14 +9273,11 @@ awk 'BEGIN @{ format = "%-10s %s\n" @{ printf format, $1, $2 @}' mail-list @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE printfs @node Redirection @section Redirecting Output of @code{print} and @code{printf} -@c STARTOFRANGE outre @cindex output redirection -@c STARTOFRANGE reout @cindex redirection of output @cindex @option{--sandbox} option, output redirection with @code{print}, @code{printf} So far, the output from @code{print} and @code{printf} has gone @@ -9561,8 +9494,6 @@ It then sends the list to the shell for execution. @DBXREF{Shell Quoting} for a function that can help in generating command lines to be fed to the shell. @end sidebar -@c ENDOFRANGE outre -@c ENDOFRANGE reout @node Special FD @section Special Files for Standard Pre-Opened Data Streams @@ -9672,7 +9603,6 @@ invoked with the @option{--traditional} option (@pxref{Options}). @node Special Files @section Special @value{FFN}s in @command{gawk} -@c STARTOFRANGE gfn @cindex @command{gawk}, file names in Besides access to standard input, standard output, and standard error, @@ -9763,18 +9693,13 @@ the time this does not matter; however, it is important to @emph{not} close any of the files related to file descriptors 0, 1, and 2. Doing so results in unpredictable behavior. @end itemize -@c ENDOFRANGE gfn @node Close Files And Pipes @section Closing Input and Output Redirections @cindex files, output, See output files -@c STARTOFRANGE ifc @cindex input files, closing -@c STARTOFRANGE ofc @cindex output, files@comma{} closing -@c STARTOFRANGE pc @cindex pipe, closing -@c STARTOFRANGE cc @cindex coprocesses, closing @cindex @code{getline} command, coprocesses@comma{} using from @@ -9988,10 +9913,6 @@ In POSIX mode (@pxref{Options}), @command{gawk} just returns zero when closing a pipe. @end sidebar -@c ENDOFRANGE ifc -@c ENDOFRANGE ofc -@c ENDOFRANGE pc -@c ENDOFRANGE cc @node Output Summary @section Summary @@ -10055,11 +9976,9 @@ BEGIN @{ print "Serious error detected!" > /dev/stderr @} @end enumerate @c EXCLUDE END -@c ENDOFRANGE prnt @node Expressions @chapter Expressions -@c STARTOFRANGE exps @cindex expressions Expressions are the basic building blocks of @command{awk} patterns @@ -10102,7 +10021,6 @@ which provide the values used in expressions. @node Constants @subsection Constant Expressions -@c STARTOFRANGE cnst @cindex constants, types of The simplest type of expression is the @dfn{constant}, which always has @@ -10259,7 +10177,6 @@ $ @kbd{gawk 'BEGIN @{ printf "0x11 is <%s>\n", 0x11 @}'} @node Regexp Constants @subsubsection Regular Expression Constants -@c STARTOFRANGE rec @cindex regexp constants @cindex @code{~} (tilde), @code{~} operator @cindex tilde (@code{~}), @code{~} operator @@ -10271,7 +10188,6 @@ slashes, such as @code{@w{/^beginning and end$/}}. Most regexps used in matching operators can also match computed or dynamic regexps (which are typically just ordinary strings or variables that contain a regexp, but could be a more complex expression). -@c ENDOFRANGE cnst @node Using Constant Regexps @subsection Using Regular Expression Constants @@ -10382,7 +10298,6 @@ or not @code{$0} matches @code{/hi/}. @command{gawk} issues a warning when it sees a regexp constant used as a parameter to a user-defined function, because passing a truth value in this way is probably not what was intended. -@c ENDOFRANGE rec @node Variables @subsection Variables @@ -10948,11 +10863,8 @@ you're never quite sure what you'll get. @node Assignment Ops @subsection Assignment Expressions -@c STARTOFRANGE asop @cindex assignment operators -@c STARTOFRANGE opas @cindex operators, assignment -@c STARTOFRANGE exas @cindex expressions, assignment @cindex @code{=} (equals sign), @code{=} operator @cindex equals sign (@code{=}), @code{=} operator @@ -11206,16 +11118,11 @@ awk '/[=]=/' /dev/null @command{gawk} does not have this problem; BWK @command{awk} and @command{mawk} also do not. @end sidebar -@c ENDOFRANGE exas -@c ENDOFRANGE opas -@c ENDOFRANGE asop @node Increment Ops @subsection Increment and Decrement Operators -@c STARTOFRANGE inop @cindex increment operators -@c STARTOFRANGE opde @cindex operators, decrement/increment @dfn{Increment} and @dfn{decrement operators} increase or decrease the value of a variable by one. An assignment operator can do the same thing, so @@ -11263,7 +11170,6 @@ just like variables. (Use @samp{$(i++)} when you want to do a field reference and a variable increment at the same time. The parentheses are necessary because of the precedence of the field reference operator @samp{$}.) -@c STARTOFRANGE deop @cindex decrement operators The decrement operator @samp{--} works just like @samp{++}, except that it subtracts one instead of adding it. As with @samp{++}, it can be used before @@ -11339,9 +11245,6 @@ You should avoid such things in your own programs. @c You'll sleep better at night and be able to look at yourself @c in the mirror in the morning. @end sidebar -@c ENDOFRANGE inop -@c ENDOFRANGE opde -@c ENDOFRANGE deop @node Truth Values and Conditions @section Truth Values and Conditions @@ -11406,17 +11309,13 @@ the string constant @code{"0"} is actually true, because it is non-null. @author Douglas Adams, @cite{The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy} @end quotation -@c STARTOFRANGE comex @cindex comparison expressions -@c STARTOFRANGE excom @cindex expressions, comparison @cindex expressions, matching, See comparison expressions @cindex matching, expressions, See comparison expressions @cindex relational operators, See comparison operators @cindex operators, relational, See operators@comma{} comparison -@c STARTOFRANGE varting @cindex variable typing -@c STARTOFRANGE vartypc @cindex variables, types of, comparison expressions and Unlike other programming languages, @command{awk} variables do not have a fixed type. Instead, they can be either a number or a string, depending @@ -11816,19 +11715,13 @@ $ @kbd{gawk --posix 'BEGIN @{ printf("ABC < abc = %s\n",} @print{} ABC < abc = FALSE @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE comex -@c ENDOFRANGE excom -@c ENDOFRANGE vartypc -@c ENDOFRANGE varting @node Boolean Ops @subsection Boolean Expressions @cindex and Boolean-logic operator @cindex or Boolean-logic operator @cindex not Boolean-logic operator -@c STARTOFRANGE exbo @cindex expressions, Boolean -@c STARTOFRANGE boex @cindex Boolean expressions @cindex operators, Boolean, See Boolean expressions @cindex Boolean operators, See Boolean expressions @@ -11974,8 +11867,6 @@ next record, and start processing the rules over again at the top. The reason it's there is to avoid printing the bracketing @samp{START} and @samp{END} lines. @end quotation -@c ENDOFRANGE exbo -@c ENDOFRANGE boex @node Conditional Exp @subsection Conditional Expressions @@ -12154,9 +12045,7 @@ $ @kbd{awk -f matchit.awk} @node Precedence @section Operator Precedence (How Operators Nest) -@c STARTOFRANGE prec @cindex precedence -@c STARTOFRANGE oppr @cindex operators, precedence @dfn{Operator precedence} determines how operators are grouped when @@ -12341,8 +12230,6 @@ Assignment. These operators group right-to-left. The @samp{|&}, @samp{**}, and @samp{**=} operators are not specified by POSIX. For maximum portability, do not use them. @end quotation -@c ENDOFRANGE prec -@c ENDOFRANGE oppr @node Locales @section Where You Are Makes a Difference @@ -12446,11 +12333,9 @@ program, and occasionally the format for data read as input. @end itemize -@c ENDOFRANGE exps @node Patterns and Actions @chapter Patterns, Actions, and Variables -@c STARTOFRANGE pat @cindex patterns As you have already seen, each @command{awk} statement consists of @@ -12746,9 +12631,7 @@ a range pattern. @value{DARKCORNER} @node BEGIN/END @subsection The @code{BEGIN} and @code{END} Special Patterns -@c STARTOFRANGE beg @cindex @code{BEGIN} pattern -@c STARTOFRANGE end @cindex @code{END} pattern All the patterns described so far are for matching input records. The @code{BEGIN} and @code{END} special patterns are different. @@ -12886,8 +12769,6 @@ are not valid in an @code{END} rule, because all the input has been read. @ifdocbook @DBREF{Nextfile Statement}.) @end ifdocbook -@c ENDOFRANGE beg -@c ENDOFRANGE end @node BEGINFILE/ENDFILE @subsection The @code{BEGINFILE} and @code{ENDFILE} Special Patterns @@ -13008,7 +12889,6 @@ awk '@{ print $1 @}' mail-list @noindent prints the first field of every record. -@c ENDOFRANGE pat @node Using Shell Variables @section Using Shell Variables in Programs @@ -13157,11 +13037,8 @@ For deleting array elements. @node Statements @section Control Statements in Actions -@c STARTOFRANGE csta @cindex control statements -@c STARTOFRANGE acs @cindex statements, control, in actions -@c STARTOFRANGE accs @cindex actions, control statements in @dfn{Control statements}, such as @code{if}, @code{while}, and so on, @@ -13879,15 +13756,10 @@ Negative values, and values of 127 or greater, may not produce consistent results across different operating systems. @end quotation -@c ENDOFRANGE csta -@c ENDOFRANGE acs -@c ENDOFRANGE accs @node Built-in Variables @section Predefined Variables -@c STARTOFRANGE bvar @cindex predefined variables -@c STARTOFRANGE varb @cindex variables, predefined Most @command{awk} variables are available to use for your own @@ -13914,9 +13786,7 @@ their areas of activity. @node User-modified @subsection Built-In Variables That Control @command{awk} -@c STARTOFRANGE bvaru @cindex predefined variables, user-modifiable -@c STARTOFRANGE nmbv @cindex user-modifiable variables The following is an alphabetical list of variables that you can change to @@ -14143,17 +14013,11 @@ marked string constants in the source text, as well as for the (@pxref{Internationalization}). The default value of @code{TEXTDOMAIN} is @code{"messages"}. @end table -@c ENDOFRANGE bvar -@c ENDOFRANGE varb -@c ENDOFRANGE bvaru -@c ENDOFRANGE nmbv @node Auto-set @subsection Built-In Variables That Convey Information -@c STARTOFRANGE bvconi @cindex predefined variables, conveying information -@c STARTOFRANGE vbconi @cindex variables, predefined conveying information The following is an alphabetical list of variables that @command{awk} sets automatically on certain occasions in order to provide @@ -14561,8 +14425,6 @@ implementation issues.} neither @code{FUNCTAB} nor @code{SYMTAB} are available as elements within the @code{SYMTAB} array. @end quotation @end table -@c ENDOFRANGE bvconi -@c ENDOFRANGE vbconi @sidebar Changing @code{NR} and @code{FNR} @cindex @code{NR} variable, changing @@ -14809,7 +14671,6 @@ control how @command{awk} will process the provided @value{DF}s. @node Arrays @chapter Arrays in @command{awk} -@c STARTOFRANGE arrs @cindex arrays An @dfn{array} is a table of values called @dfn{elements}. The @@ -14931,9 +14792,7 @@ Only the values are stored; the indices are implicit from the order of the values. Here, 8 is the value at index zero, because 8 appears in the position with zero elements before it. -@c STARTOFRANGE arrin @cindex arrays, indexing -@c STARTOFRANGE inarr @cindex indexing arrays @cindex associative arrays @cindex arrays, associative @@ -15136,8 +14995,6 @@ that array's indices are consecutive integers starting at one. @command{awk}'s arrays are efficient---the time to access an element is independent of the number of elements in the array. -@c ENDOFRANGE arrin -@c ENDOFRANGE inarr @node Reference to Elements @subsection Referring to an Array Element @@ -16190,14 +16047,11 @@ element is itself a subarray. @end itemize -@c ENDOFRANGE arrs @node Functions @chapter Functions -@c STARTOFRANGE funcbi @cindex functions, built-in -@c STARTOFRANGE bifunc @cindex built-in functions This @value{CHAPTER} describes @command{awk}'s built-in functions, which fall into three categories: numeric, string, and I/O. @@ -17743,13 +17597,9 @@ you would see the latter (undesirable) output. @subsection Time Functions @cindex time functions -@c STARTOFRANGE tst @cindex timestamps -@c STARTOFRANGE logftst @cindex log files, timestamps in -@c STARTOFRANGE filogtst @cindex files, log@comma{} timestamps in -@c STARTOFRANGE gawtst @cindex @command{gawk}, timestamps @cindex POSIX @command{awk}, timestamps and @code{awk} programs are commonly used to process log files @@ -17827,7 +17677,6 @@ is out of range, @code{mktime()} returns @minus{}1. @cindex @command{gawk}, @code{PROCINFO} array in @cindex @code{PROCINFO} array @item @code{strftime(}[@var{format} [@code{,} @var{timestamp} [@code{,} @var{utc-flag}] ] ]@code{)} -@c STARTOFRANGE strf @cindexgawkfunc{strftime} @cindex format time string Format the time specified by @var{timestamp} @@ -18076,7 +17925,6 @@ The time as a decimal timestamp in seconds since the epoch. The date in VMS format (e.g., @samp{20-JUN-1991}). @end ignore @end table -@c ENDOFRANGE strf Additionally, the alternative representations are recognized but their normal representations are used. @@ -18127,23 +17975,14 @@ gawk 'BEGIN @{ exit exitval @}' "$@@" @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE tst -@c ENDOFRANGE logftst -@c ENDOFRANGE filogtst -@c ENDOFRANGE gawtst @node Bitwise Functions @subsection Bit-Manipulation Functions @cindex bit-manipulation functions -@c STARTOFRANGE bit @cindex bitwise, operations -@c STARTOFRANGE and @cindex AND bitwise operation -@c STARTOFRANGE oro @cindex OR bitwise operation -@c STARTOFRANGE xor @cindex XOR bitwise operation -@c STARTOFRANGE opbit @cindex operations, bitwise @quotation @i{I can explain it for you, but I can't understand it for you.} @@ -18435,11 +18274,6 @@ decimal and octal values for the same numbers (@pxref{Nondecimal-numbers}), and then demonstrates the results of the @code{compl()}, @code{lshift()}, and @code{rshift()} functions. -@c ENDOFRANGE bit -@c ENDOFRANGE and -@c ENDOFRANGE oro -@c ENDOFRANGE xor -@c ENDOFRANGE opbit @node Type Functions @subsection Getting Type Information @@ -18519,15 +18353,11 @@ variant of the same message. The default value for @var{domain} is the current value of @code{TEXTDOMAIN}. The default value for @var{category} is @code{"LC_MESSAGES"}. @end table -@c ENDOFRANGE funcbi -@c ENDOFRANGE bifunc @node User-defined @section User-Defined Functions -@c STARTOFRANGE udfunc @cindex user-defined functions -@c STARTOFRANGE funcud @cindex functions, user-defined Complicated @command{awk} programs can often be simplified by defining your own functions. User-defined functions can be called just like @@ -18552,7 +18382,6 @@ variable definitions is appallingly awful.} @author Brian Kernighan @end quotation -@c STARTOFRANGE fdef @cindex functions, defining Definitions of functions can appear anywhere between the rules of an @command{awk} program. Thus, the general form of an @command{awk} program is @@ -18799,12 +18628,10 @@ You might think that @code{ctime()} could use @code{PROCINFO["strftime"]} for its format string. That would be a mistake, because @code{ctime()} is supposed to return the time formatted in a standard fashion, and user-level code could have changed @code{PROCINFO["strftime"]}. -@c ENDOFRANGE fdef @node Function Caveats @subsection Calling User-Defined Functions -@c STARTOFRANGE fudc @cindex functions, user-defined, calling @dfn{Calling a function} means causing the function to run and do its job. A function call is an expression and its value is the value returned by @@ -19096,7 +18923,6 @@ or the @code{nextfile} statement @end ifnotdocbook inside a user-defined function. @command{gawk} does not have this limitation. -@c ENDOFRANGE fudc @node Return Statement @subsection The @code{return} Statement @@ -19224,7 +19050,6 @@ does report the second error. Usually, such things aren't a big issue, but it's worth being aware of them. -@c ENDOFRANGE udfunc @node Indirect Calls @section Indirect Function Calls @@ -19717,7 +19542,6 @@ program. This is equivalent to function pointers in C and C++. @end itemize -@c ENDOFRANGE funcud @ifnotinfo @part @value{PART2}Problem Solving with @command{awk} @@ -19739,11 +19563,8 @@ It contains the following chapters: @node Library Functions @chapter A Library of @command{awk} Functions -@c STARTOFRANGE libf @cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions -@c STARTOFRANGE flib @cindex functions, library -@c STARTOFRANGE fudlib @cindex functions, user-defined, library of @DBREF{User-defined} describes how to write @@ -20066,13 +19887,9 @@ be tested with @command{gawk} and the results compared to the built-in @node Assert Function @subsection Assertions -@c STARTOFRANGE asse @cindex assertions -@c STARTOFRANGE assef @cindex @code{assert()} function (C library) -@c STARTOFRANGE libfass @cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, assertions -@c STARTOFRANGE flibass @cindex functions, library, assertions @cindex @command{awk} programs, lengthy, assertions When writing large programs, it is often useful to know @@ -20188,10 +20005,6 @@ most likely causing the program to hang as it waits for input. There is a simple workaround to this: make sure that such a @code{BEGIN} rule always ends with an @code{exit} statement. -@c ENDOFRANGE asse -@c ENDOFRANGE assef -@c ENDOFRANGE flibass -@c ENDOFRANGE libfass @node Round Function @subsection Rounding Numbers @@ -20749,11 +20562,8 @@ function shell_quote(s, # parameter @node Data File Management @section @value{DDF} Management -@c STARTOFRANGE dataf @cindex files, managing -@c STARTOFRANGE libfdataf @cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, managing, data files -@c STARTOFRANGE flibdataf @cindex functions, library, managing data files This @value{SECTION} presents functions that are useful for managing command-line @value{DF}s. @@ -21116,22 +20926,14 @@ The use of @code{No_command_assign} allows you to disable command-line assignments at invocation time, by giving the variable a true value. When not set, it is initially zero (i.e., false), so the command-line arguments are left alone. -@c ENDOFRANGE dataf -@c ENDOFRANGE flibdataf -@c ENDOFRANGE libfdataf @node Getopt Function @section Processing Command-Line Options -@c STARTOFRANGE libfclo @cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, command-line options -@c STARTOFRANGE flibclo @cindex functions, library, command-line options -@c STARTOFRANGE clop @cindex command-line options, processing -@c STARTOFRANGE oclp @cindex options, command-line, processing -@c STARTOFRANGE clibf @cindex functions, library, C library @cindex arguments, processing Most utilities on POSIX-compatible systems take options on @@ -21483,21 +21285,13 @@ further options Several of the sample programs presented in @ref{Sample Programs}, use @code{getopt()} to process their arguments. -@c ENDOFRANGE libfclo -@c ENDOFRANGE flibclo -@c ENDOFRANGE clop -@c ENDOFRANGE oclp @node Passwd Functions @section Reading the User Database -@c STARTOFRANGE libfudata @cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, user database, reading -@c STARTOFRANGE flibudata @cindex functions, library, user database@comma{} reading -@c STARTOFRANGE udatar @cindex user database@comma{} reading -@c STARTOFRANGE dataur @cindex database, users@comma{} reading @cindex @code{PROCINFO} array The @code{PROCINFO} array @@ -21844,21 +21638,13 @@ and such a change would clutter up the code. The @command{id} program in @DBREF{Id Program} uses these functions. -@c ENDOFRANGE libfudata -@c ENDOFRANGE flibudata -@c ENDOFRANGE udatar -@c ENDOFRANGE dataur @node Group Functions @section Reading the Group Database -@c STARTOFRANGE libfgdata @cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, group database, reading -@c STARTOFRANGE flibgdata @cindex functions, library, group database@comma{} reading -@c STARTOFRANGE gdatar @cindex group database, reading -@c STARTOFRANGE datagr @cindex database, group, reading @cindex @code{PROCINFO} array, and group membership @cindex @code{getgrent()} function (C library) @@ -22181,7 +21967,6 @@ function getgrent() @} @c endfile @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE clibf @cindex @code{endgrent()} function (C library) The @code{endgrent()} function resets @code{_gr_count} to zero so that @code{getgrent()} can @@ -22270,10 +22055,6 @@ $ @kbd{gawk -f walk_array.awk} @print{} a[4][2] = 42 @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE libfgdata -@c ENDOFRANGE flibgdata -@c ENDOFRANGE gdatar -@c ENDOFRANGE libf @node Library Functions Summary @section Summary @@ -22387,13 +22168,9 @@ output identical to that of the original version. @end enumerate @c EXCLUDE END -@c ENDOFRANGE flib -@c ENDOFRANGE fudlib -@c ENDOFRANGE datagr @node Sample Programs @chapter Practical @command{awk} Programs -@c STARTOFRANGE awkpex @cindex @command{awk} programs, examples of @c FULLXREF ON @@ -22463,7 +22240,6 @@ cut.awk -- -c1-8 myfiles > results @node Clones @section Reinventing Wheels for Fun and Profit -@c STARTOFRANGE posimawk @cindex POSIX, programs@comma{} implementing in @command{awk} This @value{SECTION} presents a number of POSIX utilities implemented in @@ -22494,11 +22270,8 @@ The programs are presented in alphabetical order. @subsection Cutting Out Fields and Columns @cindex @command{cut} utility -@c STARTOFRANGE cut @cindex @command{cut} utility -@c STARTOFRANGE ficut @cindex fields, cutting -@c STARTOFRANGE colcut @cindex columns, cutting The @command{cut} utility selects, or ``cuts,'' characters or fields from its standard input and sends them to its standard output. @@ -22806,21 +22579,14 @@ other @command{awk} implementations to use @code{substr()} it is also extremely painful. The @code{FIELDWIDTHS} variable supplies an elegant solution to the problem of picking the input line apart by characters. -@c ENDOFRANGE cut -@c ENDOFRANGE ficut -@c ENDOFRANGE colcut @node Egrep Program @subsection Searching for Regular Expressions in Files -@c STARTOFRANGE regexps @cindex regular expressions, searching for -@c STARTOFRANGE sfregexp @cindex searching, files for regular expressions -@c STARTOFRANGE fsregexp @cindex files, searching for regular expressions -@c STARTOFRANGE egrep @cindex @command{egrep} utility The @command{egrep} utility searches files for patterns. It uses regular expressions that are almost identical to those available in @command{awk} @@ -23088,17 +22854,12 @@ function usage() @c endfile @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE regexps -@c ENDOFRANGE sfregexp -@c ENDOFRANGE fsregexp -@c ENDOFRANGE egrep @node Id Program @subsection Printing Out User Information @cindex printing, user information @cindex users, information about, printing -@c STARTOFRANGE id @cindex @command{id} utility The @command{id} utility lists a user's real and effective user ID numbers, real and effective group ID numbers, and the user's group set, if any. @@ -23227,16 +22988,13 @@ code that is used repeatedly, making the whole program shorter and cleaner. In particular, moving the check for the empty string into this function saves several lines of code. -@c ENDOFRANGE id @node Split Program @subsection Splitting a Large File into Pieces @c FIXME: One day, update to current POSIX version of split -@c STARTOFRANGE filspl @cindex files, splitting -@c STARTOFRANGE split @cindex @code{split} utility The @command{split} program splits large text files into smaller pieces. Usage is as follows:@footnote{This is the traditional usage. The @@ -23371,15 +23129,12 @@ You might want to consider how to eliminate the use of way as to solve the EBCDIC issue as well. @end ifset -@c ENDOFRANGE filspl -@c ENDOFRANGE split @node Tee Program @subsection Duplicating Output into Multiple Files @cindex files, multiple@comma{} duplicating output into @cindex output, duplicating into files -@c STARTOFRANGE tee @cindex @code{tee} utility The @code{tee} program is known as a ``pipe fitting.'' @code{tee} copies its standard input to its standard output and also duplicates it to the @@ -23492,18 +23247,14 @@ END @{ @} @c endfile @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE tee @node Uniq Program @subsection Printing Nonduplicated Lines of Text @c FIXME: One day, update to current POSIX version of uniq -@c STARTOFRANGE prunt @cindex printing, unduplicated lines of text -@c STARTOFRANGE tpul @cindex text@comma{} printing, unduplicated lines of -@c STARTOFRANGE uniq @cindex @command{uniq} utility The @command{uniq} utility reads sorted lines of data on its standard input, and by default removes duplicate lines. In other words, it only @@ -23772,26 +23523,17 @@ suggestion. @end ifset -@c ENDOFRANGE prunt -@c ENDOFRANGE tpul -@c ENDOFRANGE uniq @node Wc Program @subsection Counting Things @c FIXME: One day, update to current POSIX version of wc -@c STARTOFRANGE count @cindex counting -@c STARTOFRANGE infco @cindex input files, counting elements in -@c STARTOFRANGE woco @cindex words, counting -@c STARTOFRANGE chco @cindex characters, counting -@c STARTOFRANGE lico @cindex lines, counting -@c STARTOFRANGE wc @cindex @command{wc} utility The @command{wc} (word count) utility counts lines, words, and characters in one or more input files. Its usage is as follows: @@ -23961,13 +23703,6 @@ END @{ @} @c endfile @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE count -@c ENDOFRANGE infco -@c ENDOFRANGE lico -@c ENDOFRANGE woco -@c ENDOFRANGE chco -@c ENDOFRANGE wc -@c ENDOFRANGE posimawk @node Miscellaneous Programs @section A Grab Bag of @command{awk} Programs @@ -24098,9 +23833,7 @@ Aharon Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com> wrote: @author Erik Quanstrom @end quotation -@c STARTOFRANGE tialarm @cindex time, alarm clock example program -@c STARTOFRANGE alaex @cindex alarm clock example program The following program is a simple ``alarm clock'' program. You give it a time of day and an optional message. At the specified time, @@ -24252,15 +23985,11 @@ seconds are necessary: @} @c endfile @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE tialarm -@c ENDOFRANGE alaex @node Translate Program @subsection Transliterating Characters -@c STARTOFRANGE chtra @cindex characters, transliterating -@c STARTOFRANGE tr @cindex @command{tr} utility The system @command{tr} utility transliterates characters. For example, it is often used to map uppercase letters into lowercase for further processing: @@ -24408,15 +24137,11 @@ such as @samp{a-z}, as allowed by the @command{tr} utility. Look at the code for @file{cut.awk} (@pxref{Cut Program}) for inspiration. -@c ENDOFRANGE chtra -@c ENDOFRANGE tr @node Labels Program @subsection Printing Mailing Labels -@c STARTOFRANGE prml @cindex printing, mailing labels -@c STARTOFRANGE mlprint @cindex mailing labels@comma{} printing Here is a ``real world''@footnote{``Real world'' is defined as ``a program actually used to get something done.''} @@ -24480,7 +24205,6 @@ that there are two blank lines at the top and two blank lines at the bottom. The @code{END} rule arranges to flush the final page of labels; there may not have been an even multiple of 20 labels in the data: -@c STARTOFRANGE labels @cindex @code{labels.awk} program @example @c file eg/prog/labels.awk @@ -24545,14 +24269,10 @@ END @{ @} @c endfile @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE prml -@c ENDOFRANGE mlprint -@c ENDOFRANGE labels @node Word Sorting @subsection Generating Word-Usage Counts -@c STARTOFRANGE worus @cindex words, usage counts@comma{} generating When working with large amounts of text, it can be interesting to know @@ -24614,7 +24334,6 @@ to remove punctuation characters. Finally, we solve the third problem by using the system @command{sort} utility to process the output of the @command{awk} script. Here is the new version of the program: -@c STARTOFRANGE wordfreq @cindex @code{wordfreq.awk} program @example @c file eg/prog/wordfreq.awk @@ -24679,13 +24398,10 @@ This way of sorting must be used on systems that do not have true pipes at the command-line (or batch-file) level. See the general operating system documentation for more information on how to use the @command{sort} program. -@c ENDOFRANGE worus -@c ENDOFRANGE wordfreq @node History Sorting @subsection Removing Duplicates from Unsorted Text -@c STARTOFRANGE lidu @cindex lines, duplicate@comma{} removing The @command{uniq} program (@pxref{Uniq Program}), @@ -24710,7 +24426,6 @@ Each element of @code{lines} is a unique command, and the indices of The @code{END} rule simply prints out the lines, in order: @cindex Rakitzis, Byron -@c STARTOFRANGE histsort @cindex @code{histsort.awk} program @example @c file eg/prog/histsort.awk @@ -24753,15 +24468,11 @@ print data[lines[i]], lines[i] @noindent This works because @code{data[$0]} is incremented each time a line is seen. -@c ENDOFRANGE lidu -@c ENDOFRANGE histsort @node Extract Program @subsection Extracting Programs from Texinfo Source Files -@c STARTOFRANGE texse @cindex Texinfo, extracting programs from source files -@c STARTOFRANGE fitex @cindex files, Texinfo@comma{} extracting programs from @ifnotinfo Both this chapter and the previous chapter @@ -24865,7 +24576,6 @@ The first rule handles calling @code{system()}, checking that a command is given (@code{NF} is at least three) and also checking that the command exits with a zero exit status, signifying OK: -@c STARTOFRANGE extract @cindex @code{extract.awk} program @example @c file eg/prog/extract.awk @@ -25011,9 +24721,6 @@ END @{ @} @c endfile @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE texse -@c ENDOFRANGE fitex -@c ENDOFRANGE extract @node Simple Sed @subsection A Simple Stream Editor @@ -25043,7 +24750,6 @@ additional arguments are treated as @value{DF} names to process. If none are provided, the standard input is used: @cindex Brennan, Michael -@c STARTOFRANGE awksed @cindex @command{awksed.awk} program @c @cindex simple stream editor @c @cindex stream editor, simple @@ -25120,14 +24826,11 @@ The @code{usage()} function prints an error message and exits. Finally, the single rule handles the printing scheme outlined earlier, using @code{print} or @code{printf} as appropriate, depending upon the value of @code{RT}. -@c ENDOFRANGE awksed @node Igawk Program @subsection An Easy Way to Use Library Functions -@c STARTOFRANGE libfex @cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, example program for using -@c STARTOFRANGE flibex @cindex functions, library, example program for using In @ref{Include Files}, we saw how @command{gawk} provides a built-in file-inclusion capability. However, this is a @command{gawk} extension. @@ -25266,7 +24969,6 @@ program. The program is as follows: -@c STARTOFRANGE igawk @cindex @code{igawk.sh} program @example @c file eg/prog/igawk.sh @@ -25591,10 +25293,6 @@ features to a program; they can often be layered on top.@footnote{@command{gawk} does @code{@@include} processing itself in order to support the use of @command{awk} programs as Web CGI scripts.} -@c ENDOFRANGE libfex -@c ENDOFRANGE flibex -@c ENDOFRANGE awkpex -@c ENDOFRANGE igawk @node Anagram Program @subsection Finding Anagrams from a Dictionary @@ -25618,7 +25316,6 @@ The following program uses arrays of arrays to bring together words with the same signature and array sorting to print the words in sorted order: -@c STARTOFRANGE anagram @cindex @code{anagram.awk} program @example @c file eg/prog/anagram.awk @@ -25727,7 +25424,6 @@ babery yabber @dots{} @end example -@c ENDOFRANGE anagram @node Signature Program @subsection And Now for Something Completely Different @@ -26047,9 +25743,7 @@ It contains the following chapters: @node Advanced Features @chapter Advanced Features of @command{gawk} -@c STARTOFRANGE gawadv @cindex @command{gawk}, features, advanced -@c STARTOFRANGE advgaw @cindex advanced features, @command{gawk} @ignore Contributed by: Peter Langston <pud!psl@bellcore.bellcore.com> @@ -26759,7 +26453,6 @@ using regular pipes. @section Using @command{gawk} for Network Programming @cindex advanced features, network programming @cindex networks, programming -@c STARTOFRANGE tcpip @cindex TCP/IP @cindex @code{/inet/@dots{}} special files (@command{gawk}) @cindex files, @code{/inet/@dots{}} (@command{gawk}) @@ -26876,13 +26569,10 @@ which comes as part of the @command{gawk} distribution, for a much more complete introduction and discussion, as well as extensive examples. -@c ENDOFRANGE tcpip @node Profiling @section Profiling Your @command{awk} Programs -@c STARTOFRANGE awkp @cindex @command{awk} programs, profiling -@c STARTOFRANGE proawk @cindex profiling @command{awk} programs @cindex @code{awkprof.out} file @cindex files, @code{awkprof.out} @@ -27193,8 +26883,6 @@ When called this way, @command{gawk} ``pretty prints'' the program into The @option{--pretty-print} option still runs your program. This will change in the next major release. @end quotation -@c ENDOFRANGE awkp -@c ENDOFRANGE proawk @node Advanced Features Summary @section Summary @@ -27241,8 +26929,6 @@ the program, but that will change in the next major release. @end itemize -@c ENDOFRANGE advgaw -@c ENDOFRANGE gawadv @node Internationalization @chapter Internationalization with @command{gawk} @@ -27255,7 +26941,6 @@ countries, they were able to sell more systems. As a result, internationalization and localization of programs and software systems became a common practice. -@c STARTOFRANGE inloc @cindex internationalization, localization @cindex @command{gawk}, internationalization and, See internationalization @cindex internationalization, localization, @command{gawk} and @@ -27300,7 +26985,6 @@ monetary values are printed and read. @section GNU @command{gettext} @cindex internationalizing a program -@c STARTOFRANGE gettex @cindex @command{gettext} library @command{gawk} uses GNU @command{gettext} to provide its internationalization features. @@ -27352,7 +27036,6 @@ lookup of the translations. @cindex @code{.po} files @cindex files, @code{.po} -@c STARTOFRANGE portobfi @cindex portable object files @cindex files, portable object @item @@ -27364,7 +27047,6 @@ For example, there might be a @file{fr.po} for a French translation. @cindex @code{.gmo} files @cindex files, @code{.gmo} @cindex message object files -@c STARTOFRANGE portmsgfi @cindex files, message object @item Each language's @file{.po} file is converted into a binary @@ -27492,11 +27174,9 @@ before or after the day in a date, local month abbreviations, and so on. @item LC_ALL All of the above. (Not too useful in the context of @command{gettext}.) @end table -@c ENDOFRANGE gettex @node Programmer i18n @section Internationalizing @command{awk} Programs -@c STARTOFRANGE inap @cindex @command{awk} programs, internationalizing @command{gawk} provides the following variables and functions for @@ -27729,8 +27409,6 @@ to provide you translations that you can also then distribute. @DBXREF{I18N Example} for the full list of steps to go through to create and test translations for @command{guide}. -@c ENDOFRANGE portobfi -@c ENDOFRANGE portmsgfi @node Printf Ordering @subsection Rearranging @code{printf} Arguments @@ -27906,7 +27584,6 @@ However, because the positional specifications are primarily for use in @emph{translated} format strings, and because non-GNU @command{awk}s never retrieve the translated string, this should not be a problem in practice. @end itemize -@c ENDOFRANGE inap @node I18N Example @section A Simple Internationalization Example @@ -28102,7 +27779,6 @@ a number of translations for its messages. @end itemize -@c ENDOFRANGE inloc @node Debugger @chapter Debugging @command{awk} Programs @@ -34535,9 +34211,7 @@ online documentation}. @node V7/SVR3.1 @appendixsec Major Changes Between V7 and SVR3.1 -@c STARTOFRANGE gawkv @cindex @command{awk}, versions of -@c STARTOFRANGE gawkv1 @cindex @command{awk}, versions of, changes between V7 and SVR3.1 The @command{awk} language evolved considerably between the release of @@ -34624,7 +34298,6 @@ Multiple @code{BEGIN} and @code{END} rules Multidimensional arrays (@pxref{Multidimensional}). @end itemize -@c ENDOFRANGE gawkv1 @node SVR4 @appendixsec Changes Between SVR3.1 and SVR4 @@ -34739,7 +34412,6 @@ not permitted by the POSIX standard. The 2008 POSIX standard can be found online at @url{http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/}. -@c ENDOFRANGE gawkv @node BTL @appendixsec Extensions in Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} @@ -34785,11 +34457,8 @@ available in his @command{awk}. @node POSIX/GNU @appendixsec Extensions in @command{gawk} Not in POSIX @command{awk} -@c STARTOFRANGE fripls @cindex compatibility mode (@command{gawk}), extensions -@c STARTOFRANGE exgnot @cindex extensions, in @command{gawk}, not in POSIX @command{awk} -@c STARTOFRANGE posnot @cindex POSIX, @command{gawk} extensions not included in The GNU implementation, @command{gawk}, adds a large number of features. They can all be disabled with either the @option{--traditional} or @@ -35099,9 +34768,6 @@ Ultrix @c XXX ADD MORE STUFF HERE -@c ENDOFRANGE fripls -@c ENDOFRANGE exgnot -@c ENDOFRANGE posnot @c This does not need to be in the formal book. @ifclear FOR_PRINT @@ -36150,9 +35816,7 @@ the appropriate credit where credit is due. @c last two commas are part of see also @cindex operating systems, See Also GNU/Linux@comma{} PC operating systems@comma{} Unix -@c STARTOFRANGE gligawk @cindex @command{gawk}, installing -@c STARTOFRANGE ingawk @cindex installing @command{gawk} This appendix provides instructions for installing @command{gawk} on the various platforms that are supported by the developers. The primary @@ -36262,7 +35926,6 @@ a local expert. @node Distribution contents @appendixsubsec Contents of the @command{gawk} Distribution -@c STARTOFRANGE gawdis @cindex @command{gawk}, distribution The @command{gawk} distribution has a number of C source files, @@ -36455,7 +36118,6 @@ directory to run your version of @command{gawk} against the test suite. If @command{gawk} successfully passes @samp{make check}, then you can be confident of a successful port. @end table -@c ENDOFRANGE gawdis @node Unix Installation @appendixsec Compiling and Installing @command{gawk} on Unix-Like Systems @@ -36881,9 +36543,7 @@ multibyte functionality is not available. @node PC Using @appendixsubsubsec Using @command{gawk} on PC Operating Systems -@c STARTOFRANGE opgawx @cindex operating systems, PC, @command{gawk} on -@c STARTOFRANGE pcgawon @cindex PC operating systems, @command{gawk} on Under MS-DOS and MS-Windows, the Cygwin and MinGW environments support @@ -37391,8 +37051,6 @@ $ @kbd{gawk :== $sys$common:[syshlp.examples.tcpip.snmp]gawk.exe} This is apparently @value{PVERSION} 2.15.6, which is extremely old. We recommend compiling and using the current version. -@c ENDOFRANGE opgawx -@c ENDOFRANGE pcgawon @node Bugs @appendixsec Reporting Problems and Bugs @@ -37403,9 +37061,7 @@ recommend compiling and using the current version. @end quotation @c the radio show, not the book. :-) -@c STARTOFRANGE dbugg @cindex debugging @command{gawk}, bug reports -@c STARTOFRANGE tblgawb @cindex troubleshooting, @command{gawk}, bug reports If you have problems with @command{gawk} or think that you have found a bug, report it to the developers; we cannot promise to do anything @@ -37502,12 +37158,9 @@ The people maintaining the various @command{gawk} ports are: If your bug is also reproducible under Unix, send a copy of your report to the @EMAIL{bug-gawk@@gnu.org,bug-gawk at gnu dot org} email list as well. -@c ENDOFRANGE dbugg -@c ENDOFRANGE tblgawb @node Other Versions @appendixsec Other Freely Available @command{awk} Implementations -@c STARTOFRANGE awkim @cindex @command{awk}, implementations @ignore From: emory!amc.com!brennan (Michael Brennan) @@ -37728,7 +37381,6 @@ See also the ``Versions and implementations'' section of the Wikipedia article} for information on additional versions. @end table -@c ENDOFRANGE awkim @node Installation summary @appendixsec Summary @@ -37766,15 +37418,11 @@ implementations. Many are POSIX compliant; others are less so. @end itemize -@c ENDOFRANGE gligawk -@c ENDOFRANGE ingawk @ifclear FOR_PRINT @node Notes @appendix Implementation Notes -@c STARTOFRANGE gawii @cindex @command{gawk}, implementation issues -@c STARTOFRANGE impis @cindex implementation issues, @command{gawk} This appendix contains information mainly of interest to implementers and @@ -37879,11 +37527,8 @@ that has a Git plug-in for working with Git repositories. @node Adding Code @appendixsubsec Adding New Features -@c STARTOFRANGE adfgaw @cindex adding, features to @command{gawk} -@c STARTOFRANGE fadgaw @cindex features, adding to @command{gawk} -@c STARTOFRANGE gawadf @cindex @command{gawk}, features, adding You are free to add any new features you like to @command{gawk}. However, if you want your changes to be incorporated into the @command{gawk} @@ -38050,9 +37695,6 @@ Although this sounds like a lot of work, please remember that while you may write the new code, I have to maintain it and support it. If it isn't possible for me to do that with a minimum of extra work, then I probably will not. -@c ENDOFRANGE adfgaw -@c ENDOFRANGE gawadf -@c ENDOFRANGE fadgaw @node New Ports @appendixsubsec Porting @command{gawk} to a New Operating System @@ -38186,7 +37828,6 @@ coding style and brace layout that suits your taste. @node Derived Files @appendixsubsec Why Generated Files Are Kept In Git -@c STARTOFRANGE gawkgit @cindex Git, use of for @command{gawk} source code @c From emails written March 22, 2012, to the gawk developers list. @@ -38375,7 +38016,6 @@ wget http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gawk.git/snapshot/gawk-@var{branchname}.ta @noindent to retrieve a snapshot of the given branch. -@c ENDOFRANGE gawkgit @node Future Extensions @appendixsec Probable Future Extensions @@ -38756,13 +38396,10 @@ of @command{gawk}, but it @emph{will} be removed in the next major release. @end itemize -@c ENDOFRANGE impis -@c ENDOFRANGE gawii @node Basic Concepts @appendix Basic Programming Concepts @cindex programming, concepts -@c STARTOFRANGE procon @cindex programming, concepts This @value{APPENDIX} attempts to define some of the basic concepts @@ -39000,7 +38637,6 @@ standard for C. This standard became an ISO standard in 1990. In 1999, a revised ISO C standard was approved and released. Where it makes sense, POSIX @command{awk} is compatible with 1999 ISO C. -@c ENDOFRANGE procon @node Glossary @unnumbered Glossary |